Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Shuar Indians'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-178). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

xxi, 234 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Life history theory examines the allocation of resources among competing demands, including growth, immune function, and reproduction. Immune function can itself be divided into innate, cell mediated, and humoral responses. For humans, factors like economic condition, disease exposure. and social milieu are all hypothesized to affect life history allocations. For the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador these factors are rapidly changing as traditional subsistence hunting and horticulture give way to wage labor and Western medicine. This dissertation presents fieldwork conducted amongst the Shuar between 2005 and 2009. It is among the first studies to test for life history trade-offs between different branches of immunity and growth across market conditions. Shuar data include anthropometrics (n=1,547), biomarkers (n=163), and household compositions (n=292). Comparison samples include the Shiwiar of Ecuador (n=42), non-indigenous Ecuadorian colono children (n=570), the Tsimane of Bolivia (n=329), and the 2005-2006 U.S. NHANES (n=8,336). The dissertation finds significant differences between both populations and Shuar villages in growth and immunity. Increasing market integration is associated with poorer growth, but household factors mediate these changes. Adult males have positive effects on child growth in acculturated areas with wage labor and in distant areas where fishing and hunting remain important but not in intermediate areas. Children have consistent negative effects on one another's growth, suggesting competition for resources. Poorer growth is also associated with higher levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), a humoral response to helminths. In contrast, C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, has a positive association with growth. This divergence between humoral and innate immunity is consistent with a lasting reallocation of immune resources towards a T H 2 response in helminth infected individuals. The age-profile of IgE also varies across market conditions: comparing the Shuar with samples from the U.S. and Bolivia, the age of peak IgE is correlated with the level of peak IgE in each population, providing some of the first evidence for a "peak shift" in immune response. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that local conditions lead to the adaptive "tuning" of trade-offs between branches of immunity and growth. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Lawrence Sugiyama, Chairperson, Anthropology; James Snodgrass, Member, Anthropology; Frances White, Member, Anthropology; John Orbell, Outside Member, Political Science

Le peuple shuar d’Equateur participe du mouvement indigène de revendications politico-identitaires dans un contexte mondialisé de reconnaissance des droits autochtones. Réputé pour la pratique de réduction de têtes humaines, peuple d’idéologie chamanique et guerrière et impliqué dans le renouveau des enjeux politiques nationaux et internationaux, ce peuple impulse depuis 1964 un regroupement fédératif régional. Dans ce cadre les pratiques et représentations chamaniques du monde ont une influence considérable sur la formation des leaders et sur le contenu de leur discours. Cette thèse propose d’analyser cette influence des représentations chamaniques sur les mouvements indigènes pour comprendre dans quelle mesure la notion shuar de penker pujustin – le bien vivre - est déterminante des revendications shuar. A partir de 13 mois de terrain en Amazonie équatorienne, nous analyserons la question du « vivre ensemble » dans un contexte multiculturel. Ce travail est à la frontière de la sociologie, de l’ethnologie et de l’anthropologie, dans les domaines du politique, de la santé, du sacré et du territoire. Les changements à l’œuvre sur le terrain nous placent dans le champ de la sociologie du politique et de la santé. Le fait de travailler sur le peuple Shuar nous oblige à la lecture et à la mobilisation des concepts anthropologiques et ethnologiques. Cette double approche fait de cette recherche une socio-anthropologie politique du bien vivre
The Shuar people of Ecuador participate in native movements of politico-identical demands in a globalized context of natives rights recognizing. Reputed for their practice of human head reducing, people of a shamanic and warrior ideology and implied in the renewal of national and international political stakes, These people impulse since 1964 a regional federative grouping. In this frame, practices and shamanics representations of the world have a considerable influence on the formation of the leaders and on the contents of their speech. This thesis suggests analyzing a specific context of shamanicals representations’ influence on indigenous movements to understand in which measure the shuar notion of penker pujustin – well being - is a determinant of the shuar demands. Totalizing 13 months of ground in ecuadorian Amazonia, we will analyze the question of “living together” in a multicultural context. This work is at the border of ethnology, anthropology and sociology, in the domains of politics, health, sacred and territory. Working on the shuar people obligates to the reading and mobilization of anthropological and ethnological concepts. By the way, the changes operating on this ground places us in the conceptual field of political and health sociology. This double approach makes of this research a political socio-anthropology of good living
En un contexto mundializado de reconocimiento de derechos específicos a los pueblos autóctonos, el pueblo shuar del Ecuador participo a los movimientos indígenas de reivindicaciones politico-identitarias e impulsa en su tiempo el proceso de agrupamiento federativo en la región amazónica. Reputados por su práctica de reducción de cabezas humanas, ese pueblo de ideología chamanica y guerrera está implicado en el renuevo de las puesta políticas nacionales e internacionales. El chamanismo, como prácticas y representaciones del mundo, tiene una influencia considerable sobre la formación de los líderes y también sobre el contenido de sus discursos. Esta tesis se propone analizar ese contexto particular de la influencia de la representaciones chamanicas sobre los movimientos indígenas a partir de la noción shuar del penker pujustin - buen vivir, para entender en qué medida esa es determinante de las reivindicaciones de este pueblo. Saliendo de algunas fases de terreno (totalizando 13 meses), buscaremos entender el pasaje de un sentimiento de pertenencia comunitaria shuar (dividida en clanes familiares y grupos de afinidad socialmente determinados), hasta reivindicaciones de pertenencia y de integración nacional, por la participación activa a la vida política nacional e internacional. Es bien la cuestión de “vivir juntos” que interrogaremos, en suma como mantener la cohesión social en un contexto multicultural. Este trabajo es a la frontera de la etnología, de la antropología y de la sociología, en los dominios del político, de la salud, del sagrado y del territorio. El hecho de trabajar con este pueblo shuar nos obliga a la lectura y a la movilización de conceptos antropológicos y etnológicos. No obstante la evolución, los cambios a la obra sobre el terreno nos colocan también en el campo conceptual de la sociología del político y de la salud. Este doble enfoque hace de esta investigación un socio-antropología del buen vivir

