Academic literature on the topic 'Shuo hua yi shu'

<p>总结类话语标记是人类语言共有的元话语<br />成分之一。现代汉语总结类话语标记包括“总<br />之”、“一句话”、“概括起来讲”、“总的<br />来看”等众多成员，根据构成成分及其结构关<br />系特点可以归纳为以“话/言”和“说/讲/<br />看”为核心成分的名词和动词两个系列。总结<br />类话语标记分布在前后语段之间，构建的语篇<br />模式为“a，X，b”，在“要点概括”的总体语<br />义功能之下表达概括、推论、补充、转折、让<br />步等多种下位语义关系。总结类话语标记的语<br />篇组织功能和人际互动功能是其概念表达功能<br />语法化的结果，在这一过程中从基本话语发展<br />为元话语。</p><p>A discourse marker of summary is a common<br />meta-discourse element in human languages.<br />Discourse markers of summary in modern Chinese<br />contains zong zhi, yi ju hua, gai kuo qi lai jiang,<br />zong de lai kan and others, which can be<br />summarized as nouns and pronouns centered by<br />hua/yan, shuo/jiang/kan in correspondence of<br />their construction elements and features of<br />construction relation. Discourse markers of<br />summary distribute near the front and back<br />syntagms, through which the discourse model is<br />constructed as “a, X, b”. This construction<br />implies summary, inference, complementarity,<br />transference, concession, and other semantic<br />relation of subcategorization. The discourse<br />organizing function and inter-personal interactive<br />function of discourse markers of summary is the grammaticalization of the function of these<br />concepts and in this process, the discourse<br />markers of summary develops from basic<br />discourse to meta-discourse.</p>

In tracing the experience of Chinese Canadians in the 20th Century, we need to look further back into its history. Most people believe that the increasing number of immigrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China in the 1980s and 1990s played the most important roles in the social and economic changes during the latest decades of the 20th Century. The contribution of the Chinese Canadians settlement throughout the 20th Century should also be considered as it marks the beginning of the rise of their social status and identity in Canada. Although the Chinese Canadians earned their fame and status since the 1980s, they had been racially discriminated for more than a century. To probe into the situation, the social and political situations in the Chinese Canadian community will be meticulously analyzed and their contribution in difference aspects examined. In addition, other minority ethnic groups, such as the Japanese, Jewish and Indian, will be used as a comparison to demonstrate the change of policies towards the Chinese in Canada. In doing so, both English and Canadian Chinese newspapers will be used to illustrate the cultural difference between the “whites” and “non-whites”. To illustrate the changes, the 20th Century will be break into three parts. In most of the pre-Second World War period, the Chinese community was isolated from the mainstream community with their activities largely confined to Chinatowns in cities, such as Vancouver, Victoria, Toronto and so on. For the Chinese living in small townships, such as Prince Rupert, Richmond and so on, their daily life will also be examined. When Canada declared war on Japan on 7th December 1941, Canada became an ally of China during the war. A sentiment of acceptance of the Chinese in the mainstream society began to take shape. Some of the Chinese chose to contribute their efforts to Canada by joining the Canadian Armed Forces and went into battle alongside the White Canadians. After the Second World War, Canada adopted a new policy towards the minority ethnic groups and Chinese Canadians started to enjoy political equality. In May 1947, the Canadian Government repealed the Chinese Immigration Act. In 1967, after the liberalization of the Canadian immigration policy, the Chinese, once again, were allowed to immigrate freely to Canada as an individual. With granted full citizenship, the Chinese social and political status began to change. In 1957, Douglas Jung, a Canadian born Chinese, was elected a Member of the Parliament, which can be seen as the beginning of the Chinese involvement in the political arena of the Canadian community. Since then, Chinese Canadians were able to achieve equality in the society. Based on documentary accounts and oral history research, this thesis re-constructed the history of Canadian Chinese involvement in the 20th Century and the change of their identity and social status thereafter.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Social Work and Social Administration<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy

