Relevant bibliographies by topics / Side reaction

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Side reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Side reaction"

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Justyna, Katarzyna, Joanna Małolepsza, Damian Kusy, Waldemar Maniukiewicz, and Katarzyna M. Błażewska. "The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (June 23, 2020): 1436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.119.

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The McKenna reaction is a well-known and popular method for the efficient and mild synthesis of organophosphorus acids. Bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) is the main reagent in this reaction, which transforms dialkyl phosphonate esters into bis(trimethylsilyl)esters, which are then easily converted into the target acids. However, the versatile character of the McKenna reaction is not always used to its full extent, due to formation of side products. Herein, demonstrated by using model examples we have not only analyzed the typical side processes accompanying the McKenna reaction, but also uncovered new ones. Further, we discovered that some commonly recommended precautions did not always circumvent the side reactions. The proposed results and recommendations may facilitate the synthesis of phosphonic acids.
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Fang, Wenting, Hualei Hu, Zhongsen Ma, Lei Wang, and Yajie Zhang. "Two Possible Side Reaction Pathways during Furanic Etherification." Catalysts 8, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8090383.

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The revealing mechanism of side reactions is crucial for obtaining theoretical yield in industrialization when 2,5-bis(methoxymethyl)furan (BMMF) yield is above 95%. By-products catalyzed by the conventional ZSM-5 (C-ZSM-5) and hierarchical porous ZSM-5 (HP-ZSM-5) catalytic systems were different, and some key by-products were identified. Thus, possible pathways were proposed, which helps to further improve BMMF selectivity. Additionally, HP-ZSM-5 exhibited quicker reaction rate, higher BMMF yield and selectivity, and slower deactivation process. The relatively weak acidity of HP-ZSM-5 suppresses the ring-opening reaction and subsequent side reactions, and introduction of mesopores improves mass transport and slightly increases hydration of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF).
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Le Chevalier Isaad, Alexandra, Anna Maria Papini, Michael Chorev, and Paolo Rovero. "Side chain-to-side chain cyclization by click reaction." Journal of Peptide Science 15, no. 7 (May 19, 2009): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psc.1141.

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CHEN, SHUI-TEIN, LEE-CHIANG LO, SHIH-HSIUNG WU, and KUNG-TSUNG WANG. "Side reaction in peptide synthesis." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 35, no. 1 (January 12, 2009): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00720.x.

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Vos, J., and P. M. van Bergem-Jansen. "Greenhouse lighting side-effects: Community reaction." Lighting Research and Technology 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14771535950270010301.

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Rogers, Ian L., and Kevin J. Naidoo. "Multidimensional Reaction Dynamics Reveal How the Enzyme TcTS Suppresses Competing Side Reactions and Their Side Products." ACS Catalysis 6, no. 10 (August 29, 2016): 6384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b01522.

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Kosky, P. G., and E. P. Boden. "The interfacial polycarbonate reaction: Modeling the kinetics of carbamate side reactions." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28, no. 6 (May 1990): 1507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280617.

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Bennett, Brad C., and Mark Yeager. "The Lighter Side of a Sweet Reaction." Structure 18, no. 6 (June 2010): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2010.05.006.

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Cerny, Christoph. "The Aroma Side of the Maillard Reaction." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1126, no. 1 (April 2008): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.011.

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Nagaraj, Ram H., Ashis Biswas, Antonia Miller, Tomoko Oya-Ito, and Manjunatha Bhat. "The Other Side of the Maillard Reaction." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1126, no. 1 (April 2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.045.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Side reaction"

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Callison, June. "The investigation of a side reaction leading to colour formation in a polyurethane production chain." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2498/.

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In the industrial synthesis of 4,4’-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), an unwanted side reaction between the product and the starting material, 4,4’-methylene dianiline, can lead to the formation of ureas. It has been postulated these ureas undergo further reaction with phosgene to produce a precursor to chlorine radicals, which could then attack the MDI backbone forming conjugated systems that would promote colour in the final products. To investigate this process model compounds including 4-benzylaniline (4-BA) and 1,3-diphenylurea were used as starting materials. The reactions carried out showed the phosgenation of the urea forms a chloroformamidine-N-carbonyl chloride (CCC) which upon heating > 303 K can break down to form an isocyanide dichloride (ID). Conventional synthesis routes were used to gain high yields of p-tolyl and phenyl isocyanide dichlorides in order to analyse the compounds. It was found that upon heating to 453 K or irradiating the isocyanide dichlorides in the process solvent (chlorobenzene) coloured solutions were formed; with the presence of MDI and oxygen increasing the intensity of the colouration. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to gain information on the use of isocyanide dichlorides as a source of chlorine radicals. Using N-tert-butyl--phenylnitrone (PBN) as a spin trap, an 8 line spectra relating to the chlorine adduct was measured confirming the production of Cl•. Throughout the project side reactions involving the formation of carbodiimide from CCC and a secondary route for the phosgenation of the urea to the isocyanate have been investigated and are presented within a global reaction scheme. It was also found the ureas were only partially soluble in the process solvent leading to research into the structure of three different urea molecules and the proposal of a modified reaction scheme.
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O'Brien, Michelle University of Ballarat. "A study of multiple perspectives and knowledge in adverse drug reaction decision-making : Volume 1." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12769.

