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Journal articles on the topic 'Side reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Justyna, Katarzyna, Joanna Małolepsza, Damian Kusy, Waldemar Maniukiewicz, and Katarzyna M. Błażewska. "The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (June 23, 2020): 1436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.119.

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The McKenna reaction is a well-known and popular method for the efficient and mild synthesis of organophosphorus acids. Bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) is the main reagent in this reaction, which transforms dialkyl phosphonate esters into bis(trimethylsilyl)esters, which are then easily converted into the target acids. However, the versatile character of the McKenna reaction is not always used to its full extent, due to formation of side products. Herein, demonstrated by using model examples we have not only analyzed the typical side processes accompanying the McKenna reaction, but also uncovered new ones. Further, we discovered that some commonly recommended precautions did not always circumvent the side reactions. The proposed results and recommendations may facilitate the synthesis of phosphonic acids.

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2

Fang, Wenting, Hualei Hu, Zhongsen Ma, Lei Wang, and Yajie Zhang. "Two Possible Side Reaction Pathways during Furanic Etherification." Catalysts 8, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8090383.

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The revealing mechanism of side reactions is crucial for obtaining theoretical yield in industrialization when 2,5-bis(methoxymethyl)furan (BMMF) yield is above 95%. By-products catalyzed by the conventional ZSM-5 (C-ZSM-5) and hierarchical porous ZSM-5 (HP-ZSM-5) catalytic systems were different, and some key by-products were identified. Thus, possible pathways were proposed, which helps to further improve BMMF selectivity. Additionally, HP-ZSM-5 exhibited quicker reaction rate, higher BMMF yield and selectivity, and slower deactivation process. The relatively weak acidity of HP-ZSM-5 suppresses the ring-opening reaction and subsequent side reactions, and introduction of mesopores improves mass transport and slightly increases hydration of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF).

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3

Le Chevalier Isaad, Alexandra, Anna Maria Papini, Michael Chorev, and Paolo Rovero. "Side chain-to-side chain cyclization by click reaction." Journal of Peptide Science 15, no. 7 (May 19, 2009): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psc.1141.

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4

CHEN, SHUI-TEIN, LEE-CHIANG LO, SHIH-HSIUNG WU, and KUNG-TSUNG WANG. "Side reaction in peptide synthesis." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 35, no. 1 (January 12, 2009): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00720.x.

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5

Vos, J., and P. M. van Bergem-Jansen. "Greenhouse lighting side-effects: Community reaction." Lighting Research and Technology 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14771535950270010301.

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6

Rogers, Ian L., and Kevin J. Naidoo. "Multidimensional Reaction Dynamics Reveal How the Enzyme TcTS Suppresses Competing Side Reactions and Their Side Products." ACS Catalysis 6, no. 10 (August 29, 2016): 6384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b01522.

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7

Kosky, P. G., and E. P. Boden. "The interfacial polycarbonate reaction: Modeling the kinetics of carbamate side reactions." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28, no. 6 (May 1990): 1507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280617.

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8

Bennett, Brad C., and Mark Yeager. "The Lighter Side of a Sweet Reaction." Structure 18, no. 6 (June 2010): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2010.05.006.

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9

Cerny, Christoph. "The Aroma Side of the Maillard Reaction." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1126, no. 1 (April 2008): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.011.

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10

Nagaraj, Ram H., Ashis Biswas, Antonia Miller, Tomoko Oya-Ito, and Manjunatha Bhat. "The Other Side of the Maillard Reaction." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1126, no. 1 (April 2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.045.

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11

Liu, Yu, Daniel Hjerpe, and Torbjörn Lundh. "Side Reactions Do Not Completely Disrupt Linear Self-Replicating Chemical Reaction Systems." Artificial Life 26, no. 3 (September 2020): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00327.

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A crucial question within the fields of origins of life and metabolic networks is whether or not a self-replicating chemical reaction system is able to persist in the presence of side reactions. Due to the strong nonlinear effects involved in such systems, they are often difficult to study analytically. There are however certain conditions that allow for a wide range of these reaction systems to be well described by a set of linear ordinary differential equations. In this article, we elucidate these conditions and present a method to construct and solve such equations. For those linear self-replicating systems, we quantitatively find that the growth rate of the system is simply proportional to the sum of all the rate constants of the reactions that constitute the system (but is nontrivially determined by the relative values). We also give quantitative descriptions of how strongly side reactions need to be coupled with the system in order to completely disrupt the system.

