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Journal articles on the topic 'Shut down and start up trends'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Li, Min, Chao Wang, Kefa Cen, Mingjiang Ni, and Xiaodong Li. "Emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase distributions of PCDD/F in a hazardous waste incinerator under transient conditions." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (2018): 171079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171079.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase partitions under three continued operation conditions, i.e. shut-down, start-up and after start-up, were investigated by sampling stack gas. The results indicated that the PCDD/F emission levels were 0.40–18.03 ng I-TEQ Nm −3 , much higher than the annual monitoring level (0.016 ng I-TEQ Nm −3 ). Additionally, the PCDD/F emission levels in start-up were higher than the other two conditions. Furthermore, the PCDD/F congener profiles differed markedly between shut-down

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2

Shi, Xiujiang, Jiqiang Wu, Bin Zhao, Xuan Ma, and Xiqun Lu. "Mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis with dynamic performance of aero ball bearing during start-up and shut-down." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 6 (2020): 873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119900401.

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In this study, a coupling model is developed to include the aero ball bearing dynamic performance in the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis, and the low-speed and heavy-load conditions during start-up and shut-down are involved. Based on the bearing quasi-dynamics, the inside motion state of the main loading surface is obtained, and the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication is conducted to get bearing lubrication state and properties. The numerical lubrication model under low-speed and heavy-load conditions is validated against published tested data, which reveal well

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3

Klodian, Gumeni. "Analyzing and Solving Stability Problems during the Commissioning of the Steam Turbine." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 9, no. 3 (2020): 316–20. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C4435.099320.

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The commissioning of the steam turbine in the CCPP of Vlore (Albania) was carried out after a shutdown of about one year. During previous operation of the unit, in particular in a couple of shutdowns, were observed high vibration at bearing MAD 21. Before the restart, the oil deflector of the MAD21 bearing (the bearing located in the front standard, on the inlet side of the steam turbine and adjacent to the clutch) was modified increasing the radial clearance on the part of the oil deflector acting as a thermal shield with the aim of eliminating / preventing the risk of rubbings. Rubs at the l

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4

Peplow, Andrew, Javad Isavand, Afshar Kasaei, Babak Afzali, and Delphine Bard-Hagberg. "A Speed-Variant Balancing Method for Flexible Rotary Machines Based on Acoustic Responses." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137237.

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As rotary machines have become more complicated, balancing processes have been classified as a vital step in condition monitoring to ensure that machines operate reliably, smoothly and safely. All rotating objects will deflect during rotation and all objects possess certain natural frequencies in the absence of rotation. However, an unbalanced object can cause significant unwanted deflection created by resonant vibration at a frequency (cycles/second) close to certain rotational speeds (rotations/second), known as critical speeds. This is especially important for flexible machines which normal

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5

Escalera López, Daniel, Steffen Czioska, Janis Geppert, et al. "Uncovering Activity-Stability Relationships in Mixed Ir-Based Catalysts Toward Improved Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 34 (2022): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01341373mtgabs.

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The role of proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWE) in providing clean and reliable green hydrogen is undeniable in a fully decarbonized energy system. Indeed, the ambitious “Hydrogen Shot” initiative by the U.S. DoE seeks to decrease in a decade green hydrogen pricing down to 1$/Kg H2.(1) Such endeavour will require a mass-scale implementation of PEMWEs, which is currently bottlenecked by the use of scarce precious metal catalysts, particularly at the anode where loadings of the state-of-the-art iridium (Ir) catalyst typically range between 1-3mgIr cm-2.(2) Thus, recent strategie

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6

Michael McCoy. "Microbiome start-up Kaleido to shut down." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 13 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10013-buscon17.

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7

Deng, Jun, and Hua Wei. "An MILP Formulation for the Thermal Unit Commitment Problem Considering Start-Up and Shut-Down Power Trajectories." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.493.

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This paper presents a mixed-integer linear formulation for the thermal unit commitment problem considering the start-up and shut-down power trajectories. A realistic and accurate modeling of the unit’s operating phase is given, which includes the phases of start-up, dispatchable and shut-down. The start-up type is decided by the unit’s prior off-line time. The start-up costs and power trajectories depend on the type of start-up. A new set of binary variables is introduced to represent the dispatchable status, which can decrease the binary variables and constraints significantly. Finally, a tes

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8

Duda, Piotr, and Mirosław W. Mrzygłód. "Shape and operation optimization of a thick-walled power boiler component." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005006.