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Injury and illness associated with drugs are major problems in Australia and around the world, despite significant developments in the area of adverse drug reaction (ADR) decision support technology. The aims of this thesis are: to investigate the ADR decision domain; to determine factors that may assist in the prevention, detection and management of ADRs; and, to inform the pre-requirements analysis phase of the development of decision support systems. An approach has been taken that permits open and grounded study of the decision environment. This approach can then be used to frame and inform the design of an ADR decision support system. Fifteen case studies that comprise self selected consumers, the treating medical practitioner/s and expert perspectives of a single instance of an ADR (fifteen in-depth consumer interviews, eight in-depth medical practitioner interviews and 30 expert written questionnaires), have been collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach, a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework and a social constructionist epistemology. The analysis was performed from three perspectives: individual case study analysis (all interviews for an instance of an ADR); group analysis (consumer, medical practitioner and expert views) and analysis combining the individual case studies and groups of data. Concepts, themes and theory have emerged from these data in the following areas: • the contribution of the differences in understanding of the core concepts within this domain, to misunderstandings between decision-makers; • the consumer as a diagnostic decision-maker in the ADR decision domain; • differential diagnostic strategies used by the consumers and medical practitioners; • complexities in the ADR decision domain that make diagnosis difficult; • the role of ADR information in consumer and medical practitioner decision-making; • decision types used by consumers and medical practitioners in the ADR decision domain; • resources used by consumers, medical practitioners and experts to inform their ADR decisions; • decision-making with partial knowledge of the consumer case history, drug behaviour and diseases; • the impact of suspected ADRs on consumers and on future decision-making; • medical practitioner/consumer decision-making models; and, • reasons for low ADR reporting and the impact on the development of new ADR knowledge. The results above suggest the following: • The ADR decision domain is more complex than the current ADR decision support focus and that broadening this focus may assist in providing a more complete and useful decision support solution. • Improving the prevention, detection and management of ADRs requires more than providing prescribers with up to date ADR information. Other important factors are sharing of information, awareness of the role of the consumer, a collaborative approach between the consumers and medical practitioners, and generation of new ADR knowledge. • A grounded theory analysis of case study data using the theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism provided insight into this domain from the perspectives of multiple decision-makers. This may be an approach that can be used by systems analysts to inform the requirements analysis phases of decision support within other domains. The results of this qualitative work are preliminary. Future work is required to confirm and expand these results.
Doctor of Philosophy
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O'Brien, Michelle. "A study of multiple perspectives and knowledge in adverse drug reaction decision-making : Volume 1." University of Ballarat, 2004. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14606.

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Injury and illness associated with drugs are major problems in Australia and around the world, despite significant developments in the area of adverse drug reaction (ADR) decision support technology. The aims of this thesis are: to investigate the ADR decision domain; to determine factors that may assist in the prevention, detection and management of ADRs; and, to inform the pre-requirements analysis phase of the development of decision support systems. An approach has been taken that permits open and grounded study of the decision environment. This approach can then be used to frame and inform the design of an ADR decision support system. Fifteen case studies that comprise self selected consumers, the treating medical practitioner/s and expert perspectives of a single instance of an ADR (fifteen in-depth consumer interviews, eight in-depth medical practitioner interviews and 30 expert written questionnaires), have been collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach, a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework and a social constructionist epistemology. The analysis was performed from three perspectives: individual case study analysis (all interviews for an instance of an ADR); group analysis (consumer, medical practitioner and expert views) and analysis combining the individual case studies and groups of data. Concepts, themes and theory have emerged from these data in the following areas: • the contribution of the differences in understanding of the core concepts within this domain, to misunderstandings between decision-makers; • the consumer as a diagnostic decision-maker in the ADR decision domain; • differential diagnostic strategies used by the consumers and medical practitioners; • complexities in the ADR decision domain that make diagnosis difficult; • the role of ADR information in consumer and medical practitioner decision-making; • decision types used by consumers and medical practitioners in the ADR decision domain; • resources used by consumers, medical practitioners and experts to inform their ADR decisions; • decision-making with partial knowledge of the consumer case history, drug behaviour and diseases; • the impact of suspected ADRs on consumers and on future decision-making; • medical practitioner/consumer decision-making models; and, • reasons for low ADR reporting and the impact on the development of new ADR knowledge. The results above suggest the following: • The ADR decision domain is more complex than the current ADR decision support focus and that broadening this focus may assist in providing a more complete and useful decision support solution. • Improving the prevention, detection and management of ADRs requires more than providing prescribers with up to date ADR information. Other important factors are sharing of information, awareness of the role of the consumer, a collaborative approach between the consumers and medical practitioners, and generation of new ADR knowledge. • A grounded theory analysis of case study data using the theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism provided insight into this domain from the perspectives of multiple decision-makers. This may be an approach that can be used by systems analysts to inform the requirements analysis phases of decision support within other domains. The results of this qualitative work are preliminary. Future work is required to confirm and expand these results.
Doctor of Philosophy
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Christie, Robert. "Lateral jet interaction with a supersonic crossflow." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6815.

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A lateral jet in a supersonic crossflow creates a highly complex three-dimensional flow field which is not easily predicted. The aim of this research was to assess the use of a RANS based CFD method to simulate a lateral jet in supersonic crossflow interaction by comparing the performance of available RANS turbulence models. Four turbulence models were trialled in increasingly complex configurations; a flat plate, a body of revolution and a body of revolution at incidence. The results of this numerical campaign were compared to existing experimental and numerical data. Overall the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model provided the best fit to experimental data. The performance of the lateral jet as a reaction control system was assed by calculating the force and moment amplification factors. The predicted flowfield surrounding the interaction was analysed in detail and was shown to predict the accepted shock and vortical structures. The lateral jet interaction flowfield over a body of revolution was shown to be qualitatively the same as that over a flat plate. An experimental facility was designed and manufactured allowing the study of the lateral jet interaction in Cranfield University’s 2 ½” x 2 ½” supersonic windtunnel. The interaction was studied with a freestream Mach number of 1.8, 2.4 & 3.1 and over a range of pressure ratios (50≤PR≤200). Levels of unsteadiness in the interaction were measured using high bandwidth pressure transducers. The level of unsteadiness was quantified by calculating the OASPL of the pressure signal. OASPL was found to increase with increasing levels of PR or MPR and to decrease with increases of Mach number. The levels of unsteadiness found were low with the highest levels found downstream of the jet.
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Petrov, Ravil Rashitovich. "Part I. Application of 2-Hydroxymethylacrylic Acid, a Product of Baylis-Hillman Reaction, for the Synthesis of Novel N-backbone-to-Side-Chain Cyclic Peptide Analogs: Strategies and Side Reactions Part II. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Chimeric Bioactive Peptides Featuring Amino Acids Coupled to 4-Anilino-N-Phenethyl-Piperidine." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194330.