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12

Feng, Aoqi. "Reaction plane dependent away-side modification and near-side ridge in \AuAu collisions." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 35, no. 10 (September 17, 2008): 104082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/35/10/104082.

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13

Dhikav, Vikas, and Kuljeet Singh Anand. "Acute dystonic reaction with rivastigmine." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 8 (April 8, 2013): 1385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021300029x.

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ABSTRACTDystonic reactions are adverse extrapyramidal side effects and are common to antipsychotics, antiemetics, and a variety of other drugs. Rivastigmine, an anticholinesterase of carbamate variety, is well tolerated. A case of acute dystonic reaction with rivastigmine patch is being reported.

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14

Heidlindemann, Marcel, Albrecht Berkessel, and Harald Gröger. "“Side-Product Catalysis”: Substrate Autoxidation as an Overlooked Side Reaction Generating a Co-Catalyst for Enhancing Asymmetric Aldol Reactions." ChemCatChem 9, no. 8 (March 30, 2017): 1383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201601530.

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15

Yuniati, Renni, and Matthew Brian Khrisna. "Glucocorticoids in Leprosy Reversal reaction." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjdv-2019-0011.

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Abstract Leprosy is a disease that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae which results in lots of disabilities in the patients. Leprosy is treated by multi-drug therapy regimen; however, this therapy might cause leprosy reactions in the patients. There are several types of lepromatous reaction: type 1 reaction, type 2 reaction and neuritis. Type 1 reaction mainly occurs in BB, BL and BT forms of leprosy and is characterized by exacerbation of preexisting lesions. The therapy of this reaction according to the WHO guideline is corticosteroid therapy. This article will explain several key points related to the corticosteroid therapy in leprosy reversal reactions, including the side effects and alternative therapies available.

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16

Eevers, W., L. Peeters, and H. J. Geise. "An Unexpected Side Reaction of the Benzoin Condensation." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 102, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19931020209.

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17

Schmitz, Guy, and Henri Rooze. "Utilisation de l'ortho-tolidine pour l'étude des réactions des halogénates et halogénites." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-288.

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We have shown previously that ortho-tolidine greatly simplifies the kinetic study of redox reactions of chlorite by reacting with intermediate products and eliminating side reactions. The present study shows the validity of the method in the case of bromate reactions. For the bromate–bromide reaction it gives the classical fourth-order rate law with k = 1.54 M−3 s−1 in perchloric acid solutions at 25 °C and 1 M ionic strength, and an acidity constant of bromic acid of 2.9. This method is then used to study the reaction between bromate and chlorite, a complex reaction in the absence of ortho-tolidine. The rate law is[Formula: see text]with k = 0.83 + 0.76 [H+] in the same conditions. If [H+] = 0.1 M the apparent activation energy is 47.4 kJ/mol.

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18

Zhao, Wen Bo, Ning Zhao, Fu Kui Xiao, and Wei Wei. "Pseudo-Homogenous Kinetics Model for the Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Urea and Methanol with Heterogeneous Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.481.

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The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from urea and methanol includes two main reactions: one amino of urea is substituted by methoxy to produce the intermediate methyl carbamate (MC) which further converts to DMC via reaction with methanol again. In a stainless steel autoclave, the kinetics of these reactions was separately investigated without catalyst and with Zn-containing catalyst. Without catalyst, for the first reaction, the reaction kinetics can be described as first order with respect to the concentrations of methanol and methyl carbamate (MC), respectively. For the second reaction, the results exhibit characteristics of zero-order reaction. Over Zn-containing catalyst, the first reaction is neglected in the kinetics model since its rate is much faster than second reaction. After the optimization of reaction condition, the macro-kinetic parameters of the second reaction are obtained by fitting the experimental data to a pseudo-homogenous model, in which a side reaction of DMC synthesis is incorporated since it decreases the yield of DMC drastically at high temperature. The activation energy of the reaction from MC to DMC is 104 KJ/mol while that of the side reaction of DMC is 135 KJ/mol.

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19

Husár, Jakub, Jiří Pecha, Lubomír Šánek, and Karel Kolomaznik. "Modelling of the kinetics of transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with different reactant dosing procedures." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929201029.