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The aim of this article is the proposition of a two-stage optimization of power boiler components subjected to transient thermo-mechanical loads. As the basis of transient load regime, the TRD 301 regulations are used. In the first stage of an investigation, the genetic algorithms are used to determine the optimal shape of the structure. As optimization constraints, the maximum total stresses in the whole cycle are assumed. In the next stage, the method for the start-up and shut-down operation optimization is shown. The problem is defined to minimize the time of start-up and shut-down processe

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9

Dwornicka, Renata. "The Impact of the Power Plant Unit Start-Up Scheme on the Pollution Load." Advanced Materials Research 874 (January 2014): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.874.63.

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The typical problem in design of experiments methodology is to avoid risk of obtaining The article presents problems related to optimization of start-up and shut-down of the power unit located in a coal-based electric plant. The optimization includes minimization of the start-up and shut-down duration while maximum allowed stresses in the main steam valve are simultaneously taken into consideration. Such approach leads to increasing of overall efficiency of the power unit and as a result to reducing of environmental burden with the same amount of energy obtained.

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10

Choudhari, S. H. "Start-Up and Shut-Down of Large Size Turbo Sets." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 16 (1986): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59384-2.

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11

Wang, Zhanchao, Fei Guo, Ying Liu, Xiangfeng Liu, and Yuming Wang. "Asymmetry characteristic of tilting-pad thrust bearing during the start-up and shut-down process." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 9 (2018): 1806–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2017-0351.

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Purpose This aim of this paper has been to investigate the squeeze effect of a water-lubricated tilting-pad thrust bearing during start-up and shut-down periods. Design/methodology/approach In this paper a numerical model with a squeeze and slippage effect was adopted to analyse the asymmetry characteristic of a tilting-pad thrust bearing during start-up and shut-down periods. A test rig was built to verify numerical results, which were a combined measurement method in which acceleration sensor and torque sensor were used simultaneously to determine the angle change of the thrust pad. Findings

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12

Zhou, Xijun, Xilong Yin, Wenlong Wang, et al. "Flow-induced vibration analysis of a prototype pump-turbine runner during turbine start-stop transient process." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1079, no. 1 (2022): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1079/1/012073.

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Abstract Recently more start-stops per day of the pump-turbine units are required by the power grid for load regulation. During the turbine start-up and shut-down transient processes, the flow and pressure of the prototype pump-turbine change dramatically at different guide vane opening angles. The extremely unsteady pressure fluctuation in the flow passages can induce large deformation, stress concentration, and strong vibration of the pump-turbine runner. Therefore, it is significantly important to study the unsteady flow characteristics and the corresponding flow-Induced vibration of the ru

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13

Fox, Katie, Courtney Steagall, Taria Usher, Alexandra Deal, and Erica Worthy. "International Space Station Bipropellant Plume Contamination Model update for short thruster pulse widths." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1287, no. 1 (2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1287/1/012042.

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Abstract The International Space Station (ISS) Bipropellant Plume Contamination Model has been a vital tool for characterizing the thruster plume-induced contamination environment at the ISS but was not intended to be used for very short thruster pulse widths. This paper presents an updated model that ensures full start-up and shut-down phases are modeled for each thruster firing, when the majority of liquid phase contaminant mass is released. The updated ISS Bipropellant Plume Contamination Model prevents potential under-prediction of thruster plume-induced contamination due to visiting vehic

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14

Abedian, Behrouz. "Cold Start Dead Sensor." Mechanical Engineering 136, no. 09 (2014): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/9.2014-sep-3.

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This article explains how electrostatic discharge from oil can destroy sensitive and crucial engine components. All thermomechanical power systems contain a dielectric fluid – namely the circulating lubricant oil – where its circulation can create friction and cause a static electric charge to build up. The charge can induce voltage spikes in portions of the circulation manifold during the initial warm-up period. The spike can destroy a sensitive component such as a sensor or microprocessor, and if that component is critical to operation, the engine will shut down. Flow electrification of liqu

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15

Bamatov, Ibragim M., and Dzhabrail M. Bamatov. "Commissioning and Start-up / Shut-down of the ethanol production plant." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1515 (April 2020): 042112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1515/4/042112.

