Journal articles: 'Sigatoka'

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Ploetz, Randy. "Black Sigatoka." Pesticide Outlook 11, no. 1 (2000): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b006308h.

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Irish, B. M., R. Goenaga, and R. C. Ploetz. "Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Causal Agent of Black Sigatoka of Musa spp. Found in Puerto Rico and Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction." Plant Disease 90, no. 5 (May 2006): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0684a.

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Black Sigatoka, also known as black leaf streak, is caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet (anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton). It is the most significant disease of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) because most of the economically important cultivars of exported and staple commodities are highly susceptible. The Caribbean is one of the few regions of the world where black Sigatoka is not widespread. Black Sigatoka has been reported in the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica (2). Yellow Sigatoka, caused by M. musicola Leach (anamorph P. musae (Zimm.) Deighton), has been recognized in Puerto Rico since 1938-1939 (3). In August 2004, symptoms resembling black Sigatoka were first observed in Añasco, Puerto Rico by extension personnel from the University of Puerto Rico. Since black and yellow Sigatoka produce similar disease symptoms, a survey was conducted in the western banana- and plantain-production region of Puerto Rico to confirm the presence of black Sigatoka. Leaf samples were collected from production fields near the towns of Las Marias, Maricao, and Añasco. Single-ascospore isolates were recovered using the discharge technique from moistened pseudothecia in necrotic lesions that were inverted over water agar, and ascospores were transferred to potato dextrose agar. The isolates were subcultured in potato dextrose broth for mycelium production. DNA was isolated from mycelium with the FastDNA kit (Q-Biogen, Irvine, CA) for 19 isolates. Internal transcribed spacer as well as the 5.8s rDNA regions were polymerase chain reaction amplified with primers specific to M. fijiensis or M. musicola (1). Amplification products (˜1,100 bp) were observed for 18 of the 19 isolates, 6 of which were M. fijiensis and the remaining 12 were M. musicola, while the positive controls for both species were also amplified with the respective primer pairs. M. fijiensis was recovered from production fields close to all three towns. The source of M. fijiensis in Puerto Rico is unclear, but it may have originated from introduced leaf material and/or wind dispersed ascospores from neighboring countries. The presence of black Sigatoka in Puerto Rico will most likely increase production costs where fungicide applications will be needed to maintain yields. The USDA-ARS, Tropical Agriculture Research Station is the official Musa spp. germplasm repository for the National Plant Germplasm System. As such, efforts are underway to introduce and evaluate black Sigatoka disease-resistant clones that can satisfy local and export market criteria. References: (1) A. Johnasen. Detection of Sigatoka leaf spot pathogens of banana by the polymerase chain reaction. Chatman, UK, Natural Resource Institute, 1997. (2) R. C. Ploetz. Plant Dis. 88:772, 2004. (3) R. H. Stover. Trop. Agric. Trinidad. 39:327, 1962.

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Reuveni, Moshe, Marcel Barbier, and Agnelo J. Viti. "Essential Tea Tree Oil As a Tool to Combat Black Sigatoka in Banana." Outlooks on Pest Management 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_aug_08.

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Black Sigatoka disease, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is considered the most damaging and costly disease of commercial banana and plantain and is mainly controlled by intensive sprays of synthetic fungicides. Essential tea tree oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia plant was found to be effective against a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi including black Sigatoka in conventional production systems and was as effective as synthetic fungicides such as tridemorph, difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin. This paper provides evidence that tea tree oil offers an attractive alternative for controlling black Sigatoka in banana plantations.

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Alamo, Carmen, Edward Evans, Alba Brugueras, and Sikavas Nalampang. "Economic Impact and Trade Implications of the Introduction of Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) into Puerto Rico." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, s1 (October 2007): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002890x.

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This article addresses the issues of the potential impacts of the introduction of black sigatoka into Puerto Rico under situations in which the government assists growers in managing the spread of the disease, with and without prohibitions on imports of plantains and bananas. An equilibrium displacement model is used to quantify the impact of black sigatoka. The results indicate that under both scenarios the net economic benefits to society were negative. Over the long term, the government would be well-advised to invest in research to develop plantain and banana varieties that are resistant to black sigatoka.

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Cavalcante, Maria de Jesus B., Claudenor P. de Sá, Francisco C. da Rocha Gomes, Tarcísio M. de Souza Gondim, Zilton J. M. Cordeiro, and Jorge L. Hessel. "Distribuição e impacto da sigatoka-negra na bananicultura do estado do Acre." Fitopatologia Brasileira 29, no. 5 (October 2004): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582004000500013.

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A sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) é a doença de maior severidade que afeta as cultivares de banana (Musa spp.) de importância econômica no mundo. Foi constatada no Brasil em 1998, no Estado do Amazonas, e tem se disseminado pelo Estado do Acre, atacando severamente as cultivares do Subgrupo Terra (AAB). Realizou-se um diagnóstico da sigatoka-negra e dos impactos econômicos causados por esta doença nos municípios do Estado do Acre. Foram visitados plantios em 16 municípios e amostras de folhas de bananeiras com sintomas característicos da doença foram coletadas para diagnóstico. Verificou-se que a sigatoka-negra estava presente em todos os municípios visitados. As conseqüências econômicas da doença podem ser evidenciadas pela redução de 42% na produção total de banana do Estado do Acre no período de 2000/2001, enquanto o valor da produção foi reduzido em 47% no ano de 2001, com repercussão nos diversos segmentos da cadeia produtiva. Nesse aspecto, observou-se que os municípios de Plácido de Castro e Acrelândia, foram os mais afetados pela sigatoka-negra.

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Ganry, Jacky. "First works on Sigatoka control." Fruits 61, no. 5 (September 2006): A1—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/200661500.

