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Journal articles on the topic 'Siege warfare'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Hale, Christopher John. "“TAKE PITY OF YOUR TOWN AND OF YOUR PEOPLE”." Contemporary Challenges: The Global Crime, Justice and Security Journal 3 (September 28, 2022): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ccj.v3.7087.

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It has been argued that the practice of siege warfare is at the very limit of legality under the terms of International Humanitarian Law.[1] The question addressed in this essay might be rephrased: how do the laws of armed conflict permitsieges to become humanitarian disasters? More precisely, can military doctrine regarding the efficacy of siege warfare operations to induce surrender of besieged forces comply in real world terms with the laws of armed conflict? Since February, 2022 it is alleged that Russian armed forces perpetrated a number of crimes against humanity in Ukraine during sieges of cities such as Mariupol. These alleged crimes include indiscriminate targeting of civilian habitation and attacks on evacuation corridors.[2] In the 1990s, siege warfare in the former Yugoslavia provoked international censure and criminal prosecution of perpetrators. Nevertheless, siege operations in Syria and Kashmir today show no sign of respecting the rights of civilian populations despite international censure. The core legal issue regarding sieges is the principle of distinction between combatants and non-combatant civilians and thus decisions regarding targeting and proportionality. The essay will show that distinction is a recent innovation in International Humanitarian Law and uncertainly embodied in military doctrine. The first part reviews evolving IHL norms pertinent to modern sieges. In the second, the essay examines modern jurisprudence regarding the conduct of siege warfare derived from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) prosecution of Major General Stanislav Galić and Major General Dragomir Milosević.[3] [1] Riordan, K., ‘Shelling, Sniping and Starvation: the Law of Armed Conflict and the Lessons of the Siege of Sarajevo’, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 41 (2), p.150; Watts, S., Under Siege: International Humanitarian Law and Security Council Practice Concerning Urban Siege Operations’, Research and Policy Paper, CHE Project, May 2014. [2] https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2022/03/17/armed-conflict-in-ukraine-a-recap-of-basic-ihl-rules/ [3] https://www.icty.org/case/galic

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2

Murray, William M., and Paul Bently Kern. "Ancient Siege Warfare." Journal of Military History 64, no. 2 (April 2000): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120251.

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3

Nijs, Maxime. "Humanizing siege warfare: Applying the principle of proportionality to sieges." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 914 (August 2020): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000680.

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AbstractSiege warfare and its devastating humanitarian consequences have been one of the defining features of contemporary armed conflicts. While the most apparent restriction of siege warfare appears to be provided by the prohibition against starvation of the civilian population as a method of warfare, the prevailing restrictive interpretation of this prohibition has left civilians remaining in a besieged area unprotected from the hardships they endure. This article demonstrates that shifting the focus from the prohibition against starvation to the rules regulating humanitarian relief operations does not seem helpful due to the ambiguities regarding the requirement of consent and the right of control of the besieging party. In remedying this protection gap, this article examines whether and how the principle of proportionality applies in the context of a siege. After analyzing whether the encirclement and isolation aspect of a siege can be considered an attack in the sense of Article 49(1) of Additional Protocol I (AP I), to which the proportionality principle applies, the article investigates how this principle operates in the context of a siege. It will be demonstrated that Article 57(2)(b) of AP I requires that the proportionality of a siege must be continuously monitored.

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4

Wheeler, Everett L. "Ancient Siege Warfare (review)." Technology and Culture 41, no. 4 (2000): 834–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2000.0187.

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5

Riordan, KJ. "Shelling, Sniping and Starvation: The Law of Armed Conflict and the Lessons of the Siege of Sarajevo." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 41, no. 2 (August 2, 2010): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v41i2.5233.

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This article looks at the siege of Sarajevo conducted from April 1992 to February 1996, which resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and great suffering to the civilian population of the city. It also resulted in criminal convictions for Bosnian Serb commanders Stanislav Galić and Dragomir Milosević. Given the fact that sieges have been a common form of warfare from antiquity to the present day, and are likely to remain so, these convictions and the heavy sentences that accompanied them must provide a cautionary tale for commanders who may in future be required to undertake such an operation. This article examines the traditional methods of warfare associated with the successful prosecution of a siege and contrasts them with the detailed and onerous provisions of the law of armed conflict. It ponders the question of what a modern commander must do to conduct a siege which is both lawful and successful.