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During my research career in Prof. V.J.Hruby's laboratory I worked on two different projects. The first project, which was initiated by the author, was planned to serve the need of our laboratory for a novel method of peptide cyclization. This method was planned to use recent advances in Pd0-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis combined with the structural richness offered by the Baylis-Hillman chemistry which could open new ways to diverse areas of drug design, molecular immunology and chemotherapy. This approach would provide cyclic peptides featuring N-alkylated amino acids that would confer high resistance to degradation by proteases. Because of numerous synthetic problems imposed, this strategy was not of considerable current use in peptide synthesis, especially on solid supports. However, despite a substantial amount of effort invested, this method faced serious drawbacks such as multistep synthesis and side reactions when applied to solid supports. Moreover, recent introduction of microwave technology which has helped to solve a great number of problems has led to a renaissance in the classical lactam and thioester bond cyclizations which overshadowed our quest for a novel methodology. The second project was focused on application of 4-anilidopiperidines for the synthesis of chimeric bioactive peptides. It was an effort towards the development of novel analgesics with reduced toxicity and enhanced potency. This project linked small molecule and multimeric ligand designs that were ongoing in our laboratory at the time. Major accomplishments in this project were made possible by successful resolution of several research challenges. I was able to find a straightforward, convenient and economical approach for the synthesis of novel analogues on a solid support. These developments led to novel compounds which showed substantial increases in their binding affinity relative to corresponding opioid analogues. To illustrate, compounds PET25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, and 32 showed high bioactivity and sub-nanomolar binding affinity to opioid receptors. Most of the peptides generated in the second project are still being investigated for their biological activities by our colleagues at the Department of Pharmacology, but the results to date indicate that some highly potent novel compounds have been made.
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Gouws, Stephanus Andries. "The impact of hospital surveillance programmes on the incidence of adverse drug reaction reporting in a South African teaching hospital." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27186.

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Post-marketing surveillance refers to any non-experimental or observational study, method, or monitoring strategy that is applied to obtain information on drug experience (primarily adverse) after a drug has been approved for clinical use. One of the major problems in post-marketing surveillance studies is the lack or under-reporting of drug experiences by health care professionals. This study was developed to describe the impact of three different prescription event monitoring programmes on the reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR's) in the hospital situation. The intensive ADR monitoring programme and two voluntary ADR monitoring programmes which followed were conducted in the medical wards of an urban teaching and referral hospital. All patients admitted to the designated wards were monitored by a dedicated pharmacist in the intensive programme, ward pharmacists in the first voluntary programme and by medical and nursing staff in the second voluntary programme. The pharmacist monitored a cohort of patients prospectively in two medical wards for a period of three months. The patient's record was linked with any suspected ADR. All details, i.e. patient drug orders, characteristics and ADR description, were recorded and then reported. From 228 patients monitored, 25 cases have been reported. The impact of the intensive ADR monitoring programme was a reporting rate of 11 percent. Reports were received on ADR's of a particularly mild, common and pharmacologically predictable (type A) nature. The first voluntary ADR monitoring programme comprised the reporting of suspected AD R's and the recording of drug orders for the patients and the patient characteristics. The ward pharmacists monitored for suspected AD R's in all patients during their regular ward rounds. Six cases were reported in a population of 1506 patients monitored during the three months. The reports were mainly on moderate to severe suspected AD R's of pharmacologically unpredictable (type B) nature. The rate of reports received by the surveillance unit in this study was 4 reports per ward pharmacist per annum. The second voluntary ADR monitoring programme comprised the prospective monitoring of 1555 patients by medical and nursing staff during their stay at the designated medical wards during the three month period. Patients were monitored for any ADR and when an ADR was suspected, the patient characteristics and drug orders were recorded and reported to the surveillance unit. Ten cases were reported represented by six reports from doctors and four by sisters. The reporting rate was 2 reports per doctor in four years and 3 reports for each member of the nursing team in 5 years. Reports were mainly received on moderate to severe suspected ADR's of a pharmacologically unpredictable (type B) nature.
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Rudatsikira, Alphonse. "Contribution a l'etude du dopage n du polyacetylene." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13188.

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Hilbers, Florian [Verfasser], Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Ludwig, and Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Michel. "Comparison of the cytochrome c oxidase inherent catalase side-reaction from Paracoccus denitrificans in the wild type and recombinant form / Florian Hilbers. Gutachter: Bernd Ludwig ; Hartmut Michel." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077607717/34.

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Mota, Daniel Marques. "Evolução e resultados do sistema de farmacovigilância do brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/159285.

