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1
Blumenberg, Evelyn, and Renia Ehrenfeucht. "Civil Liberties and the Regulation of Public Space: The Case of Sidewalks in Las Vegas." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 2 (2008): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37429.
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Conflicts over the nature of and rights associated with public space have a long history and have prompted numerous regulatory responses. Perhaps nowhere in the USA has the regulation of public space been as far-reaching as in Las Vegas, Nevada, where the financial stakes associated with sidewalks are enormous. This study examines how local officials mediate among varied and competing uses of the sidewalk. In defining the function of the sidewalks narrowly and passively deferring questions of civil liberties, local officials have effectively controlled almost all aspects of public behavior. In recent years, cities have invested in major commercial realization projects. Evidence from this case study suggests that, if successful, these developments will engender more extensive regulation of public life and the further curtailment of the freedoms traditionally guaranteed to citizen activity in public places.
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Kvitchuk, Anatoly. "Ensuring road safety: the main stages of institutionalization in Russia." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, no. 2 (2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2021-2-41-49.
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The article is devoted to the historical and legal study of the development and formation of the road safety system, the regularity of its development, legal regulation, especially during the period of motorization of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Republic, when the legislator set the tasks of ensuring road safety in a concrete form. Their consolidation in normative legal acts was of a casual nature, for example: avoid riding horses and bicycles on sidewalks; observe that painters with tubs, buckets and other accessories, hand carts and sleds, do not walk on the sidewalks, but follow the roads, obeying the general order of traffic on the street; not allowed to play balls, and similar games in the street in front of the houses, to fly kites, to wear uncovered mirrors so as not to frighten horses, to clutter the sidewalks with barrels, tar boxes, and firewood, and to prevent peddlers and merchants from blocking the free passage on the bridge and the passage on the sidewalk with their trays.
 The international experience of traffic regulation was used. Special attention was paid to the training of the driver’s staff. The propaganda of road safety of the Soviet society was widely introduced in all spheres of life, and then became part of the ideological education of the Soviet person. New «Traffic rules on the streets of cities, settlements and roads of the USSR» were approved. The State Traffic Inspectorate was reformed and new technologies were introduced into its activities, control and supervision of traffic was improved with the use of technical means and innovative technologies, which certainly affected a significant reduction in accidents in Russia.
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LIN, WENXIAN, S. W. ARMFIELD, and JOHN C. PATTERSON. "Cooling of aPr<1 fluid in a rectangular container." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 574 (February 15, 2007): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112006003703.
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The flow behaviour associated with the cooling of an initially quiescent isothermal Newtonian fluid with Prandtl numberPrless than unity in a rectangular container by unsteady natural convection with an imposed lower temperature on vertical sidewalls is investigated by scaling analysis and direct numerical simulation. The flow is dominated by two distinct stages of development. i.e the boundary-layer development stage adjacent to the sidewall and the subsequent cooling-down stage. The first stage can be further divided into a start-up stage, transitional stage, and steady-state stage. The parameters characterizing the flow behaviour are the boundary-layer thickness, the maximum vertical velocity within the boundary layer, the time for the boundary layer to reach the steady state, the Nusselt number across the sidewall at the boundary-layer development stage, the time for the fluid in the container to be fully cooled down, and the average fluid temperature over the whole volume of the container.
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Basiuk, Vladimir A., and Maria Bassiouk. "Nanoassembly of meso-Tetraphenylporphines on Surfaces of Carbon Materials: Initial Steps as Studied by Molecular Mechanics and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 1 (2008): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18126.
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We employed MM+ molecular mechanical modeling and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in order to analyze the initial steps of nanoassembly of meso-tetraphenylporphine H2 TPP and its cobalt(II) complex CoTPP on the surface of highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). According to the MM+ results, monolayer H2 TPP adsorption is more favorable energetically than the formation of porphyrin stacks on both graphite and nanotube sidewall; the formation of parallel interacting chains of H2 TPP on graphite is more preferable than the growth of long single chains; and the assembly into a long-period helixis favored versus the formation of a short-period helixon SWNT sidewall. STM observations of CoTPP complex deposited onto bare HOPG and onto the graphite with deposited SWNTs are consistent with theoretical results. At the same time, both CoTPP single chains and ribbons were observed on HOPG. The formation of short-period helices on the nanotube sidewalls was concluded to be more likely than the long-period helical nanoassembly.
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Kesters, Els, Q. T. Le, I. Simms, K. Nafus, H. Struyf, and S. De Gendt. "Wet Removal of Post-Etch Residues by a Combination of UV Irradiation and a SC1 Process." Solid State Phenomena 195 (December 2012): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.114.
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In back-end of line processing (BEOL), the polymer deposited on the dielectric sidewalls during the etch process must be removed prior to subsequent processing steps to achieve high adhesion and good coverage of materials deposited in the etched features [1, . Typically, this is done by a combination of a short plasma treatment and a diluted wet clean, or by wet cleans alone. On the one hand, for porous dielectric stacks, a mild plasma treatment that preserves the integrity of the low-k dielectrics would not be sufficient to effectively remove this residue. With regard to wet clean, diluted aqueous solutions (e.g. HF-based) are not efficient for polymer removal without etching the underlying dielectric to lift off the polymer, leading to unacceptable critical dimension (CD) loss. In addition, analytical techniques available for direct characterization of sidewall residues are limited. For a fast screening of potential chemistries capable of dissolving/removing polymer residues generated during the low-k etch, a model fluoropolymer was deposited on a blanket, checkerboard low-k substrate. The present study mainly focused on the characterization of model polymer after deposition (as-deposited) and after immersion in aqueous and solvent-based cleaning solutions. The polymer removal efficiency was influenced/ improved by UV treatments prior to wet clean processes. In the second part of the study, selected UV treatment conditions and cleaning solutions were applied to low-k patterned structures using Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) to characterize the dielectric sidewall before and after UV modification and the subsequent cleaning process.
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Oh, Seung Hun, Sang Uk Cho, Chang Seok Kim, Young Geun Han, Cheon-Soo Cho, and Myung Yung Jeong. "Fabrication of nickel stamp with improved sidewall roughness for optical devices." Microelectronic Engineering 88, no. 9 (2011): 2900–2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.03.021.
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BEWLEY, W. W., C. S. KIM, M. KIM та ін. "HIGH-PERFORMANCE INTERBAND CASCADE LASERS FOR λ = 3-4.5 μm". International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 21, № 01 (2012): 1250014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156412500140.
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We discuss the single-mode performance characteristics of midwave-infrared interband cascade lasers. Broad-area devices with 5 active stages display pulsed threshold current densities as low as 375 A/cm2 and threshold power densities as low as 920 W/cm2 at room temperature, owing in part to the suppression of Auger recombination. Narrow ridges were processed using optical lithography to incorporate a periodically-corrugated pattern into the sidewalls. The corrugations are intended to suppress lasing in higher-order lateral modes, and also provide a 4th-order grating for distributed feedback. A corrugated-sidewall device operating at T = -20° C produced more than 46 mW of cw output in a single spectral mode, with a peak wallplug efficiency of 7.6%. The device maintains single-mode operation at current densities up to 10 times the lasing threshold, and the single-mode tuning range is 26 nm if both current and temperature are varied. Another device operating at -23°C produces up to 31 mW of single-mode power in the 3.3142-3.3164 μm range that spans several of the strongest absorption signature lines for methane.
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Zhu, Weimo, and Miyoung Lee. "Invariance of Wearing Location of Omron-BI Pedometers: A Validation Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 6 (2010): 706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.6.706.