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Ganry, Jacky. "Citrus Tristeza – Banana Sigatoka disease." Fruits 62, no. 5 (September 2007): A1—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/200762500.

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Khan, M. A. H., I. Hossain, and M. U. Ahmad. "Impact of Weather on Sigatoka Leaf Spot of Banana (Musa spp. L.) and its Ecofriendly Management." Agriculturists 13, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26587.

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A study was carried out during July 2010 to April 2012 to understand the effect of weather prevalence on sigatoka disease of banana suckers in different areas of Bangladesh and to develop an environment friendly disease management practice. Four locations viz. Dinajpur, Bogra, Rangpur and Madhupur were surveyed. To find out suitable and ecofriendly management practices for controlling sigatoka disease of banana, seven treatments were used viz. i) Soil drenching with BAU- Biofungicide (2%), ii) BAU-Biofungicide as foliar spray (2%), iii) Soil drenching with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) plus foliar spray (2%), iv) Bavistin (carbendazim) spray (0.2%), v) Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) spray (0.2%), vi) Soil drenching with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) plus Bavistin spray (0.2%); and vii) control. The average highest incidence (26.42%) and severity (22.84%) of sigatoka disease of banana suckers were recorded during October at Bogra, while the lowest incidence (9.75 %) and severity (8.51%) were recorded during January at Dinajpur. Out of the control measures employed, BAU-Biofungicide (2%) either alone or in combination with Bavistin (0.2%) was found as an excellent biocontrol means for controlling sigatoka disease of banana suckers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26587The Agriculturists 2015; 13(2) 44-53

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Kimunye, Janet, Kennedy Jomanga, Anthony Fredrick Tazuba, Evans Were, Altus Viljoen, Rony Swennen, and George Mahuku. "Genotype X Environment Response of ‘Matooke’ Hybrids (Naritas) to Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the Cause of Black Sigatoka in Banana." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061145.

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Growing bananas resistant to Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the cause of black Sigatoka, is the preferred disease control strategy for resource-poor farmers. Banana breeding programs in east Africa have developed 27 Matooke hybrids (commonly known as NARITAs) with higher yields than local landraces. To assess the response of NARITA hybrids to P. fijiensis, 22 hybrids were evaluated under natural field conditions in four locations—Kawanda and Mbarara in Uganda, and Maruku, and Mitarula in Tanzania—between 2016 and 2018 for three crop cycles. Black Sigatoka was visually assessed and the area under the disease progress curve calculated for each plant over time. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between genotypes, environments, and their interaction. The highest contributor to black Sigatoka severity (39.1%) was the environment, followed by the genotype (37.5%) and the genotype Χ environment interaction (GEI) (23.4%). NARITA 2, 7, 14, 21 and 23 were resistant and the most stable hybrids across locations. If other attributes such as the yield and taste are acceptable to end-users, these hybrids can be released to farmers in the region to replace highly susceptible landraces. Mitarula was identified as an ideal site for evaluating banana against black Sigatoka and should be used as a representative location to minimize costs of disease evaluations.

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Escudero, Cristian A., Andrés F. Calvo, and Arley Bejarano. "Black Sigatoka Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 11, no. 4 (August 2021): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.4.1055.

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In this paper we present a methodology for the automatic recognition of black Sigatoka in commercial banana crops. This method uses a LeNet convolutional neural network to detect the progress of infection by the disease in different regions of a leaf image; using this information, we trained a decision tree in order to classify the level of infection severity. The methodology was validated with an annotated database, which was built in the process of this work and which can be compared with other state-of-the-art alternatives. The results show that the method is robust against atypical values and photometric variations.

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Cordeiro, Zilton José M., Maria de Jesus B. Cavalcante, Aristoteles P. Matos, and Sebastião O. Silva. "Preciosa: variedade de banana resistente à Sigatoka-negra, Sigatoka-amarela e ao mal-do-Panamá." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 3 (June 2005): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000300022.

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Uchôa, Cleilson do Nascimento, Edson Ampélio Pozza, Keline Sousa Albuquerque, and Wilson da Silva Moraes. "Relação entre a temperatura e o molhamento foliar no monocíclo da Sigatoka-negra." Summa Phytopathologica 38, no. 2 (June 2012): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052012000200006.

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A influência da temperatura (21, 24, 27 e 30 °C) e da duração do tempo de molhamento foliar (0, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas) na penetração do agente causal da Sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) foi quantificada em ambiente controlado. A área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença (AACPD) e a incidência foram influenciadas pela temperatura e pela duração do tempo de molhamento foliar. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas (P=0,05) nos valores da AACPD para as diferentes temperaturas, bem como verificada a interação significativa (P=0,05) entre temperaturas e o molhamento foliar. Em todas as temperaturas foi possível a observação de sintomas, entretanto, a maior AACPD foi observada em folhas inoculadas que permaneceram na temperatura de 24 e 27°C, a partir de 48 horas de molhamento foliar. Nas temperaturas de 21ºC e 30°C a incidência de Sigatoka-negra foi menor. O período de molhamento foliar mínimo para o progresso da doença foi de 24 horas. Não foram observados sintomas de Sigatoka-negra em folhas inoculados com o molhamento foliar de 0 hora e 12 horas em todas as temperaturas. As folhas assintomáticas, após 5 dias em câmara úmida apresentavam sintomas característicos de Sigatoka-negra, demonstrando que os conídios inoculados nas folhas permaneceram viáveis por um período na ausência de água livre na folha.

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Burley, David V., and Kevan Edinborough. "Discontinuity in the Fijian Archaeological Record Supported by a Bayesian Radiocarbon Model." Radiocarbon 56, no. 1 (2014): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16482.

