To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Shussan.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Shussan'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 20 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Shussan.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Evans, James, and Ben Bosman. "Shuswap Diminutive Reduplication." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621204.
Full text
2
Hendricks, Sean. "Shuswap Diminutive Reduplication." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227249.
Full text
3
Burke, Brad J. "Abraham Shushan: In the Shadow of Huey Long." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2530.
Full textAbstract:
Abraham L. Shushan worked in the shadow of Huey P. Long. Long’s political machine ran on the force of his personality with political power given as a reward to those he considered loyal. Shushan was one such lieutenant who benefited from his unwavering loyalty to Long. Shushan served within the New Orleans political scene helping Long achieve his goals including building the Shushan Airport on the city’s lakefront as well as being instrumental in the construction of the seawall protecting New Orleans along the shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain. By the time he started working for Long, Shushan was already a fixture in New Orleans politics serving on the Orleans Levee Board since 1920. A man of ambition and skill, Huey Long chose Shushan for his political acumen. Shushan’s work for Long cost him his career during the period of “scandal and reform” following the fallout after Long’s assassination in 1935.
4
Furniss, Elizabeth. "A sobriety movement among the Shuswap Indians of Alkali Lake." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26816.
Full textAbstract:
Twenty years ago the Shuswap Indian community of Alkali Lake was like many other reserve communities in the northern Interior of British Columbia, with life characterized by high levels of drinking, violence, suicide, accidental death, and child abuse and neglect. In 1973 this pattern of life was challenged by the newly-elected Band chief and his wife. Working as a team, and by drawing upon the powers of the Band Office and applying confrontational tactics, the two initiated an anti-alcohol campaign in the community. For three years the chief and his wife persisted, despite extreme hostility and occasional threats against their lives. In 1976 their efforts began to achieve success. By 1981 most adults on the reserve had become committed to a sober lifestyle, and by 1985 the reserve was essentially "dry".
This thesis traces the development of the recent events at Alkali Lake. To refer to these events the term "Sobriety movement" has been used. The movement is analyzed largely from a political processual point of view, with attention paid not to the underlying sources of "deprivation" or "stress" that may have generated the movement, but to the strategies and tactics utilized by the movement leaders to promote their cause. In this manner the resource mobilization approach to the study of social movements provides an analytical framework for this study.
Several factors are identified as key ingredients in the success of the Sobriety movement. First, the Band chief and his wife were able to use effectively the powers of the Band Office to impose economic sanctions on drinkers. Second, as community leaders they were able to solicit the aid of powerful outside agencies, namely the R.C.M.P. and the Ministry of Human Resources, to support them in their efforts. Third, the personal resources of the two leaders - their courage, strength and determination -were crucial to the movement's survival during its early years.
The success of the Sobriety movement can not be understood simply by looking at the leaders' actions. The social and cultural context within which they operated must also be considered. Three underlying and fundamentally important factors are identified: the pre-existence of a strong sense of community within the Alkali Lake village, the inherent readiness of the Alkali Lake people for new leadership and social change, and the use by the Band chief of a leadership tradition that permitted the application of strict punishment as a means of social control.Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
5
Amoakohene, Owusu A. "Welcome stranger, tourism development among the Shuswap people of the south-central interior of British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24083.pdf.
Full text
6
Johnson, Bradford J. (Bradford Jerome) Carleton University Dissertation Earth Sciences. "Structure and tectonic setting of the Okanagan Valley fault system in the Shuswap Lake area, southern British Columbia." Ottawa, 1994.
Find full text
7
Slemko, Nadya Marie. "Structural, metamorphic, and plutonic history of rocks adjacent to Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, evidence of Early to Middle Paleozoic deformation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0009/MQ59880.pdf.
