Journal articles: 'Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1944'

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Simmons, Cynthia. "Lifting the Siege: Women’s Voices on Leningrad (1941–1944)." Canadian Slavonic Papers 40, no. 1-2 (1998): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085006.1998.11092174.

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Zotova, Anastasiya. "Financing of the Construction Strategy of Leningrad During the Siege (1941-1944)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (November 2015): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2015.4.13.

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Boldovskiy, K. A. "The Cadres of Besieged Leningrad on the Nomenclature Lists of the Central Committee of the ACP(b)." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 4 (2022): 840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.402.

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The research is based on briefing papers and other reporting documents prepared during 1943– 1944 by the Cadres department of the Leningrad City Committee of the ACP(b) for the Cadres Department of the Central Committee of the Party. It contains information on the senior leaders of besieged Leningrad, who were on the nomenclature lists of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. These lists included heads of organizations and enterprises that were considered the most important for the country. Briefing papers and reports contain information about the personal composition of managers, their education, age, previous jobs. Based on the analysis of these documents, the article concludes that during the Great Patriotic War, the cadres of Leningrad leaders consisted entirely of local officials. During the period of 1941–1944 less than half of the posts included in the nomenclature of the Central Committee for Leningrad were occupied by workers who were sent from other regions. Most of the leaders of the party and Soviet apparatus held their positions from the pre-war period throughout the entire period of the Siege. Cadre appointments were approved by heads of the Leningrad city committee, while the second secretary of the city committee A. A. Kuznetsov played the main part in this process. This policy led to the formation of a stable group of “Siege officials”, which remained in leadership positions in Leningrad until the start of purges in 1949–1950. Most of the Siege leaders belonged to the same age group (30–40 years old), about half of them had a higher, most often engineering, education. The article also discusses some typical cases of dismissal of executives from their positions. The author shows that during the Siege, such punishments were used by the local party leaders, and not by the initiative of the central authorities.

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Barskova, Polina. "The Spectacle of the Besieged City: Repurposing Cultural Memory in Leningrad, 1941–1944." Slavic Review 69, no. 2 (2010): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0037677900015023.

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Focusing on less studied areas of the twentieth-century war experience, this article investigates the notions of “urban beauty” and “urban spec-Slavic Review 69, no. 2 (Summer 2010) tacle” as experienced by the residents of besieged Leningrad. Polina Barskova suggests that, via an estrangement effect, the siege gaze replaces the unrepresentable traumatic experience of presentnesswith an aestheticized cultural past containing such useable notions of cultural memory as ruin, stage set, monument, and frame. This replacement can be described as a siege urbanscape sublime, a sublime lying not in the distinction between the horrific and the beautiful but rather in the observer's tendency to substitute the horrific with the beautiful. This particular species of sublime aims at psychological anesthesia and is thoroughly oxymoronic: the intense clashing of opposites—to the point that oxymoronic sensibility leads to rhetorical confluence—alerts us to the connection between the aesthetic discourse of besieged Leningrad and the perennial Petersburg text, thus opening new opportunities for the study of the functioning of cultural memory in Soviet society.

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Prigodich, Nikita Dmitrievich. "Aviation industry during the siege of Leningrad (on the materials of the City Committee of the CPSU (b)." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.3.36087.

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The subject of this research is the aviation industry during the siege of Leningrad. This topic is gaining relevance due to the recently published documents dedicated to the work of the higher party authorities in the period from 1941 to 1944. In the summer-autumn of 1941, Leningrad was detached from the &ldquo;main land&rdquo;. In these conditions, the full operational control over resource base of the city fell on the shoulders of the Soviet and party authorities, who received additional powers, and thus, responsibilities. The author provides an alternative outlook on the activity of the Leningrad plants under the People's Commissariat of Aviation Industry of the USSR, not from the perspective of classical reconstruction of the history of aviation industry in the USSR during the war, but a specific managerial task that was resolved by the party leadership using the general resource base. The conclusion is made that despite the evacuation of the vast majority of production facilities of aviation industry during the war, the resource base was adapted to the specific tasks of the Leningrad Front. The city manufactured the industrial products in accordance with the orders and requirements of the Soviet Air Force. Mobilization of the Leningrad industrial base for the tasks of aviation units during the war years in many ways became a crucial factor in maintaining the combat effectiveness of the Air Force, namely during the rough winter of 1941/1942, when the replenishment of aviation units with new equipment ceased&nbsp; for the most part.

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Tolkunova, Kristina, Dmitrii Usoltsev, Ekaterina Moguchaia, et al. "TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF FAMINE IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (2024): e157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001020940.43806.ff.

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Objective: The impact of famine during early stages of development can be transmitted across generations and change susceptibility of chronic cardiometabolic diseases. The study aims to assess possible association of famine during early stages of ancestors’ lives with remote cardiometabolic and behavioral patterns across generations of their descendants. Design and method: The besieged Leningrad residents at different ages were exposed to famine during prolonged period of time (8 September 1941–27 January 1944) during World War II. 309 Leningrad survivors were examined in 2007-2008 and divided into three groups depending on the period of exposure to famine: the children group – participants born before 01.01.1941, the infant group – respondents born between 01.01.1941 and 31.10.1941, and the intrauterine group – those born between 01.11.1941 and 27.01.1943. In 2020-2021 87 descendants of Leningrad Siege survivors aged 18 to 63 years without cardiovascular complications were examined. Examination included questionnaires, anthropometry, blood pressure measurement and biochemical blood tests. Mathematical and statistical data analysis was implemented using the R-4.0 programming language. ANOVA test was used to analyze differences between groups. Results: The descendants of Leningrad Siege survivors who experienced famine during intrauterine development demonstrated significantly lower triglyceride levels and prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertension, in comparison to respondents whose ancestors experienced famine in childhood. Descendants of Leningrad Siege survivors, whose ancestors faced famine during the intrauterine period, were more likely to be non-smokers compared to other participants (Table 1). Table 1. Cardiometabolic and behavioral risk factors in descendants of Leningrad Siege survivors according to the period of ancestral famine exposure. Conclusions: The impact of famine during the intrauterine period may exacerbate selection bias resulting in higher survival rate for individuals with favorable risk factor profiles, including non-smoking attitude (Agreement No. 075-15-2022-301).