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Os sistemas de farmacovigilância fundamentam as decisões sobre segurança no uso de medicamentos regulamentados por autoridades de saúde. Estudá-los e propor estratégias de melhorias contribuem para fortalecer os sistemas de saúde, aperfeiçoando a qualidade da assistência à saúde e assegurando a segurança do paciente e coletividade. A Tese objetivou analisar a evolução e desempenho do sistema brasileiro de farmacovigilância, denominado de SINAF, e as notificações dos pacientes com suspeitas de reações adversas a medicamentos (RAMs) registradas no Notivisa-medicamento no período de 2008 a 2013 e propor uma lista-referência de códigos da CID-10 para vigilância de RAMs e intoxicações medicamentosas (IMs). A Tese compreende seis artigos científicos organizados para publicação. No primeiro, uma revisão de escopo apresentou uma perspectiva histórica para caracterizar a evolução do SINAF e lacunas identificadas no processo, como a ausência de comissão de farmacovigilância que atenda aos requisitos mínimos de um sistema de farmacovigilância propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os artigos 2, 3 e 4 analisaram características relacionadas com o desempenho do SINAF. O artigo 2 revelou que não há preferência digital da idade na base de dados das notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAMs) do Notivisa-medicamento. Mediante uma análise comparativa, o artigo 3 mostrou diferenças entre o formulário para notificação de EAMs utilizado no SINAF e de outros doze países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Bolívia, Chile, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, México, Panamá, Peru, Uruguai e Venezuela), sobretudo na quantidade de variáveis para preenchimento, podendo contribuir com a subnotificação de casos. No artigo 4 – um estudo de avaliação de sistemas de vigilância de saúde pública –, revelou que o desempenho do Notivisa-medicamento foi considerado satisfatório para três atributos (flexibilidade, validade e erro preditivo positivo) e deficitário para a maioria deles (simplicidade, aceitabilidade, representatividade, completude, consistência, oportunidade e clareza metodológica). O artigo 5, mediante estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, encontrou uma taxa de notificação de RAMs de 22,8/ 1 milhão de habitantes/ano. Trata-se de taxa bastante inferior a países de alta renda como Nova Zelândia, Suécia, Austrália e Suíça que possuem mais de 300 notificações por milhão, como em relação a países de média renda, como a África do Sul, com taxa de 77 por milhão de habitantes. A população feminina (60,5%) prevaleceu no total de pacientes (26.554), assim como, a raça/cor branca (58,1%). A idade variou de 0 a 112 anos (mediana = 46 anos). Quase 1/3 (32,5%) das suspeitas de RAMs ocorreram em populações vulneráveis (idosos e crianças). Foram avaliados 54.288 pares de medicamento-reação adversa, onde prevaleceram as reações adversas graves (59,2%), com destaque para as que resultaram em efeito clinicamente importante (83,1%). O estudo 6 propôs uma lista-referência com 691 códigos da CID-10, sendo 360 (52,1%) relacionados com RAMs e 331 (47,9%) com IMs. Um total de 511 (73,9%) códigos estão relacionados com casos de admissão hospitalar e/ou óbito. Os achados da Tese evidenciam a necessidade de mudanças em diferentes aspectos estudados do SINAF, como forma de contribuir na produção de informações completas, fidedignas e mais representativas sobre danos ocasionados por medicamentos comercializados no país.
The pharmacovigilance systems support the decisions on safety when using medications regulated by health authorities. Analyzing them and proposing improvement strategies are ways to make healthcare systems stronger, improving the quality of healthcare assistance, making sure the patient is safe and that the population is ensured. The dissertation was aimed at analyzing the evolution and performance of the Brazilian pharmacovigilance system, SINAF, and the notification of patients with suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) registered with the notification system NOTIVISA/medication from 2008 through 2013, as well as proposing a reference list of ICD-10 codes for surveillance of ADRs and intoxication due to medication (IDM). The dissertation is comprised of six scientific articles ready to be published. The first one, a scoping review, presents a historical perspective to demonstrate the development process of SINAF and the gaps identified during the process, such as the absence of a pharmacovigilance commission that complies with the minimum requirements of a pharmacovigilance system as proposed by World Health Organization. Articles 2, 3 and 4 presents an analysis of the performance-related characteristics of SINAF. Article 2 reveals that there is no digital age preference in the adverse drug events (ADEs) database belonging to NOTIVISA/medication. Using a comparative analysis, article 3 shows differences between the form for ADEs notification using SINAF and in other twelve Latin-American countries (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela), highlighting the number of variables to complete, and it may collaborate with the sub-notification of cases. Article 4 – a study on the evaluation of public health surveillance systems over time – reveal that the performance of NOTIVISA/medication was considered satisfactory regarding three attributes (flexibility, validity and positive predictive error) and deficient regarding most of the others (simplicity, acceptability, representability, integrality, consistency, opportunity and methodological clarity). Article 5, by means of a descriptive and retrospective study, found an ADR notification rate of 22.8/million inhabitants/year. This is a much lower rate than in high income countries, such as New Zealand, Sweden, Australia and Switzerland, which have over 300 notifications per million, when compared against average income, such as South Africa, with a rate of 77/million inhabitants. Female population (60.5%) prevailed in the total number of patients (26,554), as well as white race/color (58.1%). Age was between 0 - 112 years old (median = 46 years). Almost 1/3 (32.5%) of the suspected ADRs occurred in vulnerable populations (elderly and children). 54,288 pairs of medication/adverse reactions were assessed. Severe adverse reactions prevailed (59.2%), and attention is drawn to those resulting in clinically important effect (83.1%). Study 6 proposes a reference list with 691 ICD-10 codes; 360 (52.1%) out of them are ADRs-related and 331 (47.9%) out of them are IDM. A total of 511 (73.9%) codes are related to cases of hospital admission and/or death. The dissertation findings prove the need of changes across different aspects in SINAF as a way to contribute to production of complete, reliable and representative information on damages caused by commercially available drugs in Brazil.
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Pierfederici, Andrea. "Eventi avversi nelle manipolazioni cervicali: revisione della letteratura." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Introduzione: La manipolazione spinale cervicale è una tecnica di terapia manuale utilizzata per trattare problematiche muscoloscheletriche. Se da un lato ci sono evidenze che supportano l’efficacia terapeutica della tecnica, dall’altro ci sono dubbi per quanto riguarda la sicurezza del trattamento. Obiettivo: Valutare attraverso le evidenze scientifiche presenti in letteratura tutti gli eventi avversi, e la loro incidenza, correlati alla manipolazione del tratto cervicale nella popolazione adulta. Metodi: La ricerca per l'individuazione dei contributi scientifici è stata avviata, da febbraio a settembre del 2020, su tre database scientifici: PubMed, PEDro e Cochrane Library. Sono stati selezionati inizialmente solamente studi clinici randomizzati, e successivamente a causa dell’assenza di eventi avversi moderati/gravi, si è deciso di includere anche studi osservazionali. La qualità metodologica degli studi è stata stabilita attraverso la scala PEDro, per studi clinici randomizzati, e la Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, per studi osservazionali. Risultati: Sono risultati eleggibili quattro studi clinici randomizzati e due studi osservazionali. Dall’analisi degli articoli presi in considerazione emerge che se gli eventi avversi minori in seguito alla manipolazione cervicale sono relativamente comuni, invece il rischio di un evento moderato/grave è estremamente basso. Dagli studi osservazionali inclusi non emerge una correlazione significativa tra manipolazione cervicale e l’ictus vertebro-basilare, a differenza di altri presenti in letteratura. Conclusioni: Considerando la natura transitoria degli effetti collaterali minori e l’estrema rarità degli eventi avversi moderati/gravi, possiamo considerare la manipolazione spinale cervicale come un’opzione terapeutica con un rapporto beneficio-rischio “bilanciato”. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per potere raggiungere una maggiore consapevolezza sull’argomento degli eventi avversi più gravi.
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Books on the topic "Side reaction"

