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Journal articles on the topic 'Shrinkage Measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Peng, Mingkai, Yi-Chieh Ho, Wei-Chung Wang, Ying Hei Chui, and Meng Gong. "Measurement of wood shrinkage in jack pine using three dimensional digital image correlation (DIC)." Holzforschung 66, no. 5 (2012): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2011-0124.

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Abstract Dimensional stability is one of the most important properties of lumber. Shrinkage is especially critical in this regard. In this study, longitudinal, radial and tangential shrinkages in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) have been found to be 0.4, 3.3 and 5.7%, respectively, by means of three dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC). Full field shrinkage data were extracted from two types of specimen. It was demonstrated that the 3D DIC method is a suitable method of providing localized shrinkage values. The shrinkages in the three anatomical dimensions exhibit different variation pat

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2

Maesako, Mayumi, Nicholas G. Fischer, Nagisa Matsui, Amira Elgreatly, Ahmad Mahrous, and Akimasa Tsujimoto. "Comparing Polymerization Shrinkage Measurement Methods for Universal Shade Flowable Resin-Based Composites." Biomimetics 9, no. 12 (2024): 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120753.

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Universal shade flowable composites have been introduced to mimic tooth structure with reduced color mismatch and reduced chair time and cost. However, the polymerization shrinkage of resin material may lead to sensitivity and restoration failure. The purpose of this study was to compare the polymerization shrinkage of recently introduced universal shade flowable resin-based composites using both wet and dry density methods. Using two measurement methods, ISO 17304 (wet method) and a gas displacement pycnometry system (dry method), the density of the unpolymerized and the polymerized RBCs were

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3

Coldea, Andrea, John Meinen, Moritz Hoffmann, Adham Elsayed, and Bogna Stawarczyk. "Shrinkage Behavior of Strength-Gradient Multilayered Zirconia Materials." Materials 18, no. 14 (2025): 3217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143217.

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To investigate the sintering shrinkage behavior of multigeneration, multilayer zirconia materials using geometrical measurements. Seven zirconia CAD/CAM materials were analyzed, comprising two mono-generation zirconia (HTML: Katana Zr, HTML Plus, 3Y-TZP; UTML: Katana Zr, UTML, 5Y-TZP) and five strength-gradient multilayer zirconia (AIDI: optimill 3D PRO Zir; PRIT: Priti multidisc ZrO2 multicolor; UPCE: Explore Esthetic; ZCPC: IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime; ZYML: Katana YML) materials. Cubes (10 × 10 × 10 mm3) were milled in varying positions within the disks. Geometrical measurements were applied bef

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4

bin Zainorabidin, Adnan, Nursyahidah binti Saedon, Ismail bin Bakar, and Nurul Farhana bt Mohd Seth. "An Investigation of Soil Volume Changes at Four Dimensional Points of Peat Soil Sample in Parit Nipah and Pontian." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1491.

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Peat soils occur in many countries and formed naturally through the decomposition of plant and animal matter. These soils are known as a very problematic soft soil due to its low bearing capacity and high compressibility. These two main factors may be based on the characteristics of the soil itself. This study is focused on its physical properties and shrinkage measurement. It is also to investigate the shrinkage measurement that obtained from the diameter at four dimensional points and bar linear shrinkage method for both location peat sample. There are varies method that can be used in order

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5

Coquet, Y., J. Touma, and P. Boivin. "Comparison of soil linear shrinkage curve from extracted cores and in situ." Soil Research 36, no. 5 (1998): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97098.

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In situ measurement of the linear shrinkage curve (LSC) of soil has been restricted so far to highly swelling clay soils because of the limited precision of thickness measurements of the soil layer. This limitation was eliminated by using electronic displacement transducers that allowed a precision of ±10 µ m on the thickness measurements of 20-cm soil layers. The method was further improved by using block kriging to estimate non-destructively and locally the water content of the soil layer at the same spot where the shrinkage was monitored by the shrinkfiswell gauge. The LSC of 2 weakly swell

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6

Falsafi, A., J. D. Oxman, P. H. Tse, and T. T. Ton. "Longer-term measurement of shrinkage stress." Dental Materials 32 (2016): e16-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.08.031.