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The Fijian archaeological record is segmented into a series of phases based on distinctive transformations in ceramic forms. Interpretations of the mid-sequence (∼1500–1300 cal BP) transition between the Fijian Plainware phase and the Navatu phase are contentious, with alternative explanations of population replacement versus internal processes of culture change. We present and analyze a series of Fijian Plainware and Navatu phase AMS radiocarbon dates acquired from superimposed but stratigraphically separated occupation floors at the Sigatoka Sand Dunes site on the southwest coast of Viti Levu. Employing an OxCal Bayesian sequential model, we seek to date the temporal span for each occupation as well as the interval of time occurring between occupation floors. The latter is estimated to be 0–43 calendar years at 2σ probability. The magnitude of ceramic and other differences between the Fijian Plainware and Navatu phase occupations at Sigatoka is substantive. We conclude that the abruptness of this change can be explained only by exogenous replacement at the Sigatoka site.

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Cavero, Poholl Adan Sagratzki, Rogério Eiji Hanada, Luadir Gasparotto, Rosalee Albuquerque Coelho Neto, and Jorge Teodoro de Souza. "Biological control of banana black Sigatoka disease with Trichoderma." Ciência Rural 45, no. 6 (June 2015): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140436.

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Black Sigatoka disease caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis is the most severe banana disease worldwide. The pathogen is in an invasive phase in Brazil and is already present in most States of the country. The potential of 29 isolates of Trichoderma spp. was studied for the control of black Sigatoka disease under field conditions. Four isolates were able to significantly reduce disease severity and were further tested in a second field experiment. Isolate 2.047 showed the best results in both field experiments and was selected for fungicide sensitivity tests and mass production. This isolate was identified as Trichoderma atroviride by sequencing fragments of the ITS region of the rDNA and tef-1α of the RNA polymerase. Trichoderma atroviride was as effective as the fungicide Azoxystrobin, which is recommended for controlling black Sigatoka. This biocontrol agent has potential to control the disease and may be scaled-up for field applications on rice-based solid fermentation

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Cordeiro, Z. J. M., K. Shepherd, and J. L. L. Dantas. "BLACK SIGATOKA: IMPACT AND CONTROL STRATEGIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 370 (September 1995): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.370.22.

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Martins, Márcia Benedita, João Pedro Valente, Leimi Kobayasti, and Luadir Gasparotto. "Progresso da sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) em bananeiras após a emissão do cacho no Município de Cáceres, Mato Grosso-Brasil." Summa Phytopathologica 33, no. 3 (September 2007): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052007000300020.

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A sigatoka-negra, causada pelo fungo Mycosphaerella fijiensis, pode causar 100% de perdas na produção das cultivares suscetíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o progresso da sigatoka-negra em bananeiras após a emissão do cacho no Município de Cáceres, Mato Grosso. O experimento foi conduzido no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2004 em plantios das cultivares Grande Naine, Maçã e Farta Velhaco, sendo esta última uma cultivar de plátano, do grupo Terra. As avaliações foram efetuadas a intervalos de 15 dias, quantificando-se, através de uma escala diagramática, a severidade da sigatoka-negra em todas as folhas de 5 plantas de cada cultivar, marcadas logo após a emissão das inflorescências. A partir dos dados coletados no campo, computaram-se: a severidade da doença na folha n.º 10 e o número de folhas viáveis. Considerou-se como folha viável as folhas sadias e aquelas com até 15% de área foliar lesionada. Os dados de temperatura e da umidade relativa foram registrados por um aparelho eletrônico instalado na área. A precipitação pluvial foi registrada na Estação meteorológica de Cáceres, distante 12 km do experimento. As condições climáticas foram favoráveis à sigatoka negra durante o ano todo e as plantas das cultivares Grande Naine, Maçã e Farta Velhaco após a emissão do cacho, perderam totalmente as folhas antes dos frutos atingirem o pleno desenvolvimento, cujos prejuízos no primeiro semestre atingiram 100% de perdas na produção comercializável.

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Vázquez-Euán, Chi-Manzanero, Hernández-Velázquez, Tzec-Simá, Islas-Flores, Martínez-Bolaños, Garrido-Ramírez, and Canto-Canché. "Identification of New Hosts of Pseudocercospora fijiensis Suggests Innovative Pest Management Programs for Black Sigatoka Disease in Banana Plantations." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100666.

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Black Sigatoka is the main constraint to banana production worldwide, and epidemic outbreaks are continuously causing huge losses. Successful management of diseases requires a profound knowledge of the epidemiological factors that influence disease dynamics. Information regarding alternative hosts of Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the causal agent, is still very scarce. To date, only Heliconia psittacorum has been reported as an alternative plant host, and we hypothesized that other plants can house P. fijiensis. In the present report, ten plant species with suspicious leaf spots were collected inside and around commercial banana crops in Mexico. Diagnostic PCR gave positive amplification for six of these plant species, and DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of the pathogen in four. This is the first report of the presence of P. fijiensis in unrelated plants and it represents a breakthrough in the current knowledge of black Sigatoka. This finding is very important given the polycyclic nature of this disease whose successful management requires the control of initial inoculum to minimize epidemic outbreaks. The results presented herein can be used to introduce innovations in integrated black Sigatoka management programs to reduce initial inoculum, and help the international initiative to reduce the use of fungicides in banana production.

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Burt, Peter James Aiken. "Windborne dispersal of sigatoka leaf spot pathogens." Grana 33, no. 2 (April 1994): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173139409427842.

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Tejerina, J. C., G. Meriles, R. H. Stover, R. C. Ploetz, and S. Romanoff. "First Report of Black Sigatoka in Bolivia." Plant Disease 81, no. 11 (November 1997): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.11.1332c.