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16

Arroyo, J. M., and A. J. Conejo. "Modeling of Start-Up and Shut-Down Power Trajectories of Thermal Units." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 19, no. 3 (2004): 1562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2004.831654.

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17

Sserwanga, Arthur, and Gerrit Rooks. "Cognitive consequences of business shut down. The case of Ugandan repeat entrepreneurs." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 20, no. 3 (2014): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-10-2012-0120.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the cognitive and motivational consequences of a business failure, and their relation with subsequent start up success. The paper hypothesizes that if previous business failure was attributed to an internal and stable cause, subsequent business would be less successful compared to where an entrepreneur attributed business failure to an internal and unstable cause. Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed the literature on attribution theory in an achievement context and derived a hypothesis about the relation between causal thinking

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18

Selvakumar, K., D. Selvabharathi, R. Palanisamy, and T. M. Thamizh Thentral. "CO2 Emission-Constrained Short-Term Unit Commitment Problem Using Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2023 (October 30, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2336689.

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The increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have made it necessary to incorporate environmental constraints in the operation of power systems. The CO2 emission-constrained short-term unit commitment problem (CSCUCP) is a multiobjective optimization problem that involves minimizing both the cost of operation and the CO2 emissions. This paper proposes an integer-coded shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA) to minimize both total CO2 emissions and operating costs for the unit commitment problem (UCP) over a one-day scheduling period. The SFLA is inspired by the natural food-searching b

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19

Guo, Ping-Jun, Liang-Feng Chen, Guo-Bin Yu, et al. "Cu/ZnO-based water–gas shift catalysts in shut-down/start-up operation." Catalysis Communications 10, no. 8 (2009): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2009.01.032.

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20

Zhou, Su, Lan Zheng, Feng Xiang Chen, and Shuang Zhai. "Study of Water Freezing and Thawing Process inside the PEMFC Stacks during Cold Start." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2331.

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Cold start is a necessary function for PEMFC systems. In order to investigate the water freezing and thawing process inside PEMFC stack under subzero temperature, a 2-D transient model containing 40 cells has been developed. This model approximately estimates freezing and thawing time of each cell and shows the spatial distribution of water and ice for the purpose of analyzing the differences between single cells as well. As simulation examples, two processes under 260K ambient temperature have been studied in this paper and the results show as follows: (1)after the stack shut down, first of a

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21

Meda, A., and P. Cornel. "Aerated biofilter with seasonally varied operation modes for the production of irrigation water." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (2010): 1173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.059.

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Water reuse for agricultural irrigation can contribute to the conservation of valuable water resources and opens the possibility to reuse the wastewater's nutrients (N and P) at the same time. As irrigation is usually limited to vegetation periods, effluent requirements for treated wastewater may vary seasonally. A process concept for wastewater treatment with variable operation modes for the seasonal production of nutrient-rich irrigation water and nutrient-poor discharge water is proposed. It is shown that a two-step process consisting of organics removal followed by biological aerated filte

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22

Stuhmeier, Bjorn Marcel, Shirin Mehrazi, Sarah Stewart, Felipe Mojica, Jonathan Braaten, and Lei Cheng. "PEMFC AST Protocol for Air-Air Starts: Screening of Cathode Tolerances." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 36 (2024): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01362056mtgabs.

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The long-term durability of the cathode catalyst layer continues to be one of the main obstacles for the widespread commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for transportation applications. A major challenge is air/air-start events that occur after long shut-down periods where an H2/air gas front passes through the anode and causes polarization of the cathode electrode to ≈1.4-4.5 V. To screen catalyst materials for their air/air-start tolerance, several accelerated stress test (AST) protocols have been developed. The two most commonly used AST protocols have been reco

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23

A. Mahmood, Marwan, and Kassim A. Al-Anbarri. "OPTIMUM UNIT COMMITMENT SOLUTION OF A POWER SYSTEM BASED ON SALP SWARM ALGORITHM." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, Special (2021): 1–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.1.12.