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Transesterification of triglycerides is a common method in the production of biodiesel, specifically methyl esters of fatty acids. In this work, the transesterification kinetics was studied for an unusual dosing procedure taking into account the side reaction - hydrolysis. This unwanted side reaction, called saponification, causes the deactivation of the used catalyst and decreases the purity of biodiesel, the main product of transesterification. For these reasons, a model of methanolysis has been designed and clarified considering both the main and side reactions with various dosing of raw material and catalyst. The suggested mathematical model is capable of predicting the state of the reaction mixture in time under different initial reaction mixture composition and different reaction temperature. The verified model could be useful for the estimation of optimal conditions and dosage procedure of methanolysis under which saponification is reduced, and is also important for the design of industrial manufacturing process, equipment and process control algorithms.

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20

Wang, Jinghua, Hongyou Cui, Yong Wang, Rongrong Zhao, Yujiao Xie, Ming Wang, and Weiming Yi. "Efficient catalytic conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid in the biphasic system of molten salt hydrate and methyl isobutyl ketone." Green Chemistry 22, no. 13 (2020): 4240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00897d.

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21

Fairall, C. W., D. Helmig, L. Ganzeveld, and J. Hare. "Water-side turbulence enhancement of ozone deposition to the ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 2 (January 25, 2007): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-443-2007.

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Abstract. A parameterization for the deposition velocity of an ocean-reactive atmospheric gas (such as ozone) is developed. The parameterization is based on integration of the turbulent-molecular transport equation (with a chemical source term) in the ocean. It extends previous work that only considered reactions within the oceanic molecular sublayer. The sensitivity of the ocean-side transport to reaction rate and wind forcing is examined. A more complicated case with a much more reactive thin surfactant layer is also considered. The full atmosphere-ocean deposition velocity is obtained by matching boundary conditions at the interface. For an assumed ocean reaction rate of 103 s−1, the enhancement for ozone deposition by oceanic turbulence is found to be up to a factor of three for meteorological data obtained in a recent cruise off the East Coast of the U.S.

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22

Fairall, C. W., D. Helmig, L. Ganzeveld, and J. Hare. "Water-side turbulence enhancement of ozone deposition to the ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2006): 5137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-5137-2006.

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Abstract. A parameterization for the deposition velocity of an ocean-reactive atmospheric gas (such as ozone) is developed. The parameterization is based on integration of the turbulent-molecular transport equation (with a chemical source term) in the ocean. It extends previous work that only considered reactions within the oceanic molecular sublayer. The sensitivity of the ocean-side transport to reaction rate and wind forcing is examined. A more complicated case with a much more reactive thin surfactant layer is also considered. The full atmosphere-ocean deposition velocity is obtained by matching boundary conditions at the interface. For an assumed ocean reaction rate of 103 s-1, the enhancement for ozone deposition by oceanic turbulence is found to be up to a factor of three for meteorological data obtained in a recent cruise off the East Coast of the U.S.

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23

KAMIKURA, Mieko. "Separation and Determination of Intermediates and Side Reaction Products in Food Red No. 3 (Erythrosine) and Stabilities of Side Reaction Products." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 26, no. 6 (1985): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.26.643.

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24

van Oppen, James David, Neeta Patel, and Aamir Tarique. "Hyperkinetic reaction to dihydrocodeine." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 1 (January 2020): e233264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-233264.

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A young man was using dihydrocodeine analgesia for ear pain having had suppurative otitis media. He attended the emergency department with restlessness and twitching movements in his arms and legs. He had fever with otherwise normal vital signs. He had no signs of cerebellar pathology. Investigations were normal. The working diagnosis was of hyperkinetic reaction to dihydrocodeine. Symptoms resolved within 48 hours of withdrawing the drug. Serotonin toxicity is a rare side effect of dihydrocodeine. There is a theoretical basis for increased side effects when taken with cannabidiol-based substances.

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25

Colborne, G. R. "Are sound dogs mechanically symmetric at trot?" Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 21, no. 03 (2008): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617375.