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Background:The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability evidences of the Omron BI pedometer, which could count steps taken even when worn at different locations on the body.Methods:Forty (20 males and 20 females) adults were recruited to walk wearing 5 sets, 1 set at a time, of 10 BI pedometers during testing, 1 each at 10 different locations. For comparison, they also wore 2 Yamax Digi-Walker SW-200 pedometers and a Dynastream AMP 331 activity monitor. The subjects walked in 3 free-living conditions: a fat sidewalk, stairs, and mixed conditions.Results:Except for a slight decrease in accuracy in the pant pocket locations, Omron BI pedometers counted steps accurately across other locations when subjects walked on the fat sidewalk, and the performance was consistent across devices and trials. When the subjects climbed up stairs, however, the absolute error % of the pant pocket locations increased significantly (P < .05) and similar or higher error rates were found in the AMP 331 and SW-200s.Conclusions:The Omron BI pedometer can accurately count steps when worn at various locations on the body in free-living conditions except for front pant pocket locations, especially when climbing stairs.
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Gu, Lei, Xinxin Li, Haifei Bao, et al. "Single-wafer-processed nano-positioning XY-stages with trench-sidewall micromachining technology." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 16, no. 7 (2006): 1349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/7/032.
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Foster, M. R., and R. J. Munro. "The linear spin-up of a stratified, rotating fluid in a square cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 712 (September 14, 2012): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.402.
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AbstractHere we present experimental and theoretical results for how a stratified fluid, initially rotating as a solid body with constant angular velocity, $\Omega $, within a closed cylinder of square cross-section, is spun up when subject to a small, impulsive increase, $ \mrm{\Delta} \Omega $, in the cylinder’s rotation rate. The fluid’s adjustment to the new state of solid rotation can be characterized by: (a) an inviscid, horizontal starting flow which conserves the vorticity of the initial condition; (b) the eruption of Ekman layer fluid from the perimeter region of the cylinder’s base and lid; (c) horizontal-velocity Rayleigh layers that grow into the interior from the container’s sidewalls; and (d) the formation and decay of columnar vortices in the vertical corner regions. Asymptotic results describe the inviscid starting flow, and the subsequent interior spin-up that occurs due to the combined effects of Ekman suction through the base and lid Ekman layers, and the growth of the sidewall Rayleigh layers. Attention is focused on the flow development over the spin-up time scale ${T}_{s} = {E}^{\ensuremath{-} 1/ 2} {\Omega }^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $, where $E$ is the Ekman number. (The spin-up process over the much longer diffusive time scale, ${T}_{d} = {E}^{\ensuremath{-} 1} {\Omega }^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $, is not considered here.) Experiments were performed using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) to measure horizontal velocity components at fixed heights within the flow interior and at regular stages during the spin-up period. The velocity data obtained are shown to be in excellent agreement with the asymptotic theory.
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Le, Quoc Toan, F. Drieskens, T. Conard, et al. "Modification of Post-Etch Residues by UV for Wet Removal." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.207.
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In back-end of line processing, the polymer deposited on the dielectric sidewalls during the etch must be removed prior to subsequent processing steps to achieve high adhesion and good coverage of materials deposited in the etched features [1,. Typically, this is done by a combination of short plasma treatment and diluted wet clean, or by wet cleans alone. On the one hand, for porous dielectric stacks, a mild plasma treatment that preserves the integrity of the low-k dielectrics would not be sufficient to efficiently remove this residue. Furthermore, aqueous cleaning solutions is not efficient to achieve a complete removal without etching the underlying layer. Hence appropriate wet clean chemistries are needed to dissolve/decompose these polymers without etching the dielectric. On the other hand, analytical techniques available for direct characterization of sidewall polymer are limited. For a fast screening of potential chemistries capable of dissolving/removing polymer residues generated during the low-k etch, a fluoropolymer deposited on a blanket, checkerboard low-k substrate was used as a model polymer. In our recent study [, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it was shown that the polymer was composed of CF, CF2, and CF3 groups. This model polymer was found to be very similar to the polymer residue generated during the etch of the low-k stack using similar plasma. The present study mainly focused on the effect of UV treatment and the concentration of active component in wet clean solution on the structure change of the polymer and the enhancement of polymer removal.
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Whiteman, C. David, Manuela Lehner, Sebastian W. Hoch, et al. "The Nocturnal Evolution of Atmospheric Structure in a Basin as a Larger-Scale Katabatic Flow Is Lifted over Its Rim." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 4 (2018): 969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0156.1.
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AbstractThe successive stages of nocturnal atmospheric structure inside a small isolated basin are investigated when a katabatically driven flow on an adjacent tilted plain advects cold air over the basin rim. Data came from Arizona’s Meteor Crater during intensive observing period 4 of the Second Meteor Crater Experiment (METCRAX II) when a mesoscale flow above the plain was superimposed on the katabatic flow leading to a flow acceleration and then deceleration over the course of the night. Following an overflow-initiation phase, the basin atmosphere over the upwind inner sidewall progressed through three stages as the katabatic flow accelerated: 1) a cold-air-intrusion phase in which the overflowing cold air accelerated down the upwind inner sidewall, 2) a bifurcation phase in which the katabatic stable layer lifted over the rim included both a nonnegatively buoyant upper layer that flowed horizontally over the basin and a negatively buoyant lower layer (the cold-air intrusion) that continued on the slope below to create a hydraulic jump at the foot of the sidewall, and 3) a final warm-air-intrusion phase in which shear instability in the upper overflowing layer produced a lee wave that brought warm air from the elevated residual layer downward into the basin. Strong winds during the third phase penetrated to the basin floor, stirring the preexisting, intensely stable, cold pool. Later in the night a wind direction change aloft decelerated the katabatic wind and the atmosphere progressed back through the bifurcation and cold-air-intrusion phases. A conceptual diagram illustrates the first four evolutionary phases.
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Essa, Z., B. Pelletier, P. Morin, et al. "Modeling boron dose loss in sidewall spacer stacks of complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistors." Solid-State Electronics 126 (December 2016): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2016.08.002.
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Suh, Kahp Y., Robert Langer, and Jörg Lahann. "Fabrication of elastomeric stamps with polymer-reinforced sidewalls via chemically selective vapor deposition polymerization of poly(p-xylylene)." Applied Physics Letters 83, no. 20 (2003): 4250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1628392.
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Okabe, Daichi, Taishi Tsuji, Masamichi Hanazato, Yasuhiro Miyaguni, Nao Asada, and Katsunori Kondo. "Neighborhood Walkability in Relation to Knee and Low Back Pain in Older People: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Study from the JAGES." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (2019): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234598.
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Few studies have focused on a relationship between the built environment and musculoskeletal pain. This study aimed to investigate an association between neighborhood walkability and knee and low back pain in older people. Data were derived from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2013, a population-based study of independently living people ≥65 years old. A cross-sectional multilevel analysis was performed, of 22,892 participants in 792 neighborhoods. Neighborhood walkability was assessed by residents’ perceptions and population density. Dependent variables were knee and low back pain restricting daily activities within the past year. The prevalence of knee pain was 26.2% and of low back pain 29.3%. After adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the prevalence ratio (PR) of knee and low back pain was significantly lower in neighborhoods with better access to parks and sidewalks, good access to fresh food stores, and higher population densities. After additionally adjusting for population density, easier walking in neighborhoods without slopes or stairs was significantly inversely correlated with knee pain (PR 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.85–0.99). Neighborhoods with walkability enhanced by good access to parks and sidewalks and fresh food stores, easy walking without slopes or stairs, and high population densities, had lower prevalences of knee and low back pain among older people. Further studies should examine environmental determinants of pain.