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This paper presents an algorithm to solve the unit commitment problem in a power system. The proposed algorithm employs the Salp swarm algorithm technique to search the optimum unit schedule for a particular daily demand pattern and specific time horizon. Different constraints are taken into consideration, transition cost (start-up and shut down )cost, mean-up time, mean-down time, spinning reserve, and power balance. The proposed algorithm is applied to 10-units and 26-unit. The obtained results are compared with other methods. It reveals the robustness of the proposed algorithm in terms of m

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Korelstein, Leonid, Vladimir Tarasevich, and Elena Yudovina. "Centrifugal pump dynamic simulation experience for waterhammer calculation." E3S Web of Conferences 219 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021901006.

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Dynamic model of centrifugal pump with induction motor on the base of Suter curves is described. The model is implemented in surge model of PASS/Hydrosystem software. The ways to provide consistency between transient and steady state flow models are proposed. A rule of thumb is described to preliminarily estimate if pump start-up and shut down can produce significant pressure picks that require detailed simulation.

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25

Xiao, Huangqing, Zheng Xu, Zheren Zhang, et al. "Start-Up and Shut-Down Control Strategies for MMC-Based Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems." Journal of Energy Engineering 142, no. 3 (2016): 04015043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ey.1943-7897.0000309.

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26

Dzierwa, Piotr. "New start-up curves for a 200 MW steam boiler with natural circulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005007.

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The paper shows the method of determining the start-up curves of a steam boiler, which enables its faster start-up. Faster temperature changes cause thermal stress, especially in thick-walled boiler elements. Critical elements that limit the rate of change of working fluid units include drums, outlet chamber, injection chamber, fresh steam superheater of steam coolers, tees and valve casings, rotor and turbine casing. The walls of these elements have the thickest walls due to the high pressure values occurring in them during operation. Allowable changes in temperature and pressure during start

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Zhao, Jiaxin, Farshid Sadeghi, and Harvey M. Nixon. "A Finite Element Analysis of Surface Pocket Effects in Hertzian Line Contact." Journal of Tribology 122, no. 1 (1999): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.555328.

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During start up and shut down of heavily loaded rolling/sliding contacts, the lubricant film separating the surfaces is extremely thin and not fully developed. The load is supported by both the solid and the lubricant. Under extreme conditions, there is no lubricant film and the load is solely supported by the solid contact. However, when surface pockets are engineered on the surface of rolling/sliding elements, lubricant can be trapped in the pockets and deform with the pockets. Finite element analysis [FEA] of the deformation of a single empty pocket indicates that the volume of the pocket s

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28

Saboya, I., I. Egido, E. Lobato, and L. Sigrist. "MOPSO-tuning of a threshold-based algorithm to start up and shut-down rapid-start units in AGC." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 108 (June 2019): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.12.038.

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Astudillo, Leonardo Isaias, Mohammad Fathi Tovini, and Hubert Andreas Gasteiger. "Stability of IrO₂ Oxygen Evolution Reaction Anode Co-Catalysts Under Transient Operation and Its Effect on PEM Fuel Cell Durability." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 42 (2022): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02421540mtgabs.

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Among various degradation phenomena in polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), cell reversal (CR) occurring due to an under-stoichiometric supply of H2 to the anode is known to cause the irreversible corrosion of the carbon support of carbon-supported platinum (Pt/C) anode catalysts via the carbon oxidation reaction (COR). Several strategies to mitigate the damages of cell reversal have been documented in the literature, from which the addition of an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst (e.g., IrO2) to the anode has attracted great attention. The lower OER onset potential in the

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30

Lin, Hongji, Chongyu Wang, Fushuan Wen, et al. "Risk-Limiting Real-Time Economic Dispatch in a Power System with Flexibility Resources." Energies 12, no. 16 (2019): 3133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163133.