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SummaryA two-year-old, sound Labrador Retriever was determined to be ’right hind limb dominant’ by comparison of total hind limb moments of support using inverse dynamics. Net joint moments at the hip, tarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints were larger on the right side. Vertical joint reaction forces at the stifle were larger on the right, and horizontal stifle joint reaction forces were smaller on the right. The crus segment was more cranially inclined on the right side through most of stance, but the angle of the resultant stifle joint reaction force vector against the long axis of the crus segment was identical between the right and left sides. The cranially inclined crus segment orientation on one side, coupled with the larger vertical joint reaction force, may result in an internal asymmetry in stifle joint mechanics, although the effects of this on cruciate ligament stresses remain to be determined.

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26

Minamino, Yoritoshi, Nobuhiro Tsuji, Yuichiro Koizumi, Y. Nakamizo, M. Sato, Toshiya Shibayanagi, and Masaaki Naka. "Enhancement of Reaction of Zinc on Superficially Nanocrystallized IF Steel by Near Surface-Severe Plasitc Deformation." Materials Science Forum 512 (April 2006): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.512.361.

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The reaction between the zinc plate (ZP) and the IF steel with near surface ultra fine grains (NSUFG) structure with grain size of about 89 nm was studied in temperature range of 473K to 623K in order to elucidate the temperature dependence of the reactions and its mechanism, by comparison with the reactions of ZP to coarse grains (CG) sheet, superficial cold rolled CG sheet (CG+R) and superficial cold rolled NSUFG sheet (NSUFG+R). It was found that this NSUFG structure considerably affected reactions between IF steel and ZP. There was almost no effect of superficial cold rolling on their reactions, but the NSUFG structure dramatically enhanced the reactions. The incubation times for appearance of the reaction layer and its layer width of ZP /(NSUFG or NSUFG+R) reactions are shorter and thicker than those of the ZP/(CG or CG+R) ones. The activation energy for reaction was 107kJ/mol, which indicates that the volume diffusion in zinc side and the grain boundary diffusion in the iron side play an important role in the reaction. The layer growth up to the layer thickness less than about 10µm was controlled mainly by the interface reaction and it over about 10µm mainly by the diffusion mass transfer.

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27

Kaiser, L. H. W. M., and M. P. J. Schols. "Dystonie reactions and hallucinations: a rare adverse-effect?" Acta Neuropsychiatrica 4, no. 1 (March 1992): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800034955.

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SummaryDystonie reactions and hallucinations: a rare adverse-effect? One of the intriguing side-effects of neuroleptics is the acute dystonie reaction like oculogyric crises. It is seldom mentioned that the dystonie reaction may be combined with hallucinations. This combination of acute dystonia with hallucinations may be explained by overstimulation of dopamine-receptors in the striatal neurons. Awareness of these hallucinations as a complication of neuroleptics is essential to prevent that neuroleptic dose will be increased; instead it must be lowered. Prevention of the dystonia is critical. These side effects may be suppressed with anti-parkinsonian drugs. Information to the patient in due time may prevent anxiety about the side effects.

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28

Wang, I.-Lin, Jin-Jiang Gao, Li-I. Wang, and Ke-Ke Zhang. "Effects of shoe weight on landing impact and side-to-side asymmetry." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0256061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256061.

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Shoes of different weights affect proprioception. Drop jump (DJ) tasks are often used to explore the risks and mechanisms of lower limb injuries. Leg dominance mainly refers to differences between the dominant and nondominant legs. Eight males and eight females participated in this study. The weights of the shoes in this investigation were 255 g, 335 g, and 415 g, and the heights of the DJ were 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm. The side-to-side asymmetry of the time of contact initiation for the 30DJ was greater than that of the 40DJ and 50DJ, and the asymmetry for shoes weighing 415 g and 355 g was greater than that for shoes weighing 255 g. When the drop height increased, the side-to-side asymmetry of the peak ground reaction force (PGRF). also increased. The ground contact time increased as the drop height increased to 50DJ. Higher drop heights caused greater side-to-side asymmetry of the PGRF. Heavier shoes caused the peak ground reaction force time (PGRFT) in the nondominant leg to appear earlier, reduced the jump height and affected the performance. Heavier shoes caused greater side-to-side asymmetry at the initial ground contact and at the ground contact time, affecting training effectiveness.

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29

Summala, Heikki, Jarkko Hietamäki, Antero Lehikoinen, and Jukka Vierimaa. "Patrol Car Reduces Driver Reaction Times." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 15 (October 1988): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761802.