Cette thèse est une étude interdisciplinaire sur cinq corpus d'images photographiques produites dans le cadre de missions ethnographiques et catholiques qui ont visité ou travaillé auprès des populations Kichwa de la province de Napo, et Shuar de la province de Morona Santiago, en amazonie équatorienne, entre 1900 et 1940. En partant d'un questionnement autour de la valeur que ces images peuvent avoir à l'heure actuelle, nous étudions les usages et fonctions qu'elles ont pu accomplir depuis le moment de leur production. Nous nous concentrons sur une économie visuelle de ces images dans le sens de révéler leurs valeurs d'usage et d'échange, les façons dont elles ont été « exploitées » ou les réseaux dans lesquels elles ont circulé. Nous menons une étude comparée entre les diverses situations de production et exploitation des images, notamment dans le cadre des publications scientifiques et religieuses. Dans un deuxième temps nous analysons les valeurs que les images peuvent avoir actuellement pour les descendants des peuples indigènes représentés. Pour ce faire nous questionnons la nature même de l'image et son rapport à la mémoire individuelle et collective, et, grâce à un travail de terrain auprès des communautés Kichwa et Shuar actuelles, nous analyons l'expérience mémorielle résultante du visionnage de ces images dans la situation particulière de cette enquête. En dernier lieu nous étudions les rapports existants entre l'image photographique des peuples indigènes des basses terres amazoniennes et la production d'imaginaires liées à l'altérité exotique de ces peuples, ainsi que sur les conséquences que ces imaginaires peuvent avoir eu dans la production de la connaissance scientifique sur eux durant la période étudiée
This dissertation is an interdisciplinary study of five corpuses of archival photographs produced by ethnographic expeditions and catholic missions while working with or about Kichwa groups of Napo province, and Shuar groups of Morona Santiago province, in Ecuadorian Amazonia between 1990-1940. Starting from a discussion about the contemporary value of these archival images, we review the diverse uses and functions these images have fulfilled since their production. We focus on a visual economy of the images: the aim to reveal their use and exchange values, the ways by which they have been "exploited" or the networks in which they have circulated. We led then a comparartive study of the diverse production and exploitation situations these images have been related to, mainly by means of their inclusion in scientific or religious publications. Secondly, we analyze the value these archival images may have today for the descendants of the indigenous peoples appearing in the images. In order to do so we study the nature of the image and its connection with individual and collective memory. As a result of fieldwork that we conducted for this purpose amongst Kichwa and Shuar communities, we analyze the memory experience provoked by the viewing of the images in relation to this particular ethnographic situation. Finalyy, w estudy the connection between photographic images about indigenous peoples of the Amazon and the production of imaginaries linked to the exotic alterity of these groups. We also analyze the consequences these imaginaries linked to the exotic alterity of these groups. We also analyze the consequences these imaginaries may have had in the scientific knowledge produced about them during the period of time mentioned above

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a força de cisalhamento Warner-Bratzler do músculo Longissimus lumborum de animais zebuínos machos inteiros (Bos indicus) durante o período de maturação, nas faixas de pH final (pHf 48 horas post mortem) normal (pH entre 5,5 e 5,8) e anormal (pH entre 5,81 e 6,19) e temperaturas internas de cozimento. Concomitante com a avaliação de força de cisalhamento, foram avaliadas também a degradação da desmina e troponina T, o comprimento do sarcômero, o teor de colágeno total e solúvel, as temperaturas máximas de desnaturação das proteínas e a morfologia geral de agregação das fibras do músculo no cozimento. A degradação da desmina e troponina T foi maior no pHf normal, aparecendo produtos de degradação a partir do dia 7 nessa faixa de pHf. Não houve diferenças nos valores de comprimento do sarcômero, descartando-se assim, a contribuição desse parâmetro sobre a temperatura máxima de desnaturação (Tmáx) das proteínas, determinada utilizando calorímetro exploratório diferencial (DSC). Similarmente, não foram encontradas diferenças para os teores de colágeno total e solúvel, e os valores de colágeno total foram baixos, sugerindo que sua contribuição na segunda transição térmica e nos valores de força de cisalhamento foi mínima. As Tmáx1 e Tmáx2, correspondentes à desnaturação da meromiosina leve e pesada, respectivamente, foram menores no pHf normal, mas o efeito foi maior para a Tmáx2. A Tmáx3 da actina e titina aumentou até 14 dias post mortem na faixa de pHf normal, e posteriormente diminuiu significativamente após 21 dias, sugerindo possível degradação dessas proteínas nesse período de dias. Não foram encontradas diferenças nos valores de Tmáx no pHf anormal, em todos os dias post mortem, o que sugere a contribuição de um possível mecanismo de proteção que estabiliza as miofibrilas no aquecimento. Houve maior agregação das fibras do músculo no pHf normal nas temperaturas internas de cozimento de 65 e 80°C, provavelmente devido à maior desnaturação térmica das miofibrilas. Os valores de força de cisalhamento foram maiores com o aumento da temperatura interna de cozimento, devido ao aumento da desnaturação térmica das miofibrilas do músculo. Independente da temperatura interna de cozimento, os valores de força de cisalhamento foram altos em quase todos os dias post mortem para ambas as faixas de pHf, o que sugere a necessidade de utilizar métodos físicos ou químicos para aumentar a maciez do músculo Longissimus lumborum de animais zebuínos.
The aim of this work was to determine the Warner-Bratzler shear force of Longissimus lumborum muscle of Zebu bulls during ageing, at the normal (pH between 5.5 e 5.8) and abnormal (pH between 5.81 e 6.19) ultimate pH (pHu) groups (pH 48 hours post mortem) and internal temperatures of cooking. Concomitant with the Warner-Bratzler shear force evaluation, the degradation of desmin and troponin T, sarcomere length, total and soluble collagen content, maximum temperature of proteins denaturation, and aggregation of muscle fibers during cooking were also evaluated. The degradation of desmin and troponin T was higher in the normal pHu, appearing degradation products at day 7. There were no differences in the sarcomere length values, discarding the contribution of this parameter on the maximum temperature of proteins denaturation (Tmax) determined by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Similarly, no differences were found for total and soluble collagen contents, and the total collagen values were low, suggesting that its contribution in the second thermal transition and in the shear force values was minimal. The Tmax1 and Tmax2, corresponding to the denaturation of light and heavy meromyosin, respectively, were lower in the normal pHu group, but the effect was higher for Tmax2. The Tmax3 of actin and titin increased up to 14 days post mortem in the normal pHu group, which subsequently significantly decreased after 21 days, suggesting the possible degradation of these proteins in that period of time. No differences were found in the Tmax values for the abnormal pHu group at all days post mortem, suggesting the contribution of a possible protective mechanism that stabilizes the myofibrils during heating. There was higher aggregation of muscle fibers in the normal pHu, at internal temperatures of cooking of 65 and 80°C, probably due to a higher thermal denaturation of myofibrils. The shear force values were higher with the increase of the internal temperature of cooking due to the increased denaturation of the muscle myofibrils. Regardless of internal temperature of cooking, the shear force values were higher in almost all days post mortem for both pHu groups, which suggest the need of physical or chemical methods to increase the tenderness of Longissimus lumborum muscle of Zebu bulls.