Full text
8
Reuther, Nina Mildred. "La Mémoire chantée des Secwepemc : transmission orale des savoirs et gestion de l'accès aux ressources chez les "Shuswap" (Colombie britannique/Canada)." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2007/REUTHER_Nina_Mildred_2007.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse cherche à définir la fonction du chant dans un système nord-amérindien de transmission orale des savoirs, et cela à l’exemple des Shuswap, qui attribuent une grande importance à leur « propriété intellectuelle ». La thèse est divisée en 4 sections. Section 1 comporte une introduction ethnographique générale au travail (l’ »aire culturelle » du Plateau et son histoire, ensuite les Secwepemc plus précisément) et présente le concept de la thèse, fondée sur une méthode de travail combinant une longue recherche sur le terrain et l’étude des sources écrites. Section 2 confronte les études éthno-musicologiques existantes sur le Plateau avec la manière secwepemc. Section 3 présente quelques aspects de la manière secwepemc de concevoir le « monde intégral », ainsi que les trois systèmes de classification du répertoire (utilisation, origine, droits d’accès). Section 4 comporte l’analyse de la place du chant face à d’autres voies de transmission orale (cérémonies, rituels, mythes et histoires), et la tentative d’approcher de manière holistique cette culture à partir de sa conception du chantCette thèse cherche à définir la fonction du chant dans un système nord-amérindien de transmission orale des savoirs, et cela à l’exemple des Shuswap, qui attribuent une grande importance à leur « propriété intellectuelle ». La thèse est divisée en 4 sections. Section 1 comporte une introduction ethnographique générale au travail (l’ »aire culturelle » du Plateau et son histoire, ensuite les Secwepemc plus précisément) et présente le concept de la thèse, fondée sur une méthode de travail combinant une longue recherche sur le terrain et l’étude des sources écrites. Section 2 confronte les études éthno-musicologiques existantes sur le Plateau avec la manière secwepemc. Section 3 présente quelques aspects de la manière secwepemc de concevoir le « monde intégral », ainsi que les trois systèmes de classification du répertoire (utilisation, origine, droits d’accès). Section 4 comporte l’analyse de la place du chant face à d’autres voies de transmission orale (cérémonies, rituels, mythes et histoires), et la tentative d’approcher de manière holistique cette culture à partir de sa conception du chant
9
Jeanningros, Audrey. "Nature et origine des fluides au sein de deux "metamorphic core complexes" (MCC) : les Apennins du Nord (Italie) et le Shuswap MCC (Canada)." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10185.
Full textAbstract:
L'étude des circulations fluides associées à des "Metamorphic Core Complexes" a été réalisée sur les Alpes Apennins (Italie du Nord) et sur le Shuswap MCC (Canada). La structure caractéristique des MCC est définie par une unité tectonique supérieure, séparée des unités inférieures métamorphiques, par une zone de détachement. Les travaux ont mis en évidence des interactions entre plusieurs réservoirs fluides : (i) des fluides aquo-carboniques à CO2 dominant (±CH4, N2), rarement H2S, typiques d'une interaction fluide-roche en domaine métamorphique, et avec une origine profonde. (ii) des fluides aqueux d'origine météorique ou parfois plus profonde, avec une salinité variable en raison d'interactions diverses avec les encaissants. L'étude des inclusions fluides et la reconstitution des conditions de pression et température de piégeage des inclusions ont permis de retracer le chemin P-T-x suivi pour les différentes unités lithotectoniques des MCC lors des stades tardifs de leur évolutionFluid circulation in metamorphic core complex (MCC) were studied in the Apennines Alps (North Italy) and the Shuswap MCC (Canada). The MCC geological structure is characterized by an upper unit juxtaposed with a lower metamorphic unit along a low-angle detachment. The aim of the fluid inclusion study was to determine the nature and pathways of fluids during the late evolution of MCC. Results show the presence of several fluid reservoirs and mixing processes when reservoirs are connected: (i) aqueous-carbonic fluids, with dominant CO2 ± (CH4, N2), and rarely H2S, from a deep origin, typical of fluid-rock interactions in metamorphic formations. (ii) several aqueous fluids, of meteoric or deeper origin, and with variable salinity owing to various degree of interaction with the host rocks. Reconstitution of pressure-temperature conditions during fluid inclusions trapping enables to determine the P-T-x pathway of the different lithotectonic units in late stages of MCC evolution
10
Nakashima, Hiroshi. "Control of conformations and (chir)optical properties of polysilanes containing phenyl substituents = Feniru chikanki o fukumu porishiran no shusa kōzō to kōbutsusei seigyo /." Electronic version of summary, 2002. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/3284.pdf.