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Black Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is the most important disease of banana worldwide (1). It affects cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup that are used for export and important, locally consumed cooking and dessert bananas and plantains, reducing yields by 50% or more. Black Sigatoka first appeared in the Western Hemisphere in 1972 in Honduras, and has spread to all other countries in Central America (1980), Mexico (1980), and the following islands in the Caribbean: Cuba (1992), Hispanola (Dominican Republic) (1996), and Jamaica (1994). In South America, the disease has spread to Colombia (1981), Ecuador (1986), Venezuela (1992), and Peru (1994) (1). In June 1996, symptoms of the disease were observed in the San Carlos area in the western Chapare region of Bolivia. During surveys conducted in March and June 1997, several Cavendish clones, Dulce Cajita (Pisang mas), Guineo (Silk), Morado (Red), and Platano (French and Horn plantain) were affected. In each of eight major banana-producing areas in the region, disease incidence and severity were recorded at several representative sites on Cavendish cultivars, which were the most widely spread and susceptible clones in the region. Disease incidence was 100% in all areas from San Carlos to Ingavi B, 30 km to the east, and disease severity, rated as the youngest leaf spotted (YLS), ranged from means of 4.5 to 8 in the same areas. The disease was less common or rare in the Valle Sajta area, 60 km east of San Carlos, the reserve of the Yuqui indigenous group at the confluence of the Rio Chimore and Rio Useuta, 15 km northeast of San Carlos, and the southernmost settlements of the Yuracare indigenous group on the Rio Chapare, 20 km north of Ingavi B (incidences = 0 to 50%). Symptoms began as brown streaks on the abaxial leaf surface, 1 to 3 mm in length, and became visible on the adaxial surface and enlarged to wet, dark brown streaks, 1 to 2 × 10 to 20 mm, with chlorotic haloes. Ultimately, large portions of the leaf became blackened and watersoaked. The presence of the disease in the San Carlos, Ingavi B, and Senda B areas and the Yuqui reserve was confirmed after microscopic examination of the anamorph, Paracercospora fijiensis, on affected leaf tissue: scars were present on the base of conidia, and only simple conidiophores were found (2). This is the first report of black Sigatoka in Bolivia, and represents the southernmost extent of the disease on the South American continent. High rainfall in western portions of the Chapare (4 to 7 meters per year) makes it unlikely that the disease could be controlled effectively or economically in the region with fungicides. We believe this is the closest approach of the disease to Brazil (ca. 700 km), the last major banana-producing country in which black Sigatoka has not been reported. Moreover, the outbreaks in the northern Chapare are thought to be the first across the colonist frontier to indigenous Amazonian populations that rely on plantains and bananas as staple foods. References: (1) X. Mourichon and R. A. Fullerton. Fruits 45:213, 1990; (2) N. Pons. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89:120, 1987.

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Ploetz, R. C., and X. Mourichon. "First Report of Black Sigatoka in Florida." Plant Disease 83, no. 3 (March 1999): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.300c.

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Black Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is widely recognized as the most important disease of banana, Musa spp. It has spread rapidly in the Western Hemisphere since it first appeared in Honduras in 1972, and is now found in the Caribbean basin in Cuba, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic, and on the mainland from central Mexico south to Bolivia and northwestern Brazil (2). In October 1998, symptoms of black Sigatoka (2) were observed on several different cultivars in a collection at the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC) in Homestead (25°30′ N, 80°30′ W). During preliminary surveys, the disease was found at four of eight locations in a 15 km2 area to the north of TREC. Disease severity, rated as the youngest leaf spotted (YLS), averaged 4.8 on the most susceptible cultivar, Rajapuri, at one of the locations. The extent and history of damage at this site indicated that black Sigatoka had been there for at least 3 to 4 years. The prevailing east to west winds in the Caribbean, and highly variable incidence and severity of the disease also suggested that the pathogen had been introduced to the area on infected seed pieces (suckers) rather than by wind or rain-blown ascospores from Cuba or other affected areas (1). The presence of the disease was confirmed after the following characteristics of the pathogen's anamorph, Paracercospora fijiensis, were observied on affected leaves: simple conidiophores occurring singly or in groups of two to six with one to several septa, scars, and usually a broadened base; and conidia much more abundant on lower leaf surfaces, straight to variously bent with one to several septa and a conspicuous scar at the base. Single-ascospore cultures were recovered from Rajapuri and are stored at CIRAD/FLHOR in Montpellier. This is the first time black Sigatoka has been reported in the continental United States. Banana is a minor but significant tropical fruit crop in southern Florida, with fruit valued at over $2.5 million per annum. Production from Hua moa, Silk, and other important cultivars will probably be affected as the disease becomes established in this part of the state. References: (1) R. H. Stover. Plant Dis. 64:750, 1980. (2) J. C. Tejerina et al. Plant Dis. 81:1332, 1997.

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Friesen, Timothy L. "Combating the Sigatoka Disease Complex on Banana." PLOS Genetics 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2016): e1006234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006234.

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Kablan, L., A. Lagauche, B. Delvaux, and A. Legr`ve. "Silicon Reduces Black Sigatoka Development in Banana." Plant Disease 96, no. 2 (February 2012): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0274.

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The effect of silicon (Si) uptake on the susceptibility of Musa acuminata to Mycosphaerella fijiensis was investigated in three experiments conducted under controlled conditions. Plants were grown in the presence of Si or not, in pots adapted for a hydroponic culture system or in pots filled with compost. The banana leaves were inoculated after 4 or 6 months of plant growth by spraying conidial suspensions or by brushing mycelia fragments. The disease progress over time was assessed using quantitative and qualitative scales. At the end of each experiment, disease severity was also analyzed using the image analysis software ASSESS. The Si concentration in the leaves of plants supplied with Si reached 10 to 28 g/kg of dry matter. The first symptoms appeared 18 days after inoculation. The disease developed more rapidly and more severely on banana plants grown without Si than on plants supplied with Si. The areas under the disease progress curve (AUDPCs) calculated for plants grown with Si were significantly lower than the AUDPCs for plants not supplied with Si, regardless of inoculation method. Thus, Si supply could be a valuable tool in integrated pest management against M. fijiensis by reducing the disease pressure on banana.