Beef quality in Brazil is important for both consumers and the food industry due to high demand and competitiveness in the domestic and international markets. Therefore, it is necessary to develop research to improve beef quality of Nellore cattle (Bos indicus), mainly tenderness, one of the main features to add value to meat. New-generation technologies provide accurate, rapid and inexpensive information on the entire genome, showing great advantage over conventional methods for sequencing and gene expression. However, these new technologies generate large database, which require the use of bioinformatics tools for data analyses of sequencing and for a better understanding of biological regulation mechanisms , cellular control, gene interactions, among other applications. In a previous study, samples were collected from the Longissimus dorsi muscle of 790 animals from Nellore cattle and shear force assessments were made 24 hours after slaughter, with seven and 14 days of aging. Aiming to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes, 34 samples from Nellore animals with extreme levels of estimated breeding value (EBV) for shear force (SF) were selected, sequenced by the method of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) (Illumina HiScanSQ). This study performed the processing of data generated by RNA-Seq using software QuasiSeq and Cuffdiff. In the QuasiSeq analysis, 22 DE genes were found, while in the Cuffdiff analysis, 113 DE genes were found. To better understand the biological process involved in meat tenderness, integrative analysis identified possible regulators that can explain the activity of transcriptional regulation in this process using partial correlation coefficient with information theory (PCIT), phenotypic impact factor (PIF) and regulatory impact factor (RIF) methods. The genes found in the PCIT analysis USP2, GBR10, ANO1 and TMBIM4; microRNAs found in RIF analysis bta-mir-133a-2 and bta-mir-22, and the genes with high PIF value MB, ENO3, CA3 could be fundamental to unravel the complex molecular mechanisms that control the meat tenderness in Nellore cattle.
A qualidade da carne bovina no Brasil é importante tanto para o consumidor, como para a indústria alimentícia devido à alta competitividade e exigência do mercado nacional e internacional. Portanto, é necessário o desenvolvimento de pesquisas para melhorar a qualidade da carne bovina da raça Nelore (Bos indicus), principalmente a maciez, que é considerada uma das principais responsáveis por agregar valor à carne. Tecnologias de nova geração proporcionam informações precisas, rápidas e baratas de todo genoma, mostrando grande vantagem em relação aos métodos convencionais de sequenciamento e de estudos de expressão gênica. Essas novas tecnologias geram um grande volume de dados, sendo necessário o uso de ferramentas de bioinformática para realizar as análises de sequenciamento e ter uma maior compreensão de mecanismos biológicos de regulação, controle celular, interações gênicas, entre outras aplicações. Em um estudo prévio, foram coletadas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi de 790 animais da raça Nelore e foram realizadas avaliações da força de cisalhamento 24 horas após abate, e com sete e 14 dias de maturação. Com o objetivo de identificar genes diferencialmente expressos (DE), foram selecionadas no total 34 amostras de animais da raça Nelore com valores extremos de valor genético estimado (EBV) para força de cisalhamento (SF), e sequenciados pelo método de sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) (Illumina HiScanSQ). Neste estudo foi realizado o processamento dos dados gerados pelo RNA-Seq através dos softwares QuasiSeq e Cuffdiff. Foram encontrados 22 genes DE para as análises do QuasiSeq e 113 genes DE para as análises do Cuffdiff. Para melhor compreensão dos processos biológicos envolvidos na maciez da carne, análises integrativas identificaram possíveis reguladores que podem explicar a atividade de regulação transcricional neste processo utilizando os métodos do Coeficiente de Correlação Parcial com Teoria da Informação (PCIT), Fator de Impacto Fenotípico (PIF) e Fator de Impacto Regulatório (RIF). Os genes encontrados nas análises análises do PCIT USP2, GBR10, ANO1 e TMBIM4, assim como os microRNAs encontrados nas análises do RIF, bta-mir-133a-2 e bta-mir-22 e os genes de maior valor de PIF MB, ENO3, CA3 podem ser fundamentais para desvendar os complexos mecanismos moleculares que controlam a maciez da carne na raça Nelore.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a posição da suspensão de carcaças durante o período de resfriamento, no primeiro experimento lados alternados de dez animais Nelores machos castrados, foram suspensos pelo método tradicional (Tendão de Aquiles) ou dispostos horizontalmente em pallets, no segundo experimento lados alternados de 16 animais machos castrados e 16 fêmeas foram suspensos pelo método tradicional (Tendão de Aquiles) ou pelo músculo Carpo Radial. Amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi na 12ª costela foram coletadas de todos os lados (42 lados esquerdos e 42 lados direitos) após o período de 24 horas de resfriamento, estas amostras foram embaladas a vácuo e maturadas por sete dias antes de serem congeladas e armazenadas até a realização das analises de força de cisalhamento, perdas de água por cocção e índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (MFI). Para a primeira experiência nenhuma diferença foi observada para espessura de gordura subcutânea, perdas de água por cocção, força de cisalhamento e MFI.Na segunda experiência não houve diferença para espessura de gordura entre os tratamentos, mas as fêmeas apresentavam maior espessura que os machos. Para perdas de água por cocção e força de cisalhamento não houve diferença, mas observando o MFI existe diferença entre os machos e fêmeas e também entre os métodos de pendura. A média de MFI para o tratamento de suspensão pelo Carpo Radial foi maior do que a suspensão pelo tendão de Aquiles.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the carcass hanging position during the chilling period in which 1st experiment: alternate sides of ten Nellore steers were hang either by the traditional way (Achilles tendon) or placed horizontally over pallets or 2nd experiment: alternate sides of 16 Nellore steers and 16 Nellore heifers were hang either by the Achilles tendon or by the Carpus radial muscle of the forequarter. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples at the 12th rib level were removed from all sides (42 left and 42 right sides) after a 24 hr chilling period, vacuum packaged and aged for 7 days before being frozen and kept for future analysis of shear force, cooking losses and Myofibril fragmentation index (MFI). For the first experiment no differences were observed for fat thickness, cooking losses, shear force and MFI. In the second experiment there was not differences for fat thickness between treatments but heifers showed a thicker fat layer than steers. For cooking losses and shear force there was not differences although for the MFI and hanging position between heifers and steers were observed. The MFI average of the treatment hang by the Carpus radial muscle were higher than the treatment hang by the Achilles tendon.

O Brasil ocupa a segunda posição mundial na produção de carne bovina, a implantação de novas ferramentas para a seleção de animais zebuínos (Bos indicus) com carne de melhor qualidade tem uma importante contribuição para a competividade da pecuária de corte. Neste contexto, compreender os padrões de expressão de microRNAs específicos envolvidos nos processos que afetam a maciez da carne é fundamental para a sua produção, uma vez que essa característica organoléptica é de grande valor na aceitação deste alimento pelos consumidores. O advento das tecnologias de sequenciamento de nova geração em conjunto com o uso de ferramentas de bioinformática tem permitido o estudo do genoma em larga escala de forma mais rápida e com menor custo. Para este estudo, foram utilizadas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi de 34 animais da raça Nelore com medidas extremas de valor genético estimado (EBV) para força de cisalhamento (FC). Os RNAs totais foram extraídos, as bibliotecas de microRNA foram construídas e os sequenciamentos foram realizados em equipamento da plataforma Illumina (MiSeq). O processamento dos dados foi feito por meio dos softwares FastQC, Cutadapt e miRDeep2 e as análises de expressão diferencial foram realizadas por meio do programa estatístico QuasiSeq. Utilizando um critério de taxa de descoberta de falsos positivos (FDR) inferior a 0,1, três microRNAs (bta-mir-182, bta-mir-183, bta-mir-338) foram identificados como diferencialmente expressos entre os grupos de animais com valores extremos de EBV para FC. Um total de 1204 genes alvos foi previsto e análises funcionais de enriquecimento foram realizadas por ferramentas de bioinformática. Várias redes e vias metabólicas como a sinalização de apoptose e regulação dos mecanismos celulares pela protease calpaína foram obtidas, demonstrando assim que os genes alvos identificados estariam envolvidos em muitos processos metabólicos relacionados com a maciez da carne bovina.