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Sufianti, Ely, Dewi Sawitri, Krishnai Nur Pribadi, and Tommy Firman. "Proses Kolaboratif dalam Perencanaan Berbasis Komunikasi Pada Masyarakat Non-Kolaboratif." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 29, no. 2 (2013): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v29i2.390.
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The collaborative process is a key element of the communicative-based planning. This process requires participations, equality of power, as well as adequate competence of the actors who engage the process. This condition seems difficult to occur in the societies, especially those in developing countries, in which people’s participation, equality of power, and competence are considered low (uncollaborative society). The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the collaborative process can occur or not in the context of such societies. The empirical investigation was conducted by using the qualitative research methods with a case study approach to sidewalk vendors arrangement planning at Banjarsari, Surakarta City. It shows that the planning involves the collaborative process stages and authentic dialogue, which are the key aspects of collaborative process.
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Gomez, Ricardo S., Túlio R. N. Porto, Hortência L. F. Magalhães, et al. "Natural Gas Intermittent Kiln for the Ceramic Industry: A Transient Thermal Analysis." Energies 12, no. 8 (2019): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081568.
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Drying and firing of ceramic products are processes that require high energy consumption. Making these processes more efficient can improve product quality, reduce processing time and energy consumption, and promote economic and environmental gains. In this sense, this work aims to quantify heat transfer in an intermittent ceramic kiln during the heating and cooling stages, with and without thermal insulation. All mathematical formulation is based on the first law of thermodynamics. From the results, we conclude that the greatest heat loss occurs by radiation in the sidewalls of the equipment, and that a considerable amount of energy is required to heat the sidewalls, base, and ceiling of the kiln. Further, with the use of thermal insulation, it was concluded that a high reduction in the heat lost through the sidewalls was achieved, thus providing a global energy gain of approximately 35% and a reduction in the maximum external surface temperature from 249.34 to 79.47 °C when compared to the kiln without thermal insulation, reducing the risks of work accidents and thermal discomfort when in operation.
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Fang, Nini, Elizabeth O'Brien, and Annie Pirrie. "Care, contingency and capability: ecological perspectives on higher education." Ars Educandi, no. 16 (December 31, 2019): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/ae.2019.16.10.
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This article takes a sideways look at conventional academic practices, with a view to re-instating ethical relations as the core of scholarly inquiry and revitalising interdisciplinary collaboration between academics at different stages of their careers. It focuses specifically on the deleterious effects of workload allocation models, with particular attention to how these distort relationships between colleagues.
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Леневич, О. І. "ВПЛИВ РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ НА МОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЛІСОВОЇ ПІДСТИЛКИ (НПП «СКОЛІВСЬКІ БЕСКИДИ» УКРАЇНСЬКІ КАРПАТИ)". Біорізноманіття, екологія та експериментальна біологія, № 21 (2019): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/2708-583x.2019.21.08.
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The article deals with the analysis of morphological aspects of the forest litter structure on ecological and tourist routes in the mountainous region. The study revealed that the changes in the basic parameters of the forest litter are caused by ground trampling. It was estimated that on trails between 0.5 m and 2 m wide, the stock of forest litter is 1.23-1.5 kg/m², and its capacity is 1.3-1.6 cm. With the supply of fresh foliage on the trails, the L, F and H sub-horizons can be identified there. On trails of 2 to 3 m wide, the stock of forest floor is 0.51-0.91 kg·m², that is almost twice less than on narrower trails. The capacity of the litter on trails more than 2 m wide is 0.3-0.5 cm, of which 0.2-0.4 is the F+H sub-horizon. On slopes with ≥ 15 º, the reserves and capacity of the forest litter in the lower part of the trail are about 10 % greater than in its upper part. Basically, the redistribution of forest litter is observed within a trail and its side. The stock of forest litter on the trail decreases due to the fact that the damaged litter is removed outside the trail. In the spring and summer, the forest litter is washed off by rain and melt water, forming the so-called “rollers” on its road (trail). The capacity and reserves of forest litter on the sidewalks are significantly dependent on the width and direction of the trail. The narrower the trail, the larger are the forest litter reserves and on the contary, the wider the trail, the smaller is the forest litter within the sidewalk. The capacity of the forest litter on the side of the trails of the studied routes ranges from 1.3 to 4.8 cm, and its reserves have increased to 1.44-2.26 kg·m². A composition of tree species, tree layer compactness and terrain play an important role in the formation of forest litter as well. The impact of recreation load on the soil cover was also evaluated. It was established that at the initial stages (of I-II categories) of recreation digression, the forest litter becomes compacted and crushed, forming a powerful F+H sub-horizon and covering the trail surface. As the recreation load increases (III stage/category) the stock of litter in spruce-beech-fir forest in the warm season is less than 1 kg/m².
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Sturm, W., H. Scheugenpflug, and L. Fottner. "Performance Improvements of Compressor Cascades by Controlling the Profile and Sidewall Boundary Layers." Journal of Turbomachinery 114, no. 3 (1992): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929168.
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For increasing the thrust-to-weight ratio of modern turbojet engines, the number of stages of the turbo components or at least the number of blades per stage must be minimized. This inevitably forces a higher loading of the remaining blades, for which, especially in the compressor, even the use of modern controlled diffusion airfoil concepts is limited due to the danger of flow separation. Therefore, boundary layer control can be taken into consideration. The use of blowing proves to be most obvious for applications in turbojet engines, because the required pressurized air is, due to the working process, already available. Basic investigations on this topic are described in this paper, and both the midspan and the sidewall region are covered. As a review of the pertinent literature disclosed the lack of reliable design criteria, fundamental experiments in a cascade wind tunnel were performed. The results of these measurements are reported and recommendations concerning the application of blowing in compressor cascades are given.
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Rosen, Claire, Emily Reardon, Susan Shyu, et al. "Wolffian tumor (female adnexal tumor of Wolffian origin) presenting as a pelvic side wall mass: Report of a case." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 7 (January 2019): 2050313X1983953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x19839534.
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The Wolffian tumor, previously identified as “female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin,” is a rare tumor first described in 1973. The tumor is usually benign and is characterized by diffuse and tubular patterns, accentuated by reticulum and periodic acid–Schiff stains. Immunohistochemistry is used to further identify and classify these tumors, which are positive for cytokeratins, vimentin, inhibin, calretinin, and CD10 and negative for cytokeratin 20, epithelial membrane antigen, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, 34betaE12, and glutathione S-transferase. We report the case of a 47-year-old female with Wolffian tumor arising from the pelvic sidewall, separate from all reproductive organs. This is the first reported case of Wolffian tumor in this location.
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Atmodiwirjo, Parintosa, Mohamad Rachadian Ramadan, Sara Ester Triatmoko, and Maryam Nur Arina. "Multi-stages Aesthetic Refinement Following Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap for Head and Neck Reconstruction." Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi 7, no. 1 (2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14228/jpr.v7i1.298.
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Introduction: Multi-stages refinement of a bulky flap after composite defects reconstruction of multiple facial units has been a challenging situation. Goals including restoration of periorbital and malar area and redefining the aesthetic aspects of the units as well as the surrounding nasolabial area with multiple refinements and microfat graft.
 Methods: A 50-year-old male patient with a history of solitary fibrous tumor underwent wide excision of left periorbital, infraorbital, lateral nasal sidewall, and malar area. The defect is enclosed with Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap (ALT). Bulkiness of the flap, sunken left nasolabial, and asymmetric alar nasal unit were found during outpatient follow-up. These problems lead to the necessity of refinement procedure to reduce the bulkiness to improve the aesthetic outcome of the patient. Microfat graft was the method chosen to volumized the sunken nasolabial and asymmetric alar nasal unit.
 Results: Patient is satisfied with the result due to improvement of alar nasal units symmetricity and reduced bulkiness of the flap area. No complication was observed.