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7

Alexa, Martin, Barbara Kucharczyková, Dalibor Kocáb, and Romana Halamová. "The Measurement of Shrinkage: Influence of Specimen Size." Key Engineering Materials 846 (June 2020): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.197.

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The paper deals with the experimental determination of the development of shrinkage and mass losses during concrete maturation. Three types of concrete mixtures were prepared for the experiment. The shrinkage measurement was designed to measure the relative length changes along the central axis of the test specimens. The main aim of the experiments was the comparison of the shrinkage and mass loss values using specimens of different dimension. One set of each concrete contained specimens with the dimensions of 100×60×1000 mm. The other set contained specimens with the dimensions of 50×50×300 m

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8

Yager, Jacob S., Neil A. Hoult, Evan C. Bentz, and Joshua E. Woods. "Measurement of Restrained and Unrestrained Shrinkage of Reinforced Concrete Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 23 (2022): 9397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239397.

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Shrinkage is an important component of the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, however, the number of variables that affect shrinkage make it a complex time-dependent phenomenon. Additionally, as new concrete materials with lower embodied carbon gain popularity, there is a need for an in-depth understanding into their shrinkage behaviour before they can be widely adopted by industry. Currently, the shrinkage behaviour of concrete is studied using discrete measurements on small-scale unrestrained prisms. Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) potentially provides a method of measu

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Nawab, Yasir, Nicolas Boyard, Vincent Sobotka, Pascal Casari, and Frédéric Jacquemin. "Measurement and Modelling of Chemical Shrinkage of Thermoset Composites." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1129.

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Knowledge of resin chemical shrinkage is crucial for the determination of residual strains, stresses and warpage of composite parts during curing. Shrinkage measurement is more accurate on several millimetre thick samples. However, in that case thermal properties of resin and the strong coupling between thermoset chemical reactions (generally rapid and strongly exothermal) and thermal fields lead to non-negligible thermal and curing gradients in the piece. It is then necessary to take these variations into account to have an accurate description of the shrinkage. In the present study, a home b

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10

Chai, Haojie, and Lu Li. "Optimization of measurement and calculation methods for viscoelastic creep strain and mechanical adsorption creep strain during conventional drying process of Pinus sylvestris." BioResources 19, no. 3 (2024): 6339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.6339-6354.

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The traditional measurement method for viscoelastic creep strain and mechanical adsorption creep strain has relatively low accuracy, making it difficult to ensure the data accuracy of specimen strain measurements. In this study, 50-mm-thick Pinus sylvestris sawn timber was used as the research object. Along the thickness direction of the test material, the relationship between the free shrinkage coefficient and the moisture content of the test material was studied to optimize the measurement methods of viscoelastic creep strain and mechanical adsorption creep strain during drying process. The

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11

Heinze, Søren, and Andreas Echtermeyer. "In-Situ Strain Measurements in Large Volumes of Hardening Epoxy Using Optical Backscatter Reflectometry." Applied Sciences 8, no. 7 (2018): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8071141.

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Some large engineering structures are made by casting polymers into a mold. The structures can have complicated geometries and may be filled with other components, such as electrical transformers. This study investigated casting of large components made of epoxy. Epoxy is easy to pour, bonds well and has relatively low cure shrinkage. However, the cure shrinkage can lead to significant stresses or strains, causing large deformations that can lead to cracks.Understanding the curing process and related shrinkage is important for designing molds and controlling the production process. This study

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12

Lauro, Nicolas, Arnaud Alzina, Benoit Nait-Ali, and David S. Smith. "Non-Uniform Drying Shrinkage in Robocasted Green Body Ceramic Products." Ceramics 7, no. 3 (2024): 1122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030073.