Brazil occupies the second world position in beef production and thus, the implementation of new tools to select zebuine animals (Bos indicus) with better beef quality has an important contribution to the competitiveness of beef cattle. Inside this context, to comprehend the microRNAs expression patterns involved in the processes that are related to beef tenderness is essential to the meat production since this organoleptic characteristic has a high value in meat acceptance by the consumers. The advent of new generation sequencing technologies along with the biotechnology tools usage has allowed large-scale genome studies as well as faster and cheaper analysis. In this study, samples of the Longissimus dorsi muscle from 34 animals of Nellore cattle breed with extreme estimated genetic value (EBV) for shear force (FC) were used. The total RNAs were extracted, libraries of microRNA were built and finally the sequencing was performed using the Illumina (MiSeq) platform equipment. Data processing was done using FastQC, Cutadapt and miRDeep2 softwares while the differential expression analyzes were realized through the statistical package QuasiSeq. Using a false discovery rate (FDR) criteria below 0.1, three microRNAs (bta-mir- 182, bta-mir-183, bta-mir-338) were identified as differentially expressed among the group of animals with extreme EBV values for FC. A total of 1024 target genes were predicted and functional analyzes of enrichment were performed using bioinformatics tools. Many metabolic networks and pathways such as the apoptosis signalization and cell regulation mechanisms by calpain protease were obtained, demonstrating therefore that the identified target genes would be involved in many metabolic processes related with the beef tenderness.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
This study aimed to evaluate and to compare carcass traits and meat quality in cattle Nellore and F1 cross between Nellore and Araguaia, where 17 were from the Nellore group and 19 from ½ Nellore ½ Araguaia. All animals belonged to the same birth season and were finished in pasture systems, under the same nutritional, environmental, and management conditions. When the animals reached slaughter weight, they were taken to the industrial slaughterhouse where food was withdrawn for a 24 hour period (free access to water), later they were stunned, bled, the leather was removed and were eviscerated. The carcasses were weighed (hot weight), kept in chilled storage for approximately 24 hours at 4°C, and weighed once again to obtain the chilled carcass weight. The variables analyzed were carcass yield, length and width, leg length, thigh perimeter, loin eye area (LEA), retail cuts, cooling loss, pH, fat depth, marbling rate, intramuscular fat, color, shear force and sensory analysis. Differences (p > 0.05) were observed for the following variables; slaughter weight, hot and chilled carcass weights, carcass and leg lengths, thigh perimeter, LEA, retail cuts and lightness (L*), where the F1 cross between Nellore and Araguaia showed higher means for all of these traits, except for leg length and L*. Therefore, the crossbreeding between Nellore and Araguaia cattle did not affect the meat s sensory characteristics, but contributed to the improvement in carcass traits, being an alternative for farmers that aim for meat quality, with higher meat percentage.
Objetivou-se avaliar e comparar as características de carcaça e de qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore e F1 resultantes do cruzamento entre as raças Nelore e Araguaia. Foram avaliados 17 animais do grupo Nelore e 19 ½ Nelore ½ Araguaia, que foram terminados à pasto, estando sob o mesmo regime nutricional, ambiente, manejo e pertenciam a mesma estação de nascimento. Quando atingiram o peso de abate, foram pesados e conduzidos ao frigorífico, onde permaneceram sob dieta hídrica por 24 horas, foram insensibilizados, sangrados, tiveram o couro removido e foram eviscerados. As carcaças foram pesadas, mantidas em câmara fria por aproximadamente 24 horas, à temperatura de 4 º C, e pesadas para obtenção do peso de carcaça fria. As variáveis analisadas foram: rendimento, comprimento e largura de carcaça, comprimento de perna, perímetro de coxão, área de olho de lombo (AOL), cortes comerciais, perdas no resfriamento, pH, espessura de gordura, taxa de marmoreio, gordura intramuscular, cor, força de cisalhamento e análise sensorial. Foram observadas diferenças (p > 0,05) para as variáveis peso de abate, quente e frio, comprimento de carcaça, e de perna, perímetro de coxão, AOL, de cortes comerciais e luminosidade (L*), sendo que os animais ½ Nelore ½ Araguaia apresentaram médias superiores para todas essas características, exceto para comprimento de perna e L*. Portanto, o cruzamento entre animais Nelore e Araguaia não influenciou nas características sensoriais das carnes e contribuiu para o aumento de características de carcaça, sendo uma alternativa ao produtor rural na obtenção de carne de qualidade, com maior percentual cárneo.
Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

博士
國立臺灣大學
海洋研究所
86
To map the upper mantle structure in the Southeast Indian Ocean,we have in verted Rayleigh wave group velocities to two-dimensionaltomographic images for periods from 22 to 67 s. Most of the eventsused are located on the ridge and stations are in the southernAustralia, with Rayleigh wave paths boundedbetwee n 95 and 150 E.Most remarkable on these maps is theincrease of group velocity withthe age of the seafloor, representing cooling of the upper mantle asit spr eads away from the ridge. The ocean-continent transition inthe upper mantle a s indicated by the abrupt change in velocity nearcontinent primarily mirrors t he 60-90 Ma isochrons on the surface.High velocity anomalies are found to fram e the morphologicallydifined Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD) zone (120- 128 E).This observation is at odds with the general notion that the coldanomal y is centered right beneath the AAD corridor. On the otherhand, the along-axi s variations suggest that the upper mantle beneaththe AAD is still faster than segments to the east and west. Fromthese group velocity maps, we invert for three-dimensional model ofshear velocity of the upper mantle. In the upper 60 km whereresolution is acceptable, we also find similar off-axis velocityanoma lies on both sides of the AAD zone. On the corss-sectionsin the spreading dir ection, the shear velocity in the upper mantleolder than 30 Ma is considerably faster than those predicted fromcooling of oceanic lithosphere both verticall y and laterally fromthe relatively cool continental shield. This feature may imply that the thermal structure in the old upper mantle is affectedwith the t hick Australian continental root as it moves northward.Our tomographic images sensitive to asthenospheric depths posetight constraints on various mantle flo w models that producecertain thermal signatures in this region.