1

The allergic reaction. 2nd ed. Braine-L'Alleud: UCB Pharmaceutical Sector, 1993.

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J, Waters William. Rhode Island Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Project: Final report. Providence, RI: RI Dept. of Health, Office of Health Policy, 1988.

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Newman, Paula M. Development of an adverse drug reaction reporting program for Kingston General Hospital. [Toronto, Ont: s.n., 1989.

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Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Harmonizing the use of adverse-drug-reaction terms: Definitions of terms and minimum requirements for their use. Geneva: CIOMS, 1996.

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Song, Hong-ji. Pujagyong monitʻŏring tŭng ŭiyakpʻum sipʻan hu kamsi chʻegye kyoyuk pʻŭrogŭraem kaebal =: Developing pharmacovigilance education program and adverse drug reaction reporting P.R. leaflet. [Seoul]: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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Aronson, J. K., and J. C. C. Talbot. Stephens' detection and evaluation of adverse drug reactions: Principles and practice. 6th ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Zaragoza Dörwald, Florencio, ed. Side Reactions in Organic Synthesis II. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527687800.

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Foundation), Centre for Medicines Research Workshop (1983 Ciba. Monitoring for adverse drug reactions. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1985.

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Uetrecht, Jack P. Adverse drug reactions. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.

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Revised guidelines: Reporting of adverse drug reactions. Bethesda, Md: Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Side reaction"

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Chelli, Mario, Mauro Ginanneschi, Anna Maria Papini, Daniela Pinzani, and Gianfranco Rapi. "Cyclization of histidine azide: A side reaction during peptide synthesis." In Peptides 1992, 255–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1470-7_103.

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Bylina, Edward J., and Douglas C. Youvan. "Mutagenesis of Reaction Center Histidine L173 Yields an L-Side Heterodimer." In Current Research in Photosynthesis, 53–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_8.

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Mazurov, Anatoly A., Sergei A. Andronati, Tamara I. Korotenko, Vitaly Y. Gorbatyuk, and Yury E. Shapiro. "A side reaction in peptide synthesis involving pyroglutamyl and glutaminyl residues." In Peptides 1992, 249–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1470-7_100.

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Cantel, Sonia, Jose A. Halperin, Michael Chorev, Mario Scrima, Anna M. D'Ursi, Jay J. Levy, Richard D. DiMarchi, Alexandra Le Chevalier, Paolo Rovero, and Anna M. Papini. "Side chain-to-Side chain Cyclization by Intramolecular Click Reaction - Building Blocks, Solid Phase Synthesis and Conformational Characterization." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 175–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_80.

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Wojciechowski, B. W., and N. M. Rice. "Catalyst Decay as a Side Reaction of the Chain Processes of Catalytic Cracking." In ACS Symposium Series, 134–46. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0634.ch009.

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Gesquiere, Jean Claude, Eric Diesis, and André Tartar. "A new side reaction involving Nπ-Bom-protected histidine and N-terminal cysteine." In Peptides 1990, 82–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3034-9_31.

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Carpino, Louis A., Calin D. Sferdean, Irene Coin, Sandra Tremmel, Eberhard Krause, Michael Bienert, and Michael Beyermann. "N,O-Acyl Shifts: Unexpected Side-Reaction and Beneficial Tool in Fmoc-Chemistry." In Understanding Biology Using Peptides, 168–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-26575-9_68.

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Metz, James G., Himadri Pakrasi, Charles J. Arntzen, and Michael Seibert. "Failure to Process the D1 Protein Inhibits the Oxidizing Side of PSII but not the Reaction Center or Reducing Side Reactions: Analysis of the LF-1 Mutant of Scenedesmus." In Progress in Photosynthesis Research, 679–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_141.

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Toniolo, Claudio, Marco Crisma, Fernando Formaggio, Cristina Peggion, Quirinus B. Broxterman, Bernard Kaptein, Hans E. Schoemaker, et al. "Allyl-Based, Cα-Methylated α-Amino Acids in the Side-Chain to Side-Chain Ring-Closing Metathesis Reaction of β-Turn/310-Helical Peptides." In Peptides: The Wave of the Future, 371–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0464-0_171.

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Nedbal, Ladislav, and Jiři Masojidek. "Damaging Processes in the Reaction Center and on Its Acceptor Side During Photoinactivation of PSII Particles." In Techniques and New Developments in Photosynthesis Research, 539–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8571-4_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Side reaction"

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Rai, Yasuhiro, Kazuya Tatsumi, and Kazuyoshi Nakabe. "Experimental Study on a Compact Methanol-Fueled Reformer With Heat Regeneration Using Ceramic Honeycomb." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22742.