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This research showed that when having passed a patrol car on the road side, drivers' responses to a cyclist coming from a side road occur at a shorter latency. When stopped and interviewed afterwards, the drivers were not able to veridically estimate the time available for their response.

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30

YAMABUKI, Kazuhiro, Suguru NAKAE, Yukio ISOBE, Kenjiro ONIMURA, and Tsutomu OISHI. "Synthesis of Side-chain-type-polyrotaxane by Metathesis Reaction." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 64, no. 12 (2007): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.64.949.

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31

Fenn, Timothy D., Geoffrey F. Stamper, Anthony A. Morollo, and Dagmar Ringe. "A Side Reaction of Alanine Racemase: Transamination of Cycloserine†,‡." Biochemistry 42, no. 19 (May 2003): 5775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi027022d.

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32

Tkac, Peter, Sergey Chemerisov, Roman Gromov, Jeongseog Song, Jerry Nolen, Vakhtang Makarashvili, and George Vandegrift. "Side-reaction products identified for photo-nuclear production of99Mo." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 326, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07307-1.

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33

Giudice, Amerigo, Francesco Liborio, Fiorella Averta, Selene Barone, and Leonzio Fortunato. "Oral Lichenoid Reaction: An Uncommon Side Effect of Rituximab." Case Reports in Dentistry 2019 (November 6, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3154856.

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Oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) can be caused by systemic drug exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report describing a case of OLR induced by rituximab administration in a patient with a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. After 5 doses of rituximab, a typical pattern of OLP was identified with bilateral and symmetrical lesions on the buccal mucosa and on the right lingual margin. This temporal relationship suggested a probable association between oral lesions and drug therapy. The clinical diagnosis of a rituximab-induced OLR was confirmed by an incisional biopsy reporting a histopathological result of lichenoid mucositis consistent with oral lichen planus. Because of the increasing use of rituximab, it is necessary to know and recognize this uncommon side effect.

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34

Adams Hillard, Paula J. "The patient's reaction to side effects of oral contraceptives." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161, no. 5 (November 1989): 1412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(89)90706-0.

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35

Darula, Zsuzsanna, and Katalin F. Medzihradszky. "Glycan Side Reaction May Compromise ETD-Based Glycopeptide Identification." Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 6 (March 25, 2014): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13361-014-0852-9.

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36

Brandt, Krystina, Johan C. van de Grampel, Auke Meetsma, and Andries P. Jekel. "Controlled hydrolysis, an important side reaction in phosphazene chemistry." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 110, no. 1 (September 2, 2010): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19911100108.

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37

Li, Siheng, Honghao Cai, Jilin He, Haoqing Chen, Srujana Lam, Tao Cai, Zhiling Zhu, Steven J. Bark, and Chengzhi Cai. "Extent of the Oxidative Side Reactions to Peptides and Proteins During the CuAAC Reaction." Bioconjugate Chemistry 27, no. 10 (September 14, 2016): 2315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00267.

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38

SPÍrkovÁ, M., M. KubÍn, and K. DuSek. "Side Reactions in the Formation of Polyurethanes: Stability of Reaction Products of Phenyl Isocyanate." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 27, no. 4 (1990): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329008544751.

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39

Špírková, M., M. Kubín, and K. Dušek. "Side Reactions in the Formation of Polyurethanes: Stability of Reaction Products of Phenyl Isocyanate." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 27, no. 4 (April 1990): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222339009349572.

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40

Scharff, Peter. "Elektrochemische Untersuchungen an Graphitsalzen mit HNO3, HClO4, HReO4 und halogenierten Essigsäuren / Electrochemical Investigations on Graphite Salts with HNO3, HClO4, HReO4 and Halogenated Acetic Acids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 44, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1989-0709.

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HNO3, HClO4, HReO4 and CF3COOH have been intercalated into graphite by anodizing pieces of HOPG. Attempts to intercalate ClCH2COOH have failed.CV measurements and pulsed galvanostatic experiments were performed to ascertain possible side reactions as well as the reversibility of the intercalation process.Whereas the intercalation reaction proved to be fast in the cases of HNO3, HClO4 and HReO4, it was slow and superposed by side reactions when CF3COOH was used.

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41

Tsuda, Yusuke, Yuki Matsuda, and Takaaki Matsuda. "Soluble Polyimides Bearing Long-Chain Alkyl Groups on Their Side ChainviaPolymer Reaction." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/972541.

