Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sida – Chez l'enfant – Afrique'
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Spira, Rosemary. "Histoire naturelle de l'infection pédiatrique par le VIH-1 en Afrique : résultats d'une étude de cohorte au Rwanda et d'une enquête postale internationale." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23008.
Full textMsellati, Philippe. "Aspects épidémiologiques de l'infection pédiatrique par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 en Afrique : une étude de cohorte prospective à Kigali, Rwanda." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28200.
Full textMeda, Nicolas. "Prévention de l'infection à VIH de l'enfant en Afrique : choix des interventions et stratégies de mise en œuvre." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28483.
Full textEsso, Lasme Jean Charles Emmanuel. "La mortalité des enfants : niveaux, tendances et différences sociales." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010565.
Full textAlassoeur, Marie Christine. "L'azidothymidine chez l'enfant infecté par le V. I. H." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P218.
Full textDebord, Isabelle. "Prise en charge de l'infection à VIH de la mère et de l'enfant." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2P015.
Full textOuankpo, Fidendé Florent. "Les lésions odonto-stomatologiques séquelles des malnutritions chez l'enfant en milieu tropical africain." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2OC01.
Full textCordier, Emilie Neimann Laurence. "L'enfant infecté par le VIH étude de 22 dossiers d'enfants suivis entre 1982 et 2006 au Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales du CHU de Nancy /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2007_CORDIER_EMILIE.pdf.
Full textDabis, François. "Aspects épidémiologiques des maladies à prévention vaccinale de l'enfant en Afrique." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28201.
Full textONDONGO, TSIMBA GASTAR GUY B. "La condition socio-juridique de l'enfant chez les mbochi et son evolution dans la region de brazzaville." Limoges, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIMO0440.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation deals with care taking of the child in mbochi society, according to traditional thinking on one hand, and with his protection by modern law, on the other. In this ethnical group living in the congolese bassin, socialization of the young child occurs according to his status ; as long as the is a "stranger", between the moment where he is born alive and viable, and his "solidification" visible by the appearance of his teeth, for instance, when he becomes a "child", then "publescent" for the boy, "nubile" for the girl,he is the object of a collective and well adjusted care carried out by all the members of the kinship and the village. The descendants are, according to tradition, submitted to the authority of the eldest brother of tehir mother, their uterine uncle. This practice disappears progressively for the benefit of new habits, all originating from occident; they are coming into effect through legal texts and especially through the "code de la famille congolaise". The youth is under the direction of the father and the mother who must assume his education, his care and custody. The state has to give help and assistance to the parents who exercise. .
Plat, Jean-Marc. "Approche epidemiologique de l'infection par le v. I. H. Chez la mere et l'enfant en guyane francaise." Angers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ANGE1013.
Full textDesclaux, Alice. "L'épidémie invisible : anthropologie d'un système médical à l'épreuve du sida chez l'enfant à Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32018.
Full textThough several million children have probably been infected by hiv in africa, their disease is not sufficiently known and less considered. The scope of this dissertation is to analyse the social treatment of aids in children in a southern country and the reasons for this silence. In the first section, we analyse the health "sub-system" devoted to children in bobo dioulasso as a symbolic and as a social system, through its participants, through the perceptions of disease especially diarrheas, malnutritions and aids and through different aspects of therapeutic relationships. In the second section, we study the emergence of aids, from perceptions to institutions, and we show how the social construction of aids, in the biomedical and the popular sectors, has eclipsed aids in children. In the third section, we study how hiv/aids is treated in the pediatric ward of a hospital, through its new practices, the local interpretation of international medical norms, the limits met by parents and health professionals, and the changes in professional roles. In a fourth section, we analyse the impact of aids on the biomedical system at three levels: the exclusion of hiv+children by services devoted to malnourished children , related to the social feature of the treatment of malnutrition; the absence of consideration for hiv transmission through breast-feeding, related to perceptions prevailing in the international medical culture; health seeking behaviors for children suspected to be infected by hiv depend more on social than on medical factors. Aids discloses the symbolic, practical, sociological logics of biomedical institutions, that do not always allow them to adapt to the epidemiological change. These logics related to north-south relationships contribute to "obliterate" the infection in children in southern countries, accentuating the gap between "northern aids" and "southern aids"
Lolonga, Débora. "Défis Africains de l'éthique biomédicale : Réflexion à partir de la prise en charge du cancer de l'enfant en Afrique de l'Ouest, dans les unités pilotes du groupe Franco Africain d'oncologie pédiatrique." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T098.