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On the way to a new era of our society which will be based on hydrogen energy, it is needed to develop on-site hydrogen production systems to cover current insufficient infrastructures of hydrogen supply network systems. For this, a highly efficient compact reformer can be one of the most suitable solutions for on-site production of hydrogen which is supplied to distributed electric power-generation systems. But, the local and overall energy balance in the reformer should be precisely controlled since the reforming reaction processes of hydrocarbon fuels are very sensitive to reaction temperature in the reformer. For smaller reformers, in particular, the amount of heat loss through the outer surfaces is large enough to dominate the reactions. An appropriate way for thermal energy management, therefore, is necessary to accomplish highly efficient reformers. For these backgrounds, a compact tubular-typed fuel reformer was fabricated in this study, and was applied to produce hydrogen from methanol, focusing on the partial oxidation reaction (POR). The reformer was composed of a stainless steel pipe as the reactor exterior and ceramic honeycomb blocks inserted in two locations of the reactor. The honeycomb blocks are expected to assist the reforming reactions and transfer the thermal energy of the exhaust gas to the reaction region, acting as a heat regenerator. The upstream-side honeycomb block was aimed to perform an effective heat exchange from the reactor wall to the reactant gas. By inserting the block, the reforming reaction became stable at right after the block. The maximum hydrogen production was achieved in the condition of equivalence ratio, around 3.5. The other honeycomb block was inserted in the downstream of the reaction zone to convert the thermal energy of exhaust gas to radiation energy which can be transferred to the upstream reaction region. Comparing to the case without the downstream-side block, the temperature of the reaction region became higher. Gas temperatures in the downstream region, on the other hand, became lower. Methanol conversion ratio and hydrogen production ratio enhanced due to the higher temperature at the reaction region. These results indicate that the thermal energy possessed by the exhaust gas was regenerated in the reaction region by the downstream-side honeycomb block and contributes to enhance the efficiency of the fuel reformer.
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Vigo, M., A. W. A. Lensing, F. Corbetti, P. R. Biondetti, P. Tropeano, and P. Prandoni. "SIDE EFFECTS OF ASCENDING VENOGRAPHY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644198.

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Two hundred and sixtyeight (268) consecutive out-patients with clinical features compatible with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were referred to our Department for contrast venography, which was carried out according to standard methods, employing 120-160 ml of a non-ionic contrast medium (Iohexol). All side effects probably related to venography were recorded during the test, immediately after its execution, at one day and during long-term follow-up (1 week, 1 month and 6 months), including impedance plethysmography (IPG) evaluation in patients with normal venograms. Eighteen patients (7%) did not undergo venography because of severe edema of the dorsum of the foot (3), impossibility to find a vein (7), patient refusal (1), known hypersensibility to radiopaque dye (4) and allergic reactions after injection of contrast medium (3). Our analysis therefore included 250 patients. Hypersensitivity reaction to the contrast medium following the venography were encountered in 3 patients (1%) of whom two had severe reactions. Pain and tenderness of the foot and calf after the test was observed in 15 patients (6%). No clinical signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism were observed during and after the procedure and all serum creatine levels, assessed before venography, at day 1 and day 7, remained unchanged. There were 7 instances of contrast extravasation (3%) which did not result in local skin or tissue damage. In none of the patients was there any evidence to suggest the presence of post-venographic phlebitis and no patients with negative venograms developed a positive IPG during the period of follow-up.
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Chung, Yung-Chiang, Li-Wei Lai, Lung-Jieh Yang, and Wei-Jen Liao. "Comparison of Different Metal Film Thicknesses of COC-Substrate Polymerase Chain Reaction Chips With Single-Side and Double-Side Heaters." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10229.

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We fabricated PCR chips of different metal film thicknesses. The PCR machine with/without top heater and the single-side/double-side heater PCR chips were compared. The substrate was transparent COC (Cyclic Olefin Copolymers), and the gold film was fabricated on the substrate by evaporation without any adhesive layer. Then the results after polymerase chain reaction for the DNA of Escherichia coli TG-1 cell were obtained. The concentrations of amplifying 225 bps DNA were 0.78–0.82 ng/μl (64% of the result of PCR machine).
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Shi, Yu, and Jiyun Zhao. "A Dynamic Model Incorporating the Effects of the Ion Diffusion and Side Reactions for the Vanadium/Air Redox Flow Battery." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7120.

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The vanadium/air redox flow battery working performance will be affected by many factors, including the quality of the membrane used and the working conditions. The crossover rate of vanadium ions for the membrane can determine the capacity due to the ion diffusion and the side reactions. The high reaction temperature for the VARFB also influence the diffusion coefficient. Based on Fick’s Law, by using Arrhenius Equation to predict the temperature effect, and take into consider that the mass balance for each reacting ions and reaction temperature, the dynamic modelling on capacity decay can be developed. Then by using Nernst Equation, the voltage change of VARFB can also be calculated. This dynamic model will predict the concentration change of the battery as a function of time, after benchmarking with the experimental data, this model can compare the performance of the battery with a different order of diffusion coefficient membranes in different working condition. This model can also predict the contacting V2+ concentration to the electrode and catalyst to monitor the working efficiency.
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Asano, Yukako, Shigenori Togashi, and Yoshishige Endo. "Optimization of Chemical Reaction Processes in Microreactors Using Reaction Rate Analyses." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36013.