Full text
11
Mahony, Ben David, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. ""Disinformation and smear" : the use of state propaganda and mulitary force to suppress aboriginal title at the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/189.
Full textAbstract:
In the summer of 1995, eighteen protesters came into armed conflict with over 400 RCMP officers and soldiers in central British Columbia. The conflict escalated into one of the costliest police operations in Canadian history. Many accounts of Aboriginal aggression provided by the RCMP are not consistent with evidence disclosed at the trial of the protesters. Moreover, the substance of the legal arguments at the heart of the Ts' Peten Defenders' resistance received little attention or serous analysis by state officials, police or the media. The RCMP constructed the Ts' Peten Defenders as terrorists and downplayed the use of state force that included military weaponry, land explosives and police snipers, who received orders to shoot to kill. Serious questions remain about the role of the RCMP, who acted as the enforement arm of state policies designed to constrain the effort to internationalize the Aboriginal title question.iii, 225, [44] leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
12
Jules, Diena Marie. "Traditional ways Shuswap people identified and nurtured gifted and talented girls: Shuswap eminent women tell their stories." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4676.
Full textAbstract:
Much of the literature on First Nations education is written by Euro-
Canadians. However, in recent years, American Indian scholars have initiated
research on gifted and talented First Nations children. The purpose of this paper is
to present eminent Shuswap womens' perspectives of traditional ways gifted and
talented girls were identified and nurtured over their lifetime.
Seven eminent Shuswap Elder women from the Interior of British Columbia,
whose gifts and talents were identified and nurtured form the nucleus of the study.
Because Shuswap people traditionally have an oral culture very little was written of
the Shuswap peoples' experiences, therefore, interviewing was deemed the most
appropriate research technique. Through the Elder's own words, the experiences of
the identification and nurturance of their gifts and talents in the four phases of life
(childhood, adolescence, adult, Elder) are presented.
The Elders were selected to represent various time periods and several
different bands of the Shuswap Nation. All of them have been recognized for their
service to the people locally, provincially, or nationally.
The most outstanding feature which is revealed by this study is the extent
to which the Elders struggled to stay on the path paved for them throughout their
lives since their grandparents identified their gifts and talents. Their struggles may
be viewed the same way First Nation people continue their fight for their aboriginal
rights.
The need to continue the work of preserving, recording, perpetuating and
enhancing the Shuswap language, history and culture is shown here. Implications
for further qualitative research are numerous. From specific aspects of culture such as the Shuswap concept of giftedness and the traditional ways Shuswap people
identified and nurtured boys to more general comparisons of finding a national First
Nations concept of giftedness or trying to determine how band-operated school are
trying to identify and nurture their gifted and talented students, there are many
possibilities. What has emerged is strong individuals and cultural group healing,
adapting and surviving very well despite the dark ages.
13
Lai, I.-Ju Sandra. "The grammar and acquisition of Secwepemctsín independent pronouns." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8173.
Full textAbstract:
Secwepemctsin, also known as Shuswap, is an endangered language spoken in the interior of
British Columbia. No research dedicated to the study of Secwepemctsin pronouns is currently
available. This thesis examines the independent pronouns of this language.
Secwepemctsin is a radical head-marking language, and its independent pronouns function
very differently from its bound pronominal clitics/affixes. This thesis provides a detailed
description of the internal and external syntax of Secwepemctsin independent pronouns. They
are analyzed as maximal projections that can occupy predicate positions as well as adjoin to
DPs in argument positions. Binding effects follow from this analysis.