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Chillet, M., C. Abadie, O. Hubert, Y. Chilin-Charles, and L. de Lapeyre de Bellaire. "Sigatoka disease reduces the greenlife of bananas." Crop Protection 28, no. 1 (January 2009): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.08.008.

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Godoy, Rossana Catie Bueno de, Nina Waszczynskj, Fernanda Alves Santana, Sebastião de Oliveira e. Silva, Luciana Alves de Oliveira, and Guilherme Godoy dos Santos. "Physico-chemical characterization of banana varieties resistant to black leaf streak disease for industrial purposes." Ciência Rural 46, no. 9 (June 7, 2016): 1514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150905.

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ABSTRACT: Cultivated bananas have very low genetic diversity making them vulnerable to diseases such as black-Sigatoka leaf spot. However, the decision to adopt a new banana variety needs to be based on a robust evaluation of agronomical and physical-chemical characteristics. Here, we characterize new banana varieties resistant to black-Sigatoka leaf spot and compare them to the most widely used traditional variety (Grand Naine). Each variety was evaluated for a range of physic-chemical attributes associated with industrial processing and flavor: pH, TTA, TSS/TTA, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, humidity, total solids and yield. The Thap Maeo variety had the highest potential as a substitute for the Grand Naine variety, having higher levels of total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars and humidity. The Caipira and FHIA 2 varieties also performed well in comparison with the Grand Naine variety. Cluster analysis indicated that the Grand Naine variety was closely associated with varieties from the Gross Michel subgroup (Bucaneiro, Ambrosia and Calipso) and the Caipira variety, all of which come from the same AAA genomic group. It was concluded that several of the new resistant varieties could potentially substitute the traditional variety in areas affected by black-Sigatoka leaf spot disease.

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Amoutchi, Amien Isaac, Oulo N’nan-Alla, and Deless Edmond Fulgence Thiemele. "Agro-morphological diversity of plantain accessions from different part of the world." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.12.

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The objective of this study was to characterize the agro-morphological diversity of plantain accessions. 18 quantitative variables and 20 qualitative variables were measured. The results of the analysis of the qualitative variables revealed important traits such as black Sigatoka resistance of FHIA 21, Pita 3, M53, Calculta 4 and Banskii accessions and the firm fruit texture of Galeo, Kokor, French sombre and Corne 1 accessions. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed with the quantitative variables separated the 9 accessions into 4 groups with particular and important characteristics which can be exploited differently in genetic improvement programme according to the breeding objective. From these results, it appears clearly that the objective is achieved.Keywords: Sigatoka, qualitative variables, quantitative variables, genetic improvement.

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Kumakech, Alfred, Hans J. L. Jørgensen, David B. Collinge, Richard Edema, and Patrick Okori. "Azadirachta indica Reduces Black Sigatoka in East African Highland Banana by Direct Antimicrobial Effects against Mycosphaerella fijiensis without Inducing Resistance." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n4p61.

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Black Sigatoka is a major disease of East African highland cooking bananas in Uganda. Aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Capsicum annuum have shown the potential to reduce Black Sigatoka in banana plantlets. The mechanisms by which plant extracts confer protection against plant pathogens has previously been reported to involve activation of defence and direct antimicrobial activity. In the current study, both antimicrobial activities of selected extracts were studied as well as expression of three defence-related genes using quantitative real-time PCR. Gene expression was compared in susceptible (cv. Musakala, genomic group AAA-EA) and resistant (cv. Kayinja, genomic group ABB) banana cultivars. Additionally, Musakala treated with A indica extract at 1 day before inoculation (DBI) was tested for induction of defence-related genes at 0, 10 and 20 days after inoculation (DAI). Pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 and PR-3) and non-expressor of PR-genes (NPR1B) were up-regulated in the resistant cultivar. The genes analysed responded at late time points to M. fijiensis inoculation in both extract-treated and control plants in the susceptible cv. Musakala. On the other hand, A. indica and C. annuum completely inhibited mycelial growth of M. fijiensis at 30% (w/v). These findings suggest that the effect of plant extracts on Black Sigatoka is strongly associated with the direct antimicrobial effects.

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Amarillas, Luis, Mitzi Estrada-Acosta, Rubén G. León-Chan, Carlos López-Orona, and Luis Lightbourn. "First Draft Genome Sequence Resource of a Strain of Pseudocercospora fijiensis Isolated in North America." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-20-0121-a.

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Black Sigatoka disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana around the world. Fungicide applications are the primary tool used to manage black Sigatoka, but fungicide resistance in P. fijiensis, as in other fungal pathogens, is one of the major limitations in the efficient management and prevention of this disease. In the current study, we present the draft genome of P. fijiensis strain IIL-20, the first genomic sequence published from a strain of this fungus isolated in North America. Bioinformatic analysis showed putative genes involved in fungus virulence and fungicide resistance. These findings may lead us to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this fungal pathogen and also to the discovery of the mechanisms conferring fungicide resistance.

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Pardeshi, SR, NB Shaikh, DP Birhade, and PL Deshmukh. "Prevalence of Sigatoka disease of banana in Maharashtra." International Journal of Farm Sciences 8, no. 3 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2250-0499.2018.00082.4.