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6

Bachrach, Bernard S. "Medieval Siege Warfare: A Reconnaissance." Journal of Military History 58, no. 1 (January 1994): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944182.

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7

Roth, Jonathan P. "Josh Levithan. Roman Siege Warfare." American Historical Review 119, no. 5 (December 2014): 1756–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.5.1756.

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8

Whitby, Michael. "SIEGE WARFARE AND COUNTER-SIEGE TACTICS IN LATE ANTIQUITY (ca. 250–640)." Late Antique Archaeology 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000014a.

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Although there are numerous remains of Late Roman walls and other defensive works, these offer little insight into how individual sieges progressed, and most of our knowledge about siege operations in Late Antiquity comes from literary sources, which, for different reasons, provide a wealth of information. Tactics and techniques were substantially the same as in earlier Roman and Hellenistic times, so that comparative evidence is relevant, and the main issue for debate is the switch from torsion-powered to traction artillery and who was responsible for this development.

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9

RAPHAEL, KATE. "Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260–1312)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 19, no. 3 (July 2009): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309009717.

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AbstractThis article discusses the Mongol approach to warfare, then goes on to consider the Mongols' conversion to the notion that they would have to develop a siege train, since walled cities cannot easily be taken by a cavalry charge. The contribution of Chinese siege engineers is discussed, and there is a survey of Chinese siege techniques as they evolved before the Mongol period. The author considers the evidence for the use of inflammable materials, and then moves to the question of gunpowder. The widespread (not quite universal) consensus that the Chinese used gunpowder is discussed, and then attention moves to Hulegu's expedition to western Asia in the 1250s. It is pointed out that none of the major sources seems to imply the use of anything that might be construed as gunpowder technology during those campaigns. Lastly, the author considers, in some detail, sieges conducted by the Ilkhanid Mongols against Mamluk border strongholds during the succeeding decades, drawing attention to and explaining those sieges' increasing lack of success.

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10

Burke, James. "The New Model Army and the problems of siege warfare, 1648–51." Irish Historical Studies 27, no. 105 (May 1990): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400010282.

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The destruction of the Royalist field armies at Naseby and Langport in 1645 did not end the English Civil War. Althought the king had suffered irreversible military defeats, Parliament was unable to govern effectively while politically important towns and fortresses remained in enemy hands. To ensure political stability Parliament’s army was forced to besiege and reduce a large number of strongholds in England, Ireland and Scotland, a task that was not finally completed until the surrender of Galway in 1652. In particular the war in Ireland was to test the army’s siege-making capacity more severely than any previous campaign. To complete the political conquest of Britain and Ireland the army and its generals were compelled increasingly to practise an aspect of warfare that had been traditionally neglected by English soldiers. In contrast, siege warfare was an area in which their continental counterparts had excelled.In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, European wars produced few set-piece battles. Conflicts were more frequently resolved by the assault and defence of fortified cities and towns. Consequently the art of siege warfare evolved rapidly. England’s political and military insularity during this period detached the country from advances in siege technology that had transformed the conduct of European warfare. No major siege had been undertaken by an English army since Henry VIII had invested Boulogne in 1544, and as there had been no siege of English towns or fortresses since medieval times, there had been little innovation in defensive fortifications. What improvements did occur were sporadic and unco-ordinated. In the sixteenth century a great fortress was built at Berwick-on-Tweed to counter Scottish infiltration and a number of coastal towns in the south-east were refortified against the threat of Spanish invasion. However, by the outbreak of civil war in 1642, even these were obsolete by contemporary continental standards.

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11

DeVries, Kelly, and R. Rogers. "Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century." American Historical Review 99, no. 3 (June 1994): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167799.

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12

Tobias, Norman. "Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century.R. Rogers." Speculum 69, no. 4 (October 1994): 1259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2865694.

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13

Santosuosso, Antonio. "Reviews of Books:Ancient Siege Warfare Paul Bentley Kern." American Historical Review 107, no. 4 (October 2002): 1269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532769.