In the Reform Proposals for the Education in Hong Kong published in 2000, it was clearly stated that the priotity of education in the 21st century should be ―to enable our students to enjoy learning, enhance their effectiveness in communication and develop their creativity and sense of commitment‖. This paper aims to respond to two of the aspects — the enhancement of effectiveness in communication and the development of students’ creativity. For years, schools have focused on promoting students’ creavity in reading and writing, but not in speaking. In fact, among the various language skills, ‘speaking’ is the skill students have to demonstrate the most in their daily interaction. Compared to reading and writing, the ability to express one‘s views verbally in a creative manner can give rise to more direct interaction, acting as a genuine reflection of a student’s wisdom, knowledge, capability and potential. It is also a lifelong skill that students can apply when they join the workforce in the future. It is therefore meaningful to place emphasis on cultivating students’ creativity in speaking. This research aims to explore the correlation between the Chinese oral proficiency and creative ability of senior secondary students in Hong Kong based on existing theories on the development of creativity and speaking. Target participants, recruited from two aided secondary schools of different abilities, receive training on speaking and creative thinking, and analysis is done adopting both the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Students of each school are first randomly divided into two groups — the experimental group and control group. Students of both groups are required to take a pre-test and a post-test, as well as complete a set of questionnaire in each session. Results obtained are compared and contrasted to gauge the changes in their oral proficiency and creative ability. In between the tests, the experiemental group receives seven experimental design lectures on News and Report, one of the elective modules of the NSS curriculum in Chinese Language Education, while the control group receives lectures on News and Report which reference on the samples from Education Bureau only, no experimental design lectures will be delivered. In the end, the three teachers involved in the study were interviewed, during which the teachers offered their observations on the change in the students’ learning behaviour and attitude. Based on the data collected from the administration of tests, questionnaires and interviews, the following conclusions are made: first, there is a correlation between oral proficiency and creative ability; second, students’ attitude and values have a direct impact on the effectiveness of the module; third, the Speaking and Creativity Assessment rubric used in the study proved to be successful in assessing the said abilities, enhancing learning effectiveness. Through the analysis of data collected, this research contributed to Chinese Language Education to some extent, especially in the teaching of oral proficiency and creativity. It opened up a new set of criteria for the assessment of creative speaking ability from different perspectives to ensure objectivity of results, offered diversified course materials that can effectively raise the standard of students’ speaking and critical thinking ability. 香港在2000 年教育制度改革建議中明確指出教育首要目標是培養學生成為「樂於學習、善於溝通、勇於承擔、敢於創新」的新一代，其中，本研究特別回應「善於溝通」和「敢於創新」這兩個重點。過往，學校及教師多注重學生閱讀能力及寫作能力創意的培養，而忽略說話能力的創意訓練。其實，在各種語文能力中，「說話」是學生日常生活最主要的表達能力。口語表達比閱讀及寫作語言起著更直接的交流及溝通作用，是一個人智慧、知識、能力、素質的綜合體現，是學生立足社會、終生受用的語文能力。因此語文教學以創意思維培養學生的說話能力是有實在意義的。 為探索本港高中學生口語表達和創意能力的相互關係，本研究以創造力(Creativity) 和說話能力訓練的理論為依據，對上述課題展開試驗及分析工作。本計劃以香港兩所不同程度的津貼中學學生的說話能力為研究對象， 施行融合創意和說話能力訓練的實驗教學模式。本研究採用量化和質化方式為主要研究的方法。首先， 每所學校的研究對象隨機分為實驗組 (Experimental Group) 和控制組 (Control Group)。兩組對象分別安排前測和後測來量度實驗前後的數據變化。在前測及後測之間， 實驗組將會進行結合了創意思維訓練元素的中國語文選修單元「新聞與報道」共七節課的教學，從而探究這次實驗課能否提高學生創意說話能力學習的成效。而控制組卻不會在實驗教學施行期間安排進行任何實驗教學，有關的課堂教學，只按照原本學校的「新聞與報道」課程進行。在公平的原則下，所有控制組的學生會在暑假補回教授有關的實驗課程知識。本研究同時在兩班實驗組學生發出前後兩次的問卷調查，以檢視受試者的說話能力及創意能力的變化。最後，訪問兩所受試學校參與研究的三位老師，以深入瞭解學生整體的學習行為和態度情意的改變。 透過分析實驗教學資料、問卷調查數據和訪談結果，本研究主要有以下幾方面的總結：第一，確立說話能力和創意能力的相互關係。第二，學生的學習態度和品德情意直接影響課程的學習成效。第三，本研究所採用的「說話及創意能力評量表」能客觀評估學生的說話及創意能力，促進學習效能。經各種測試及結果分析，本研究對中國語文教育作出了一些貢獻，尤其是在融合說話與創意能力方面，以提高學生說話和思考水平；開發創意說話能力的評核標準，包含多角度的評審考量為評核精神，以客觀的等級描述為評量依據；提供多元化的創意說話課程設計，有助提升學生的創意說話能力表現等多方面的意義。<br>published_or_final_version<br>Education<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Education