Full textDesroys, du Roure Laurence. "Auto-immunité et glycoprotéines lymphocytaires désialylées chez les sujets HIV-positifs." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P094.
Full textEkouevi, Didier Koumavi. "Bénéfices et risques des antirétroviraux utilisés pour la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 en Afrique : le projet ANRS 1201/1202, Ditrame Plus à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2000-2004." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21171.
Full textThe aim of ANRS Ditrame Plus project in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire was to evaluate a package of peripartum and postpartum interventions targeted at African HIV-infected women and children for PMTCT. This package of interventions proposed since May 2000 includes HIV test counseling services among pregnant women with rapid HIV testing, a PMTCT intervention with antiretroviral (ARV) as well as a nutritional intervention. The effectiveness or field efficacy of antiretroviral regimens (Zidovudine (ZDV) + single dose of Nevirapine (NVPsd) and ZDV + lamivudine (3TC) + NVPsd) and ZDV + lamivudine (3TC) + NVPsd) as well as the tolerance of the ARVs was studied. It included the identification of nevirapine (NVP) resistance of HIV in mothers and HIV-infected infants that had been exposed to NVP single dose (NVPsd) and the study of mitochondrial toxicity induced by ZDV among infants exposed to ARV. In conclusion the ANRS Ditrame Plus project has shown the field efficacy of two news ARV regimens as compared to ZDV alone
Bouville, Jean-François. "La malnutrition infantile en milieu urbain africain : étude des étiologies relationnelles /." Paris ; Budapest ; Torino : l'Harmattan, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399065976.
Full textBibliogr. p. 243-256.
Leroy, Valériane. "Infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine type 1 chez des femmes enceintes en Afrique : mise en place d'une étude de cohorte prospective à Kigali, Rwanda, 1992-1993." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23120.
Full textOrne-Gliemann, Joanna. "Défis à la mise en œuvre de la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH en Afrique australe : le cas d'un district rural du Zimbabwe." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21220.
Full textThe aim of this research is to evaluate the successes and difficulties of the implementation of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services in a rural mission hospital in Zimbabwe, Murambinda Mission Hospital (MMH) (Manicaland province). Four quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted between 2001 and 2004 :to provide quantitative data on the coverage of PMTCT services in MMH ; to evaluate the PMTCT awareness and knowledge levels; to document infant feeding practices among infants aged 4-29 months; to asses the availability and need for infant feeding education and support services within Buhera district. Our operational research studies provided information directly applicable to the local Buhera population, and illustrated some the main programmatic and social challenges faced by PMTCT services in a rural African setting
Ladner, Joël. "Infection par le VIH au cours de la grossesse en Afrique, à propos d'une étude de cohorte à Kigali (Rwanda), 1992-1994." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28485.
Full textBrou, Hermann Armel. "Sexualité et procréation face au VIH/sida à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05H018.
Full textIn this research, we analysed sexual and chiLdbearing behaviours changes in erea of HIV, among HIV-infected women and HIV-negative women, to whom counselling and testing were proposed in a prevention of mother-to-child of HIV programmes in Abidjan. From 2001 to 2005, 580 HIV-infected women and 400 HIV-negative women were followed-up on two different cohorts during 24-months post-partum. Prenatal HIV-testing allowed to increase women’s awareness of risks of HIV transmission. But in spite of this growing awareness, women were not systematically adopted preventive behaviours. In the risk management of HIV, women’s behaviours seem to be linked to information they give to theirs partners and their conjugal relationship
Gaillard, Philippe. "Prévention de la transmission du VIH de la mère infectée à son enfant en Afrique subsaharienne à partir d'études réalisées à Mombasa, Kénya." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28847.