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14

Anand, Vinod. "Iraq under siege: Human costs of economic warfare." Strategic Analysis 24, no. 2 (May 2000): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455214.

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15

Wheelis, Mark. "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa." Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, no. 9 (September 2002): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0809.010536.

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16

Egan, Daniel. "Friedrich Engels and the Strategy of “Siege Warfare”." International Critical Thought 10, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 390–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2020.1846137.

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17

Kirilov, Svetlozar. "Mariupol: The Information Warfare." Media and Language Journal 1, no. 12 (October 5, 2022): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.58894/pvpc6631.

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The article deals with the main points of the information warfare between Russia and Ukraine related to Mariupol. Which side in the conflict is supported by the inhabitants of the city? Who is to be blamed for the death of civilians and destruction in Mariupol? To what extent the statements of the warring countries are consistent with the truth? The light is shed on the information coverage of four concrete events during the siege of Mariupol: the destruction of the Maternity Yard №3; the destruction of the theater; the fate of the civilians in Azovstal and the blocking of the ship “Tzarevna” in the port.

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18

Black, James. "Hamlet hears Marlowe; Shakespeare reads Virgil." Renaissance and Reformation 30, no. 4 (January 21, 2009): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v30i4.11519.

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The excerpt from Aeneas' tale to Dido which Hamlet elicits from the Player is based in part on Marlowe's Dido Queen of Carthage. As a melodramatic description of the culmination of the Trojan war with the slaughter of Priam, the Player's speech appears to be specified by Hamlet because it recalls Old Hamlet's preceding account of his own murder — a report which figures Old Hamlet's body as an assailed citadel. These two accounts, with other Virgilian and contemporary allusions, associate the action and apparent inaction of Hamlet with the manoeuvres and stalemates of an extended siege war. Elizabethan land warfare was chiefly siege campaigning, and there was an extensive contemporary literature on this mode of conflict. Marrying Virgil's account of Troy to Renaissance siegecraft theory, Shakespeare makes the Aeneid and elements of contemporary warfare an entelechy of Hamlet.

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19

Power, Susan. "Siege Warfare in Syria: Prosecuting the Starvation of Civilians." Amsterdam Law Forum 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37974/alf.282.

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20

Quine, Cat. "The Bird and the Mountains: A Note on Psalm 11." Vetus Testamentum 67, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341283.

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This paper demonstrates that the bird and the mountains phrase in Ps 11:1 compares well with a common metaphor relating to siege warfare and military conquest found in Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions and considers the resulting implications.

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21

Chung, Yan Hon Michael. "The Introduction of European-Style Artillery and the Reform of Siege Tactics in 17th Century China—a Case Study of the Tragedy of Jiangyin (1645)." Journal of Chinese Military History 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10001.

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Abstract While the importance of European-style artillery, also called “red-barbarian cannon” by the people of the time, to the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1683) is generally recognized, much less is known about the actual performance of the weapon on the battlefield. Such a dearth of knowledge hinders historians from evaluating the extent of its impact on the Manchu conquest of China. Hoping to fill this gap, this article examines the actual performance of red-barbarian cannon through reconstructing the siege of Jiangyin (1645). Close examination of this episode reveals that, although the Qing army possessed abundant European-style artillery, the absence of appropriate and effective artillery siege tactics greatly constrained the effectiveness of these weapons in siege warfare. Hence, the importance of artillery in the early stage of the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1645) is likely to have been minimal. However, the siege of Jiangyin witnessed a reform of siege tactics in the Qing artillery corps. These newly devised siege tactics enabled the Qing army to capture the city with efficiency by fully utilizing the red-barbarian cannon. The reform greatly enhanced the siege ability of the Qing forces and paved the way for the Qing conquest of China.

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22

Elizabeth Bloch-Smith. "The Impact of Siege Warfare on Biblical Conceptualizations of YHWH." Journal of Biblical Literature 137, no. 1 (2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1371.2018.278033.

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23

Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth. "The Impact of Siege Warfare on Biblical Conceptualizations of YHWH." Journal of Biblical Literature 137, no. 1 (2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jbl.2018.0002.