ABSTRACT Wheel-rail contact analysis is one of the most standout problems in the modeling and analysis of railway vehicles. The wheel-rail interaction is an exceptional part of rail-vehicle progress as it accounts for the capacity of freight wagon and is being considered the most critical parameter for the freight traffic wagons on the railway tracks. In this thesis, the static response of the wheel on a rail is analyzed by modelling and analyzing the geometries of standard section of Rail and wheel through the softwares Creo parametric 2.0 and Ansys 15.0 for calculating the stresses between the Rail-wheel contact region. An analytical approach for calculating the tangent modulus has been drafted during the selection of material and its properties using the Ramberg Osgood Equation. The Hertzian contact theory gives the expression for the maximum contact shear stress value at the point of contact between the rail and the wheel. To validate the value of contact shear stresses founded in this thesis, responses of the assembled model using Ansys 15.0 are compared with the Hertzian approach as well as with the Hertzian stress calculator. Then it has been found that all the three maximum contact shear stresses achieved by different methods are less than the standard limiting values of maximum contact shear stresses in accordance to the Indian Railway Standard. Finally the effects of the results have been studied for the essence of analysis. Maximum contact shear stress between Rail-wheel is found to be 25.5 kg/mm2, 24.63 kg/mm2, 23.55 kg/mm2 by Ansys 15.0, Hertzian theory and Hertzian stress calculator respectively for 90 UTS rail of UIC 60 kg section and all are less than the limiting value of contact stress which is 27.0 kg/mm2 for 90 UTS rails and it was the prime objective of thesis. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter describes the introductory part of Indian Railways and importance of Freight traffic, followed by the scope and domain of the freight traffic. The next chapter gives an insight regarding the Railway track, rails and wheels, apart from this the chapter also focuses on theory of contact stresses as well as bending stresses. Chapter three, describes the processing of modelling of Rail UIC 60 kg (90 UTS) and wheel of BOXN standard, followed by the fourth chapter which accounts for the computational static analysis of the assembled model of rail and wheel. Chapter five, represents the result validation of contact shear stress and compares it with the limiting values in accordance to Indian Railway Standard. Chapter six delineates the conclusion.

This item is only available electronically.
The Palghat-Cauvery Shear System (PCSS) has been proposed as a major suture in the assembly of Gondwana, delineating the site of closure of the Mozambique Ocean. Evidence of an 830 °C and 14 kbar peak metamorphic event has been identified in the Namakkal area, central PCSS. This event is associated with late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic Sm-Nd age constraints recorded in the cores of 3000 and 5000 μm diameter garnets. Further P-T constraints, retrieved from structurally-defined younger mineral assemblages associated with partially reset Sm-Nd ages varying between 870.7±3.9 Ma and 683.3±3.0 Ma and moderately prolonged cooling periods of ~30 Myr, indicate that the central PCSS underwent a long-lived period of high-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism, eventually heating to granulite facies, consistent with the Gondwana-forming suture hypothesis. This evidence supports the model for an early Neoproterozoic protolith metamorphosed during the Pan-African in a collision event for the Palghat-Cauvery Shear System.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010

Mankind is facing the problem due to earthquake hazard since prehistoric times. Many of the developed and developing countries are under constant threats from earthquakes hazards. Theories of plate tectonics and engineering seismology have helped to understand earthquakes and also to predicate earthquake hazards on a regional scale. However, the regional scale hazard mapping in terms of seismic zonation has been not fully implemented in many of the developing countries like India. Agglomerations of large population in the Indian cities and poor constructions have raised the risk due to various possible seismic hazards. First and foremost step towards hazard reduction is estimation of the seismic hazards in regional scale. Objective of this study is to estimate the seismic hazard parameters for Lucknow, a part of Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) and develop regional scale microzonation map. Lucknow is a highly populated city which is located close to the active seismic belt of Himalaya. This belt came into existence during the Cenozoic era (40-50 million years ago) and is a constant source of seismic threats. Many of the devastating earthquakes which have happened since prehistoric times such as 1255 Nepal, 1555 Srinagar, 1737 Kolkata, 1803 Nepal, 1833 Kathmandu, 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar-Nepal, 1950 Assam and 2005 Kashmir. Historic evidences show that many of these earthquakes had caused fatalities even up to 0.1 million. At present, in the light of building up strains and non-occurrence of a great event in between 1905 Kangra earthquake and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake regions the stretch has been highlighted as central seismic gap. This location may have high potential of great earthquakes in the near future. Geodetic studies in these locations indicate a possible slip of 9.5 m which may cause an event of magnitude 8.7 on Richter scale in the central seismic gap. Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh has a population of 2.8 million as per Census 2011. It lies in ZONE III as per IS1893: 2002 and can be called as moderate seismic region. However, the city falls within 350 km radial distance from Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and active regional seismic source of the Lucknow-Faizabad fault. Considering the ongoing seismicity of Himalayan region and the Lucknow-Faizabad fault, this city is under high seismic threat. Hence a comprehensive study of understanding the earthquake hazards on a regional scale for the Lucknow is needed. In this work the seismic microzonation of Lucknow has been attempted. The whole thesis is divided into 11 chapters. A detailed discussion on the importance of this study, seismicity of Lucknow, and methodology adopted for detailed seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented in first three chapters. Development of region specific Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) and seismic hazard estimation at bedrock level using highly ranked GMPEs are presented in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively. Subsurface lithology, measurement of dynamic soil properties and correlations are essential to assess region specific site effects and liquefaction potential. Discussion on the experimental studies, subsurface profiling using geotechnical and geophysical tests results and correlation between shear wave velocity (SWV) and standard penetration test (SPT) N values are presented in Chapter 6. Detailed shear wave velocity profiling with seismic site classification and ground response parameters considering multiple ground motion data are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. Chapters 9 and 10 present the assessment of liquefaction potential and determination of hazard index with microzonation maps respectively. Conclusions derived from each chapter are presented in Chapter 11. A brief summary of the work is presented below: Attenuation relations or GMPEs are important component of any seismic hazard analysis which controls accurate prediction of the hazard values. Even though the Himalayas have experienced great earthquakes since ancient times, suitable GMPEs which are applicable for a wide range of distance and magnitude are limited. Most of the available regional GMPEs were developed considering limited recorded data and/or pure synthetic ground motion data. This chapter presents development of a regional GMPE considering both the recorded as well as synthetic ground motions. In total 14 earthquakes consisting of 10 events with recorded data and 4 historic events with Isoseismal maps are used for the same. Synthetic ground motions based on finite fault model have been generated at unavailable locations for recorded events and complete range distances for historic earthquakes. Model parameters for synthetic ground motion were arrived by detailed parametric study and from literatures. A concept of Apparent Stations (AS) has been used to generate synthetic ground motion in a wide range of distance as well as direction around the epicenter. Synthetic ground motion data is validated by comparing with available recorded data and peak ground acceleration (PGA) from Isoseismal maps. A new GMPE has been developed based on two step stratified regression procedure considering the combined dataset of recorded and synthetic ground motions. The new GMPE is validated by comparing with three recently recorded earthquakes events. GMPE proposed in this study is capable of predicting PGA values close to recorded data and spectral acceleration up to period of 2 seconds. Comparison of new GMPE with the recorded data of recent earthquakes shows a good matching of ground motion as well as response spectra. The new GMPE is applicable for wide range of earthquake magnitudes from 5 to 9 on Mw scale. Reduction of future earthquake hazard is possible if hazard values are predicted precisely. A detailed seismic hazard analysis is carried out in this study considering deterministic and probabilistic approaches. New seismotectonic map has been generated for Lucknow considering a radial distance of 350 km around the city centre, which also covers