 Conclusion: Meticulous planning and staging of the surgical refinement procedures in conjunction with microfat graft results in good aesthetic outcome and satisfies the patient and reduces the possibility of complications.
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Luo, Yanbin, Zhou Shi, Jianxun Chen, et al. "Study of Deformation Behaviors and Mechanical Properties of Central Diaphragm in a Large-Span Loess Tunnel by the Upper Bench CD Method." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8887040.
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The central diaphragm is often used to reduce the span to maintain the stability and safety of structure in the construction of large-span loess tunnel due to the structure complexities. In this paper, relying on the field monitoring and measurement for Wangcun tunnel in Huangling-Yan’an expressway expansion project, the crown settlement and horizontal convergence of primary support steel rib and central diaphragm steel rib during the construction are analyzed by the upper bench CD method. According to the internal force transfer, deformation coordination, and arch foot displacement between the two structures, the support system is regarded as the arch-beam fixed structure with three times of statically indeterminate and movable abutment under the loads, and the mechanical calculation model of sidewall steel rib and the central diaphragm structure bearing loads and deformation together is established. Finally, through the mechanical model mentioned above, the deformation characteristics of central diaphragm structure and the horizontal convergence in the upper bench of tunnel are calculated and analyzed. The research shows the following: (1) the accumulated settlement of sidewall steel rib in Part I is greater than that of the sidewall steel rib in Part II, and the accumulated settlement of each part at the support structure during the tunnel excavation is less than the reserved deformation of 150 mm specified in the tunnel excavation; (2) the settlement located at the waist and maximum excavation line position of central diaphragm is mainly affected by the excavation of Parts I and II in upper bench; (3) during the whole excavation process, the excavation of Part I and Part II has the greatest influence on the convergence at arch waist and the maximum excavation line position in Part I, and the convergence at the above two positions all experienced four stages of “convergence-expansion-convergence-gradual stability”; and (4) the errors between the horizontal convergence and the deformation of central diaphragm obtained by the mechanical model and the field monitoring data are between 12.7% and 27.5%. The calculated results are in good agreement with the actual situation. The research can provide a theoretical basis for the study of deformation and mechanical properties for support structure in the construction of large-span loess tunnel by the upper bench CD method.
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Ariany, Zulfaidah. "ANALISA PERHITUNGAN BALLAST PADA PELUNCURAN MENYAMPING (SIDE LAUNCHING) KAPAL SUNGAI 200GT DI PT. DKB (PERSERO) CABANG SEMARANG." Gema Teknologi 19, no. 4 (2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v19i4.19152.
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Considering the risk faced in the side launching, limited land from the shipyard so that required calculation and analysis in the implementation of the launching. The purpose of this research is analyzes and counting ballast (a counterweight ) used in a river boat lct 200 GT on the launching of sideways ( side launching ) so that safe and floats can be perfect in water, as nown that the launching of is one of the stages important in the development process the new vessel which have prepared to be operated, formerly preceded by stage first cutting plate ( cutting first steel plate ) and the keel laying ( laying ) keel of a ship. Before the handover of a vessel is carried, a ship will had some sea trial. The results of this research is scientific publication in national journal , as a input for the shipyard to implement the launch sideways safe as well as the basis for students and teachers included in matter basic lecture subjects of case in point in lecture the theory ship building . Keywords: Launching; Side Launching; Ballast
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Cao, Tingbing, Qiaobing Xu, Adam Winkleman, and George M Whitesides. "Fabrication of Thin, Metallic Films along the Sidewalls of a Topographically Patterned Stamp and Their Application in Charge Printing." Small 1, no. 12 (2005): 1191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200500213.
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Meng, Fanbao, Zhijie Wen, Baotang Shen, Yujing Jiang, Shaoshuai Shi, and Renle Zhao. "Applicability of Yielding–Resisting Sand Column and Three-Dimensional Coordination Support in Stopes." Materials 12, no. 16 (2019): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162635.
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In view of the existing problems of stope roadways, which are difficult to maintain under the influence of high ground and mining-induced stresses, the structural characteristics and movement regularities of stopes surrounding rocks were analysed. Through the construction of a three-dimensional mechanical model of the coordination support of a stope, the adaptability index of the support in stope is presented, and its mechanism of operation is expounded. Yielding–resisting sand column (YRSC) sidewall-support technology with satisfactory compressibility and supporting strength was developed. The structure and actual mechanical properties of the YRSC were investigated through laboratory experiments, and the optimum ratio of filling materials was obtained. The good applicability of the load and deformation adaptability index of the three-dimensional coordination support in the stope and YRSC sidewall-support technology were demonstrated in practice at the No. 12306 working face of the Dongda coal mine. It was shown that the designed carrying capacity and compression of the sand columns satisfied the site requirements. The actual stress and deformation of the YRSC exhibited three stages: Slow growth at the initial stage, a large increase in the medium term, and a stable trend at the end. The adaptability index of the three-dimensional coordination support in the stope considers all bearing structure units of the stope as an interconnected whole, and the stability conditions of the stope roadway can be quantitatively described. The supporting effect of the YRSC is remarkable and can be applied to the construction of tunnels, bridge systems and other engineering fields.
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Adamu, B., and G. R. Hamed. "T-Peel Tearing of a Model Black-Filled Natural Rubber Tread Ply Vulcanizate." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 5 (2007): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539418.
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Abstract T-peel tearing of a model black-filled natural rubber tread ply vulcanizate has been carried out. Tearing alternates between slow (“stick”) and fast growth stages (“slip”). “Stick” fracture involves sideways cracking into the loading direction. This blunts the peel front, slows forward tearing, and results in rough fracture surfaces. “Slip” fracture is the sudden forward growth of a crack, leaving relatively smooth fracture surfaces. “Stick-slip” fracture is characteristic of highly reinforced rubbers; it is also seen in edge-cut tensile specimens and trouser tear specimens of black-filled NR.
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Cantón, Gádor, David I. Levy, Juan C. Lasheras, and Peter K. Nelson. "Flow changes caused by the sequential placement of stents across the neck of sidewall cerebral aneurysms." Journal of Neurosurgery 103, no. 5 (2005): 891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.5.0891.
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Object. The goal of this study was to quantify the reduction in velocity, vorticity, and shear stresses resulting from the sequential placement of stents across the neck of sidewall cerebral aneurysms. Methods. A digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) system was used to measure the pulsatile velocity field within a flexible silicone sidewall intracranial aneurysm model and at the aneurysm neck–parent artery interface in this model. The DPIV system is capable of providing an instantaneous, quantitative two-dimensional measurement of the velocity vector field of “blood” flow inside the aneurysm pouch and the parent vessel, and its changes at varying stages of the cardiac cycle. The corresponding vorticity and shear stress fields are then computed from the velocity field data. Three Neuroform stents (Boston Scientific/Target), each with a strut thickness between 60 and 65 µm, were subsequently placed across the neck of the aneurysm model and measurements were obtained after each stent had been placed. The authors measured a consistent decrease in the values of the maximal averaged velocity, vorticity, and shear stress after placing one, two, and three stents. Measurements of the circulation inside the sac demonstrated a systematic reduction in the strength of the vortex due to the stent placement. The decrease in the magnitude of the aforementioned quantities after the first stent was placed was remarkable. Placement of two or three stents led to a less significant reduction than placement of the first stent. Conclusions. The use of multiple flexible intravascular stents effectively reduces the strength of the vortex forming in an aneurysm sac and results in a decrease in the magnitude of stresses acting on the aneurysm wall.