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The formation of defects, due to drying, in robocasted ceramic objects is an important issue arising from non-uniform shrinkage of the material during this step in the process. Common methods for shrinkage measurement are not well suited to the small size of robocasted cords or the complexity of robocasted objects. Innovative methods for shrinkage measurement were developed using non-destructive optical vision techniques with computer-controlled data acquisition, allowing measurement on millimetric cords and on specific zones of a product. The study of a single porcelain cord revealed an aniso

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13

Kucharczyková, Barbara, Dalibor Kocáb, Petr Daněk, and Ivailo Terzijski. "Cost-Effective High-Performance Concrete: Experimental Analysis on Shrinkage." Materials 12, no. 17 (2019): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172730.

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This paper focuses on the experimental determination of the shrinkage process in Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete (SCC HPC) exposed to dry air and autogenous conditions. Special molds with dimensions of 100 mm × 60 mm × 1000 mm and 50 mm × 50 mm × 300 mm equipped with one movable head are used for the measurement. The main aim of this study is to compare the shrinkage curves of SCC HPC, which were obtained by using different measurement devices and for specimens of different sizes. In addition, two different times t0 are considered for the data evaluation to investigate the influence

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14

Lee, So Sun, Won-Tek So, and Gi Young Jeong. "Review on The Measurement of Wood Shrinkage." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 43, no. 6 (2015): 746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2015.43.6.746.

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15

Osuská, Lucia, Petr Novosad, and Martin Labaj. "Comparison of Automated Concrete Shrinkage Measurement Methods." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.229.

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Volumetric changes are deformation properties of concrete that are caused by external or internal forces and can be reversible or irreversible. Relatively significant and irreversible volumetric changes occur during the hydration of clinker minerals during the first stages concrete setting and hardening. From the “real-world” point of view, the volumetric changes associated with drying are the most important – these take place when the leftover mixing water evaporates. The current legislation addresses the volumetric changes of concrete relatively briefly and the calculations of the assumed au

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16

Iqbal Khan, Mohammad. "Ring Test for the Measurement of Restrained Shrinkage of Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.86.

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Shrinkage of repair material is the major factor inducing cracking in concrete repairs. Induced cracks in repair materials are due to restrained shrinkage. The ring test is commonly used to assess the potential for restrained shrinkage induced cracking due to its simplicity and versatility. The restrained ring test is becoming widely used as a standard test method to assess the potential for early-age cracking in concrete. In this investigation, a ring test set up was developed to measure the restrained shrinkage of various repair materials available in the local market. Keeping in view the im

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17

Kropáček, Michal, and Radim Čajka. "Measurement of Volume Changes of Cement Concrete in Large-Dimensional Samples." Solid State Phenomena 272 (February 2018): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.272.102.

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The subject of the paper is research on the development of volume changes (especially shrinkage) on cement concrete. This is a measurement of shrinkage on large samples using string strain gauges both internal and external. Parallel to this measurement, according to the real concreting conditions, the volume changes will be measured by means of shrinkage drains in the test laboratory. This will make it possible to compare a comparatively progressive method of measuring volume changes with the real behavior of the same concrete in the structure. The measurement of volume changes by the shrinkag

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18

Rajayogan, Vinod, and Obada Kayali. "Autogenous Shrinkage in Plain Cement Mixtures." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.137.

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Determination of a realistic model for the estimation of autogenous shrinkage in plain cement mixtures has been an ongoing research among researchers in high performance concrete. While no standard test method exists for the determination of autogenous shrinkage, various researchers have designed different test methods for measurement of autogenous shrinkage. Current study involved the experimental determination of autogenous shrinkage using the test method developed by O.M.Jensen and co-workers, complimented with non-contact eddy current sensors. Measurements were conducted from as early as 1

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19

Orr, J. F., and N. J. Dunne. "Measurement of Shrinkage Stresses in PMMA Bone Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.127.

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Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement comprises liquid methyl methacrylate monomer and PMMA beads, the former encapsulating the beads and polymerising within 10 minutes of mixing. Up to 7% volumetric shrinkage accompanies the exothermic polymerisation reaction and subsequent cooling induces residual thermal stresses when the cement is restrained around implant components. The authors have measured shrinkages, calculated residual stresses by closed form solutions and measured stresses by a range of methods. Full field optical displacement measurement has been used to derive strains and str

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20

Kropáček, Michal, and Radim Čajka. "Experimental Measurement, Modeling and Calculation of Volume Changes of Cement Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 832 (February 2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.832.51.