active Himalayan plate boundaries. Past earthquakes within the seismotectonic region have been collected from United State Geological Survey (USGS), Northern California Earthquake Data Centre (NCEDC), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Seismic Atlas of India and its Environs (SEISAT) etc. A total of 1831 events with all the magnitude range were obtained. Collected events were homogenized, declustered and filtered for Mw ≥ 4 events. A total of 496 events were found within the seismic study region. Well delineated seismic sources are compiled from SEISAT. Superimposing the earthquake catalogue on the source map, a seismotectonic map of Lucknow was generated. A total of 47 faults which have experienced earthquake magnitude of 4 and above are found which are used for seismic hazard analysis. Based on the distribution of earthquake events on the seismotectonic map, two regions have been identified. Region I which shows high density of seismic events in the area in and around of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Region II which consists of area surrounding Lucknow with sparse distribution of earthquake events. Data completeness analysis and estimation of seismic parameter “a” and “b” are carried out separately for both the regions. Based on the analysis, available earthquake data is complete for a period of 80 years in both the regions. Using the complete data set, the regional recurrence relations have been developed. It shows a “b” value of 0.86 for region I and 0.9 for Region II which are found comparable with earlier studies. Maximum possible earthquake magnitude in each source has been estimated using observed magnitude and doubly truncated Gutenberg-Richter relation. The study area of Lucknow is divided into 0.015o x 0.015o grid size and PGA at each grid has been estimated by considering all sources and the three GMPEs. A Matlab code was generated for seismic hazard analysis and maximum PGA value at each grid point was determined and mapped. Deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) shows that maximum expected PGA values at bedrock level varies from 0.05g in the eastern part to 0.13g in the northern region. Response spectrum at city centre is also developed up to a period of 2 seconds. Further, Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been carried out and PGA values for 10 % and 2 % probability of exceedence in 50 years have been estimated and mapped. PSHA for 10 % probability shows PGA variation from 0.035g in the eastern parts to 0.07g in the western and northern parts of Lucknow. Similarly PSHA for 2 % probability of exceedence indicates PGA variation from 0.07g in the eastern parts while the northern parts are expecting PGA of 0.13g. Uniform hazard spectra are also developed for 2 % and 10 % probability for a period of up to 2 seconds. The seismic hazard analyses in this study show that the northern and western parts of Lucknow are more vulnerable when compared to other part. Bedrock hazard values completely change due to subsoil properties when it reaches the surface. A detailed geophysical and geotechnical investigation has been carried out for subsoil profiling and seismic site classification. The study area has been divided into grids of 2 km x 2 km and roughly one geophysical test using MASW (Multichannel Analysis Surface Wave) has been carried out in each grid and the shear wave velocity (SWV) profiles of subsoil layers are obtained. A total of 47 MASW tests have been carried out and which are uniformly distributed in Lucknow. In addition, 12 boreholes have also been drilled with necessary sampling and measurement of N-SPT values at 1.5 m interval till a depth of 30 m. Further, 11 more borelog reports are collected from the same agency hired for drilling the boreholes. Necessary laboratory tests are conducted on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for soil classification and density measurement. Based on the subsoil informations obtained from these boreholes, two cross-sections up to a depth of 30 m have been generated. These cross-sections show the presence of silty sand in the top 10 m at most of the locations followed by clayey sand of low to medium compressibility till a depth of 30 m. In between the sand and clay traces of silt were also been found in many locations. In addition to these boreholes, 20 deeper boreholes (depth ≥150 m) are collected from Jal Nigam (Water Corporation) Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Typical cross-section along the alignment of these deeper boreholes has been generated up to 150 m depth. This cross-section shows the presence of fine sand near Gomati while other locations are occupied by surface clayey sand. Also, the medium sand has been found in the western part of the city at a depth of 110 m which continues till 150 m depth. On careful examination of MASW and boreholes with N-SPT, 17 locations are found very close and SWV and N-SPT values are available up to 30 m depth. These SWV and N-SPT values are complied and used to develop correlations between SWV and N-SPT for sandy soil, clayey soil and all soil types. This correlation is the first correlation for IGB soil deposits considered measured data up to 30 m. The new correlation is verified graphically using normal consistency ratio and standard percentage error with respect to measured N-SPT and SWV. Further, SWV and N-SPT profiles are used Another important earthquake induced hazard is liquefaction. Even though many historic earthquakes caused liquefaction in India, very limited attempt has been made to map liquefaction potential in IGB. In this study, a detailed liquefaction analysis has been carried out for Lucknow a part of Ganga Basin to map liquefaction potential. Initially susceptibility of liquefaction for soil deposits has been assessed by comparing the grain size distribution curve obtained from laboratory tests with the range of grain size distribution for potentially liquefiable soils. Most of surface soil deposits in the study area are susceptible to liquefaction. At all the 23 borehole locations, measured N-SPT values are corrected for (a) Overburden Pressure (CN), (b) Hammer energy (CE), (c) Borehole diameter (CB), (d) presence or absence of liner (CS), (e) Rod length (CR) and (f) fines content (Cfines). Surface PGA values at each borehole locations are used to estimate Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR). Corrected N-SPT values [(N1)60CS] are used to estimate Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) at each layer. CSR and CRR values are used to estimate Factor of Safety (FOS) against liquefaction in each layer. Least factor safety values are indentified from each location and presented liquefaction factor of safety map for average and maximum amplified PGA values. These maps highlight that northern, western and central parts of Lucknow are very critical to critical against liquefaction while southern parts shows moderate to low critical area. The entire alignment of river Gomati falls in very critical to critical regions for liquefaction. Least FOS shows worst scenario and does not account thickness of liquefiable soil layers. Further, these FOS values are used to determine Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) of each site and developed LPI map. Based on LPI map, the Gomati is found as high to very high liquefaction potential region. Southern and the central parts of Lucknow show low to moderate liquefaction potential while the northern and western Lucknow has moderate to high liquefaction potential. All possible seismic hazards maps for Lucknow have been combined to develop final microzonation map in terms of hazard index values. Hazard index maps are prepared by combining rock PGA map, site classification map in terms of shear wave velocity, amplification factor map, and FOS map and predominant period map by adopting Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). All these parameters have been given here in the order starting with maximum weight of 6 for PGA to lower weight of 1 for predominant frequency. Normalized weights of each parameter have been estimated. Depending upon the variation of each hazard parameter values, three to five ranks are assigned and the normalized ranks are calculated. Final hazard index values have been estimated by multiplying normalized ranks of each parameter with the normalized weights. Microzonation map has been generated by mapping hazard index values. Three maps were generated based on DSHA, PSHA for 2% and 10 % probability of exceedence in 50 years. Hazard index maps from DSHA and PSHA for 2 % probability show similar pattern. Higher hazard index were obtained in northern and western parts of Lucknow and lower values in others. The new microzonation maps can help in dividing the Lucknow into three parts as high area i.e. North western part, moderate hazard area i.e. central part and low hazard area which covers southern and eastern parts of Lucknow. This microzonation is different from the current seismic code where all area is lumped in one zone without detailed assessment of different earthquake hazard parameters. Finally this study brings out first region specific GMPE considering recorded and synthetic ground monitions for wide range of magnitudes and distances. Proposed GMPE can also be used in other part of the Himalayan region as it matches well with the highly ranked GMPEs. Detailed rock level PGA map has been generated for Lucknow considering DSHA and PSHA. A detailed geotechnical and geophysical experiments are carried out in Lucknow. These results are used to develop correction between SWV and N-SPT values for soil deposit in IGB and site classification maps for the study area. Amplification and liquefaction potential of Lucknow are estimated by considering multiple ground motions data to account different earthquake ground motion amplitude, duration and frequency, which is unique in the seismic microzonation study.