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Ortiz, Rodomiro, Dirk Vuylsteke, Hutoshki Crouch, and Jonathan Crouch. "TM3x: Triploid Black Sigatoka—Resistant Musa Hybrid Germplasm." HortScience 33, no. 2 (April 1998): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.2.362.

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TRINDADE, DINALDO R., LUIZ S. POLTRONIERI, and ANTÔNIO JOSÉ E. A. MENEZES. "Sigatoka negra da bananeira no estado do Pará." Fitopatologia Brasileira 27, no. 3 (June 2002): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582002000300020.

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31

Clark, Jeffrey T. "Sigatoka: The Shifting Sands of Fijian Prehistory (review)." Asian Perspectives 41, no. 2 (2002): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2003.0004.

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Benchimol, Ruth L., Jaqueline R. Verzignassi, Aristóteles Pires de Matos, Maria de Fátima Santos, Luiz S. Poltronieri, and Carina Melo da Silva. "Primeiro relato de Sigatoka-negra no Nordeste paraense." Revista de Ciências Agrárias 1, no. 53 (2010): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rca.2011.015.

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Marín, Douglas H., Ronald A. Romero, Mauricio Guzmán, and Turner B. Sutton. "Black Sigatoka: An Increasing Threat to Banana Cultivation." Plant Disease 87, no. 3 (March 2003): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.208.

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Ganry, Jacky. "A major concern of then: banana Sigatoka disease." Fruits 63, no. 1 (January 2008): A1—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/200863100.

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Tovar-Martínez, Yurley Tatiana, Arley Bejarano-Martínez, and Andrés Felipe Calvo-Salcedo. "Mobile application for the detection of black Sigatoka." Visión electrónica 14, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22484728.15906.

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Black Sigatoka is one of the main problems that affect the quality and production of the banana crop, it´s because of this, the development of systems to detect diseases, generate an important tool for the monitoring and control carried out by the farmer. The proposed system leverages hardware on mobile devices to implement computer vision techniques to determine the percentage of affected area of the plant. The smartphone is used to acquire data and capture the disease through images. The detection of diseased pixels is then performed through a segmentation algorithm with histogram analysis. A model for the calculation of the affected area is then computed. Finally, the information is presented through the user interface. To validate the proposed method, a database is created with images taken by the application to compare it´s efficiency through the RMS error between manual segmentation and the result of the algorithm. Finally, usability and response time tests are performed.

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Riastiwi, Indira. "Inventarisasi Penyakit Tanaman Pisang Koleksi Kebun Plasma Nutfah, Cibinong Science Center-BG." Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia 1, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46638/jmi.v1i1.12.

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Kebun Plasma Nutfah Pisang Cibinong Science Center (CSC) merupakan koleksi pisang ha-sil dari eksplorasi ke seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Koleksi ini kemudian diperbanyak untuk pe-nelitian lebih lanjut. Dalam proses pengelolaannya monitoring kesehatan tanaman pisang per-lu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas koleksi tersebut. Untuk keperluan tersebut dilaku-kan inventarisasi terhadap jenis-jenis penyakit yang menyerang tanaman koleksi, dengan ha-rapan untuk mempertahankan kualitasnya sebagai bahan dasar penelitian lebih lanjut. Pe-nelitian diawali dengan (1) Identifikasi kerusakan tanaman pisang dengan menggunakan hasil modifikasi metode Forest Health Monitoring (FHM), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan (2) me-ngukur intensitas serangan dan luas serangan pada tanaman pisang. Hasil penelitian menun-jukkan bahwa koleksi pisang di kebun plasma nutfah CSC terserang penyakit Layu Fusarium (2,9%), penyakit bercak Cordana (2%), penyakit Black Sigatoka (5,62%) dan penyakit Yel-low Sigatoka (4,68%). Luas serangan terjadinya penyakit sebesar 30,89%.

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Nomura, Edson Shigueaki, Erval Rafael Damatto Junior, Eduardo Jun Fuzitani, Sebastião de Oliveira E. Silva, and Wilson da Silva Moraes. "Desenvolvimento e produção da bananeira 'grande naine' sob diferentes densidades de plantio em região com ocorrência natural de sigatoka-negra." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 35, no. 2 (June 2013): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452013000200012.

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A alta densidade de plantio de algumas cultivares de bananeira é uma prática utilizável para aumentar a produtividade, sobretudo em regiões afetadas pela Sigatoka. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento e a produção de bananeiras 'Grande Naine' cultivadas em diferentes densidades de plantio para a convivência com a Sigatoka-Negra no Vale do Ribeira-SP. Para isso, foi instalado pomar de bananeiras produzidas in vitro da 'Grande Naine', em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo cinco densidades (2.500; 2.222; 2.000; 1.667 e 1.111 plantas.ha-1) e dois ciclos de produção. A severidade da Sigatoka-Negra foi monitorada semanalmente, utilizando o método de Estado da Evolução (EE) e para o seu controle foram definidas pela segunda progressão consecutiva da severidade e/ou aumento superior a 200 pontos de uma semana para a outra. De cada parcela, oito plantas foram avaliadas quanto à altura, diâmetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas ativas no florescimento e na colheita, massa fresca dos frutos comercializáveis, produtividade, número de pencas e frutos no cacho, massa fresca total e por frutos da 2ª penca, comprimento e diâmetro de frutos da 2ª penca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, e as médias, quando significativas, foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5% de probabilidade). Diante das condições experimentais, conclui-se que o adensamento não influenciou no desenvolvimento em altura da planta e no diâmetro do pseudocaule de bananeira 'Grande Naine'. O adensamento de plantas proporcionou maiores produtividades de bananeira 'Grande Naine' nas condições do Vale do Ribera-SP.