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Tuncay, Ergün, and Resat Ulusay. "Deterministic and probabilistic treatments of multiplanar pitwall failures at Himmetoglu (Turkey) coal mine." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38, no. 4 (2001): 828–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-015.
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This paper describes the investigation of a large and progressive slope failure in the south sidewall of the Himmetoglu coal mine in northwest Turkey. A number of slope instabilities leading to interruptions in mining have been experienced at the mine. Geotechnical investigations consisted of structural mapping, observations of instabilities, review of detailed groundwater information, long-term monitoring of slope movement, and back-analysis of the various failure modes. Deterministic and probabilistic approaches based on the limiting-equilibrium method were employed to examine various slope profiles and excavation sequences for achieving better stability conditions. Analysis of the movement monitoring records and geotechnical information indicated that the failure of the south sidewall slope developed by a combination of sliding along the bedding planes in the hanging wall and faults in the mode of multiplanar sliding. The movement history and the results from the back-analysis of the failures revealed that the stability of the slope was highly sensitive to changes in the length of the lower part of the sliding surface, and the shear strength reduced to residual values along the discontinuity surfaces 8-10 m above the coal seam at the time of failure. The results of the analysis both from deterministic and probabilistic approaches suggest that an excavation sequence consisting of a number of stripping stages from the uppermost benches and advancing to the toe of the slope may provide the resistance to stabilize the overall slope. Simple and preliminary economic assessments based on the overburden costs in conjunction with the deterministic and probabilistic approaches are briefly discussed.Key words: back-analysis, deterministic approach, Himmetoglu coalfield, monitoring, multiplanar failure, probabilistic approach, shear strength, slope stability.
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Heilmann-Clausen, Claus, and Tove Birkelund. "Lower Cretaceous dinoflagellate biostratigraphy in the Danish Central Trough." Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Serie A 17 (December 30, 1987): 1–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/seriea.v17.7036.
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This study deals with Lower Cretaceous biostratigraphy based on dinoflagellates in the Central Trough (Danish North Sea sector). The stratigraphical distribution in Northwestern Europe of the species used in the analysis is evaluated on the basis of the literature, and a dinoflagellate range chart for the Lower Cretaceous of Northwestern Europe is presented. Two wells, Adda-1 and 1-1, containing a complete marine Lower Cretaceous sequence, are biostratigraphically analysed, primarily on the basis of ditch cutting samples. All six Lower Cretaceous stages are identified and their probable positions in the wells are indicated. Additional sections which cover minor parts of the Lower Cretaceous are analysed in the wells M-8, V-1, E-1 and Adda-2 (mainly based on cores and sidewall cores). The ammonite Simbirskites (Craspedodiscus) cf. gottschei, indicating the Hauterivian gottschei Zone, is described from the Adda-2 well. The lithostratigraphical and seismic stratigraphical units of the Central Trough are dated within the framework of dinoflagellate and ammonite stratigraphy. The dinoflagellate species are systematically documented in photographic plates with remarks concerning their identification where necessary. udy deals with Lower Cretaceous biostratigraphy based on dinoflagellates in the Central Trough (Danish North Sea sector). The stratigraphical distribution in Northwestern Europe of the species used in the analysis is evaluated on the basis of the literature, and a dinoflagellate range chart for the Lower Cretaceous of Northwestern Europe is presented. Two wells, Adda-1 and 1-1, containing a complete marine Lower Cretaceous sequence, are biostratigraphically analysed, primarily on the basis of ditch cutting samples. All six Lower Cretaceous stages are identified and their probable positions in the wells are indicated. Additional sections which cover minor parts of the Lower Cretaceous are analysed in the wells M-8, V-1, E-1 and Adda-2 (mainly based on cores and sidewall cores). The ammonite Simbirskites ( Craspedodiscus) cf. gottschei, indicating the Hauterivian gottschei Zone, is described from the Adda-2 well. The lithostratigraphical and seismic stratigraphical units of the Central Trough are dated within the framework of dinoflagellate and ammonite stratigraphy. The dinoflagellate species are systematically documented in photographic plates with remarks concerning their identification where necessary.
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Whitlow, Harry J., Li Ping Wang, and Leona Gilbert. "Transport of Water and Particles in Microfluidics Devices Lithographically Fabricated Using Proton Beam Writing (PBW)." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.129.
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Proton beam writing (PBW) is a MeV ion beam lithography technique that has gained interest in many biological applications such as fabricating microfluidic devices for Lab-On-a-Chip (LOC) applications where capillary forces are important for fluid flow. PBW has a unique capability of being able to direct-write patterns in thick (1-30µm) polymer resist layers with straight vertical sidewalls. It can be used to prepare master stamps and moulds for mass production in polymeric materials. A recent development, where the direct writing of an entire pattern element is carried out in parallel makes PBW especially well suited for Bio-MEMS LOC applications. In this study we have examined the flow dynamics using video microscopy of deionised water in fluidic channel patterns fluid reservoirs, capillary sections and a capillary pump written by PBW. The video microscopy data also demonstrated that the wetting behavior of the surface strongly influences the dynamics of fluid flow. This makes new approaches for LOC fabrication feasible and powerful.
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Kan, Ankang, Jin Hu, Zhipeng Guo, Chuang Meng, and Chen Chao. "Impact of Cargo Stacking Modes on Temperature Distribution Inside Marine Reefer Containers." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 25, no. 03 (2017): 1750020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132517500201.
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The refrigerated/chilled quality of marine cargo is vitally influenced by the temperature distribution inside reefer container. The stacking mode is a key factor affecting temperature distribution. CFD method is employed to model and simulate a 20-ft standard reefer container, in which seven cargo stacking modes are emulated to numerically analyze the internal temperature distribution inside the container. The stacking cargo is assumed as solid stack without heat release and the variables, such as stack number, height, length and gap, are considered in seven simulation cases. The results show that the temperature distributions become disordered along with increase in the stack height; the temperature difference increase along with increase in the stack length; the temperature tends to be isothermal when the gap of the stacks or the space between the stack and sidewall surface is enlarging. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the experimental results.
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Kaul, Oliver Beren, Michael Rohs, Marc Mogalle, and Benjamin Simon. "Around-the-Head Tactile System for Supporting Micro Navigation of People with Visual Impairments." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no. 4 (2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3458021.
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Tactile patterns are a means to convey navigation instructions to pedestrians and are especially helpful for people with visual impairments. This article presents a concept to provide precise micro-navigation instructions through a tactile around-the-head display. Our system presents four tactile patterns for fundamental navigation instructions in conjunction with continuous directional guidance. We followed an iterative, user-centric approach to design the patterns for the fundamental navigation instructions, combined them with a continuous directional guidance stimulus, and tested our system with 13 sighted (blindfolded) and 2 blind participants in an obstacle course, including stairs. We optimized the patterns and validated the final prototype with another five blind participants in a follow-up study. The system steered our participants successfully with a 5.7 cm average absolute deviation from the optimal path. Our guidance is only a little less precise than the usual shoulder wobbling during normal walking and an order of magnitude more precise than previous tactile navigation systems. Our system allows various new use cases of micro-navigation for people with visual impairments, e.g., preventing collisions on a sidewalk or as an anti-veering tool. It also has applications in other areas, such as personnel working in low-vision environments (e.g., firefighters).
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Renn, Michael J., Bruce H. King, Michael O'Reilly, Jeff S. Leal, and Suzette K. Pangrle. "Aerosol Jet® Printing of High Density, 3-D Interconnects for Multi-Chip Packaging." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (2010): 002131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-tha15.