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The integration of numerous intermittent renewable energy sources (IRESs) poses challenges to the power supply-demand balance due to the inherent intermittent and uncertain power outputs of IRESs, which requires higher operational flexibility of the power system. The deployment of flexible ramping products (FRPs) provides a new alternative to accommodate the high penetration of IRESs. Given this background, a bi-level risk-limiting real-time unit commitment/real-time economic dispatch model considering FRPs provided by different flexibility resources is proposed. In the proposed model, the obj

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31

Dong, Yan, Guanglei Ji, Lin Fang, and Xin Liu. "Fatigue Strength Assessment of Single-Sided Girth Welds in Offshore Pipelines Subjected to Start-Up and Shut-Down Cycles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (2022): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121879.

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During the service life of offshore pipelines, many start-up and shut-down cycles take place, possibly leading to significant cyclic loads. Fatigue failure may occur, resulting in serious environmental pollution and loss of property. The study aims to assess the fatigue strength of single-sided girth welds in offshore pipelines under these specific fatigue loads. The longitudinal stress range caused by the variation of the pipeline’s internal pressure and temperature is calculated. The effective notch strain approach is used to assess the fatigue strength of welds. The plastic behaviour of the

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32

Ettles, C. M., J. Seyler, and M. Bottenschein. "Some Effects of Start-Up and Shut-Down on Thrust Bearing Assemblies in Hydro-Generators." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 4 (2003): 824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1576428.

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The modernization of hydro-generators can involve the analysis of many different manufacturer’s designs of thrust bearings. Recent designs of bearing in common use are very reliable, but when failures do occur, it is often with older machines and within the first few minutes of start-up. This paper is a result of general design studies of various thrust bearing configurations subjected to transient operating conditions. It is shown that transient effects can induce an ‘overshoot’ of thermal deformation which can become unstable, leading to ‘thermal ratchetting.’ Examples are given of pads of v

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33

Prass, Friedrich, and Zamel. "Tolerance and Recovery of Ultralow-Loaded Platinum Anode Electrodes upon Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure." Molecules 24, no. 19 (2019): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193514.

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The effects of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in concentrations close to their respective limits in the Hydrogen Quality Standard ISO 14687-2:2012 on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with ultralow-loaded platinum anode catalyst layers (CLs) were investigated. The anodic loadings were 50, 25, and 15 µg/cm², which represent the current state-of-the-art, target, and stretch target, respectively, for future automotive PEMFCs. Additionally, the effect of shut-down and start-up (SD/SU) processes on recovery from sulfur poisoning was investigated. CO at

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Yang, Zheng, Wei Xiong, Pengyu Wang, Nuoqing Shen, and Siyang Liao. "A Day-Ahead Economic Dispatch Method for Renewable Energy Systems Considering Flexibility Supply and Demand Balancing Capabilities." Energies 17, no. 21 (2024): 5427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17215427.

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The increase in new energy grid connections has reduced the supply-side regulation capability of the power system. Traditional economic dispatch methods are insufficient for addressing the flexibility limitations in the system’s balancing capabilities. Consequently, this study presents a day-ahead scheduling method for renewable energy systems that balances flexibility and economy. This approach establishes a dual-layer optimized scheduling model. The upper-layer model focuses on the economic efficiency of unit start-up and shut-down, utilizing a particle swarm algorithm to identify unit combi

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Jo, Yoo-Jin, Won Suk Jung, and Boyoung Lim. "Review of Electro-catalysts Supported by Metal Oxides for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 61, no. 4 (2023): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2023.61.4.231.

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Global warming and air pollution have forced greater attention to new energy sources to replace fossil fuels. Among several eco-friendly energy sources, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have been increasingly investigated since they have zero emissions, high energy density, and high energy efficiency. Carbon-supported Pt catalyst is generally used for the cathodic catalyst in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. However, Pt/C catalysts corrode under start-up/shut-down conditions. Pt agglomeration, separation, and loss can occur due to the carbon corrosion, which results in a rapid p

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36

WANG, Yunlong. "Dynamic Analysis of Angular Contact Ball Bearing-rotor System during Start up and Shut Down." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54, no. 1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2018.09.009.

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Schwämmlein, J. N., P. J. Rheinländer, Y. Chen, K. T. Freyer, and H. A. Gasteiger. "Anode Aging during PEMFC Start-Up and Shut-Down: H2-Air Fronts vs Voltage Cycles." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 16 (2018): F1312—F1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0611816jes.