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Washington, J. R., J. Cruz, F. Lopez, and M. Fajardo. "Infection Studies of Mycosphaerella fijiensis on Banana and the Control of Black Sigatoka with Chlorothalonil." Plant Disease 82, no. 11 (November 1998): 1185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.11.1185.

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Infection studies with Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of black Sigatoka disease of banana (Musa AAA), demonstrated that the abaxial leaf surface is the primary infection site. Inoculation of banana plants with M. fijiensis ascospores on the abaxial surface of young leaves resulted in disease symptoms in 100% of the leaves inoculated within 18 to 30 days; whereas only 5% of the leaves inoculated on the adaxial surface showed black Sigatoka symptoms within 10 weeks. Disease symptoms appeared more rapidly on the new, emerging leaves than on the first and second fully expanded leaves. Application of chlorothalonil (1.08 kg a.i. ha-1) to the abaxial surface of emerging leaves resulted in 99 to 100% disease control in the treated area. When the emerging leaf was not sprayed until fully expanded, disease control was reduced to 76 to 80%. Application of chlorothalonil to the adaxial surface of banana leaves had little or no impact on disease control. Chlorothalonil arrested hyphal growth when applied to banana leaves after ascospores had already germinated and reduced the rate of lesion expansion when applied to the abaxial leaf surface after symptom appearance. Chlorothalonil was less effective than systemic fungicides in reducing production of M. fijiensis pseudothecia in infected tissue. When systemic and protectant fungicides were applied to infected leaf tissue, none of the fungicides affected the viability of ascospores that were discharged from pseudothecia produced in that tissue. For successful control of black Sigatoka with chlorothalonil, deposition of the fungicide on the abaxial leaf surface is essential.

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Arcila-Galvis, Juliana E., Rafael E. Arango, Javier M. Torres-Bonilla, and Tatiana Arias. "The Mitochondrial Genome of a Plant Fungal Pathogen Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Mycosphaerellaceae), Comparative Analysis and Diversification Times of the Sigatoka Disease Complex Using Fossil Calibrated Phylogenies." Life 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030215.

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Mycosphaerellaceae is a highly diverse fungal family containing a variety of pathogens affecting many economically important crops. Mitochondria play a crucial role in fungal metabolism and in the study of fungal evolution. This study aims to: (i) describe the mitochondrial genome of Pseudocercospora fijiensis, and (ii) compare it with closely related species (Sphaerulina musiva, S. populicola, P. musae and P. eumusae) available online, paying particular attention to the Sigatoka disease’s complex causal agents. The mitochondrial genome of P. fijiensis is a circular molecule of 74,089 bp containing typical genes coding for the 14 proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, 2 rRNA genes and a set of 38 tRNAs. P. fijiensis mitogenome has two truncated cox1 copies, and bicistronic transcription of nad2-nad3 and atp6-atp8 confirmed experimentally. Comparative analysis revealed high variability in size and gene order among selected Mycosphaerellaceae mitogenomes likely to be due to rearrangements caused by mobile intron invasion. Using fossil calibrated Bayesian phylogenies, we found later diversification times for Mycosphaerellaceae (66.6 MYA) and the Sigatoka disease complex causal agents, compared to previous strict molecular clock studies. An early divergent Pseudocercospora fijiensis split from the sister species P. musae + P. eumusae 13.31 MYA while their sister group, the sister species P. eumusae and P. musae, split from their shared common ancestor in the late Miocene 8.22 MYA. This newly dated phylogeny suggests that species belonging to the Sigatoka disease complex originated after wild relatives of domesticated bananas (section Eumusae; 27.9 MYA). During this time frame, mitochondrial genomes expanded significantly, possibly due to invasions of introns into different electron transport chain genes.

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40

Gasparotto, Luadir, José Clério R. Pereira, Sônia Maria F. Albertino, and Mirza Carla N. Pereira. "Plantio adensado não controla a sigatoka-negra da bananeira." Acta Amazonica 38, no. 2 (2008): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672008000200001.

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Algumas publicações relatam que o adensamento populacional dos bananais reduz a severidade da sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis). Instalou-se um ensaio com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos 1.600, 2.000, 2.400, 2.800 e 3.200 plantas.ha-1 da cultivar D'Angola foram instalados em parcelas agrupadas de 2.000 m² cada. O tamanho das parcelas foi fixo e o número de plantas por parcela variou conforme o espaçamento adotado para cada população. A área de 2.000 m² foi dividida em quatro subáreas de 500 m², considerando-as como parcelas. Em cada subárea selecionaram-se 15 plantas centrais para serem avaliadas. Na época do florescimento registraram-se a severidade da doença na folha n.°10 e o número de folhas viáveis. Na colheita, a altura e o diâmetro do pseudocaule e o peso dos cachos, das pencas e dos frutos. A análise conjunta dos dados indica que todos os tratamentos foram semelhantes entre si e que o adensamento das plantas não controlou a sigatoka-negra.

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Bebber, Daniel P. "Climate change effects on Black Sigatoka disease of banana." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1775 (May 6, 2019): 20180269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0269.

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Climate change has significantly altered species distributions in the wild and has the potential to affect the interactions between pests and diseases and their human, animal and plant hosts. While several studies have projected changes in disease distributions in the future, responses to historical climate change are poorly understood. Such analyses are required to dissect the relative contributions of climate change, host availability and dispersal to the emergence of pests and diseases. Here, we model the influence of climate change on the most damaging disease of a major tropical food plant, Black Sigatoka disease of banana. Black Sigatoka emerged from Asia in the late twentieth Century and has recently completed its invasion of Latin American and Caribbean banana-growing areas. We parametrize an infection model with published experimental data and drive the model with hourly microclimate data from a global climate reanalysis dataset. We define infection risk as the sum of the number of modelled hourly spore cohorts that infect a leaf over a time interval. The model shows that infection risk has increased by a median of 44.2% across banana-growing areas of Latin America and the Caribbean since the 1960s, due to increasing canopy wetness and improving temperature conditions for the pathogen. Thus, while increasing banana production and global trade have probably facilitated Black Sigatoka establishment and spread, climate change has made the region increasingly conducive for plant infection. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.