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Koupil, Ilona, Svetlana Plavinskaja, Nina Parfenova, Dmitri B. Shestov, Phoebe Day Danziger, and Denny Vågerö. "Cancer mortality in women and men who survived the siege of Leningrad (1941-1944)." International Journal of Cancer 124, no. 6 (2009): 1416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24093.

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Drozdovskaya, P. A., V. A. Zinserling, and R. V. Deev. "Pathological profile of S.P. Botkin infectious hospital during the siege of Leningrad (1941—1944)." Russian Journal of Archive of Patology 86, no. 2 (2024): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/patol20248602176.

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Chistikov, Aleksandr N. "Transcripts of the Leningraders’ Narratives as a Source on the History of the Blockade: 1941–44." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2022): 704–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-704-714.

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The article is devoted to the history of creation and characterization of transcripts of narratives of the Leningrad citizens who lived in the besieged city during the war. The article is to determine the significance of this historical source for the study of the siege of Leningrad. The idea to collect materials on the wartime city emerged in autumn 1941 and was implemented by the staff of the Leningrad Institute for the History of the CPSU, who began to prepare chronicles of Leningrad and its region during the Great Patriotic War. A notable part of this work was stenography of stories of the soldiers and partisans who fought in the Leningrad region and of the residents of the besieged city. The work of the Leningrad historians began in spring 1942, intensified in April 1943, and was completed in early 1948. The prepared shorthand notes were preserved in series 10 of the fond R-4000 of the Central State Archive of Political and Historical Documents of St. Petersburg. Over 350 of the 650 archival documents are records of conversations with the Leningrad residents. In the 1960s, 130 items (duplicates) were transferred to the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, forming the body of fond 332 of the Scientific-Historical Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a rule, the respondents were middle-ranking executives: directors and chiefs, chairmen and secretaries of district executive committees (raikoms); but there also were ordinary workers and engineers, teachers and policemen, scientists and artists. Questionnaires were prepared for representatives of some professions and positions in 1944–45, which permitted to identify common features in the life of citizens and specifics of the respondents' activities. Varied scope of the interviewees and wide range of questions were supplemented by the possibility for the narrator to use various documents in their answers. The "freshness of memories" and narration to a Leningrad resident, who had undergone the same ordeal, contributed to creation of voluminous and relatively objective picture of life and activities of citizens in besieged Leningrad. Nevertheless, self-censorship was apparent, and while few made direct distortions, exclusion of some “inconvenient” (in narrator’s opinion) details from the final text was quite common. The study of transcripts permits to reveal new facts about the history of wartime Leningrad, to broaden our understanding of the blockade everyday life, and to give impetus to the analysis of the era in terms of history of emotions and micro-history. Most valuable and interesting transcripts can be published in anthologies.

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Porzgen, Yvonne. "Siege Memory – Besieged Memory? Heroism and Suffering in St Petersburg Museums dedicated to the Siege of Leningrad." Museum and Society 14, no. 3 (2017): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v14i3.654.

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The official Soviet narrative of the Second World War used the concept of heroism to imbue war commemoration with an obligation towards the state. Such a concept was designed to make subsequent generations feel inferior to their predecessors and obliged to give of their best. Today, the victory serves as the strongest connection between Soviet and modern Russian patriotism. The paper argues that the memory of the Siege of Leningrad (1941-1944) as treated in museums in St Petersburg today is an appropriation by present-day Russian propaganda of the Soviet narrative. Soviet memorial sites are developed to foster support for Russia rather than the former Soviet Union. While the use of the heroic paradigm continues, the definition of heroism has changed to include each and everybody who suffered during the Siege. With collective heroism as the leading image, a critical view of the historic events becomes all but impossible. The paper makes references to the alternative narratives of literature, memoirs and diaries to contrast the version of the Siege presented in the museum exhibitions.

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PIANKEVICH, VLADIMIR L. "The Family under Siege: Leningrad, 1941-44." Russian Review 75, no. 1 (2016): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/russ.12064.

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Piankevich, V. L. "Conversations, Dreams and Desires of the Inhabitants of Besieged Leningrad. 1941–1944." Modern History of Russia 13, no. 3 (2023): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.303.

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The author explores non-classical sources on the social history of besieged Leningrad — conversations, dreams and desires of the inhabitants of the city. Conversations, dreams and desires testify what is passionately desired, illusory and at the same time the most important for people. In relation to the history of the Siege of Leningrad, this has a special meaning, since it is a study of the fears, aspirations and hopes of a person in a catastrophe. The sources of studying of such specific forms of communication and auto-communication are reflections recorded in diaries, letters, memoirs, interviews. The author concludes that the dreams and desires of the inhabitants of besieged Leningrad, often remaining unfulfilled, reflected obvious and secret thoughts, fears, aspirations. Leningraders often told each other about their dreams, which were a bright moment of salvation to overcome the aching loneliness and stress. Thinking, speaking, dreaming about food, many have experienced or deliberately aroused in themselves a blissful, ecstatic state, returning with incredible pain to a deadly hungry reality. Men, women, children, people of different levels of education and culture were prone to daydreaming. The blockade present was so unbearable that the imagination painted a picture of well-being, comfort, satiety, peace in the past, which was experienced, familiar and sometimes seemed more real than the present and the future. The danger, often the practical impossibility of evacuation, transferred the physical movement to the space of sleep and dreams, where only the blockade could “act”. Such escapism allowed a person to escape the tyranny of blockaded reality. A very personal, private space which is a dream with the beginning of the war and especially the blockade, shrank to a very limited circle, the main ones in which were the lifting of the blockade and food.