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24

Guerrero, Sarah Loose. "Bocche Inutili : Abandoned Children, Warfare, and Civic Religion in Siena." Catholic Historical Review 109, no. 3 (June 2023): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2023.a907446.

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Abstract: This article examines the hospital of Santa Maria della Scala in Siena, Italy during a siege in 1554–1555 to explore two related threads within the historiography of charity: the treatment and perception of abandoned children, and the intersection of hospitals and civic religion in a time of crisis. Dedicated to the Virgin Mary, people viewed the hospital and its children as a reflection of Siena’s piety and devotion to its patron saint. During the siege, the designation of the hospital’s children as bocche inutili and the resulting perceptions of the city’s failure in its performance of charity towards abandoned children enabled the hospital’s rector to use rhetoric around foundlings and charity to protest policy and negotiate resolutions. This incident allows us to see how, during times of crisis, abandoned children, through their physical presence in processions and as objects of rhetoric, could hold an important place in civic religious devotions and discourse.

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25

Chung, Yan Hon Michael. "The Development and Impact of Hong Taiji’s Artillery Corps (1631–1643)." Journal of Chinese Military History 10, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10007.

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Abstract This study retraces the development of the Later Jin/Qing artillery corps between 1631 and 1642, examines the factors that led to its success, and evaluates its military and socio-political impact. The newly established artillery corps, under the direction of the talented Hong Taiji, learned effectively from its participation in sieges and developed the relevant military knowledge. By 1642, it had turned from an auxiliary force into a full-fledged unit that played a decisive role in siege warfare. The success of the Qing artillery corps greatly facilitated the Qing conquest of China (1644–1683). Moreover, the military performance of the artillery corps in the time period led to the multiple expansions and the ultimate institutionalization of the Han Eight Banner Army (baqi Hanjun).

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Луняшин, С. Д. "ARTILLERY DURING THE SIEGE OF VIENNA 1529: A CONTEST OF SKILL AND EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT." Человеческий капитал 2, no. 11(179) (November 19, 2023): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2023.11.35.

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Статья посвящена проблеме развития артиллерии и её места в осадной войне начале XVI в. Рассмотрение проблемы осуществляется на материале осады Вены османами в 1529 г. Целью исследования является изучение роли артиллерии во время осады Вены и установление наиболее значимых факторов, повлиявших на исход этой осады. В качестве основных источников использованы австрийские и османские тексты, составленные участниками осады или записанные с их слов. Общую методологическую основу исследования составляют концепция «военной революции» и исторический материализм. В статье подробно рассматривается ход осады, анализируется состав артиллерийского парка обеих сторон и состояние артиллерии как рода войск в Османской империи и в Священной Римской империи, изучаются наиболее эффективные тактики осаждающих и способы, которыми гарнизон противостоит им. Автор даёт ответ на вопрос о значимости артиллерии в рамках этой осады, и приходит к выводу о наибольшем значении для осаждающих тактики подземной (минной) войны, в то время как для сил Габсбургов решающее значение сыграло превосходство в качестве солдат, инженеров и передача военного опыта. The article is devoted to the problem of the development of artillery and its place in siege warfare at the beginning of the 16th century. The study is based on the materials related to the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1529. The purpose of the study is to examine the role of artillery during the siege and to establish the most significant factors that influenced the outcome of this battle. The main sources are Austrian and Ottoman texts compiled by participants of the siege or written down from their words. The general methodology of the study is the “Military revolution” theory and historical materialism. The article examines in detail the events of the siege, analyzes the composition of the artillery park of both sides and the state of Artillery Corps in the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, studies the most effective tactics of the besiegers and the ways in which the garrison resisted them. The author answers the question about the importance of artillery during the siege, and comes to the conclusion that the greatest importance for the besiegers was the tactics of the tunnel warfare, while for the Habsburg forces a decisive role was played buy superiority in the quality of soldiers, engineers and the transfer of military experience.

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TSURTSUMIA, Mamuka. "Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica." Historia i Świat 4 (September 16, 2015): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2015.04.10.