Full textIn developed country, Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (MTCT) has been almost eliminated using antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and delivery, caesarean section and artificial feeding. Interventions simplified and feasible in sub-Saharan Africa have been identified. But all require women to know their HIV testing is difficult to implement. We have tested in Mombasa, Kenya, the efficacy of a vaginal lavage with a chlorhexidine solution during labour to reduce MTCT. This intervention does not require antenatal HIV testing and could benefit the general population by reducing neonatal infections. This intervention was not shown effective to reduce MTCT. We tried to better understand the physiopathology of MTCT, an found that maternal viral load, detection of HIV in the maternal genital tract and in the infant's mouth at birth were independently associated with an increased risk of MTCT. This is in favour of an oro-digestive infant's acquisition of HIV. Knowing her HIV status exposes infected women to an increase risk of violence from her partner. Despite a special attention in the counselling in this regard, this was confirmed in our specific study. This underlines the importance of the father involvement in interventions to prevent MTCT. MTCT is one more element on the list of diseases that impairs neonatal and infant health in sub-Saharan Africa. Simple interventions to reduce the prevalence of other diseases are not yet implemented. Many technical and operational research questions remain to obtain efficacious, simple, safe and acceptable interventions to reduce MTC in sub-Saharan Africa. These interventions should not be taken in isolation but integrated in existing programs; They allow identification of mothers and family infected and affected by HIV, and links with other care services should be in place
Msellati, Philippe. "Infection par le VIH chez l'enfant et vaccinations de routine : une étude de cohorte menée à Kigali, Rwanda." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23104.
Full textGbocho, Antoine Yapo. "Environnement, comportements et santé des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne : cas des maladies diarrhéiques au Sénégal." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010504.
Full textLouis, Alexandra. "Transmission du V. I. H. De la mère à l'enfant : cas particulier de l'allaitement." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P184.
Full textSavadogo, Léon. "VIH/SIDA et malnutrition sévère: prise en charge de l'enfant en unité de réhabilitation nutritionnelle au Burkina Faso." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210676.
Full textLes travaux ont été réalisés au Burkina Faso. Le contexte géographique est favorable au développement des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires. La mortalité infanto juvénile y est élevée et ainsi que la proportion d’enfant malnutris. Bien que la courbe de la prévalence du VIH montre un début de ralentissement, l’infection continue de progresser chez les enfants.
Principales conclusions et implications de nos travaux :
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Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
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Cazein, Françoise. "Prévalence du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine chez les femmes enceintes en Europe (1990-1996)." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P009.
Full textMillet, Geneviève. "Suivi sur cinq ans de 50 enfants nés de mères séropositives a la maternité de la belle de mai." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX20014.
Full textBouville, Jean-François. "Malnutrition infantile, attachement mère-enfant et environnement familial en milieu urbain africain (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire)." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA081983.
Full textLeroy, Valériane. "Infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 chez la femme en Afrique : épidémiologie, histoire naturelle et implications de santé publique à propos d'études menées au Rwanda, 1988-1995." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28407.
Full textLe, Guen Mireille. "Genre, conditions de vie et conjugalité autour de deux ruptures biographiques : migration et diagnostic d’infection au VIH chez les immigré·e·s d’Afrique subsaharienne vivant en Île-de-France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS491/document.
Full textInternational migration and HIV diagnosis are two biographical turning points that can affect the conjugal trajectory of individuals. By adopting a materialist approach and by conceptualizing conjugal life as "economical and sexual exchanges", we propose to study the effect of living conditions on conjugal changes around these two events. This research is based on data from the ANRS-Parcours biographical survey conducted in 2012-2013 among sub-Saharan immigrants aged 18 to 59 living in the Paris area. Our results show that conjugal trajectories were more affected by migration than by HIV diagnosis. In addition, the conjugal changes following these two events are impacted differently according to the individuals’ living conditions. While men with stable administrative, occupational and residential situations are likely to get a partner, women who have acquired a resident card or French nationality are in a better position to delay entering a relationship after HIV diagnosis. While migration seems to increase women’s need to be in a relationship in order to share a partner’s material stability, they are less likely to be in a relationship after HIV diagnosis, most probably because the stigma associated with HIV infection impacts them more than men
Schvoerer, Evelyne. "Aspects virologiques de l'infection à VIHen pédiatrie : étude d'une cohorte d'enfants infectés et de la prise en charge par traitement antirétroviral." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23099.
Full textGauthier, Sonia. "Effets de diverses cytokines et de la toxine du choléra sur la susceptibilité des cellules épithéliales intestinales à l'infection par le VIH-1." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26103/26103.pdf.