Secwepemctsin independent pronouns show a strong subject orientation in third person
contexts; it is the combined result of the independent pronouns' sensitivity to discourse and a
subject-object asymmetry in the language: discourse familiarity is associated with syntactic
positions via a mapping principle, yielding the Independent Pronoun Restriction.
A semantic account of independent pronouns is provided. Secwepemctsin independent
pronouns are shown to be contrastive focus when in predicate position, and contrastive topic
when in argument position. Their behaviour is analyzed according to an alternative-based
view of semantic theory.
A case study of a child's acquisition of Secwepemctsin independent pronouns is documented,
and the characteristics of her pronominal system are compared to those of an adult fluent
speaker. Issues regarding language acquisition are discussed. It is found that although the
child gets both Secwepemctsin and English input, her performance of Secwepemctsin is also
influenced by Secwepemctsin-external and English-external factors.
While this thesis investigates the technical details of Secwepemctsin syntax, it also places the
study in the social context in which the language is in the process of being revived. A chapter
on implications discusses the importance of providing learners of endangered languages with a
positive environment in which to use the language. This chapter also points out the direction
that endangered aboriginal languages may be heading, and stresses the importance of using
language creatively.
14
Pachcinski, Marcin. "Official community planning in the Shuswap: public participation in the preparation of official community plans within the Columbia Shuswap Regional District, British Columbia." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4959.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis looks at public participation in the formulation of three official community plans within the Columbia Shuswap Regional District. As background, a historical review of the literature makes the case that historical events led to the democratization of planning and supports communicative action theory as a pragmatic framework for modern planners. An examination of local government legislation and practice exposes the great deal of discretion afforded to each local government. Local resident advisory group members’ experiences, gained through face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews, are analyzed using qualitative data coding. The analysis reveals four major themes across the three processes: sense of agency and level of input, process, power and group identity and cohesion. The interview analysis is then fed back through the literature, lending varied support to the communicative turn in planning and providing a more broad interpretation of the data that informs future planning practice.
15
Sonnenberg, Katarzyna. "Opowiadać i być opowiadaną : kobieta w twórczości Higuchi Ichiyō (1872-1896)." Praca doktorska, 2011. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/51199.
Full text
16
Mackasey, J. Patrick. "A sustainable resource development plan framework for the Neskonlith Indian Band, British Columbia /." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/13505.
Full text
17
Woods, Alex J. "The behaviour and impacts of Armillaria ostoyae in mature stands and plantations in the Shuswap region of British Columbia." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5295.
Full textAbstract:
Armillaria ostoyae causes considerable loss in forest productivity in both
immature and mature stands within the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICR) and the Interior
Douglas-fir (IDF) zones of the southern interior of British Columbia. Two studies
concerning the impacts of this pathogen where conducted near Salmon Arm, B.C.; one
was within four plantations age ten to twenty-five years on Larch Hills, and the other
was within mature stands on Hunter’s Range and Larch Hills.
In the plantation study the relationship between the levels of A. ostoyae
infection in mature tree stumps and the regeneration was examined. The evidence of
past A. ostoyae infection in stumps remains visible on the inner bark for at least thirty
years. This evidence may be used to estimate the extent of the disease in the former
stand. The relationship between A. ostoyae in stumps and A. ostoyae-caused mortality
in regeneration was significant, though not strongly. Three measures of stump
inoculum were compared: the proportion of stumps infected, the number of stumps
infected, and the basal area of stumps infected. The number of stumps infected was
most closely associated with the proportion of regeneration infected. The relative rates
of infection incidence were compared among the eight regeneration species present in
the four plantations. A quantitative means of comparing the incidence of infection
among species was developed. The number of infected Douglas-fir trees was chosen as
a standard measure of disease incidence for each plantation. The incidence of infection
in the other seven species were then compared to the Douglas-fir standard. The
probability of a young tree becoming infected with A. ostoyae did not increase as the
distance from an infected stump was reduced. Brushing in one of the twenty-five year
old plantations significantly increased the mortality caused by A. ostoyae.