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The paper describes experimental measurement of volume changes of cement concrete. Volume changes include swelling and shrinkage of cement concrete specimens measured by string strain gauges both internal and external. Parallel to this measurement, the volume changes will be measured by means of shrinkage drains. The measurement of volume changes by the shrinkage drains is allowing continuous volume changes to be measured from the beginning of the setting of the concrete. It is possible to capture the entire process of hydration of concrete. The specimens are in the laboratory and in the outdo

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21

Stothart, J. Peter, and Stuart M. McGill. "Stadiometry: on measurement technique to reduce variability in spine shrinkage measurement." Clinical Biomechanics 15, no. 7 (2000): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-0033(00)00003-6.

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22

Liu, Xiao Yan, Kai Qiong Liu, and Ai Hua Liu. "One Monitoring Device for Concrete Early Age Shrinkage." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.552.

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With liquid as transmission medium, using ultrasonic precision measurement, an effective device was studied and developed for monitoring early age shrinkage of concrete. With it, shrinkage of concrete in the plastic stage could be accurately monitored. During the measurement, 0.01mm and even higher monitoring accuracy could be achieved.

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23

Adibaskoro, Tito, Michalina Makowska, Aleksi Rinta-Paavola, Stefania Fortino, and Simo Hostikka. "Elastic Modulus, Thermal Expansion, and Pyrolysis Shrinkage of Norway Spruce Under High Temperature." Fire Technology 57, no. 5 (2021): 2451–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01123-z.

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AbstractThe orthotropic and temperature-dependent nature of the mechanical properties of wood is well recognized. However, past studies of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures are either limited to temperatures below 200 °C or focus only on the direction parallel to grain. The effect of time-dependent pyrolysis during measurement is often neglected. This paper presents a novel method for determining elastic modulus at high temperatures and thermal expansion coefficient in different orthotropic directions via Dynamic Mechanical-Thermal Analyser (DMTA). The method allows for drying, dr

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24

Gorbunova, A. S., A. A. Aniskin, D. V. Kuzmichev, et al. "Distal resection margin in colorectal surgery in vivo and after formalin fixation." Surgery and Oncology 15, no. 1 (2025): 36–41. https://doi.org/10.17650/2949-5857-2025-15-1-36-41.

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Introduction. Historically, the standard for distal margin in rectal cancer surgery has been the 5 cm «rule». Currently, there is a trend to reduction the distal surgical margin. However, intraoperative specimen measurements and histological examination data differ. The phenomenon of surgical shrinkage plays a significant role, especially in determining the distal resection margin, as intraoperative data may not coincide with measurement after fixation of the specimen. Possible differences may lead to doubts about the oncological adequacy of the performed resection boundaries.Aim. To examine t

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25

Hopmann, Christian, Philipp Nicolas Wagner, and Arne Böttcher. "Development of a dilatometer for shrinkage analysis of thermosetting resin systems at accurate processing conditions of liquid composite moulding processes and exemplary results of the effects of varying processing conditions on chemical shrinkage of an epoxy resin." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 18 (2017): 2451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317747374.

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The processing of thermosetting resin systems in liquid composite moulding is accompanied by a change in density through chemical and thermal shrinkage during the curing reaction of the resin and cooling of a part from processing to operating temperature. These effects cause residual stresses and an undesired characteristic surface pattern in endless fibre reinforced plastics. However, the accurate measurement of the chemical and thermal shrinkage is challenging with state-of-the-art measurement devices, especially for highly reactive thermosetting resin systems. The main disadvantage is that

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26

Kucharczyková, B., D. Kocáb, I. Rozsypalová, O. Karel, P. Misák, and T. Vymazal. "Measurement and evaluation proposal of early age shrinkage of cement composites using shrinkage-cone." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 379 (June 2018): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/379/1/012038.

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27

Fang, Kun, Xiaolong Hu, Huiming Tang, et al. "A novel multi-smartphone automatic measurement system for soil shrinkage characteristics in shrinkage test." Measurement 256 (December 2025): 118487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118487.