Full textAyosso, Anignikin Yétondé Judith. "Se représenter son enfant dans la migration : Stratégies de métissages des représentations culturelles chez les parents d'enfant singulier." Paris 13, 2010. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2010_ayosso.pdf.
Full textThis study analyses the strategies used by migrant parents when they have a « singular child », a child that is different from the others and reminds them a vulnerability, by his suffering, his difficulties or by the feeling for strangeness he provokes. The representations parents use in order to think about such a child often concern his “ontological nature”. Five families from West African origin have been interviewed in order to analyse the strategies of mixing different types of representations that can be found in the parent’s representations of such a “singular child”. The study is based on the work of the ethnopsychoanalysts of the Bobigny School. On the level of methods, some aspects of the grounded theory approach by Glaser and Strauss (1967) have been integrated. While developing Obeyesekere’s notion of personal symbols, the study proposes to distinguish four different elements that appear in the parent’s strategies of mixing representations: 1) creativity, 2) the use of cultural representations for the symbolization of unconscious conflicts, 3) the reorganisation of identities 4) the question of difference and bounds between oneself and the other. With the description of the principal factors that characterise the strategies of mixing cultures, the research proposes a way of looking at hybridity that stresses the importance of creativity in the elaboration of new identities and shows how this process may help migrants to develop more agency. Thinking about the difficulties of a child in migration often mobilises a creative process of mixing representations which may provoke profound changes in the relation between the child and his parents, at least if they are heard and supported in their process of thinking and redefining their cultural identity
Pinon-Rousseau, Danièle. "Le conte bilingue : lien entre les deux milieux référentiels de l'enfant de migrants d'Afrique noire : effets structurants sur son évolution maturative." Paris 13, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA131020.
Full textThe work of child psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, anthropologists and psycholinguists helps us to conceptualise more clearly the specific vulnerability of many children of migrant African parents who have integration problems at school. In response to the phenomenological split, basis for their development-torn between the two worlds to which they belong-we propose a preventive strategy that creates a link between these two frames of reference : the family world and the world of the host country. We use bilingual tales as a therapeutic instrument, which are transmitted during interviews within a singular, interactive relationship involving the parents, the child, the translator and the therapist. Within the scope of nursery school, we have created an intermediate space in which the child, after each tales listening sessions, can express himself by narratives and drawings. Our job, based on Devereux's concept of complementary methodology, finds a place in the ethno-psychiatry current
Kounou, Kossi Blewussi. "Association entre les traumatismes de l'enfance et les troubles de la personnalité : étude comparative entre la France et le Togo." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1942/.
Full textChildhood trauma (CT) is often related to major depressive disorder (MDD) and/or to personality disorders (PD) in adulthood. Little research has been carried out in french-speaking sub-Saharan Africa such as Togo, in order to examine these relations. Cultural differences occur in the perception and the reaction facing traumatic events. Our study aimed to compare among participants' groups, the frequencies of CT, PD and personality dimensions (Pd), to assess the relationship between CT and PD and to examine the mediating role of Pd between CT and PD. Methods: It is about a cross-study carried out in France and Togo on a sample composed of two groups of patients treated for a current MDD (a group in France, n = 89 and a group in Togo, n = 91) and a third group made up of witnesses without psychiatric history in Togo (n = 90). The 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to evaluate CT. The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) and the Internatioanl Personality Item Pool (IPIP-50) were used to assess the PD and the Pd, respectively. Results: 270 participants of mean age: 34. 1 years (SD = 12. 0), have been evaluated. Patients treated in Togo reported more CT than their counterparts in France and the togolese witnesses for all types of abuse (p < 0. 01). There was a difference among the three groups concerning the number of PD symptoms (p < 0. 001) and the emotional stability dimension (F(2, 267) = 87. 71, p < 0. 001). On the whole sample, the total score of child abuse was positively correlated to the score of the PDQ-4+ (r(270) = 0. 36, p < 0. 01). With the patients treated in France, the physical neglect predicted the presence of cluster A PD, and narcissistic personality disorder. With the patients treated in Togo, physical abuse was a predictor of antisocial, obsessive-compulsive and negativist PD. In Togo, emotional instability mediated fully with the clinical population and partially with the witnesses the relationship between CT and PD while in France none of the Pd mentioned the link between CT and PD. Conclusion: There is a difference in the association and the pathway of CT to PD in our study population. A systematic evaluation of CT, PD and Pd carried out on patients treated for MDD would allow this population to have an optimal treatment
Jesson, Julie. "Malnutrition et infection pédiatrique par le VIH en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0308/document.