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We applied microreactors to the three following reactions: a consecutive bromination reaction, the two-step Sandmeyer reaction, and an acetylation reaction including solvent effects. We obtained the reaction rate constants from few experimental data or quantum chemical calculations and optimized the reaction conditions such as the reaction times and temperature. We then experimentally validated them by microreactors. A consecutive bromination reaction, where the objective reaction was followed by the side reaction, was one of the processes. The reaction temperature played an important role in the effects of a microreactor. The yield of the objective product was improved by about 40% using a microreactor. The two-step Sandmeyer reaction was also applied, where the 1st-step reaction was followed by the 2nd-step reaction to produce the objective product. The 1st-step reaction had the diffusion-controlled process, while the 2nd-step reaction had the reaction-controlled one. The yield of the objective product was improved when microreactors were used and the reaction time for the 2nd-step reaction was set appropriately. Moreover, an acetylation reaction including solvent effects on reaction rates was considered and the solvent effects could be predicted from quantum chemical calculations. The calculation suggested that acetic acid with the larger electron-accepting property gave more stability to the species formed in the transition state. The reaction time was shortened using a microreactor, when the reaction process was changed from reaction-controlled to diffusion-controlled by changing the solvent used.
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Berezkovskii, Alexander M., Leonardo Dagdug, Leonardo Dagdug, and Leopoldo Gracía-Colin S. "Diffusion-Controlled Reaction With a Spot on the Side Wall of a Cylinder Membrane Channel." In COMPLIFE 2007: The Third International Symposium on Computational Life Science. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2891409.

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Vahedi, Nasser, and Alparslan Oztekin. "Parametric Study of Split Flow Cylindrical Packed Bed Reactor for High-Temperature Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Cobalt Oxide Redox Reaction." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10956.

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Abstract Thermal energy storage has become an integral part of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants to guarantee continuous supply of power demand. For cost-effective solar power generation, the size and operating temperatures of CSP plants should be increased. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is the only available solution to meet energy density and high-temperature requirements. Air is mostly used as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) for high-temperature CSP plants. For the air-based system, metal redox reactions are good candidates as storage reactant. Application of metal oxide gas-solid redox reaction in storage systems requires an efficient reactor design. Cost-effectiveness and simplicity have made packed bed reactors a viable candidate for high-temperature applications. The high-pressure drop along the bed is the main drawback of such reactors preventing them from widespread applications. Split flow design modification could aid in reducing pressure drop while providing more flexibility in reactor performance control. A cylindrical split-flow packed bed reactor with an annulus for HTF flow is considered as a modified reactor design. The transient two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model is developed for solving mass, momentum, and energy equations for both gas and solid phases using suitable reaction kinetics for the cobalt oxide redox reaction. A parametric study is performed on cylindrical-shaped split-flow reactor design as a basis for future optimization for complete storage cycle. The effect of split flow ratio and side-channel width on reactor performance are considered. It is shown that both parameters could be used effectively to design and optimize the reactor.
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Zhou, Xin, Tulga Ersal, Jeffrey L. Stein, and Dennis S. Bernstein. "Battery State of Health Monitoring by Side Reaction Current Density Estimation via Retrospective-Cost Subsystem Identification." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6254.

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This paper introduces a method to estimate battery state of health (SoH) via health-relevant electrochemical features. Battery state of health estimation is a critical part of battery management because it allows for balancing the trade-off between maximizing performance and minimizing degradation. In this paper, a health-relevant electrochemical feature, the side reaction current density, is used as the indicator of battery SoH. An estimation algorithm is required due to the unavailability of the side reaction current density via noninvasive methods. In this paper, Retrospective-Cost Subsystem Identification (RCSI) is used to estimate the side reaction current density via identification of an unknown battery health subsystem that generates the side reaction current density. Simulation results are provided for constant current charge and discharge cycles with different C rates. A current profile for an electric vehicle (EV) going through Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycles is also used as the excitation signal during estimation. The simulations show promising results in battery health dynamic identification and side reaction current density estimation with RCSI.
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Aggarwal, S. K., and H. S. Xue. "The Structure of Two-Stage Counterflow n-Heptane-Air Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0134.

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Partially premixed flames are formed by mixing air (in less than stoichiometric amounts) into the fuel stream prior to the reaction zone, where additional air is available for complete combustion. Such flames can occur in both laboratory and practical combustion systems. In advanced gas turbine combustor designs, such as a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor, partially premixed combustion represents an impotent mode of burning. Spray combustion often involves partially premixed combustion due to the locally fuel vapor-rich regions. In the present study, the detailed structure of n-heptane/air partially premixed flame in a counterflow configuration is investigated. The flame is computed by employing the Oppdif code and a detailed reaction mechanism consisting of 275 elementary reactions and 41 species. The partially premixed flame structure is characterized by two-stage burning or two distinct but synergistically coupled reaction zones, a rich premixed zone on the fuel side and a ‘nonpremixed zone on the air side. The fuel is completely consumed in the premixed zone with ethylene and acetylene being the major intermediate species. The reactions involving the consumption of these species are found to be the key rate-limiting reactions that characterize interactions between the two reaction zones, and determine the overall fuel consumption rate. The flame response to the variations in equivalence ratio and strain rate is examined. Increasing equivalence ratio and/or strain rate to a critical value leads to merging of the two reaction zones. The equivalence ratio variation affects the rich premixed reaction zone, while the variation in strain rate predominantly affects the nonpremixed reaction zone. The flame structure is also characterized in terms of a modified mixture fraction (conserved scalar), and laminar flamelet profiles are provided.
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Nakano, Rinako, Takumi Iguro, Byunggi Kim, and Kazuyoshi Fushinobu. "Investigation of Transport-Reaction Phenomena in Multi-Layered PEFC Cathode Catalyst Layer." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70830.