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In the medieval art of war siege constituted one of the principal forms of fight. Several basic techniques were used in taking a stronghold, such as assaulting the walls of the fortress, breaching the wall, digging a subterranean tunnel under the wall and enfeeblement of the garrison by lengthy siege. Bearing in mind various data, in the Middle Ages Georgians used the following technical means to capture fortresses: assault ladders, battering rams and other engines for breaching walls, ballistas, stone throwing engines and subterranean tunnels. In the article light is shed on the siege capabilities of the Georgian army of the period. Extensively discussed are the Georgian army’s stone throwing artillery, various types of stone hurling engines and the time of their spread in Georgia. Various techniques of capturing fortresses, applied by the Georgians are described. These include mounting the walls with ladder or various improvised means. The hazardous technique of directly assaulting the fortress without preliminary preparation or bringing up heavy siege engines is shown. The capturing of fortresses by means of underground tunnels isdiscussed separately. By the available evidence it is not apparent that Georgians made use of all the siege techniques known in the medieval world; however, it can be said that they were familiar with and used successfully the basic methods of siege warfare.

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Maier, Christl M. "»Schwert, Hunger, Seuche« als Kurzformel für den Untergang Jerusalems." Evangelische Theologie 81, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/evth-2021-810505.

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Abstract Within the Hebrew Bible, terms for »pestilence« or »plague« mainly appear in connection to covenant, curses, and warfare. The essay locates the phenomenon within its ancient Near Eastern context and focuses on how the Hebrew texts describe and interpret this catastrophe. The peculiar triadic phrase »sword, hunger, pestilence«, frequent in the books of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, recalls the horrors of siege warfare, and especially the defeat of Jerusalem in 587 BCE. For the survivors of this catastrophe who seek to explain how this traumatic event could happen, the phrase serves as a literary topos for Yhwh’s reaction to Israel’s wrong-doings and as a shorthand for their cultural trauma.

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Dinu, Dana. "Ancient Greek Military Theory and Practice. Aeneas Tacticus (I)." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0128.

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AbstractThe intention of this article is to present the oldest surviving work of military art of the Greek antiquity written in the mid-fourth century B.C. by of the author known today as Aeneas Tacticus. In 1609 Isaac Casaubon, its first editor, gave it the Latin title Commentarius de toleranda obsidione, How to Survive under Siege. Aeneas Tacticus was an experienced general on the battlefield, and had an equally solid theoretical training based on treatises of warfare which undoubtedly existed before his own, but were less fortunate and have not reached us. The study of this manual reveals that Aeneas Tacticus wrote or designed to write at least five books on military themes and information exists from other sources that he might have written three more books on the subject. Thus, all these works could have formed a Corpus Aeneanum, comparable in value to Clausewitz’s famous work On War. Aeneas’s work was highly appreciated and extremely useful for commanders and strategists of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages and was used and cited by all the authors of treatises on siege until the era of pre-modern warfare.

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Anderson, Tim, and Dina Yulianti. "The Developmental Case for BRICS." Global South Review 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2024): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.90735.

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This paper argues the developmental case for Indo-Pacific and Global South nations joining BRICS Plus, which presents the best possibilities to escape the dictatorship of the dollar, whether through bilateral swaps, new baskets of currencies or some new shared digital forms of exchange. This move is necessary for two main reasons. First, the dollar dictatorship has damaged and continues to damage developing countries through depreciation of non-dollar currencies, adverse income effects and associated damaging impact on credit ratings and investment. Second, the expanded use of unilateral US and EU “sanctions” (unilateral coercive measures) imposes crippling siege warfare on more than 20 nations while seriously damaging the free trade options of third party nations. That siege warfare and its effects is only possible because of the tight nexus between the dollar, the US-dominated SWIFT system and the US capture of protocol agreements such as those against money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Establishing alternative financial mechanisms to the dollar dictatorship has become essential to the developmental possibilities of Global South economies in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and the weight and determination of the BRICS Plus group presents the best chance to build such alternatives.

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31

Hall, Bert, and Christopher Duffy. "Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660." Sixteenth Century Journal 29, no. 3 (1998): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543754.