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Lomagin, N. "Hunger as a weapon: short-term and long-term effects (the case of the siege of Leningrad)." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2022): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2022-2-125-149.

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In the end of August 1941, the Nazi leadership decided to besiege Leningrad to deliberately starve the city’s inhabitants. Since November, Leningrad was entering its period of mass starvation and death. In December 1941, according to incomplete records, starvation and dystrophy killed more than 50 000 people, in January and February of 1942 – almost 100 000 monthly. Relying on various archival materials, as well as on published sources and literature, the article analyzes impacts of lasting hunger on civilians during the longest siege of the World War Two. Also, it explores the long-term effects of starvation on health of siege survivors and their descendants. While various dimensions of hunger-related illnesses were studied during the siege of Leningrad, the scholarly attention to this topic has significantly decreased since early 1950s, although the consequences of prolonged starvation affected the health of blockade survivors throughout their lives and had an impact on the health of their descendants. Further study of this topic is suggested, to be conducted with the use of methods of biology/epigenetics.

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Pavlovskiy, A. F., and A. Yu Pavlovskaya. "Suffering and Survival in Besieged Leningrad: A Sociologist’s View on the History of a Humanitarian Catastrophe." Modern History of Russia 13, no. 4 (2023): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.407.

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The subject of the review is a book by American sociologist Jeffrey Hass devoted to the history of the survival and suffering of civilians in besieged Leningrad in 1941–1944. Exploring the strategies of survival, the political and bureaucratic control of the Leningrad authorities, the gender and class dimension of blockade survival, as well as the discursive framework by which the Leningraders explained and comprehended the humanitarian catastrophe that happened to them (theodicy of war), Hass, unlike most historians of the blockade, uses the sociological approach of P. Bourdieu, describing the wartime everyday life of Leningrad through the prism of the concepts “capital”, “habitus” and “field”. Based on an impressive body of blockade ego-documents and official reports, the sociologist wonders why the Leningraders acted in the catastrophic conditions of the blockade in one way or another, what social mechanisms were behind their suffering, resistance, opportunism and ethical choice. Appreciating the book of Hass, the authors of the review consider it a methodological breakthrough in the modern historiography of the siege of Leningrad and hope for the speedy translation of this book into Russian. If for Russian historians of war the book Wartime Survival and Suffering will become a model of a rigorous theory and methodology for studying the wartime everyday life of civilians, then sociologists will be able to see how productive for the social theory may be the study of ego-documents, personal testimonies describing the survival of the inhabitants of a huge city in the conditions of a humanitarian catastrophe and an unprecedented military siege.

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Gulina, Marina. "‘The child's past in the adult's present’: The trauma of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–1944)." International Journal of Psychoanalysis 96, no. 5 (2015): 1305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-8315.12405.

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Koupil, I., D. B. Shestov, and D. Vågerö. "5A-5 Increased breast cancer mortality in women who survived the siege of Leningrad (1941–1944)." Early Human Development 83 (September 2007): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3782(07)70133-0.

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Markwick, Roger D. "Leningrad 1941 - 1942. Morality of a City under Siege." Australian Journal of Politics & History 64, no. 1 (2018): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12444.

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Zakharova, Tatyana, and Krestina Pereprosova. "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE ENERGY BLOCKADE OF BESIEGED LENINGRAD (1941–1942)." Psychological and pedagogical problems of human and social security 2024, no. 2 (2024): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/2074-1618-2024-2-85-92.

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Provides information about the situation in Leningrad during the blockade that began in september 1941. The problem of the emergence of an energy blockade of Leningrad from the beginning of the siege of the city by fascist German troops is considered. The role of Lenenergo employees in providing the city with electricity is revealed. The emphasis is on considering the problem of laying a cable along the bottom of Lake Ladoga and breaking the energy blockade, highlighting the importance of the work of Soviet workers in solving this issue.

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Tverdyukova, E. D. "Monitoring of the execution of decisions in the executive power system of Leningrad during the siege (1941-1944)." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 3 (2020): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x-2020-00061.

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Stanner, Sara A., and John S. Yudkin. "Fetal Programming and the Leningrad Siege Study." Twin Research 4, no. 5 (2001): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.5.287.

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AbstractThe Leningrad Siege Study investigated the relationship between decreased maternal food intake and risk factors for coronary heart disease in adult life. The study screened 169 subjects exposed to intrauterine starvation during the Siege of Leningrad (now St Petersburg) 1941–4, 192 subjects born in Leningrad before the siege and 188 subjects born concurrently with these two groups but outside the area of the siege. No difference was found between the subjects exposed to starvation in utero and during infancy in glucose tolerance [in utero: 5.2 mmol/l (95% confidence interval 5.1 to 5.3; infancy: 5.3 (5.1 to 5.5), p = 0.94], insulin concentration, blood pressure, lipid concentration or coagulation factors. The intrauterine exposed group had evidence of endothelial dysfunction by higher concentrations of von Willebrand factor and a stronger interaction between adult obesity and blood pressure. Non-systematic differences in subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, diastolic blood pressure and clotting factors were demonstrated compared to the non-exposed groups. In conclusion, this study did not find an association between intrauterine starvation and glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease in adult life. These findings differ from studies of subjects exposed to maternal starvation during the Dutch Hunger Winter. However, the dissimilar effects of exposure to the two famines may contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of the ‘thrifty phenotype’ and support the importance of catch-up growth during early childhood, a situation that occurred in the Netherlands but not in Leningrad.