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Optomec's patented Aerosol Jet technology is a maskless, non-contact material deposition system used to enable 3-dimensional semiconductor packaging. This presentation highlights results of printing high density, 3-D interconnects on stacked die modules which incorporate video, communication and memory chips. Such packages are critical for meeting the increasing functional requirements of SmartPhones, personal entertainment, and other mobile devices. The Aerosol Jet system is used to deposit silver nanoparticle ink connections along the staircase sidewall of staggered multi-chip die stacks. High aspect ratio interconnects with 30-micron line width and greater than 10-micron line height are demonstrated at a pitch of 61-microns. After printing, the silver inks are cured at ~200°C for ~30 minutes, which gives interconnect resistances below one-Ohm (&lt; 5 micron Ohm*cm). The stacks can include up to 8 die, with a total stack height below 1 mm. The printing system has a working distance of several mm which means that no Z-height adjustments are required for the interconnect printing. Multiplexed print nozzles are used to achieve production throughputs of greater than two interconnects per second per nozzle. Based on cost and functional advantages, the Aerosol Jet process is emerging as an effective alternative to traditional wire bond and through-silicon-via (TSV) technologies.
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Shanbhag, Vignesh V., Bernard F. Rolfe, Narayanan Arunachalam, and Michael P. Pereira. "Investigation of Stamping Tool Wear Initiation at Microscopic Level Using Acoustic Emission Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.285.
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Stamping tools are prone to an adhesive wear mode called galling. Adhesive wear on stamping tools can degrade the product quality and can affect the mass production. Even a small improvement in the maintenance process is beneficial for the stamping industry. Therefore, this study will focus on understanding and detecting the initiation of tool wear at the microscopic level in sheet metal stamping using acoustic emission sensors. Stamping tests were performed using a semi-industrial stamping process, which can perform clamping, piercing, stamping and trimming in a single cycle. The stamping test was performed using a high strength low alloy sheet steel and D2 tool steel for dry and lubricated conditions. The acoustic emission signal was recorded for each stamped part until severe wear on the dies was observed. These acoustic emission signals were later analyzed using time and frequency domain features. The time domain features such as peak, RMS, kurtosis and skewness could identify significant changes in the acoustic emission signal only when the severe wear was observed on the stamped parts for both dry and lubricated conditions. However, this study has identified that a frequency feature – known as mean-frequency estimate – could identify early stages of wear initiation at the microscopic level. Evidence of this early stage of wear on the part surfaces was not clearly visible to the naked eye, and could only be clearly observed via surface measurement instruments such as an optical profilometer. The sidewalls of the stamped parts corresponding to the initial change in AE mean-frequency trend were qualitatively correlated with 3D profilometer scans of the stamped parts, to show that AE mean-frequency can indicate the initial minor scratches on the sidewalls of the stamped parts due to the galling wear on the die radii surfaces. The results from this study can be used to develop a methodology to determine the very early stages of stamping tool wear, providing a strong basis for condition monitoring in the stamping industry.
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Park, Soo-Jin, Jae-Jin Kim, Wonsik Choi, Eun-Ryoung Kim, Chang-Keun Song, and Eric R. Pardyjak. "Flow Characteristics Around Step-Up Street Canyons with Various Building Aspect Ratios." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 174, no. 3 (2019): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00494-9.
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AbstractWe investigate the flow characteristics around step-up street canyons with various building aspect ratios (ratio of along-canyon building length to street-canyon width, and upwind building height to downwind building height) using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Simulated results are validated against experimental wind-tunnel results, with the CFD simulations conducted under the same building configurations as those in the wind-tunnel experiments. The CFD model reproduces the measured in-canyon vortex, rooftop recirculation zone above the downwind building, and stagnation point position reasonably well. We analyze the flow characteristics, focusing on the structural change of the in-canyon flows and the interaction between the in- and around-canyon flows with the increase of building-length ratio. The in-canyon flows undergo development and mature stages as the building-length ratio increases. In the development stage (i.e., small building-length ratios), the position of the primary vortex wanders, and the incoming flow closely follows both the upstream and downstream building sidewalls. As a result, increasing momentum transfer from the upper layer contributes to a momentum increase in the in-canyon region, and the vorticity in the in-canyon region also increases. In the mature stage (i.e., large building-length ratios), the primary vortex stabilizes in position, and the incoming flow no longer follows the building sidewalls. This causes momentum loss through the street-canyon lateral boundaries. As the building-length ratio increases, momentum transfer from the upper layer slightly decreases, and the reverse flow, updraft, and streamwise flow in the in-canyon region also slightly decrease, resulting in vorticity reduction.
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ELLIS, KATHARINE. "How to Make Wagner Normal: Lohengrin's ‘tour de France’ of 1891–92." Cambridge Opera Journal 25, no. 2 (2013): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586713000037.
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AbstractThe traditional story reception historians tell of Wagner in France is really a centralist story about Wagner in Paris. This article reverses the direction in light of the fact that seven French regional towns presented Lohengrin on publicly funded stages in 1891 before the directors of the Paris Opéra dared follow suit. Since the work's ‘job’ in the regions was to prove to Paris that Wagner stagings did not necessarily bring rioting with them, the focus is more on previews than on the usual (and logical) reception material of reviews. In addition, via its multi-centre approach and a sideways glance at a parallel phenomenon – the reception of Victorien Sardou's Thermidor – the article integrates reception study into a broader-based cultural history rather than treating it in potentially more limited fashion as an approach in and of itself.
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Anaya, Christina, Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, Ben Hanelt, and Matthew G. Bolek. "A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America." ZooKeys 892 (November 27, 2019): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38868.
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Freshwater hairworms (class Gordiida) are members of the phylum Nematomorpha that use terrestrial arthropods as definitive hosts but reside as free-living adult worms in rivers, lakes, or streams. The genus Gordius consists of 90 described species, of which three species were described from freshwater habitats in North America. In this paper we describe a new species of Gordius from terrestrial habitats in Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana, United States. Oddly, each year hundreds of adult free-living worms appear after bouts of heavy rain on streets, sidewalks, and lawns during the winter season, when terrestrial arthropod hosts are not active. The new species is described based on morphological characters of adults and non-adult stages including the egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts. Adult males have a unique row of bristles on the ventral inner side of each tail lobe and a circular pattern of bristles on the terminal end of each lobe, which distinguishes them from all other described North American species of Gordius. The egg string, larval, and cyst morphology of this new species conform to previous descriptions of non-adult hairworm stages for the genus Gordius. However, the eggs of this new species of hairworm are unique, as they contain an outer shell separated by distinct space from a thick inner membrane. The consistent occurrence of this gordiid in terrestrial habitats, along with its distinct egg morphology, suggests that this new species of hairworm has a terrestrial life cycle.
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Guo, Yaohua, Puyang Zhang, Hongyan Ding, and Conghuan Le. "Experimental Study on Torsion Resistance of Foundation Ring Land-Based Wind Power Expanded Foundation Scale Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (2020): 5612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165612.
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In this paper, an experimental torsion resistance-loading system for wind power extended foundation scale models is taken as the research object, and four 1:3 scale model specimens of the foundation ring are tested. The transmission mechanism of torque load in the extended foundation was analyzed, and the proportion of each part bearing the torque load was calculated. Test results showed that when the torque load was small, the torque load transmitted from the upper part was mainly borne by the sidewall adhesion force, as well as the top radial reinforcement. In contrast, the torque load was gradually borne by the anchor flange of the foundation ring in the case of a large torque load. At the middle and late stages of torque loading, the top radial reinforcement of the foundation shared about 20% of the torque load, while the bottom flange of the foundation ring shared about 80%. The torque load is most sensitive to changes in the size of the bottom flange but not sensitive to those in the embedded depth of the foundation ring or in the strength of the foundation concrete.