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32

Bae, Eun Suk. "An Analysis of Military Engineering Strategies for the Ancient Siege Warfare." DAEGU HISTORICAL REVIEW 144 (August 31, 2021): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.17751/dhr.144.371.

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33

Egan, Daniel. "Gramsci’s War of Position as Siege Warfare: Some Lessons From History." Critique 44, no. 4 (October 2016): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2016.1236486.

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34

Parker, Geoffrey, and Christopher Duffy. "Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660." Journal of Military History 62, no. 1 (January 1998): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120406.

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35

y Robertson, Rodrigo Garcia, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Technology and Culture 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105237.

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Chandler, David G., Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 3 (1988): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/203916.

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37

Simon James. "Stratagems, Combat, and “Chemical Warfare” in the Siege Mines of Dura-Europos." American Journal of Archaeology 115, no. 1 (2011): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.115.1.0069.

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James, Simon. "Stratagems, Combat, and "Chemical Warfare" in the Siege Mines of Dura-Europos." American Journal of Archaeology 115, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.115.1.69.

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Lynn, John, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Journal of Military History 53, no. 2 (April 1989): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985749.

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Lynn, John, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Military Affairs 51, no. 2 (April 1987): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1987599.

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Parker, Geoffrey, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." American Historical Review 94, no. 1 (February 1989): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862182.

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Gilbert, Felix, Simon Pepper, and Nicholas Adams. "Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena." Sixteenth Century Journal 18, no. 4 (1987): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2540881.

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McGrath, Jamie. "The Siege of Enniskillen Castle, 1594: An Object Lesson in Combat Across the Land-Water Interface." Marine Corps History 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35318/mch.2023090101.

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The U.S. Marine Corps spent the years between the world wars developing a doctrine of opposed landings from the sea in an arena where the ocean provided the only maneuver space, but the opposed amphibious operation is not the province of ocean-borne amphibious assaults alone. The land-water interface impacts warfare well inland from the coast, and much can be learned from the application of riverine and lacustrine amphibious assaults found in history. One such example is the siege of Enniskillen Castle in Ireland in 1594. English operations at Enniskillen demonstrated the value of coordinated waterborne and land-based forces at the tactical level. Considering English lacustrine operations in the Irish Nine Years’ War (1593–1603) and U.S. riverine warfare experiences in the American Civil War and Vietnam War can inform Marine planners as they develop the tactics, techniques, and procedures of the Marine Littoral Regiments.

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Smith, Ron J. "“New Wars” and Classic Imperialism: The Siege on Gaza and the Occupation of the West Bank." Human Geography 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861100400106.

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Proponents of the New Wars thesis contend that warfare is evolving into a new era, one that has by necessity placed warfare among civilians. Much of this era-based analysis is designed to condition the reader to acceptance of an overt targeting of civilian papers, justified through a claim that the war on terror will be fought in civilian spaces. A more critical reading of this notion of new wars rejects the notion that warfare can be divided into neat chronological categories, and that voluntary wars have always been fought against the civilian population, particularly in wars of colonialism. New Wars, rather than being an innovation in the strategies of war, are simply an evolution in the rhetoric of war, and are deeply bound with a process of neoliberal colonialism, essentially nothing new. Following the warnings of Naomi Klein's Shock Doctrine (Klein 2007), it stands to reason that New Wars are inseparable from neoliberal anti-state strategies, targeting civilians and the infrastructure and institutions they rely upon. This paper will examine the “New Wars” thesis in the context of the current Israeli occupation of Gaza to understand the significance of the New Wars thesis in a real-world context. Much of the analysis of the Gazan context for this paper relies on participant observation and interviews undertaken by the author in the summer of 2009 in Gaza, and corroborated through press reports. The article relies on these sources due to the dearth of geographical academic writing on Gaza, a condition that this edited volume will help to address.