Full textHIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to high risk of malnutrition duringtheir life. However, data on the nutrition of HIV-infected children are still limited in West Africa.Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to better investigate the link between nutrition and HIVinfection among HIV-infected children in West Africa. More specifically, it is aimed to estimate theprevalence of malnutrition, to describe growth evolution after antiretroviral treatment initiation, andto assess proposed nutritional interventions to integrate to pediatric HIV care. The main results showa high prevalence of malnutrition among these children, around 50% before antiretroviral treatmentinitiation. This initiation had positive effects on growth evolution; all the more important whenantiretroviral treatment is early initiated. Weight deficiency is easier to recover than heightdeficiency, but a substantial part of children stay malnourished even after two years of treatment. Inaddition to antiretroviral treatment, nutritional support interventions are needed to fight againstmalnutrition among these children. Those assessed were efficient for acute malnourished children,but not for those with chronic malnutrition. Furthermore, growth could be a useful marker of HIVprogression. Integration of nutritional care into global pediatric HIV care is possible in West Africa,but further studies and advocacy work have to be developed to better adapt it
Kojoue, Kamga Larissa. "Enfants et VIH/sida au Cameroun : construction et implications de l’agenda politique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40044/document.
Full textThis research seeks to analyze the links between shaping public health policies and the influence of political dynamics in Cameroon, with a particular focus on how these dynamics affect the country’s public health agenda of HIV/AIDS prevention. The ways in which a State takes action to address a national issue can be revealing of the type of relationship between that State and its population. In Cameroon, despite the emergence of new strategies and the increasing role of key actors engaged in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the government has failed to make the policy-making process of public health an inclusive process This is well illustrated by the national policies to address the health needs of vulnerable children and youth under the age of 15. The terms and conditions under which these policies were elected illustrate how the residues of a once authoritarian political system still impact decision-making processes at both local and national levels. Although they are not subject to "controversy" or "scandal", the issues of support to children facing AIDS is a fertile ground to understand political changes in the Cameroonian society at the time of globalization of standards and health practices
Ndamobissi, Robert. "Les défis sociodémographiques et politiques de la malnutrition des enfants dans les pays d'Afrique du Sahel et de la Corne de l'Afrique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH029/document.
Full textContinuous food and nutrition insecurity that affect lives of 155 millions of children in the world including about 59 million in African countries mostly in the Sahel and horn of Africa represent a critical public health and underdevelopment problem which creates a deep worldwide collective moral issue within the new global transformative agenda for the universal prosperity (no one is left behind) and child rights for survival, development and protection.Under five child malnutrition characterized by stunting, underweight or wasting increase the risk of child morbidity and mortality, handicap readiness of learning and professional skills and impact on economic development of the country resulting to a vicious circle of poverty and fragility of the family and causing international migrations.Four countries mostly affected by child malnutrition in the Sahel and horn of Africa that we have selected for this study (Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal and Ethiopia) in comparison to Ghana are facing the severity of climatic and geo-ecologic environment, political instability, weak economic and social development and the gap of nutritional governance undermined by the lack of political, legal and financial commitments of Government and the limited institutional capacities to combat strongly undernutrition.In addition to food insecurity, malnourished children and their families are confronted to bottlenecks of supply and demand of access and use of community based basic social services, to the household poverty, the poor family social status, to demographic burden, gender based inequality, heavy social norms, traditional cultural and believes and ignorance of malnutrition which cause inadequate behavioral practices of child feeding and nutrition, child health care including unsafety water & sanitation conditions that facilitate diseases & malnutrition.Strengthening effective political engagement, accountable governance and massive financial investment for multi sector integrated interventions, promoting social protections systems and massive community based social and behavior changes in favor of child and mother nutrition are required for achieving SDG of “no one left behind prosperity, ending hunger, malnutrition… by 2030” and achieving child rights
Gnangui, Judicaël. "Statut et dynamique du personnage de l'orphelin dans le roman francophone d'Afrique subsaharienne." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00968888.