The second study was concerned with the impacts of A. ostoyae in mature
stands approximately 120 years old. The relative rates of incidence of A. ostoyae infection were compared between species. The incidence of infection for Western larch
(Larix occidentalis) was no less than that for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The
ranking of tree species susceptibility may depend more on site than on inherent
differences among species. An A. ostoyae severity rating system was developed. This
system assigned plots a rating based on the proportion of conifer trees infected out of
the total number of conifers in the plot. This severity rating was then used in analyses
to test the relationship between A. ostoyae severity and a variety of site characteristics,
including elevation, logging disturbance, site index, and biogeoclimatic site
classification. Of these characteristics, past logging disturbance was mostly closely
associated with high levels A. ostoyae severity. The relationship between the
biogeoclimatic ecological classification system and A. ostoyae incidence and severity
was examined. The ICR zone had significantly more A. ostoyae infection than the IDF
zone. More detailed analyses using site units within both the ICH and IDF zones did
not indicate any significant relationships. The A. ostoyae severity rating was also
compared to timber volumes. There was a significant relationship between A. ostoyae
severity and conifer volume in 120 year old stands in the ICH zone. The most severely
infected plots had significantly less conifer volume than the less heavily infected areas.
There was no significant relationship between A. ostoyae severity and conifer volume
in the IDF zone. However, there was a clear trend towards lower conifer volumes with
increasing A. ostoyae severity.
18
Bannister, Kelly Patricia. "Chemistry rooted in cultural knowledge : unearthing the links between antimicrobial properties and traditional knowledge in food and medicinal plant resources of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Aboriginal Nation." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18414.
Full textAbstract:
The role of phytochemicals as ecological mediators of interrelationships between humans and plants was explored. Specifically, antimicrobial properties of plants were examined in the context of traditional plant use as food and/or medicine by the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Aboriginal peoples of south central British Columbia. The research was conducted in collaboration with the Secwepemc Cultural Education Society (Kamloops) as part of a larger ethnobotanical research program. The first component of the study involved the screening for antimicrobial activities in vitro of sixty-eight plant species used by the Secwepemc to treat microbial-based conditions. Extracts of eighty-eight percent of plant species examined had antibacterial activity, seventy-five percent had antifungal activity and twenty-five percent had antiviral activity. Based on the screening results and additional ethnobotanical information, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. (Asteraceae), commonly called balsamroot, was selected for further characterisation. In the second part of the study, the phytochemistry of aerial and underground parts of balsamroot was examined within the cultural context of traditional plant preparation and use as food and medicine. The effect of differential heat-processing for food and medicine on antimicrobial compounds in roots was assessed. A biologically active compound known to occur in roots (thiophene E) was used as a ’marker’ to compare the bioactivity and localisation of antimicrobial compounds in pitcooked roots (prepared as food) with boiled roots (prepared as medicine). Only the edible portion of roots was devoid of antimicrobial activity. Bioactivity-guided isolation lead to the purification and identification of a known phytosterone (16R, 23R-dihydroxycycloartenone) and an unreported phytosterol (16R, 23R-dihydroxycycloartenol) from roots. The effect on antimicrobial compounds of drying leaves for medicine also was measured. Three antimicrobial compounds were present in fresh leaves but absent in dried leaves. One of these was purified; using spectroscopic techniques its structure was determined as a previously unreported sesquiterpene lactone (guaianolide), designated 2-deoxy-pumilin-8-O-acetate. The cultural relevance of the findings was discussed in terms of the antimicrobial activity, potential allergenicity and localisation to glandular trichomes of sesquiterpene lactones. The integration of phytochemical data and Secwepemc cultural knowledge of balsamroot underscored the sophistication in Secwepemc botanical knowledge. It served also as an instructive case for the third component of this study, which moved beyond chemistry to raise and discuss some important ethical and legal issues concerned with research involving the cultural knowledge and traditional resources of Aboriginal peoples. The main issues discussed were associated with research obligations, direct and indirect impacts of research, and the dissemination and control of knowledge in ethnobotanical and related investigations.Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate
19
Michel, Kathryn. "You can't kill coyote : stories of language healing from Chief Atahm School Secwepemc language immersion program /." 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/755.