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Novel soluble polyimides having long-chain alkyl groups on their side chain were synthesizedviapolymer reaction with the polyimides having phenolic OH groups and 3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)benzoic acid (12GA) using N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a dehydration reagent. The polyimides having phenolic OH groups were synthesized from the tetracarboxylic dianhydrides such as 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuryl)-3-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (cyclohexene-DA), 4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidendi(phthalic anhydride) (6FDA), and 3,3′,4,4′-diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (DSDA) and aromatic diamines such as 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dihydroxybiphenyl (HAB). The polymer reactions were carried out in NMP and the progresses of polymer reactions were quantitatively monitored by1H NMR measurements (conversion; 12.2–98.7%). The obtained polyimides bearing long-chain alkyl groups have enough molecular weights, good film-forming ability, good solubility for various organic solvents, and enough thermal stability. The water contact angles of the polyimide films were investigated, and it is noted that the introduction of long-chain alkyl groups increases the hydrophobicity of polyimide surface. These polyimides are expected to be applicable as the functional materials for microelectronics such as the alignment layers of LCDs.

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42

Wu, Kang, Junyang Wang, Qi Li, Yuqiang Yang, Xin Deng, Rongbin Dang, Meimei Wu, Zhijian Wu, Xiaoling Xiao, and Xiqian Yu. "In situ synthesis of a nickel concentration gradient structure of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 with promising superior electrochemical properties at high cut-off voltage." Nanoscale 12, no. 20 (2020): 11182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01557a.

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Pielichowski, Jan, Roman Popielarz, and Ryszard Chrzaszcz. "A novel synthesis of N-vinylcarbazoles: Reaction conditions and mechanism of the side reaction." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 23, no. 7 (July 1985): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.130230708.

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Cianferoni, Antonella. "Eosinophilic Esophagitis as a Side Effect of Food Oral Immunotherapy." Medicina 56, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56110618.

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Food allergies (FAs) include a spectrum of immune-mediated serious and potentially life-threatening medical conditions with an overall estimated prevalence ranging from 4% to 8% in the U.S. and Europe. Significant progress in food allergen-specific immunotherapy has been accomplished over the past 10 years. The most studied strategy has been oral immunotherapy (OIT), also known as food desensitization, a treatment in which a child is slowly and deliberately given a small amount of the food to ingest (that previously was a food allergy trigger) with the ultimate goal of the child eating that food without a reaction. OIT is now recommended in the European guidelines for the treatment of milk, egg, and peanut allergies and was the first American Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved product for the prevention of severe reaction to peanuts in 4–17 year olds to be released on the market. The side effects associated with OIT treatment trials are mild to moderate, predominantly oropharyngeal, and easily treated. More severe reactions, such as generalized urticaria/angioedema, wheezing/respiratory distress, laryngeal edema, and repetitive emesis, have been reported. However systemic reactions are very rare. Low-dose immunotherapy is associated with significantly fewer side effects. Currently, its most limiting allergic side effect is that approximately 10–15% of subjects treated with OIT experience gastrointestinal symptoms, preventing the continuation of therapy. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has also been reported as a cause of persistent abdominal symptoms in OIT.

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Karimi, Javad. "Effects of Solvent and Side-Chain Length on the Cycloaddition of Cyclopentadiene to N-alkylmaleimides: A Dft Study." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 42, no. 1 (February 2017): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/146867816x14799161258398.

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Quantum chemistry calculations have been performed to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between cyclopentadiene and N-alkylmaleimides in the gas phase and different solvents. To investigate the effects of side-chain length on the cycloaddition reaction, the rate constants and kinetic parameters of the reaction between cyclopentadiene with N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-propyl- and N-butyl-maleimide were calculated. The results obtained indicate that the reaction in solvents is faster than in the gas phase. Moreover, the dipole moments of the transition states are larger than those of the reactants. Therefore, the reactions in the most polar solvent (water) are faster than in ethanol, n-hexane, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and acetonitrile. Quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations on the reactions using the explicit solvent model for water and TFE indicate that hydrogen bond interactions of the solvents have a key role in the rate of the reaction and these are more important than the polarity of the solvent. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals that the charge transfer between the reactants in solvents is more than in the gas phase. Finally, HOMO–LUMO analysis indicates that solvents increase the reactivity of the reactants in comparison to the gas phase.