Full textKankou, Jean-Médard. "Divulgation du statut VIH et comportements sexuels à risque chez les migrants originaires d'Afrique Subsaharienne traités par antirétroviraux en France." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1123/document.
Full textBackground: Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are particularly affected by the HIV/ AIDS epidemic in France. Despite a fall in the number of new diagnoses observed in the last decade in France, in 2016 migrants from SSA accounted for 39% of the 6,003 people who discovered their HIV positive status in France. Although the majority of these people are infected in their country of origin because of the epidemiological situation, virological data and cross-sectional surveys suggest that some of the infections occur after migration to France. These post-migration infections can be attributed to risky sexual behavior in intra-African sexual networks where HIV prevalence is high. Objectives: to study at once the determinants of HIV status disclosure, predictive factors of virological rebound during a transitional stay in the country of origin and factors associated with risky sexual behavior. Methods: we used the ANRS-VIHVO survey data set up between 2007- 2009. This cohort studied migrants from SSA living in France with HIV infection managed with antiretroviral therapy, and who had planned a transitional stay in their countries of origin for a period of 15 days to 6 months. Results: Our work highlighted a significant overall rate of HIV status disclosure, 86 % [CI 95%: 82- 90%]. Disclosure to the partner, an important component of the risk reduction strategy of HIV transmission in couples, is relatively low, 79% (95% CI: 73-85%) overall, whose 88% (95% CI: 82-94%) in France vs 53% (95% CI: 38-69%) in the country of origin where some people have regular sex partners. After the trip in ASS, 11.4% (95% CI: 7.3- 15.5%) of people developed a virological rebound mainly due to lack of adherence to treatment during the trip. Non-systematic use of condoms is observed in more than a third of the study subjects, ie, 38.4 % (95% CI: 30.0- 46.7%) with the regular partner and 34.5% (95% CI: 21.8-56.7%) with casual partners. Several predictors of HIV status disclosure, the unsystematic use of condoms and the occurrence of virological rebound after the trip to SSA, were identified in our work. Conclusion: undetectable viral load throughout the follow-up prevents the sexual transmission of HIV to the partner. This risk reduction goes through by the disclosing the HIV status to the partner, condom use in case of detectable viral load or multiple partners, and sustained adherence to antiretroviral therapy
Dugrand, Camille. "Prendre la rue : politique de la citadinité vagabonde en Afrique : les Shégués de Kinshasa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010334.
Full textBased on several field works in Kinshasa, the object of the thesis is the trajectories of « Shégués », these young city-dwellers who take a « different » path in the streets of the congolese megapolis. By « taking » the street and living in it they, diverge of conventional forms of existence under a roof in a family and throw themselves in a wandering urban adventure which generates both constraints and alternatives. In contrast to dominant discources that tend to represent them as marginal, isolated and inaudible « street children », it appears that Shégués are essential figures of the urban experience in Kinshasa. Subjected to a life full of constraint and uncertainty, they gather aroud new forms of sociability that can be seen as ways to support each other, forms of violence but also as alternative opportunities to « exist ». They can also constitute forms of distinction and even lead to the rise of famous and renowed people. The Shégués create a street culture that paves the way to heterogeneous interactions with other city dwellers and sometimes an incorporation of urban networks of power. Their social differenciation entails a process of stigmatization along a series of constraints. It also provides additional opportunities to have agency in the city and even reach some forms of popularity and prestige. How do they have agency on the city? What do they tell us on the youth’s perspectives of personal accomplishement in Kinshasa today? What are the political effects of the violence they both exert and endure? Do they produce a counter-hegemonic culture? Or do their actions tend to reinforce a violent political order? What are the social frontiers between these young actors and other city-dwellers? Do they shape a culture of subversion and protest? The trajectories of Shégués shed light on the ambivalence of a youth sub-culture, totally reliant on its local environment to urvive and that reclaim the codes established by the dominant sectors of society while challenging the exclusion they endure. While they can appear to reinforce the current « top-down » social order, the Shégués also shape new subversive and contentious life styles in a evolving megapolis, itself generating new norms and new ways of life and survival. In the end, the Shégués assert their role as actors of urban dynamic that keeps creating new figures of legitimacy and prestige while continuously reformulating new imagineries of alternative life possibilities. They express the critical and political ambition of their wandering life that contribute to « citadinity » in Kinshasa but also impact it. They do so by reinventing the ways to teverse their destiny and eventually gain acess to « another life »
Merzouk, Assia. "Les enjeux de la prise en charge et du suivi psychologique des enfants infectés par le VIH/SIDA : étude de deux cas cliniques d’enfants vivant dans le non dit et le secret de la maladie." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20037.