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Sobolev, G. L., and M. V. Khodjakov. "The Confrontation Between Life and Death: Some Results of Studying the History of the Siege of Leningrad." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 2 (2021): 294–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.201.

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The authors focus on the assessment and characterization of the mortality rate of the civilian population, which waged a heroic struggle for survival. The number of victims in besieged Leningrad, as cited by researchers in published works, was “regulated” by the Communist Party leadership for several decades. The situation changed at the turn of the 1980s — 1990s, when historians gained access to previously secret documents. This article poses a problem that Leningrad doctors drew attention to in late autumn 1941. Their proposals for the treatment of alimentary dystrophy, the main affliction of civilians in the blocked city, were not immediately appreciated by Leningrad’s leaders at that time. The presence of various data on the mortality rate of the population during the blockade is understandable: these data were collected at different times by various organizations and individuals, based on far from complete data. The authors emphasize that it is impossible to assess the decline in the city’s population solely using y the number of ration cards in circulation. This approach, for a number of reasons, distorts b the real state of affairs. The city’s statistical department, the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, and the registry offices, which were under its jurisdiction, had their own estimates of the number of civilian victims. Today there is no consensus regarding the completeness of information on the scale of burials in city cemeteries during the blockade winter of 1941/42. The article concludes that there is a need for a wider introduction of previously unknown archival materials into circulation to help to clarify the number of victims of the Blockade of Leningrad, which, according to the authors, reached 750 thousand.

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Simonenko, V. B., V. G. Abashin, and P. A. Dulin. ""The Siege Book" in memoriam of military doctors of the Russian Imperial Army (to the 80th anniversary of the breakthrough of the siege of Leningrad)." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 101, no. 1 (2023): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2023-101-1-82-88.

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The article presents data on military doctors of the Russian Imperial Army who stayed in Russia after the revolution. After going through several wars, they continued to carry out their professional duty during the Great Patriotic War. Many of them did not survive the most difficult blockade winter of 1941–1942. They were buried in the "blockade cemeteries" of Leningrad.

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Lelina, Elena. "The Path to Victory. Review of the Documentary Album “The “Road of Life” of the Artist-Soldier Simon Gelberg”." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 12-1 (2021): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202112statyi19.

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The review-article analyzes the published in 2014 wartime diary by S. A. Gelberg, an architect, a graduate of the Leningrad Academy of Arts, after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and the siege of Leningrad, an officer of the Leningrad Front, an organizer of ice and water transportation on the “Road of Life” on Ladoga Lake in 1941- 1943. A significant disadvantage of the published diary is the lack of a following scientific apparatus that explains the events described, toponymic information, names and positions of participants in the organization of the “Road of Life”. The review contains the most important entries on the history of events, which are accompanied by scientific comments.

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Peri, Alexis. "Wartime Suffering and Survival: The Human Condition under Siege in the Blockade of Leningrad, 1941–1944 by Jeffrey K. Hass." Slavonic and East European Review 100, no. 4 (2022): 775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2022.0095.

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Amosova, Alisa A. "Restoration of Housing and Communal services of Leningrad from 1942-1944: the Temporal Experience of the Besieged City." RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 3 (2023): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-384-392.

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In their article, the author analyzes a critical point for the Soviet culture of the 1940s. This study is based on published sources, including data from periodicals, and unpublished materials from the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The purpose of it is to determine the features of the temporal characteristics of the restoration stages of Leningrad’s housing and communal services during the years of the siege. The research tools used including those investigating concrete-historical issues, problem-chronological methods, historical reconstruction, as well as linguo-culturological analysis. The identification and systematization of temporal concepts are implemented through three blocks (typological, structural, semiotic) in the paper, concepts which have contributed to the study of the relationship between material culture and the temporal dimensions of the era. There were two stages of the revival of Leningrad’s urban economy during the war years which should be singled out. The specific character of the first stage (January 1942 - January 1943) was the combination of restoration with continued emergency activities, and the second stage (January 1943 - January 1944), when the government began introducing, the restoration of housing and communal services, while taking into account the plans for the development of Leningrad in the post-war period. The temporal characteristics of the first period were colored by “siege time,” broad aspirations for the future largely marred due the establishment of unrealistic deadlines for the implementation of decisions and plans, as well as determination of restoration priorities in accordance with the seasonality of tasks. The second period was also characterized by acceleration in the pace of work carried out in the city due to a release of increased labor and funding, however, there was a discrepancy between real and assumed time in the perception of the Leningrad authorities, and understanding of time in terms of the realistic limits of under their control.

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Manggong, Lestari. "POSTCOLONIAL ECOCRITICISM IN HUNGER BY ELISE BLACKWELL." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 3, no. 2 (2020): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v3i2.2184.

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Hunger, a novella by a contemporary American novelist, Elise Blackwell, centres in the story of a Russian botanist, Nikolai Vavilov, during the Leningrad siege in 1941. Vavilov protects his collection of seeds at the Research Institute of Plant Industry in Leningrad against all odds, to be preserved for research for future use. In the recounting moments during the siege, the narrative provides parallelism between Leningrad and the ancient city of Babylon. In postcolonial writing, this can be perceived as a form of nostalgic projection of the past (Walder, 2011). Such a parallelism triggers a postcolonial narrative analysis on the pairing of the two as affinity, focusing on the significance of the comparison between the two cities (between the apocalyptic present and the glorious past). The contribution of this parallelism will be discussed to understand the novella as a narrative mode of ecocriticism, with regards to the idea of prioritizing seeds over human lives, which also acts as the steering issue stirring the plot. By mainly referring to Garrard (2004) and Huggan and Tiffin (2010) on ecocriticism and postcolonial ecocriticism, this essay in general aims to investigate how the novella contributes new perspectives on the intertwining between postcolonial studies and ecocriticism.