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Morales-Espana, German, Jesus M. Latorre, and Andres Ramos. "Tight and Compact MILP Formulation of Start-Up and Shut-Down Ramping in Unit Commitment." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 28, no. 2 (2013): 1288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2222938.

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39

Ghosh, Rana, Tapio Nordbo, Nick Musmeci, and David Egelston. "Process automation configuration tool for Little Gypsy Unit No. 1 automated start-up/shut-down." Electric Power Systems Research 30, no. 3 (1994): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(94)00853-1.

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40

Svendsen, Harald G., and Karl O. Merz. "Control System for Start-up and Shut-down of a Floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbine." Energy Procedia 35 (2013): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.156.

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Jun Wang and Yezheng Wu. "Start-up and shut-down operation in a reciprocating compressor refrigeration system with capillary tubes." International Journal of Refrigeration 13, no. 3 (1990): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(90)90074-7.

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42

Yoon, Hyung Chul, J. Lars. Dorr, and Paul A. Erickson. "Fuel-lean and fuel-rich start-up and shut-down processes in an autothermal reformer." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 12 (2008): 2942–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.03.061.

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Li, Bin, and Andrew G. Alleyne. "A dynamic model of a vapor compression cycle with shut-down and start-up operations." International Journal of Refrigeration 33, no. 3 (2010): 538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.09.011.

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Kallina, Valentina, Mehtap Oezaslan, and Frederic Hasche. "Electrospun Fuel Cell Electrodes and Their Behavior Under Hydrogen/Air Start-up/Shut-Down Conditions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 37 (2023): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02371752mtgabs.

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Abstract:

Affordable and clean energy is one of the 17 sustainable development goals proposed by the United Nations in 2015. [1] In this context, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a promising renewable and clean energy conversion technology. The large implementation of PEMFCs, however, is hindered by high loading of very costly and scarce platinum group metals (PGM) and insufficient long-term durability. Most of the cathode catalysts are suffering from hydrogen/air start-up/shut-down (SUSD) conditions. [2, 3] Generally, the performance of the PEMFC is controlled by the utilization of

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Liu, Shi, Heng Liang Zhang, Yan Zhou, and Dan Mei Xie. "The Analytical Research and Development of On-Line Monitoring Models of Thermal State for Turbine Rotor." Advanced Materials Research 744 (August 2013): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.744.105.

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Steam turbine units are required to start up and shut down as fast as possible to improve economy and load-response ability of the units under the qualification of safety. it is important to monitor and control thermal state in turbine during operation, especially during the process of start-up and shutdown. Thermal stresses in turbine rotor in thermal power plants are the limiting factors for rapid startup, shutdown or load change. In this paper the online calculation models of temperature and thermal stress for a two-dimensional axis-symmetric object are obtained after disposing of the nonli

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Ofstad, Axel, John Davey, Svein Sunde, and Rodney L. Borup. "Carbon Corrosion of a PEMFC During Shut-down/Start-up when Using an Air Purge Procedure." ECS Transactions 16, no. 2 (2019): 1301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2981971.

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Linse, Nicolas, Günther G. Scherer, Alexander Wokaun, and Lorenz Gubler. "Quantitative analysis of carbon corrosion during fuel cell start-up and shut-down by anode purging." Journal of Power Sources 219 (December 2012): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.037.

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Tejima, H., Y. Karatsu, M. Kawashima, S. Sakai, and T. Honda. "Reduction of dioxin emission on start up and shut down at batch-operational MSW incineration plant." Chemosphere 27, no. 1-3 (1993): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90301-k.

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Gentile, C., G. Morales-España, and A. Ramos. "A tight MIP formulation of the unit commitment problem with start-up and shut-down constraints." EURO Journal on Computational Optimization 5, no. 1-2 (2016): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13675-016-0066-y.

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Kosaka, Ichiro, Shota Tanaka, Ryota Sawamura, and Shoichi Kitamura. "Optimal Operating Method for Boiler, Turbine and Generator Considering Start-up and Shut-down Power Trajectories." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 143, no. 2 (2023): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.143.108.

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