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28

Zieliński, Adam, and Maria Kaszyńska. "Calibration of Steel Rings for the Measurement of Strain and Shrinkage Stress for Cement-Based Composites." Materials 13, no. 13 (2020): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132963.

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Concrete shrinkage is a phenomenon that results in a decrease of volume in the composite material during the curing period. The method for determining the effects of restrained shrinkage is described in Standard ASTM C 1581/C 1581M–09a. This article shows the calibration of measuring rings with respect to the theory of elasticity and the analysis of the relationship of steel ring deformation to high-performance concrete tensile stress as a function of time. Steel rings equipped with strain gauges are used for measurement of the strain during the compression of the samples. The strain is caused

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29

Aval, Seyed Bahram Beheshti, Mohsen Ghabdian, Mohammad Noori, and Wael A. Altabey. "Simultaneous effect of temperature, shrinkage, and self-weight creep on RC beams: A case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 236, no. 5 (2022): 1020–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211067440.

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This study presents the results of long-term field measurement of two RC beams under the simultaneous effect of medium to high temperature, shrinkage, and self-weight creep. In industrial complexes such as steel making plants, these members may, in addition to creep and shrinkage, be exposed to high temperature. However, less attention has been paid to the simultaneous effect of creep, shrinkage, and temperature in a case study framework. In this regard, two RC beams with the same geometric properties in a pelletizing plant located in Kerman, Iran, were studied. In addition, in order to establ

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30

Park, Yonggun, Yoon-Seong Chang, Sang-Yun Yang, et al. "Wood Shrinkage Measurement of Using a Flatbed Scanner." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (2015): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2015.43.1.43.

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31

Koseki, Ken’ichi, Hiroki Sakamaki, and Kyoung-Mo Jeong. "In situ Measurement of Shrinkage Behavior of Photopolymers." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 26, no. 4 (2013): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.26.567.

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32

ARAKAWA, Kazuo, and Toshio MADA. "Shrinkage Force Measurement of Light Cure Composite Resin." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series A 75, no. 760 (2009): 1663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.75.1663.

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33

Cookson, P. G., A. F. Roczniok, and N. G. Ly. "Measurement of Relaxation Shrinkage in Woven Wool Fabrics." Textile Research Journal 61, no. 9 (1991): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759106100906.

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34

Chapman, Paul, and Simon Templar. "Scoping the contextual issues that influence shrinkage measurement." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 34, no. 11 (2006): 860–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550610710255.

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35

Schoch, Karl F., Philip A. Panackal, and Paul P. Frank. "Real-time measurement of resin shrinkage during cure." Thermochimica Acta 417, no. 1 (2004): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2003.12.027.

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36

Goglio, L., and M. M. Gola. "Shrinkage in butt welded joints: Measurement and prediction." Welding International 7, no. 10 (1993): 776–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119309548491.

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37

Souza, Edson, Pâmela Pinheiro, Felipe Coutinho, et al. "Smart Concrete Using Optical Sensors Based on Bragg Gratings Embedded in a Cementitious Mixture: Cure Monitoring and Beam Test." Sensors 24, no. 24 (2024): 7998. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247998.

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Smart concrete is a structural element that can combine both sensing and structural capabilities. In addition, smart concrete can monitor the curing of concrete, positively impacting design and construction approaches. In concrete, if the curing process is not well developed, the structural element may develop cracks in this early stage due to shrinkage, decreasing structural mechanical strength. In this paper, a system of measurement using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for monitoring the curing of concrete was developed to evaluate autogenous shrinkage strain, temperature, and relative hu

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38

Stastnik, Stanislav, Jaroslav Novacek, and Adam Hubacek. "Plastic Shrinkage of Concrete – Measurement and Method for its Reducing." Key Engineering Materials 677 (January 2016): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.677.175.

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The paper touches on the issue of plastic shrinkage of concrete and cement mortars. In this connection, the volume changes were monitored batch of studied depending on the intensity of surface evaporation. Volume changes were measured on a prototype contactless gauge. The article outlines the possibility of suppressing plastic shrinkage by adding a polymer fibre reinforcement possibly coated fibres.