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Gruszka, Sarah. "Les Carnets de la ville morte : Dostoïevski dans Leningrad en état de siège (1941-1944)." Revue des études slaves 92, no. 3-4 (2021): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/res.4768.

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Bidlack, Richard. "Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 902 (January 1, 1991): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1991.49.

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Inall of Soviet history from October 1917 to the end of 1989, two events or greatest challenges to the existence of the regime and, one might argue, have had the greatest impact on subsequent political, diplomatic, social, and economic developments. An entire generation of Western historians has revised and deepened our understanding of the Revolution and Civil War period; however, a scholarly re-examination of the conflagration of 1941-45 and its impact is still in the initial stages.

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Bucher, Greta. "The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 44, no. 1-2 (2010): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023910x513092.

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Balashova, Elena A. "“Encyclopedia of life in the siege” in poems by Gleb Semyonov." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 59 (2021): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-59-227-236.

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The purpose of the paper is to show how Gleb Semyonov managed to update the issues of war poetry: he moves away from the chronicle, yet at the same time his texts allow us to recreate the life of Leningrad residents day by day. The author analyzes the body of war poems by Gleb Semyonov written from 1941 to 1960. The main content of the study constitutes the analysis of the cycle “Memories of the Siege”. The poet dwells on milestones of the life of the city and the life of an unfortunate person, whose moods change quickly from fear and numbness (“Silence”) to emerging animal feelings of a hunger bitten (“Feat”, “Immortality”). The end of his story of the besieged captivity the poet will see not when it is reported on the radio or in the bulletins, but when it will be possible to return to the peaceful, revived life after the siege of Leningrad. Based on the results of the study, the author makes conclusions on the poetical features of this cycle, such as the rejection of timing, intertextuality, plurality of “details” and symbolism. Conducted on the basis of historical-genetic and comparative-historical approaches, the research draws upon conceptions, methods and results of modern poetry, primarily M. Gasparov and his school.

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Lushin, Alexander I., and Igor V. Politov. "ACTIVITIES OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL OF THE NORTHERN FRONT ON FINANCIAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES IN LENINGRAD (June – September 1941)." Historical Search 5, no. 2 (2024): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2024-5-2-23-32.

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The relevance of the study is due to a significant date in the Russian history – the 80th anniversary of the complete lifting of Leningrad siege. The immortal feat of Leningrad defenders should serve as an example of heroism and perseverance for future generations of Russians. The purpose of the study is to show the activities of military authorities in organizing the defense of the city, including in the field of constructing defensive structures in the early period of the Great Patriotic War. All this will contribute to a more substantive study of not only the heroism of the Leningraders who found themselves in the conditions of the siege, but also the successes achieved and mistakes made by the military leadership in organizing the defense of the city. Materials and methods. The main material for writing the article was extracted from the funds of the Central State Archive of St. ‑Petersburg, the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg, published materials of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and a number of other sources. The article reveals the specifics of the activities carried out by the Military Council of the Northern Front for the construction of defensive structures around Leningrad before the beginning of the city siege. The main method of this study was a retrospective method, which enabled to consider the events of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in dynamics and development. Study results. The documents defining the legal status of the Military Council of the Northern Front are analyzed. The activity of military management bodies on financial and legal support for the construction of defensive structures in Leningrad in June – September 1941 is shown. In addition, the article describes the methods of statutory regulation of increasing financial control and discipline when forming the financial and legal system of remuneration for workers and employees involved in the construction of defensive structures. At the same time, the mechanism for providing workers mobilized to construct defensive structures with food, tools and wages was uncovered. Conclusions. It can be stated that the Military Council of the Northern Front, in an extremely limited time caused by advance of German troops, was able to mobilize the material and human resources of the city to build defensive lines around Leningrad. At this, the Council actively resolved issues of financial and legal support for this construction, financial discipline was observed and legal control was ensured. Ultimately, this made it possible to effectively mobilize human resources and raise the morale of the city defenders, set them up for stubborn resistance to the enemy, and lay the material and ideological foundation for the heroic defense of Leningrad.

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Lomagin, Nikita. "Soldiers at War: German Propaganda and Soviet Army Morale During the Battle of Leningrad, 1941-44." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1306 (January 1, 1998): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1998.79.

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These words, spoken by Stalin at a victory celebration in the Kremlin, may be true, but the main question-why the Russian people "did not take this path"-remains to be answered. Indeed, what was behind this choice: Patriotism? Security agents ready to shoot down their own troops if they turned and retreated? German policy which made Russians fight against the Wehrmacht? Was the Soviet regime truly close to political collapse in 1941? Why did the great losses in the beginning of war and the severe situation during the siege of Leningrad not result in revolt?

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Zotova, Anastasiya Valeryevna. "Financial Bodies on the Eve of the Siege of Leningrad (June 22 – September 8, 1941)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 14, no. 2 (2014): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2014-14-2-28-31.

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Loskutov, I. G. "Wartime activities of the Vavilov Institute." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, no. 2 (2021): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-2-151-162.