Full text
20
Robertson, David Douglas. "Kamloops Chinuk Wawa, Chinuk pipa, and the vitality of pidgins." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3840.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation presents the first full grammatical description of unprompted (spontaneous) speech in pidgin Chinook Jargon [synonyms Chinúk Wawa, Chinook]. The data come from a dialect I term ‘Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’, used in southern interior British Columbia circa 1900. I also present the first historical study and structural analysis of the shorthand-based ‘Chinuk pipa’ alphabet in which Kamloops Chinúk Wawa was written, primarily by Salish people. This study is made possible by the discovery of several hundred such texts, which I have transliterated and analyzed. The
Basic Linguistic Theory-inspired (cf. Dixon 2010a,b) framework used here interprets Kamloops Chinúk Wawa as surprisingly ramified in morphological and syntactic structure, a finding in line with recent studies reexamining the status of pidgins by Bakker (e.g. 2003a,b, forthcoming) among others. Among the major findings: an unusually successful pidgin literacy including a widely circulated newspaper Kamloops Wawa, and language planning by the missionary J.M.R. Le Jeune, O.M.I. He planned both for the use of Kamloops Chinúk Wawa and this alphabet, and for their replacement by English. Additional sociolinguistic factors determining how Chinuk pipa
was written included Salish preferences for learning to write by whole-word units (rather than letter by letter), and toward informal intra-community teaching of this first group literacy. In addition to compounding and conversion of lexical roots, Kamloops Chinúk Wawa morphology exploited three types of preposed grammatical morphemes—affixes, clitics, and particles. Virtually all are homonymous with and grammaticalized from demonstrably lexical morphs. Newly identified categories include ‘out-of-control’ transitivity marking and discourse markers including ‘admirative’ and ‘inferred’. Contrary to previous claims about Chinook Jargon (cf. Vrzic 1999), no overt passive
voice exists in Kamloops Chinúk Wawa (nor probably in pan-Chinook Jargon), but a previously unknown ‘passivization strategy’ of implied agent demotion is brought to light. A realis-irrealis modality distinction is reflected at several scopal levels: phrase, clause and sentence. Functional differences are observed between irrealis clauses before and after main clauses. Polar questions are restricted to subordinate clauses, while alternative questions are formed by simple juxtaposition of irrealis clauses. Main-clause interrogatives are limited to content-question forms, optionally with irrealis marking. Positive imperatives are normally signaled by a mood particle on a realis clause, negative ones by a negative particle. Aspect is marked in a three-part ingressive-imperfective-completive system, with a marginal fourth ‘conative’. One negative operator has characteristically clausal, and another phrasal, scope. One copula is newly attested. Degree marking is largely confined to ‘predicative’ adjectives (copula complements). Several novel features of pronoun usage possibly reflect Salish L1 grammatical habits: a consistent animacy distinction occurs in third-person pronouns, where pan-Chinook Jargon 'iaka' (animate singular) and 'klaska' (animate plural) contrast with a null inanimate object/patient; this null and 'iaka' are non-specified for number; in intransitives,
double exponence (repetition) of pronominal subjects is common; and pan-Chinook Jargon 'klaksta' (originally ‘who?’) and 'klaska' (originally ‘they’) vary freely with each other. Certain etymologically content-question forms are used also as determiners. Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’s numeral system is unusually regular and small for a pidgin; numerals are also used ordinally in a distinctly Chinook Jargon type of personal name. There is a null allomorph of the preposition 'kopa'. This preposition has additionally a realis complementizer function (with nominalized predicates) distinct from irrealis 'pus' (with verbal ones). Conjunction 'pi' also has a function in a syntactic focus-increasing and -reducing system.Graduate