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Margarida, M., R. A. Lima, and Regina da Conceição Corredeira Monteiro. "Viscous Sintering in a Glass-Alumina System." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.143.

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The densification during sintering of borosilicate glass matrix composites with 25 vol. % alumina (Al2O3) particles was investigated. The powder compacts, isostatically pressed at 200 MPa, were sintered at a temperature within the range 800-1000º C and maintained at this temperature during various times. The sintering behaviour of the composites was investigated by density measurement and by axial and radial shrinkage measurements. The crystalline phases present in the sintered composites were identified by XRD and the microstructure was analyzed by SEM. For temperatures up to 900 °C, the rela

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40

Kucharczyková, Barbara, Petr Daněk, Dalibor Kocáb, and Petr Misák. "Experimental Analysis on Shrinkage and Swelling in Ordinary Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3027301.

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The paper deals with the experimental determination of shrinkage development during concrete ageing. Three concrete mixtures were made. They differed in the amount of cement in the fresh mixture, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m3. In order to determine the influence of plasticiser on the progress of volume changes, another three concrete mixtures were prepared with plasticiser in the amount of 0.25% by cement mass. Measurements were performed with the goal of observing the influence of cement and plasticiser content on the overall development of volume changes in the concrete. Changes in length and mass

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41

Gumono, Gumono, Zahratul Jannah AR, Agus Sujatmiko, and Candra Adityaca. "The Effect of Heating and Cooling Media Temperature on Injection Molding Products Shrinkage." Asian Journal Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (2023): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51278/ajse.v1i2.547.

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Injection molding is the process of molding products with various shapes and sizes from plastic materials. The problem that often arises is the presence of product defects due to shrinkage. In this regard, the effect of water cooling on product size shrinkage in the injection molding process of making acetabular cups with polypropylene plastic and metal steel mold materials will be investigated through experimental investigations. The test begins with the manufacture of molds and injection machines, then the PP liquid plastic is injected twice into the mold, the first with cooling and the seco

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42

Zemanová, Alena, Radoslav Sovják, and Jiri Litos. "Restrained Shrinkage Test of High Performance Concrete Ring Specimen." Advanced Materials Research 982 (July 2014): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.982.38.

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The aim of this study was to quantify the restrained shrinkage of high performance concrete (HPC). Ring test was used for the measurement of restrained shrinkage. Mechanical properties of the HPC as well as free shrinkage were determined for assessment of theoretical stress in shrinkage restrained material. The results from the ring test showed a lot of information about material such as development of actual residual stress, cracking potential, microcracks and relaxation.

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43

Osmęda, Anna. "Measurements of strain induced by chemical shrinkage in polymer composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 4 (2016): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0224.

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Abstract The aim of this work is to determine which of the techniques that allow to measure the strain induced in polymer composites by the chemical shrinkage of resin is most appropriate for predicting process-induced deformations. There are two approaches to determine the chemical strain: measurements in-plane and through-the-thickness of composite. In the following study, two methods were used for the measurement of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite: novel one that employs a dynamic mechanical analyzer to measure through-the-thickness strain and one designed previously to measure in-pla

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te Brake, B., M. J. van der Ploeg, and G. H. de Rooij. "Water storage change estimation from in situ shrinkage measurements of clay soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (2012): 13117–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-13117-2012.

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Abstract. Water storage in the unsaturated zone is a major determinant of the hydrological behaviour of the soil, but methods to quantify soil water storage are limited. The objective of this study is to assess the applicability of clay soil surface elevation change measurements to estimate soil water storage changes. We measured moisture contents in soil aggregates by EC-5 sensors, and in volumes comprising multiple aggregates and intra-aggregates spaces by CS616 sensors. In a prolonged drying period, aggregate-scale storage change measurements revealed normal shrinkage for layers ≥ 30 cm dep

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Post, Paul-Philipp, Christian Berger, Klaus Villforth, Heinz-Joachim Schaffrath, and Samuel Schabel. "Optical measurement of deformation of paper under tensile load." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (2012): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p313-317.