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Among the chronicles relating the heroism of the besieged Leningrad, there are pages dedicated to the deeds performed by the staff the world-famous All-Union Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR, now the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources). With the beginning of the war, even before the city was surrounded by the Nazi troops, the government decided to evacuate a number of factories and institutes from Leningrad, including VIR, but the plan failed. Only in winter did the Institute start partial evacuation, although preparations had been going on for a long time. The largest and most important part of the collection was left behind in the besieged city. The remaining employees were forced to work under the hardest conditions of the siege, in unheated premises. In the harsh reality of the winter in 1941–1942, the daily bread rationing was cut down, and hunger raged in the city, killing tens of thousands of city residents, including VIR employees who kept the stored seeds and tubers untouched. The most difficult part was preserving the potato collection. In the spring of 1942, preparations were made for sowing to restore the viability of seeds and tubers in the fields of Leningrad’s suburban area under the fire from the enemy artillery. Only the heroic efforts of VIR’s staff helped to save the collection from destruction and loss of germination. This heroism cost more than 20 experts and scientists their lives. So, the most dangerous period for the Institute was overcome at such price. Immediately after the siege was lifted, a group of experts was sent to Leningrad from Krasnoufimsk to help with selecting seed accessions for urgent reproduction. Working under extreme physical exhaustion in frozen premises, without water or electricity, under continuous shelling, they saved, many at the cost of their own lives, the collection of cultivated plants and their wild relatives, the herbarium, and the scientific library for future generations.

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Shkolnikova, Maria, Maria Baturova, Michail Medvedev, et al. "Method of Holter monitoring in the epidemiologic study of elderly people with experience of starvation in the childhood during the Siege of Leningrad in 1941-1944." Journal of Electrocardiology 44, no. 2 (2011): e53-e54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2010.12.129.

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Hodgson, Katharine. "The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments by Lisa A. Kirschenbaum." Modern Language Review 105, no. 1 (2010): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2010.0355.

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Balashov, Aleksei I., and Aleksandr I. Lushin. "LITTLE-KNOWN PAGES OF THE BALTIC FLEET PARTICIPATION IN LENINGRAD’S DEFENSE." Historical Search 1, no. 4 (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-4-9-17.

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The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the domestic historiography rather weakly covers the participation of the Baltic Fleet tactical formations in the defense of Leningrad. As a rule, special attention is paid to the tragic events of the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War and to the loss of a significant part of the Baltic Fleet ships. In this regard, the proposed article focuses on the history of the defending Tallinn, the Moonsund Islands, the Hanko Island, as well as on the participation of the Baltic Fleet artillery units and formations in checking the advancing Wehrmacht parts. Special attention is paid to the role of Leningrad in the history of the Great Patriotic War. St. Petersburg was the capital of the Russian Empire for over two centuries. With its embankments of the Neva River, bridges, the Hermitage, the Winter Palace and dozens of other unique structures, it was not only the capital for two centuries but its largest cultural center as well. No Russian city causes such a multitude of literary associations as St. Petersburg, and then Leningrad. The siege of the city, where more than a million people died, was unlike any of the tragedies of this war. Sieging Leningrad in September 1941 the fascists condemned almost three million people to starvation; more than a third of them died of starvation and exhaustion, but did not surrender to the fascists. A significant amount of scientific literature, journalistic, memories, etc. are devoted to the coverage of the heroic battle for Leningrad. However, there are still quite a few pages of this war that, in our view, have not received sufficient coverage in domestic historiography.

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Song, Shige. "Does famine influence sex ratio at birth? Evidence from the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1739 (2012): 2883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0320.

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The current study examined the long-term trend in sex ratio at birth between 1929 and 1982 using retrospective birth histories of 310 101 Chinese women collected in a large, nationally representative sample survey in 1982. The study identified an abrupt decline in sex ratio at birth between April 1960, over a year after the Great Leap Forward Famine began, and October 1963, approximately 2 years after the famine ended, followed by a compensatory rise between October 1963 and July 1965. These findings support the adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis that mothers in good condition are more likely to give birth to sons, whereas mothers in poor condition are more likely to give birth to daughters. In addition, these findings help explain the lack of consistent evidence reported by earlier studies based on the 1944–1945 Dutch Hunger Winter or the 1942 Leningrad Siege.

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Medvedev, T. D. "Fighter Battalions of the Leningrad Region Defending the City During the Summer of 1941 — Spring of 1942." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.302.

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The Great Patriotic War became not only the most tragic event in modern Russian history, but also a test for the state system of the USSR, which underwent a number of changes after the outbreak of war. Among other things, the war also affected structures subordinate to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD). New irregular units were created in the NKVD structure, the so-called fighter battalions designed to protect the Red Army’s near rear and to maintain order in the frontline zone. The article explores issues related to the formation and application of these units in one of the most difficult sections of the Soviet-German front, the Leningrad front. In particular, the process of creating fighter battalions in this region is studied, the level of their material support, and how these units were used in conditions of the German army’s rapid attack on Leningrad and how they were used somewhat later during the siege. The source base includes previously unpublished documents from the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of the city of St. Petersburg and the State Archive of the Russian Federation. An analysis allows not only a comprehensive study of the above problems, but also possible answers to one of the little-studied questions of the history of the Great Patriotic War: how the Soviet command used irregular military formations at the first stage of the war and what role they played in achieving victory.

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Лантинг, Т. Н. "Activities of library workers to preserve the book collection in besieged Leningrad 1941-1943." Historical bulletin 7, no. 2 (2024): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2658-5685-2024-7-2-161-169.