Full textDuring my research, I have the conducted a study on two children’s clinical cases, children aged 9-10, one living in a world where no one will speak about the illness and for the other in a world where the illness is a secret. My study is based on the following questions: How is the child infected by the virus, in both cases on the non spoken world and the secret world, living the anguish of death within their families ? How is that translated into the way they live within the family, particularly because they live between two cultures. Tools used are: drawing, D10, genograms and interviews. I propose that, depending whether or not he knows the name of his illness, the child will handle himself differently as he finds a way to defend against the anguish and anxiety of death. I also propose that living with this anguish of death will lead to a disruption in the way they live within their families. Based upon their different origins, the roots of these children living between two cultures, this can already generate differences and cultural conflicts. My analysis shows, first of all that the child living in the unspoken presents a regression in his fight against the anguish of death. Secondly, the child living in the secret builds many imaginary situations in order to fight this worry and anguish of death. Thirdly, the family and cultural conflicts present here by the game of transmissions, the denial of the illness and the omnipresence of the secret, crystallize the problems
Ngo, Melha Ernestine Antoinette. "Inclusion scolaire des élèves en situation de handicap en France et au Cameroun : analyse de la politique nationale et points de vue des enseignants." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH016.
Full textThe discourse of experts and international organizations, as well as the initiatives of policies and movements in favor of emancipation and the place of people with disabilities, are oriented towards the construction of a school for all (Ainscow, 1991; Sen, 1992; UNESCO, 1990; UNESCO, 1994; UNESCO, 2000; UN, 2000; UN, 2006)). Educational policies integrate, more or less clearly, the educational needs of children with disabilities. Inclusive education implies changes and upheavals in both the teaching practices and the school organization as a whole. It is therefore important to take an interest in teachers' perceptions of the national policy favoring the inclusion of disabled pupils in mainstream schools in France and Cameroon and to consider the factors likely to influence or determine effectiveness and sustainability of this policy which can be considered as being imposed on them. The model of multidimensional evaluation of the quality of the educational devices borrowed from Tremblay (2012) and the model of planned behavior of Ajzen (1991) are used in this research to meet the two main objectives. A two-part questionnaire with proposals for answers was sent to primary school teachers. Our research concerns a population of 133 teachers including 65 Cameroonians and 68 French. The dimensions studied for the first part of the questionnaire are as follows: The relevance of the objectives, the characteristics of the population of the scheme, the adequacy of resources, the reliability of actions, the effectiveness and the flexibility of the system. Normative beliefs, perceptions of difficulties and behavioral beliefs are studied through the second component. Analysis of the simple variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the averages between countries and the correlations studied to evaluate the main components of the Ajzen model. Our results show that despite a strong adherence to the policy for the inclusion of students with disabilities by teachers interviewed in both countries, it would not seem to be effective. This would be explained in the case of France by the objectives which would not be achieved and in Cameroon by the resources which would be insufficient. Points of divergence are observed on certain aspects of the dimensions studied, such as the size of the class, the pedagogical approach, the resources and the individual characteristics of the students. As for our model derived from the Ajzen theory, correlation analysis shows linear links between three components: the perceived difficulties of teachers, their normative beliefs and behavioral beliefs. The perceived difficulties are negatively correlated with both normative beliefs (-.33) and behavioral beliefs (-.65). Thus, according to the theoretical model developed, the intensity of the difficulties experienced creates negative beliefs among teachers. Normative beliefs (in the main references of the National Education) are positively related to behavioral beliefs (.50), which they seem to favor. It is important to note that the three components do not determine teachers' attitude towards inclusion, since the correlations are not significant. Our analysis suggests, considering the weak correlations between the attitude of the teachers and the other components of the model, to look for other factors exogenous to the model we studied, which would explain the attitude of teachers towards the policy of inclusion
Belkacem, Lila. "L'« enfant perdu » et le « pays d'origine » : construction des origines et expériences migratoires de descendants d'immigrants ouest-africains en région parisienne." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0091.