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Abstract A test method for simultaneous contactless measurement of lateral contraction and change in thickness of paper in tensile testing is presented. All the investigated paper samples showed transverse shrinkage as well as an increase in thickness during loading. Consequently, in-plane Poisson’s ratios for different tested papers were positive, whereas Poisson’s ratios in thickness direction had negative values. In general, the transverse shrinkage proved to be detectable while the resolution and accuracy of the thickness determination in some cases still requires optimization.

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Wustefeld-Janssens, Brandan G., Arathi Vinayak, Lindsay A. Parker, and Danielle L. Hollenbeck. "Quantification of Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) Tumor Specimen Shrinkage after Formalin Fixation." Animals 12, no. 15 (2022): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12151869.

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The aim was to prospectively measure the shrinkage of primary apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) tumors after 24 and 48 h of formalin fixation. Dogs that were diagnosed with AGASACA pre-operatively by aspiration cytology were prospectively enrolled in the study. Tumor extirpation was performed in a closed technique. The tumor and associated tissues were examined on the back table away from the patient and the widest dimension of the tumor was measured using a sterile ruler (Medline®; Northfield, IL, USA). This measurement was recorded in mm (t0). The tissue was placed in 10% buff

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Yu, H., S. G. Mhaisalkar, and E. H. Wong. "Effect of temperature on the cure shrinkage measurement of non-conductive adhesives for flip chip interconnects." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 5 (2005): 1324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0159.

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Non-conductive adhesive (NCA) flip chip interconnects are emerging as attractive alternatives to lead or lead-free solder interconnects due to their environmental friendliness, lower processing temperatures, and extendability to fine pitch applications. The electrical connectivity of a NCA interconnect relies solely on the pure mechanical contact between the integrated circuit bump and the substrate pad; the electrical conductivity of the contact depends on the mechanical contact pressure, which in turns depends to a large extend on cure shrinkage characteristic of the NCA. In addition, to red

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Dang, Yu, and Ying-ke Liu. "Deformation of Overlong Isolated Buildings Caused by Thermal and Concrete Shrinkage." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/139159.

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Temperature variations and concrete shrinkage influence structural behavior by reducing the strength of materials and changing their thermal strain contributions. This problem is particularly important for isolated buildings that are characterized by large horizontal dimensions and are sensitive to thermal action and shrinkage. In this study, the measurement of an overlong isolated building shows that the deformations of some isolators exceed the allowed deviation during the construction phase because the building is completely exposed. These deformations are induced by climatic thermal change

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De Meyst, Laurence, Judy Kheir, José Roberto Tenório Filho, Kim Van Tittelboom, and Nele De Belie. "The Use of Superabsorbent Polymers in High Performance Concrete to Mitigate Autogenous Shrinkage in a Large-Scale Demonstrator." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114741.

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High performance concrete (HPC) is a high strength concrete that undergoes a lot of early-age autogenous shrinkage (AS). If shrinkage is restrained, then micro-cracks arise and threaten the durability of the structure. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) can reduce/mitigate the autogenous shrinkage, due to their promising application as internal curing agents. In this paper, large-scale demonstrators were built to investigate the efficiency of SAPs to mitigate autogenous shrinkage in HPC. For this purpose, different measurement techniques were used like embedded fiber optic sensors and demountable

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Alonso-Blanco, E., F. J. Gómez-Moreno, L. Núñez, M. Pujadas, M. Cusack, and B. Artíñano. "Towards a first classification of aerosol shrinkage events." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 18 (2015): 25231–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-25231-2015.

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Abstract. This work presents for the first time a classification of shrinkage events based on the aerosol processes that precede them. To this end, 3.5 years of continuous measurements (from 2009 to 2012) of aerosol size distributions, obtained with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) at an urban background site in Southern Europe, have been interpreted. 48 shrinkage events were identified and analysed, all occurring during spring and summer when the atmospheric conditions are more favourable for their development. In this study the shrinkage events took place mostly towards the end of t

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