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в статье рассмотрена деятельность библиотечных работников по спасению и сохранению книжных фондов библиотек в период блокады Ленинграда во время Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1943 годов. Рассмотрены особенности работы библиотекарей в период блокады с целью сохранения библиотечных фондов, описаны формы работы по предотвращению утраты библиотечных фондов, раскрыт вклад библиотечных работников в пополнения библиотечных фондов. Особое место отведено задачам, стоявшим перед библиотекарями блокадного Ленинграда и пути их решения. Рассмотрен вклад Государственной Публичной библиотеки им. М.Е. Салтыкова-Щедрина (ныне Российской Национальной Библиотеки), Библиотеки Академии Наук, Центральной городской библиотеки им. В.В. Маяковского и ряда районных публичных библиотек. Показано стремление библиотечных работников и читательского актива в условиях военного времени не только минимизировать потери библиотечных фондов, но спасти и сохранить частные книжные собрания и коллекции уникальных документов. Также отражена важная роль библиотек для жителей блокадного города. В процессе исследования использовались метод обзорного анализа, метод сравнительно-исторического анализа, хронологический метод. the article examines the activities of library workers to rescue and preserve library book collections during the siege of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1943. The features of the work of librarians during the blockade in order to preserve library collections are considered, the forms of work to prevent the loss of library collections are described, and the contribution of library workers to the replenishment of library collections is revealed. A special place is given to the tasks facing the librarians of besieged Leningrad and ways to solve them. The contribution of the State Public Library named after. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (now the Russian National Library), Library of the Academy of Sciences, Central City Library named after. V.V. Mayakovsky and a number of regional public libraries. The desire of library workers and readers in wartime conditions is shown not only to minimize the loss of library collections, but to save and preserve private book collections and collections of unique documents. The important role of libraries for residents of the besieged city is also reflected. During the research process, the method of review analysis, the method of comparative historical analysis, and the chronological method were used.

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Moshnik, Julia. "Victory Day report. The siege of Leningrad in the publications of the Finnish war correspondents of 1941-1942." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 4 (2019): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x-2019-00082.

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Иванов, Дмитрий Олегович, Галина Львовна Микиртичан, and Ирина Александровна Савина. "LENINGRAD PEDIATRIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE IN 1943–1944. ON THE 80th ANNIVERSARY OF THE COMPLETE LIBERATION OF LENINGRAD FROM THE FASCIST BLOCKADE." Medicine and health care organization 9, no. 1 (2024): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56871/mhco.2024.45.96.001.

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Статья приурочена к событию огромной исторической значимости — 80-летию полного освобождения Ленинграда от фашистской блокады. В общую победу ленинградцев внесли вклад сотрудники Ленинградского педиатрического медицинского института (ЛПМИ, ныне СПбГПМУ), которые все дни Великой Отечественной войны и блокады оставались в городе, боролись за спасение жизней детей, готовили врачебные кадры, занимались научной работой. В эти годы научные изыскания сотрудников ЛПМИ были сосредоточены на самых насущных проблемах: военная травма; алиментарная дистрофия и авитаминозы; питание и поиски заменителей молока; анемии; лечение и выхаживание новорожденных и недоношенных детей; детские инфекционные заболевания; туберкулез и ряд других заболеваний; динамика и специфика заболеваемости, показатели физического развития, детскойсмертности, а также многочисленные организационные проблемы лечебно-профилактической помощи детям в разные периоды блокады. С мая 1942 г. возобновило работу Научноеобщество детских врачей, заседания проводились ежемесячно, заслушивались доклады по результатам исследований, проводились совместные конференции педиатров с акушерами,терапевтами, фтизиатрами по актуальным вопросам акушерства и педиатрии, выпускались сборники научных трудов, печатались монографии, статьи, учебные руководства. Все это способствовало быстрому внедрению научных изысканий в практику. Пережив неимоверные трудности блокадных лет, сотрудники Института продолжали и в дальнейшем бороться за жизни детей, ликвидировать последствия тяжелой блокадной патологии, стремились поддерживать санитарно-эпидемиологическое благополучие и не допустить развития эпидемий детских инфекционных заболеваний. В статье приводится качественный и количественный анализ основных показателей работы ЛПМИ в годы войны и блокады. The article is dedicated to the event of enormous historical significance — the 80th anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the fascist blockade. The employees of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute (LPMI, now St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University) contributed to the overall victory of the Leningraders, who remained in the city throughout the days of the Great Patriotic War and the siege, fought to save the lives of children, trained medical personnel, and were engaged in scientific work. During these years, the scientific research of LPMI employees was focused on the most vital problems: war trauma, nutritional dystrophy and vitamin deficiencies; nutrition and search for milk substitutes; anemia; treatment and care of newborns and premature babies; childhood infectious diseases; tuberculosis and a number of other diseases; dynamics and specificity of morbidity, indicators of physical development, infant mortality, as well as numerous organizational problems of treatment and preventive care for children during different periods of the blockade. Since May 1942, the Scientific Society of Children’s Doctors resumed its work, meetings were held monthly, reports were heard on the results of the research, joint conferences of pediatricians with obstetricians, therapists, and phthisiatricians were held on topical issues of obstetrics and pediatrics, collections of scientific papers were published, monographs, articles were published, training manuals. All this contributed to the rapid implementation of scientific research into practice. Having survived the incredible difficulties of the blockade years, the Institute’s staff continued to fight for the lives of children, eliminate the consequences of severe blockade pathology, strive to maintain sanitary and epidemiological well-being and prevent the development of epidemics of childhood infectious diseases. The article provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the main performance indicators of the LPMI during the war and blockade.

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Amosova, Alisa A., and Tat’iana M. Konysheva. "“The Object ‘Pavilion’”: The re-exposure in the bunker in Smolny in honor of the 75th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War." Issues of Museology 11, no. 2 (2020): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu27.2020.207.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the updated museum exposition entitled “The Object ‘Pavilion’”, implemented in a bomb shelter under the building of the St. Petersburg administration for the anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, by May 9, 2020. The authors study history of The Smolny Museum, as well as its current expositions and memorial spaces available for visitors within the walls of the government building: the exposition “From the history of women’s education in Russia. Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens” and “December, 1. Shot in Smolny”; V. I. Lenin’s study and the room in which he lived with his wife, N. K. Krupskaya; The white-column assembly hall, where in the fall of 1917 the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers ‘and Soldiers’ Deputies was held. The period of the war and the siege of Leningrad (1941–1944) occupies an important place in the museum’s theme. One of the most attractive memorial spaces of the museum is the underground bunker located under the territory of the Smolny garden, museumified in 2019. The article describes the technical parameters of the underground structure and considers its history, studies and compares two versions of the bomb shelter exposition (“Bunker A. A. Zhdanov”, 2019 and “The Object ‘Pavilion’”, 2020). The updated exposition is distinguished by a significant expansion of the exposition space, an emphasis on demonstrating the previously hidden functional premises of the bunker (dining room, disinfection room, rest room, etc.), a more detailed display of the historical events of the blockade related to the management of the city and the front, the introduction of multimedia technologies. The article is based on the historical sources of the museum origin.