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Reeder, Caryn A. "Pity the Women and Children: Punishment by Siege in Josephus’s Jewish War." Journal for the Study of Judaism 44, no. 2 (2013): 174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340375.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the neglected theme of suffering women and children in Josephus’s Jewish War. Women and children did suffer the effects of sieges in Greco-Roman antiquity, but historiographers also use the stories of their suffering to interpret warfare. Josephus participates in this tradition by using the imagery of suffering women and children to condemn the Jewish rebels, a presentation which is also influenced by Deut 28 and Lamentations. The warnings against rebellion in J.W. 2.237, 400, and 5.418 heighten the rhetorical power of this condemnation by offering the alternative of surrender for the sake of women and children.

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Tamburrini, Maria. "PROTECTING URBAN SPACE: APPEARANCE AND EVOLUTION OF DEFENCE SYSTEMSIN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT AT THE EVEOF THE ASSYRIAN CONQUEST." Vicino Oriente 28 (2024): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53131/vo2724-587x2024_4.

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Since ancient times protection and defenceof private spaces has been a fundamental human need. With the emergenceand development of organized and increasinglycomplex communities, this need tookshape inthe construction of powerful defensive systems that demarcatedthe urban space and evolved with it. Throughout a selection of sites -illustrative of differentdefensive typologies -this paper examinesthe development and spreadof fortified settlements in the Southern Levant,tracingthe most significantchanges -as well as the adoption of new construction models and techniques -thatoccurred from the end of the Late Bronze Age up to the advent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In such a historical setting, largely determinedby the codes war and conquest, it is possible that the employed construction criteriawere formulated in response to warfare and specific siege tactics. For these reasons,in additionwith the analysis of defensive patterns, the role of Assyrian warfareas an impetus for the use of new techniques is also addressed.

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Baptist, Jeffrey, and Julian Gluck. "The Gray Legion: Information Warfare Within Our Gates." Journal of Strategic Security 14, no. 4 (January 2021): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.4.1928.

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The information environment, once viewed as an unassailed common for human knowledge, has revealed itself to be a vector for malicious narratives in the ongoing battle for global hegemony. Since 2014, the United States has been under siege from information attacks on multiple fronts, from cyber infrastructure and goods to the cognitive outlooks of its citizenry. Disinformation as a social media tool represents a novel and grave danger to democracy; it serves as a means for sowing unrest and influencing policy changes while enabling conventional conflict or—in the best case for those who would exploit and manipulate narratives—avoiding it entirely. In this article, we identify the harbinger of a dire threat that circles outside, and now inside, the United States' walls by exploring the theoretical dynamics of foreign, state-sponsored disinformation in democracies throughout the West. We examine the mechanisms through which this approach operates and why it is Russia’s preferred course of action.

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Mikos-Skuza, Elżbieta. "Siege Warfare in the 21st Century from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law." Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wrlae-2018-0050.

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Kern, Paul B. "Military Technology and Ethical Values in Ancient Greek Warfare: The Siege of Plataea." War & Society 6, no. 2 (September 1988): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106980488790304878.

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Williams, Rachel. "Nestor's War Effort (Stat. Ach. 1.422)." Classical Quarterly 36, no. 1 (May 1986): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800010831.

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Here in the Achilleid Statius catalogues the contributions of Greek towns to Agamemnon's expedition against Troy. Every item of equipment is appropriate to its origin. There is one puzzle, however: why is it that murorum tormenta are the peculiar contribution of Pylos and Messene? O. A. W. Dilke (1954) suggests that the proximity of classical Messene to Mt Ithome would have reminded Statius of the siege of that place by the Spartans in 464–59 b.c., when they were aided by the Athenians, experts in siege warfare. This solution is undoubtedly ingenious but, based as it is upon association, it places this last entry in a quite different category from the previous entries: all the preceding items have been very definite products of their places of origin. K. von Barth (1664), while noting the not unparalleled anachronism, attempts to account in another way for the siege-engines: ‘quia ibi silvae crassissimas arbores habent’. But there is no evidence to support this: Messenia features neither in the pages of Theophrastus (Περ⋯ Φυτ⋯ν Ἱστορία) or Pliny (N.H. 16) as a source of quality timber, nor in the poets as an area which is characterised by the stoutness of its trees.These theories pay insufficient attention to the verb tendunt, the vox propria for exerting a strain on rope, making it taut (cf. Stat. Sil. 3.2.26f.: ‘stuppea tendite mali | vincula’).

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