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Improvement in power generation performance of PEFC (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell) is required for its market supremacy in automotive applications. In particular, it is important to suppress concentration overpotential in high current density operation. The microstructure of CCL (cathode catalyst layer) is known to have a great effect on the power generation performance of PEFC. Also, the requirement for the species transport characteristics should vary with the thickness-wise position in CCL. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design the microstructure of CCL by using multi-layered cathode catalyst layer and to evaluate oxygen transport properties. In this research, we fabricated three kinds of multi-layered CCLs which have the difference in I/C (ionomer to carbon) ratio of GDL (gas diffusion layer)-side layer (0.3, 0.5, 0.9). And, we investigated oxygen transport-reaction phenomena by evaluating polarization characteristics, ECA (electrochemical surface area) and RCL (oxygen transport resistance in the CCL) using limiting current measurements. As I/C ratio is decreased from 0.9 to 0.5, RCL is decreased 49%. On the contrary, as I/C ratio is decreased from 0.5 to 0.3, RCL is slightly increased. ECA is monotonically decreased as I/C ratio is decreased from 0.9 to 0.3. These results show that the species transport characteristics alone have optimum condition in the GDL-side CCL at around I/C = 0.50. In addition, we fabricated four kinds of multi-layered CCLs which have the difference in I/C ratio of GDL-side layer (0.5, 0.9) and mass fraction of platinum (10 wt%, 46 wt%.) Oxygen transport resistance is evaluated in CCL by separating the resistance to two components, Rmacro (by Knudsen diffusion) and Rlocal (by dissolution diffusion in ionomer,) by applying the ladder resistance model in CCL. As I/C ratio is decreased from 0.9 to 0.5, Rmacro is decreased and Rlocal is increased regardless of mass fraction of Pt. These results show that the ionomer amount of micropore in CCL is decreased, the micropore diameter is increased, and dissolution surface area near platinum is decreased as I/C ratio is decreased 0.9 to 0.5. These results strongly suggest that there is an optimization strategy of I/C ratio of GDL-side layer in CCL.
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Reports on the topic "Side reaction"

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Syvash, Kateryna. AUDIENCE FEEDBACK AS AN ELEMENT OF PARASOCIAL COMMUNICATION WITH SCREEN MEDIA-PERSONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11062.

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Parasocial communication is defined as an illusory and one-sided interaction between the viewer and the media person, which is analogous to interpersonal communication. Among the classic media, television has the greatest potential for such interaction through a combination of audio and visual series and a wide range of television content – from newscasts to talent shows. Viewers’ reaction to this product can be seen as a defining element of parasociality and directly affect the popularity of a media person and the ratings of the TV channel. In this article we will consider feedback as part of parasocial communication and describe ways to express it in times of media transformations. The psychological interaction «media person – viewer» had been the focus of research by both psychologists and media experts for over 60 years. During the study, scientists described the predictors, functions, manifestations and possible consequences of paracommunication. One of the key elements of the formed parasocial connections is the real audience reaction. Our goal is to conceptualize the concept of feedback in the paradigm of parasocial communication and describe the main types of reactions to the media person in long-term parasocial relationships. The research focuses on the ways in which the viewer’s feedback on the television media person is expressed, bypassing the issue of classifying the audience’s feedback as «positive» and «negative». For this purpose, more than 20 interdisciplinary scientific works on the issue of parasocial interaction were analyzed and their generalization was carried out. Based on pre­vious research, the types and methods of feedback in the television context are separated. With successful parasocial interaction, the viewer can react in different ways to the media person. The type of feedback will directly depend on the strength of the already established communication with the media person. We distinguish seven types of feedback and divide them into those that occur during or after a television show; those that are spontaneous or planned; aimed directly at the media person or third parties. We offer the following types of feedback from TV viewers: «talking to the TV»; telling about the experience of parasocial communication to others; following on social networks; likes and comments; imitation of behavior and appearance; purchase of recommended brands; fanart.
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Adeniyi Lawal. Microchannel Reactor System Design & Demonstration For On-Site H2O2 Production by Controlled H2/O2 Reaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/944992.

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Haynes, Mark, Martin Owens, and Finis Southworth. Advanced reactor site feasibility evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1398382.

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Rowan, W. (Small and Medium-Size Reactor Expert Group). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7158352.

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Burton, E., C. Bruton, M. Johnson, J. Rard, and M. Zavarin. Radionuclide Reaction Chemistry as a Function of Temperature at the Cheshire Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877932.

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Sivill, R. L. Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor site selection criteria report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7013720.

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Brandyberry, M. D., R. T. Bailey, W. H. Baker, D. P. Kearnaghan, K. R. O`Kula, R. S. Wittman, N. D. Woody, C. N. Amos, and J. J. Weingardt. Savannah River Site K-Reactor Probabilistic Safety Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182116.

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Fisher, J. Savannah River Site reactor hardware design modification study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6913164.

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Akinleye, Taiwo, Idil Deniz Akin, Amanda Hohner, Indranil Chowdhury, Richards Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller, and Will Moody. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-019.

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Soils containing inorganic compounds are frequently encountered by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way, and they pose a threat to human health and the environment. As a result, construction activities may experience project delays and increased costs associated with management of inorganic compounds containing soils required to meet environmental regulations. Recalcitrance of metal-contaminated soils toward conventional treatment technologies is exacerbated in clay or organic content-rich fine-grained soils with low permeability and high sorption capacity because of increased treatment complexity, cost, and duration. The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated in situ electrochemical treatment approach to extract inorganic compounds from fine-grained soils, with the treatment time comparable to excavation and off-site disposal. Three reactor experiments were conducted on samples collected from two borehole locations from a field site in Illinois that contained arsenic (As)(~7.4 mg/kg) and manganese (Mn)(~700 mg/kg). A combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or citrate buffer solution was used to treat the soils. A low-intensity electrical field was applied to soil samples using a bench-scale reactor that resembles field-scale in situ electrochemical systems. For the treatment using 10% H2O2 and citrate buffer solution, average removal of 23% and 8% were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. With 4% H2O2 and citrate buffer, 39% and 24% removal were achieved for Mn and As; while using only citrate buffer as the electrolyte, 49% and 9% removal were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. All chemical regimes adopted in this study reduced the inorganic compound concentrations to below the maximum allowable concentration for Illinois as specified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The results from this work indicate that electrochemical systems that leverage low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and citrate buffer can be effective for remediating soils containing manganese and arsenic.
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Looney, B. B., J. S. Haselow, P. F. Andersen, C. P. Spalding, and D. H. Davis. Groundwater modeling of the proposed new production reactor site, Savannah River Site, South Carolina. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6292128.

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