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Volkova, Elena. "Situation of Leningrad Children Evacuated from the Besieged City in Yaroslavl Region (1941–1945)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.1.5.

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Introduction. The siege of Leningrad is one of the most tragic pages in the history of the Great Patriotic War. The whole country took part in helping residents of the besieged city. Yaroslavl Region was one of the leading places where tens of thousands of children were evacuated. Methods and materials. The author seeks to implement the principles of scientific objectivity and reliability. The article is based on the memories of eyewitnesses of those years and archival materials. The author had an invaluable help in understanding the atmosphere in which children lived through confidential conversations with survivors of the blockade. Their stories are shocking in their naked truth. The author uses the comparative historical method in disclosing new, qualitative aspects of the problem under study. The hermeneutic method is used in the analysis of various sources: archival materials, memories, letters, first of all, based on time and reasons for the appearance of a particular source. The anthropological approach to the problem makes it possible to create a socio-psychological portrait of children, who by fate turned out to be far from their home, to recreate a picture of their life and everyday life. Analysis. It includes the problems associated with the children evacuation in July–August 1941 and especially in winter–spring 1942, raises the issue of child mortality and the perpetuation of their memory. Results. A major role in the organization of children’s life was played by the party and the Soviet leadership. The article notes that ordinary workers and collective farms took the successful solution of domestic problems of orphans. They provided children with everything they needed: home, food, clothes, shoes, dishes, etc. In addition, citizens took children on patronage and adoption. The methods of educational work with them had changed, where one of the main directions was the inculcation of labour skills: children worked in their farms, helped collective farms, cleaned their homes, were engaged in needlework, worked in workshops, etc. The desire to live and create was instilled in Leningrad by attracting citizens to participate in art performances. Big problems are connected with statistical data, in particular, different sources give different numbers of children living on the territory of Yaroslavl region: from 90 to 150 thousand. It is almost impossible to count the number of dead children, so the established monuments to small Leningraders, as a rule, are nameless. After the lifting of the blockade some children returned to Leningrad, and some linked their destinies with Yaroslavl land.

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KIRSCHENBAUM, LISA. "Leningrad 1941–42: Morality in a City under Siege. By Sergey Yarov. Translated by ArchTait. Polity. 2017. xiii + 409pp. £35.00." History 104, no. 361 (2019): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12809.

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van Meurs, Wim. "The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, by Lisa A. KirschenbaumThe Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, by Lisa A. Kirschenbaum. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006. xiii, 309 pp. $75.00 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 43, no. 3 (2008): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.43.3.563.

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Raskin, David I. "V. V. Bedin in Charge of the Central State Historical Archive of the USSR in Leningrad: 1945–52, 1954–64." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-916-926.

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The article is to highlight the little-known pages in the history of the Russian State Historical Archive, one of the largest archives in Russia. Its story is an integral part of the history of archiving in Russia. The article is to show the role of an individual in the history of Russian archiving in a case-study of the activities of one of its most effective managers. His life is largely characteristic of the generation of archival leaders of the 1940s–60s, while his personal characteristics are unique. The article is based on genuine archival materials preserved in the so-called “Archive of the archive” and also on the memoirs of his contemporaries. It is devoted to the biography of Vasily Vasilyevich Bedin, the longtime head of the Central State Historical Archive in Leningrad (now the Russian State Historical Archive). V. V. Bedin was appointed head of the archive at a difficult time. During the war and in the siege of Leningrad, the archive was headed by temporary leaders who replaced one another and did not always cope well with the responsibilities assigned to them. V. V. Bedin became the fifth head of the archive since 1941. Descent from the Novgorod gubernia peasants, a Red Army soldier during the Civil War, a political instructor, he became a party functionary, studied at the Institute of Red Professors. In 1937, he was appointed head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus, and in 1939 became director of the Leningrad branch of the Museum of V. I. Lenin. On December 22, 1945, he was appointed head of the Central State Historical Archive in Leningrad. In this position, he did a lot to eliminate the consequences of the war and to put the archive in order; he strove to improve the situation of the archive’s staff. In a difficult political environment of the late 1940s - early 1950s he showed high integrity and much decency. This was the reason for his dismissal in 1952. But with the beginning of the “thaw,” V. V. Bedin was re-appointed head of the archive on July 3, 1954. Under his leadership, the archive became a truly scientific institution. V. V. Bedin created a businesslike atmosphere in the archive, allowing its staff of to show initiative and boldly discuss the fundamental issues of the archival administration development. He did a lot to improve the storage of archival documents. V. V. Bedin initiated the archive’s transition to a more functional structure. He remained in the memory of the Leningrad archivists as an effective and principled, demanding and caring leader.

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Bidlack, Richard. "Leningrad, 1941–42: Morality in a City under Siege. By Sergey Yarov. Translated by Arch Tait. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2017. Pp. xi, 392. $35.78.)." Historian 80, no. 3 (2018): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12991.

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Simmons, C. "LISA A. KIRSCHENBAUM. The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006. Pp. xiii, 309. $75.00." American Historical Review 112, no. 5 (2007): 1649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.112.5.1649.

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Edele, Mark. "The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments. By Lisa A. Kirschenbaum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. vii+309. $75.00." Journal of Modern History 80, no. 3 (2008): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/593454.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1944'

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