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Efendi, Diky, and Atik Wahyuni. "STUDY ANALYSIS IN THE TERMINAL FACILITIES PEDESTRIANS JOYOBOYO SURABAYA." Neutron 19, no. 2 (2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/neutron.v19i2.34.
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Pedestrian is a term that describes the transport of people walking in a special place pedestrian. Surabaya is a metropolitan city and one of the cities that serve the community for a vacation like to Surabaya Zoo (KBS) is located not far from the terminal Joyoboyo. The present study was to determine the characteristics of the pedestrian (flow, speed, density), determine the condition of the geometry of pedestrian facilities, pedestrian facilities as well as performance analysis method used is the ratio. This research method includes several stages of site survey, then the data collection that uses several pedestrian walkways, noting the results of a survey conducted during the second day on Sunday and Tuesday at 06:00 to 09:00, measurement speed, geometry condition surveys and questionnaires about the identity, purpose and the purpose, time and distance pedestrian. The analysis showed that the dominant Pedestrian use the sidewalk at 8:45 a.m. to 9:00, the variable max on Sunday ie max speed of 64.78 m / min, max density pedestrian 43.47 /, While the variable-ratio 0.03 max on Tuesday that max speed 61.15 m / min, max density 37.51 pedestrian/, Max ratio of 0.032. While the performance of pedestrian facilities in the category "A", this means that the performance of pedestrian facilities in Surabaya Joyoboyo terminal region is still in either category and still be able to accommodate the number of the existing pedestrian.
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Sugiyama, Shin, Takeshi Yoshizawa, Matthias Huss, Shun Tsutaki, and Daisuke Nishimura. "Spatial distribution of surface ablation in the terminus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland." Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 58 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252185.
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AbstarctThe spatial pattern of glacier surface melt was measured with a resolution of 20–100m within a region extending 1 km up-glacier from the terminus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. The melt rate was monitored from 6 July to 6 September 2009 using 44 ablation stakes. We also measured the surface albedo near the stakes to investigate the importance of this parameter for the melt-rate distribution. The melt rate varied from 32.8 to 71.9 mm w.e. d–1 in the study area. Our measurements suggest that the spatial variation of the melt rate can be explained by (1) shading of the ice surface by neighbouring mountains, (2) surface albedo and (3) effects of microclimate (e.g. radiation from sidewalls) on the surface energy balance. The observed melt-rate distribution was compared to the results of a temperature-index melt model, which takes into account shading of direct solar illumination but not the other two effects. The model reproduces some important features of the field data, but its spatial variations are generally less than the measured values. Our study shows the importance of albedo and other local conditions in the accurate estimation of the small-scale melt-rate distribution.
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Islam, Md Rafiqul, Mohammed Omar Faruque, and Ryuichi Shinjo. "Damage zone propagation and support pressure estimation around two access tunnels of the Barapukuria coalmine in Bangladesh: a two-dimensional numerical modeling approach." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 3, no. 2 (2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v3i2.4865.
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<p>The present study uses a two-dimensional boundary element method (BEM) numerical analysis to predict damage zone propagation associated with the required support pressure estimation around the two access tunnels of Barapukuria coalmine in northwest Bangladesh. Two tunnels at different depths are presented here. The stability of the two tunnels that was driven through the weak rocks' strata of Gondwana formation is examined at depths below the surface 290 m and 453 m. The two tunnels involve horseshoe-shaped design. The shallower tunnels, which are located below the surface 290 m, are presented by model A. The deeper tunnels, which are located below the surface 453 m, are presented by model B. Both tunnels are horseshoe-shaped with a height and span of about 4.5 m and 4 m, respectively. The modeling analysis was carried out in two stages to predict the damage zone and required support pressure. The first stage considered the model without support installation. The second stage measured the model with non-uniform internal support pressure installation. It is reasonable to mention that prior and subsequent to the support pressure estimation, three important parameters, like- strength factor, failure trajectories, and deformation boundaries in the vicinity of the two tunnels have been computed properly. Final results reveal that the strength factor values ranged from 0.33 to 0.99 would create the intense deformation at the roof and sidewalls. The damage zone would be extended from 0.64 to 0.74 m towards the roof and sidewalls. The damage zone would be ranged from 1.95 to 2.21 m, for shallower and deeper tunnels, respectively. For shallower tunnels, the required support pressure would be ranged from 4.0 to 9.0 MPa. For deeper tunnels, the essential support pressure would be ranged from 7.0 to 14 MPa.</p>
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Papajová, I., J. Pipiková, J. Papaj, and A. Čižmár. "Parasitic contamination of urban and rural environments in the Slovak Republic: dog’s excrements as a source." Helminthologia 51, no. 4 (2014): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0241-8.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the possibility of soil contamination with propagative stages of intestinal endoparasites at different public places (public parks, playgrounds, sandpits, sidewalks, road sides). In a one-year-study, totally 578 dog’s faecal samples from 8 towns (Košice, Trebišov, Veľké Kapušany, Prešov, Snina, Levoča, Zvolen and Trenčín) and 3 villages (Dlhé Stráže, Dravce, Valaliky) were examined for the presence of parasitic germs. 29.9 % of faecal samples were positive. Eight different species of intestinal parasites with following incidence were detected: Toxocara canis (11.9 %), Trichuris vulpis (8.5 %), Ancylostomatidae (8.1 %), Taenia spp. (4.0 %), Toxascaris leonina (3.1 %), Capillaria spp. (1.0 %), Dipylidium caninum (0.2 %) and Coccidia oocysts (0.2 %). Additionally 285 sandpits were examined. Sand samples were collected from Košice (136), Zvolen (38), Trenčín (36), Prešov (30), Veľké Kapušany (24), Snina (15), and village Valaliky (6). The parasitic eggs occurence in the sandpits was as follows: Toxocara spp. (11.8 %), Ancylostomatidae (1.1 %), Taenia type (0.7 %) and Trichuris spp. (0.4 %). The occurrence of Toxocara spp. varied between the urban and rural environments. The highest number of Toxocara spp. was found in village Valaliky (33.3 %) whereas cities showed lesser prevalence (Prešov — 10 %, Košice — 7.4 %, Trenčín — 5.6 %, Zvolen — 5.3 %, Veľké Kapušany — 4.2 %). The epidemiological aspects and health risk factors are also discussed.
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López-Pazos, G., J. Balado, L. Díaz-Vilariño, P. Arias, and M. Scaioni. "PEDESTRIAN PATHFINDING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W1 (December 13, 2017): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w1-35-2017.
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With the rise of urban population, many initiatives are focused upon the <i>smart city</i> concept, in which mobility of citizens arises as one of the main components. Updated and detailed spatial information of outdoor environments is needed to accurate path planning for pedestrians, especially for people with reduced mobility, in which physical barriers should be considered. This work presents a methodology to use point clouds to direct path planning. The starting point is a classified point cloud in which ground elements have been previously classified as roads, sidewalks, crosswalks, curbs and stairs. The remaining points compose the obstacle class. The methodology starts by individualizing ground elements and simplifying them into representative points, which are used as nodes in the graph creation. The region of influence of obstacles is used to refine the graph. Edges of the graph are weighted according to distance between nodes and according to their accessibility for wheelchairs. As a result, we obtain a very accurate graph representing the as-built environment. The methodology has been tested in a couple of real case studies and Dijkstra algorithm was used to pathfinding. The resulting paths represent the optimal according to motor skills and safety.
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Sun, Xiaoming, Chao Ren, Junchao Yuan, Jianming Du, Jinshan Liu, and Bo Guo. "The Analysis of Time-Space Effect of Surrounding Rock Deformation of TBM Tunnels in Deep Composite Stratum with or without Support." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 7, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5494192.