Mankind is facing the problem due to earthquake hazard since prehistoric times. Many of the developed and developing countries are under constant threats from earthquakes hazards. Theories of plate tectonics and engineering seismology have helped to understand earthquakes and also to predicate earthquake hazards on a regional scale. However, the regional scale hazard mapping in terms of seismic zonation has been not fully implemented in many of the developing countries like India. Agglomerations of large population in the Indian cities and poor constructions have raised the risk due to various possible seismic hazards. First and foremost step towards hazard reduction is estimation of the seismic hazards in regional scale. Objective of this study is to estimate the seismic hazard parameters for Lucknow, a part of Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) and develop regional scale microzonation map. Lucknow is a highly populated city which is located close to the active seismic belt of Himalaya. This belt came into existence during the Cenozoic era (40-50 million years ago) and is a constant source of seismic threats. Many of the devastating earthquakes which have happened since prehistoric times such as 1255 Nepal, 1555 Srinagar, 1737 Kolkata, 1803 Nepal, 1833 Kathmandu, 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar-Nepal, 1950 Assam and 2005 Kashmir. Historic evidences show that many of these earthquakes had caused fatalities even up to 0.1 million. At present, in the light of building up strains and non-occurrence of a great event in between 1905 Kangra earthquake and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake regions the stretch has been highlighted as central seismic gap. This location may have high potential of great earthquakes in the near future. Geodetic studies in these locations indicate a possible slip of 9.5 m which may cause an event of magnitude 8.7 on Richter scale in the central seismic gap. Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh has a population of 2.8 million as per Census 2011. It lies in ZONE III as per IS1893: 2002 and can be called as moderate seismic region. However, the city falls within 350 km radial distance from Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and active regional seismic source of the Lucknow-Faizabad fault. Considering the ongoing seismicity of Himalayan region and the Lucknow-Faizabad fault, this city is under high seismic threat. Hence a comprehensive study of understanding the earthquake hazards on a regional scale for the Lucknow is needed. In this work the seismic microzonation of Lucknow has been attempted. The whole thesis is divided into 11 chapters. A detailed discussion on the importance of this study, seismicity of Lucknow, and methodology adopted for detailed seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented in first three chapters. Development of region specific Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) and seismic hazard estimation at bedrock level using highly ranked GMPEs are presented in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively. Subsurface lithology, measurement of dynamic soil properties and correlations are essential to assess region specific site effects and liquefaction potential. Discussion on the experimental studies, subsurface profiling using geotechnical and geophysical tests results and correlation between shear wave velocity (SWV) and standard penetration test (SPT) N values are presented in Chapter 6. Detailed shear wave velocity profiling with seismic site classification and ground response parameters considering multiple ground motion data are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. Chapters 9 and 10 present the assessment of liquefaction potential and determination of hazard index with microzonation maps respectively. Conclusions derived from each chapter are presented in Chapter 11. A brief summary of the work is presented below: Attenuation relations or GMPEs are important component of any seismic hazard analysis which controls accurate prediction of the hazard values. Even though the Himalayas have experienced great earthquakes since ancient times, suitable GMPEs which are applicable for a wide range of distance and magnitude are limited. Most of the available regional GMPEs were developed considering limited recorded data and/or pure synthetic ground motion data. This chapter presents development of a regional GMPE considering both the recorded as well as synthetic ground motions. In total 14 earthquakes consisting of 10 events with recorded data and 4 historic events with Isoseismal maps are used for the same. Synthetic ground motions based on finite fault model have been generated at unavailable locations for recorded events and complete range distances for historic earthquakes. Model parameters for synthetic ground motion were arrived by detailed parametric study and from literatures. A concept of Apparent Stations (AS) has been used to generate synthetic ground motion in a wide range of distance as well as direction around the epicenter. Synthetic ground motion data is validated by comparing with available recorded data and peak ground acceleration (PGA) from Isoseismal maps. A new GMPE has been developed based on two step stratified regression procedure considering the combined dataset of recorded and synthetic ground motions. The new GMPE is validated by comparing with three recently recorded earthquakes events. GMPE proposed in this study is capable of predicting PGA values close to recorded data and spectral acceleration up to period of 2 seconds. Comparison of new GMPE with the recorded data of recent earthquakes shows a good matching of ground motion as well as response spectra. The new GMPE is applicable for wide range of earthquake magnitudes from 5 to 9 on Mw scale. Reduction of future earthquake hazard is possible if hazard values are predicted precisely. A detailed seismic hazard analysis is carried out in this study considering deterministic and probabilistic approaches. New seismotectonic map has been generated for Lucknow considering a radial distance of 350 km around the city centre, which also covers active Himalayan plate boundaries. Past earthquakes within the seismotectonic region have been collected from United State Geological Survey (USGS), Northern California Earthquake Data Centre (NCEDC), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Seismic Atlas of India and its Environs (SEISAT) etc. A total of 1831 events with all the magnitude range were obtained. Collected events were homogenized, declustered and filtered for Mw ≥ 4 events. A total of 496 events were found within the seismic study region. Well delineated seismic sources are compiled from SEISAT. Superimposing the earthquake catalogue on the source map, a seismotectonic map of Lucknow was generated. A total of 47 faults which have experienced earthquake magnitude of 4 and above are found which are used for seismic hazard analysis. Based on the distribution of earthquake events on the seismotectonic map, two regions have been identified. Region I which shows high density of seismic events in the area in and around of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Region II which consists of area surrounding Lucknow with sparse distribution of earthquake events. Data completeness analysis and estimation of seismic parameter “a” and “b” are carried out separately for both the regions. Based on the analysis, available earthquake data is complete for a period of 80 years in both the regions. Using the complete data set, the regional recurrence relations have been developed. It shows a “b” value of 0.86 for region I and 0.9 for Region II which are found comparable with earlier studies. Maximum possible earthquake magnitude in each source has been estimated using observed magnitude and doubly truncated Gutenberg-Richter relation. The study area of Lucknow is divided into 0.015o x 0.015o grid size and PGA at each grid has been estimated by considering all sources and the three GMPEs. A Matlab