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Wang, Miao, Elisabeth Sjöholm, and Jiebing Li. "Fast and reliable quantification of lignin reactivity via reaction with dimethylamine and formaldehyde (Mannich reaction)." Holzforschung 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0054.

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Abstract The influence of pH on the Mannich reaction (amino alkylation in the presence of formaldehyde) has been analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with vanillin (VA) as a model compound and a purified softwood kraft lignin (SKL) as a substrate. The reaction products of VA were studied at pH 5, 7, and 9 at 60°C for 4 h. The Mannich adduct and side reaction products with methylene bridge were found at both pH 7 and 9, while only di-substituted by-products were observed at pH 5. Nitrogen contents determined from blank runs were substantial at pH 5 and negligible at pH 7. In VA or SKL, the resulting N-contents at pH 7 corresponded to a 76 or 62 mol% of the theory, respectively, i.e. based on the available C5 positions in phenolic guaiacyl units (G-units). In the case of SKL, 31P-NMR analysis confirmed a 77% conversion of all phenolic G-units into their C5 substituted derivatives. The Mannich reaction should be performed on lignin at pH 7 for 1 h to suppress unwanted side reactions, which could be observed by LC-MS under other pH conditions. The reaction is suitable for fast and reliable determination of reactive C5-positions in lignin by multiplication of the N-content of the reaction products with a factor of 1.6.

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Sharma, Kamlesh. "Exploring the Neighbouring Group Participatory Mechanism in Glycosylation Reaction." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 11 (November 29, 2020): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178617666200225104704.

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Glycosyl donors have been experimentally shown to have a high tendency for acyl transfer to the alcohol nucleophile as a major side product during glycosylation reactions. Therefore, a neighbouring group participatory mechanism of glycosylation is explored using D-galactopyranose based donor having 2-O-acyl functionality by employing density functional theory. The reaction proceeds via galactopyranosyl dioxolenium ion as a stable intermediate, which leads to the formation of α-glycoside 4, orthoester (5 or 6) and acyl transfer 7 as side products. The mechanism of the stereoselective formation of β-glycoside is investigated. Moreover, all the possible intermediates and transition states have been explored.

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Černý, Ivan, Vladimír Pouzar, Pavel Drašar, František Tureček, and Miroslav Havel. "Steroids with the β-crotonate (2-butenoate) side chain." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 1 (1986): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19860128.

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Ethyl (20E)-3β-methoxymethoxy-24-nor-5,20(22)-choladien-23-oate (Va) and analogous derivatives with 5α,5β and Δ5,14 steroid moiety (Vb,Vc and Vd, respectively) were prepared by Wittig-Horner reaction of the corresponding ketones IIa-IId with diethyl ethoxycarbonylmethylphosphonate. In this case the reaction affords exclusively the (E)-isomers, in contrast with the Peterson reaction with lithium salt of ethyl 2-(trimethylsilyl)acetate which gives a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers at the Δ20(22) double bond. The structure of the products was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The crotonates Va-Vd were further converted into the 3-O-succinyl derivatives VIIIa-VIIId.

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Egbewande, Folake A., Mark J. Coster, Ian D. Jenkins, and Rohan A. Davis. "Reaction of Papaverine with Baran DiversinatesTM." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 31, 2019): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213938.

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The reaction of papaverine with a series of Baran DiversinatesTM is reported. Although the yields were low, it was possible to synthesize a small biodiscovery library using this plant alkaloid as a scaffold for late-stage C–H functionalization. Ten papaverine analogues (2–11), including seven new compounds, were synthesized. An unexpected radical-induced exchange reaction is reported where the dimethoxybenzyl group of papaverine was replaced by an alkyl group. This side reaction enabled the synthesis of additional novel fragments based on the isoquinoline scaffold, which is present in numerous natural products. Possible reasons for the poor yields in the DiversinateTM reactions with this particular scaffold are discussed.

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TSUCHIDA, Jun, Masahiro MATSUOKA, Mitsuru KONNO, Kotaro TANAKA, Satoshi SAKAIDA, and Akira OBUCHI. "Study on hydrolysis reaction of isocyanic acid and its side reactions on urea SCR catalyst." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2018 (2018): J0710405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2018.j0710405.

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