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In view of difficult problems such as excavation, segment simulation, deformation, and force measurement in the small-scale model testing of deep composite stratum TBM tunnel, the TBM simulation experimental device, the model segment ring prefabrication device, and the digital photogrammetry technology were comprehensively adopted. Also, the calculation methods were proposed. The analysis of the deformation characteristics as well as rupture of surrounding rock revealed those space-time effects: (1) When no support existed, the space-time effect of the surrounding rock deformation was concentrated in the following case: with the development of time, the deformation of surrounding rock starts from the sides of the arch waist at the junction of the composite stratum, while four arcs were derived and shear sliding occurred, resulting in overall collapse and destruction. (2) Following the support application, the space-time effect of the surrounding rock deformation was concentrated on the three stages of the interaction between the surrounding rock and the support, namely, the preliminary stage, the equilibrium process, and the instability state. The spatial effect was concentrated in the area where the surrounding rock was deformed and destroyed. The most severe area was the shallow surrounding rock, while the sub-violent area was the corner of the sidewall.
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Xie, Lu, Huilong Zhu, Yongkui Zhang, et al. "Investigation on Ge0.8Si0.2-Selective Atomic Layer Wet-Etching of Ge for Vertical Gate-All-Around Nanodevice." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061408.
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For the formation of nano-scale Ge channels in vertical Gate-all-around field-effect transistors (vGAAFETs), the selective isotropic etching of Ge selective to Ge0.8Si0.2 was considered. In this work, a dual-selective atomic layer etching (ALE), including Ge0.8Si0.2-selective etching of Ge and crystal-orientation selectivity of Ge oxidation, has been developed to control the etch rate and the size of the Ge nanowires. The ALE of Ge in p+-Ge0.8Si0.2/Ge stacks with 70% HNO3 as oxidizer and deionized (DI) water as oxide-removal was investigated in detail. The saturated relative etched amount per cycle (REPC) and selectivity at different HNO3 temperatures between Ge and p+-Ge0.8Si0.2 were obtained. In p+-Ge0.8Si0.2/Ge stacks with (110) sidewalls, the REPC of Ge was 3.1 nm and the saturated etching selectivity was 6.5 at HNO3 temperature of 20 °C. The etch rate and the selectivity were affected by HNO3 temperatures. As the HNO3 temperature decreased to 10 °C, the REPC of Ge was decreased to 2 nm and the selectivity remained at about 7.4. Finally, the application of ALE in the formation of Ge nanowires in vGAAFETs was demonstrated where the preliminary Id–Vds output characteristic curves of Ge vGAAFET were provided.
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Lyn, D. A., S. Einav, W. Rodi, and J. H. Park. "A laser-Doppler velocimetry study of ensemble-averaged characteristics of the turbulent near wake of a square cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 304 (December 10, 1995): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095004435.
Full textAbstract:
Ensemble-averaged statistics at constant phase of the turbulent near-wake flow (Reynolds number ≈ 21400 around a square cylinder have been obtained from two-component laser-Doppler measurements. Phase was defined with reference to a signal taken from a pressure sensor located at the midpoint of a cylinder sidewall. The distinction is drawn between the near wake where the shed vortices are ‘mature’ and distinct and a base region where the vortices grow to maturity and are then shed. Differences in length and velocity scales and vortex celerities between the flow around a square cylinder and the more frequently studied flow around a circular cylinder are discussed. Scaling arguments based on the circulation discharged into the near wake are proposed to explain the differences. The relationship between flow topology and turbulence is also considered with vorticity saddles and streamline saddles being distinguished. While general agreement with previous studies of flow around a circular cylinder is found with regard to essential flow features in the near wake, some previously overlooked details are highlighted, e.g. the possibility of high Reynolds shear stresses in regions of peak vorticity, or asymmetries near the streamline saddle. The base region is examined in more detail than in previous studies, and vorticity saddles, zero-vorticity points, and streamline saddles are observed to differ in importance at different stages of the shedding process.
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DeLaTorre, Alan, Ivis García, Julianne Reno, Ja Young Kim, and Keith Diaz Moore. "LIFE SPACE MOBILITY AND NEIGHBORHOODS: HOW HOME MODIFICATIONS IMPACT AGING IN PLACE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.935.
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Abstract This presentation details a mixed methods study funded by the National Institute for Transportation and Communities that was conducted with 50 older adults aged 65 and older who lived in Portland, Oregon (n=25) and Salt Lake County, Utah (n=25). The purpose of the study was to improve understanding of how home modifications affect older adults’ mobility in different life-spaces (e.g., one’s bedroom, neighborhood), their understanding of aging in place and neighborhood, and their ability to age in place. During each home visit, a series of research protocols (i.e., surveys, interviews, mapping exercises) were carried out with each participant. The study found that home modifications (e.g., grab bars, replacing showers with bathtubs, and adding raised toilets) were reported to increase in-home mobility and, for some, their independence; however, for certain participants, those same modifications were less useful, especially to those with the need for caregiver supports. Life-space mobility outside the home was impacted by home modification such as ramps and railings on stairs; for some, those modifications bolstered social connections and access to services. Overall, home modification were seen as enabling both mobility and aging in place. Furthermore, respondents’ understanding and description of their neighborhoods varied greatly and were influenced by mobility barriers (e.g., presence of sidewalks and crosswalks) and available amenities.
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Singh, Kanwal Jit. "Unique Size-Dependent Challenges for BEOL Cleans in the Patterning of Sub-20 nm Features." Solid State Phenomena 195 (December 2012): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.103.
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BEOL Cleans has been and continues to be one of the most mysterious black boxes of semiconductor manufacturing. It has the unenviable task of removing post-plasma processing polymer residues, being compatible with ultra low-k dielectric materials that continue to scale k-value at the expense of material strength, and ensuring that any formulation that accomplishes the above objectives is also compatible with Cu and all other metals on the wafer used for liners or caps. In order to meet the performance requirements of next generation devices, Moore's law mandates continued scaling of dimensions with the additional challenges of size-dependent complexities for BEOL cleans development. Patterning of sub-20 nm features on thin ILD stacks suffers from the problems of etch-induced line undulation [1, 2] and cleans-induced pattern collapse [3]. High aspect ratio's, non-uniform drying, surface tension and low material strength have all been implicated as the root cause for pattern collapse during cleans [4]. Classical equations used to describe pattern collapse for resist lines that rely on 2D beam theory and finite element modeling [5] are not as applicable to patterned low-k dielectrics because material changes such as sidewall polymer residues, lowering of Young's modulus and changing pattern densities present different solid surfaces with widely varying wettability and diffusivity parameters [6, .
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Knoth, Florian, and Christian Breitsamter. "Aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter engine side air intakes." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 9 (2018): 1355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2017-0082.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeAerodynamic characteristics of engine side air intakes for a lightweight helicopter are investigated aiming to achieve an efficient engine airframe integration. Design/methodology/approachOn a novel full-scale model of a helicopter fuselage section, a comprehensive experimental data set is obtained by wind tunnel testing. Different plenum chamber types along with static side intake and semi-dynamic side intake configurations are considered. Engine mass flow rates corresponding to the power requirements of realistic helicopter operating conditions are reproduced. For a variety of freestream velocities and mass flow rates, five-hole pressure probe data in the aerodynamic interface plane and local surface pressure distributions are compared for the geometries. FindingsIn low-speed conditions, unshielded, sideways facing air intakes yield lowest distortion levels and total pressure losses. In fast forward flight condition, a forward-facing intake shape is most beneficial. Additionally, the influence of an intake grid and plenum chamber splitter is evaluated. Originality/valueThe intake testing approach and the trends found can be applied to other novel helicopter intakes in early development stages to improve engine airframe integration and decrease development times.