code was generated for seismic hazard analysis and maximum PGA value at each grid point was determined and mapped. Deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) shows that maximum expected PGA values at bedrock level varies from 0.05g in the eastern part to 0.13g in the northern region. Response spectrum at city centre is also developed up to a period of 2 seconds. Further, Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been carried out and PGA values for 10 % and 2 % probability of exceedence in 50 years have been estimated and mapped. PSHA for 10 % probability shows PGA variation from 0.035g in the eastern parts to 0.07g in the western and northern parts of Lucknow. Similarly PSHA for 2 % probability of exceedence indicates PGA variation from 0.07g in the eastern parts while the northern parts are expecting PGA of 0.13g. Uniform hazard spectra are also developed for 2 % and 10 % probability for a period of up to 2 seconds. The seismic hazard analyses in this study show that the northern and western parts of Lucknow are more vulnerable when compared to other part. Bedrock hazard values completely change due to subsoil properties when it reaches the surface. A detailed geophysical and geotechnical investigation has been carried out for subsoil profiling and seismic site classification. The study area has been divided into grids of 2 km x 2 km and roughly one geophysical test using MASW (Multichannel Analysis Surface Wave) has been carried out in each grid and the shear wave velocity (SWV) profiles of subsoil layers are obtained. A total of 47 MASW tests have been carried out and which are uniformly distributed in Lucknow. In addition, 12 boreholes have also been drilled with necessary sampling and measurement of N-SPT values at 1.5 m interval till a depth of 30 m. Further, 11 more borelog reports are collected from the same agency hired for drilling the boreholes. Necessary laboratory tests are conducted on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for soil classification and density measurement. Based on the subsoil informations obtained from these boreholes, two cross-sections up to a depth of 30 m have been generated. These cross-sections show the presence of silty sand in the top 10 m at most of the locations followed by clayey sand of low to medium compressibility till a depth of 30 m. In between the sand and clay traces of silt were also been found in many locations. In addition to these boreholes, 20 deeper boreholes (depth ≥150 m) are collected from Jal Nigam (Water Corporation) Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Typical cross-section along the alignment of these deeper boreholes has been generated up to 150 m depth. This cross-section shows the presence of fine sand near Gomati while other locations are occupied by surface clayey sand. Also, the medium sand has been found in the western part of the city at a depth of 110 m which continues till 150 m depth. On careful examination of MASW and boreholes with N-SPT, 17 locations are found very close and SWV and N-SPT values are available up to 30 m depth. These SWV and N-SPT values are complied and used to develop correlations between SWV and N-SPT for sandy soil, clayey soil and all soil types. This correlation is the first correlation for IGB soil deposits considered measured data up to 30 m. The new correlation is verified graphically using normal consistency ratio and standard percentage error with respect to measured N-SPT and SWV. Further, SWV and N-SPT profiles are used Another important earthquake induced hazard is liquefaction. Even though many historic earthquakes caused liquefaction in India, very limited attempt has been made to map liquefaction potential in IGB. In this study, a detailed liquefaction analysis has been carried out for Lucknow a part of Ganga Basin to map liquefaction potential. Initially susceptibility of liquefaction for soil deposits has been assessed by comparing the grain size distribution curve obtained from laboratory tests with the range of grain size distribution for potentially liquefiable soils. Most of surface soil deposits in the study area are susceptible to liquefaction. At all the 23 borehole locations, measured N-SPT values are corrected for (a) Overburden Pressure (CN), (b) Hammer energy (CE), (c) Borehole diameter (CB), (d) presence or absence of liner (CS), (e) Rod length (CR) and (f) fines content (Cfines). Surface PGA values at each borehole locations are used to estimate Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR). Corrected N-SPT values [(N1)60CS] are used to estimate Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) at each layer. CSR and CRR values are used to estimate Factor of Safety (FOS) against liquefaction in each layer. Least factor safety values are indentified from each location and presented liquefaction factor of safety map for average and maximum amplified PGA values. These maps highlight that northern, western and central parts of Lucknow are very critical to critical against liquefaction while southern parts shows moderate to low critical area. The entire alignment of river Gomati falls in very critical to critical regions for liquefaction. Least FOS shows worst scenario and does not account thickness of liquefiable soil layers. Further, these FOS values are used to determine Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) of each site and developed LPI map. Based on LPI map, the Gomati is found as high to very high liquefaction potential region. Southern and the central parts of Lucknow show low to moderate liquefaction potential while the northern and western Lucknow has moderate to high liquefaction potential. All possible seismic hazards maps for Lucknow have been combined to develop final microzonation map in terms of hazard index values. Hazard index maps are prepared by combining rock PGA map, site classification map in terms of shear wave velocity, amplification factor map, and FOS map and predominant period map by adopting Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). All these parameters have been given here in the order starting with maximum weight of 6 for PGA to lower weight of 1 for predominant frequency. Normalized weights of each parameter have been estimated. Depending upon the variation of each hazard parameter values, three to five ranks are assigned and the normalized ranks are calculated. Final hazard index values have been estimated by multiplying normalized ranks of each parameter with the normalized weights. Microzonation map has been generated by mapping hazard index values. Three maps were generated based on DSHA, PSHA for 2% and 10 % probability of exceedence in 50 years. Hazard index maps from DSHA and PSHA for 2 % probability show similar pattern. Higher hazard index were obtained in northern and western parts of Lucknow and lower values in others. The new microzonation maps can help in dividing the Lucknow into three parts as high area i.e. North western part, moderate hazard area i.e. central part and low hazard area which covers southern and eastern parts of Lucknow. This microzonation is different from the current seismic code where all area is lumped in one zone without detailed assessment of different earthquake hazard parameters. Finally this study brings out first region specific GMPE considering recorded and synthetic ground monitions for wide range of magnitudes and distances. Proposed GMPE can also be used in other part of the Himalayan region as it matches well with the highly ranked GMPEs. Detailed rock level PGA map has been generated for Lucknow considering DSHA and PSHA. A detailed geotechnical and geophysical experiments are carried out in Lucknow. These results are used to develop correction between SWV and N-SPT values for soil deposit in IGB and site classification maps for the study area. Amplification and liquefaction potential of Lucknow are estimated by considering multiple ground motions data to account different earthquake ground motion amplitude, duration and frequency, which is unique in the seismic microzonation study.