Full textAiming to deconstruct some of the representations of the link to the country of origin of descendants of West African: immigrants in France, this thesis analyzes the social processes involved in the construction of origins, namely, of what the term origin(s) classically refers to: so-called cultures, traditions, values, identities, but also the places and group, being associated with origins. The analysis is grounded in five ethnographic fieldworks conducted in the vicinity of Paris and in Mali with youngsters, members of their families as well as associative and institutional representatives experiences of long-term trips in Mali for "people in difficulty" ; a summer camp for children of Malian immigrants association-based gatherings between youngsters and seniors on the issue of associative involvement ; ethnoclinica consultations in solve family issues considered to be rooted in cultural matters ; conversations on the Internet permeate with the question of the link to origins. In these situations, a reflection about roots is activated, portraying the maintenance of the links to the homeland as conditional to the success and the wellbeing. In order to appreciate the popularity of this thought, this thesis highlights the singular socio-historical context in which descendants of immigrant, undertake the double experience of migration (direct or indirect) and that of minorization (social and ethnoracial) Through the concepts of performance and performativity, it focuses upon the mechanisms and effects of situations shaping the links to the country of origin and draws particular attention to power dynamics rooted in generational ties sex, class and race/ethnicity
Boileau, Catherine. "Déterminants des comportements sexuels à risque pour le VIH/SIDA chez les jeunes femmes et hommes de Bamako (Mali)." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17767.
Full textGauthier, Sonia. "Effets de diverses cytokines et de la toxine du choléra sur la susceptibilité des cellules épithéliales intestinales à l'infection par le VIH-1 /." 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26103/26103.pdf.
Full textGuiella, Georges. "Comportements sexuels chez les adolescents en Afrique sub-Saharienne : l’exemple du Burkina Faso, du Ghana, du Malawi et de l’Ouganda." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6926.
Full textAdolescent girls and boys represent key segments of the population for the future in all societies across the world. The readiness of these young people to assume adult roles and responsibilities in the future, both for themselves and for their countries, depends in large part on how successfully they manage their critical transitions to adulthood and on the support they receive from their families, communities and governments during this period of their lives. Investment in adolescent sexual and reproductive health is likely to be of enormous importance to the development prospects of sub-Saharan Africa and the future wellbeing of African populations, as it enables adolescents to grow into healthy and productive adults. While protecting the health of young Africans is recognized as a priority at the community, national and international levels, policies and programs, if they are to be effective, need to be evidence-based and appropriate to each local context. This thesis focuses on the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in four sub-Saharan African countries: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi and Uganda. It aims to expand the knowledge base needed to develop and implement programs and policies that will increase adolescents’ ability to prevent HIV and contribute to the creation of a safe and supportive environment essential to their growth and development. The research is organized around three empirical articles along with introductive chapters and a general conclusion, and is designed to answer a number of questions of policy importance. The first article deals with the perceptions of HIV risks by adolescents who are not yet sexually active. The topic is of considerable interest because of its potential importance for HIV prevention programs, particularly when sexually inexperienced adolescents report high levels of concern over their likelihood of contracting HIV over time. Findings show that there is no single influence on adolescents’ HIV risk perception, but rather a range of determinants that operate at the individual, environmental and community levels. This finding suggests that programs and policies should take into account factors that extend beyond the characteristics of adolescents when addressing their sexual and reproductive health needs. The second article of the thesis examines the context in which adolescent girls’ transition to first sexual intercourse occurs in the four countries. Going beyond the usual dichotomy of sexual experienced versus inexperienced adolescents, it analyzes simultaneously the factors associated with sexual initiation before and within the first union for adolescent girls aged 12-19. The results show that a high level parental monitoring is significantly associated with a decreased risk of adolescents’ becoming sexually active prior to marriage. A policy recommendation of this study is that public and nongovernmental organizations need to more fully integrate parents into their programs on adolescent sexual and reproductive health. The third article examines two specific aspects of sexual risk behaviour among adolescents: multipartnership and condom use. Our findings show that adolescents who report high levels of parental control are less likely to have multiple sexual partners. In terms of policy and programmatic implications, this result again suggests that parents’ influence over their children’s behavior, widely assumed to have declined over time, remains important to reproductive health interventions in diverse contexts in sub-Saharan Africa.