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Vuylsteke, Dirk, and Rodomiro Ortiz. "Plantain-derived Diploid Hybrids (TMP2x) with Black Sigatoka Resistance." HortScience 30, no. 1 (February 1995): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.1.147.

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Kumakech, A., HJ Lyngs Jørgensen, R. Edema, and P. Okori. "Efficient screening procedure for black sigatoka disease of banana." African Crop Science Journal 23, no. 4 (December 4, 2015): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v23i4.8.

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44

Arzanlou, Mahdi, Edwin C. A. Abeln, Gert H. J. Kema, Cees Waalwijk, Jean Carlier, Ineke de Vries, Mauricio Guzmán, and Pedro W. Crous. "Molecular Diagnostics for the Sigatoka Disease Complex of Banana." Phytopathology® 97, no. 9 (September 2007): 1112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-9-1112.

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The Sigatoka disease complex of banana involves three related ascomycetous fungi, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae. The exact distribution of these three species and their disease epidemiology remain unclear, because their symptoms and life cycles are rather similar. Disease diagnosis in the Mycosphaerella complex of banana is based on the presence of host symptoms and fungal fruiting structures, which hamper preventive management strategies. In the present study, we have developed rapid and robust species-specific molecular-based diagnostic tools for detection and quantification of M. fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae. Conventional species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed based on the actin gene that detected DNA at as little as 100, 1, and 10 pg/μl from M. fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae, respectively. Furthermore, TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assays were developed based on the β-tubulin gene and detected quantities of DNA as low as 1 pg/μl for each Mycosphaerella sp. from pure cultures and DNA at 1.6 pg/μl per milligram of dry leaf tissue for M. fijiensis that was validated using naturally infected banana leaves.

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45

Freitas, A. S., E. A. Pozza, A. A. A. Pozza, M. G. F. Oliveira, H. R. Silva, H. S. Rocha, and L. R. Galvão. "Impact of nutritional deficiency on Yellow Sigatoka of banana." Australasian Plant Pathology 44, no. 5 (August 22, 2015): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-015-0371-6.

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Ploetz, R. C. "First Report of Black Sigatoka of Banana Caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis on Grand Bahama Island." Plant Disease 88, no. 7 (July 2004): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.7.772c.

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Black Sigatoka, which is also known as black leaf streak, is caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis (anamorph Pseudocercospora [formerly Paracercospora) fijiensis]). It is the most important disease of commercially produced banana (Musa spp.) and also has a major impact on production for local consumption. Although the disease occurs throughout the humid tropics, it has been reported in the Caribbean from only Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica (1). In February 2004, black Sigatoka was observed at two isolated and widely separated sites on Grand Bahama island (26.7°N, 78.5°W and 26.7°N, 78°W) on cvs. Silk AAB and Williams AAA, and a French Horn AAB plantain. Symptoms included wet, dark brown streaks on the adaxial leaf surface, 1 to 2 × 10 mm, with chlorotic haloes. Lesions enlarged to 5 × 20 mm and developed tan, necrotic centers; large, blackened, water-soaked areas that resulted from the coalescence of streaks were rare. The disease was confirmed by observing the following characteristics of P. fijiensis in necrotic lesions on preserved leaf specimens: simple conidiophores with a broadened base and one to several septa, straight to variously bent cercosporoid conidia as much as 100 μm long with two to several septa, and a conspicuously thickened scar at the base. Both plantings were several years old and new planting material that could have been infested with the pathogen had not been introduced since their establishment. Symptoms were not severe and were distributed sporadically in both locations. The disease was not observed at the only other large planting of banana on the island (26.6°N, 78.6°W). The sporadic and apparently new infestations of two of three banana plantings on the island suggest that the pathogen may have arrived recently via natural means, possibly from neighboring Florida (2). In contrast, black Sigatoka appears to have spread to other islands in the Caribbean via infested propagation materials (1). To my knowledge, this is the first report of black Sigatoka in the Bahamas, and with a previous report from Bhutan (1), represents the northernmost spread of this important disease. References: (1) J. Carlier et al. Pages 37–79 in: Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset. D. R. Jones, ed. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK, 2000. (2) R. C. Ploetz and X. Mourichon. Plant Dis. 83:300, 1999.

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Jimenez, Maria, Lieselot Van der Veken, Heleen Neirynck, Helga Rodríguez, Omar Ruiz, and Rony Swennen. "Organic banana production in Ecuador: Its implications on black Sigatoka development and plant–soil nutritional status." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 4 (December 2007): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001895.

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AbstractBlack Sigatoka, caused by the leaf fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, is a major constraint to banana production around the world. In Ecuador, the biggest banana-exporting country in the world, this disease has become increasingly aggressive. This has resulted in more fungicide applications, which have significantly increased costs in production and for the environment. Consequently, many banana growers have shifted to organic production, which produces greater economic returns as a result of higher sale prices. In addition, production costs are lower as no fungicides are applied. These organic bananas receive substantial amounts of organic products. This study describes the black Sigatoka disease and nutrient status in an organic banana plantation and compares it with a conventionally fertilized and fungicide-treated plantation. Black Sigatoka symptoms were evaluated in the vegetative and flowering stages under both production conditions and in vitro conditions. Univariate and multivariate descriptive statistics were used to analyze the parameters. Disease symptoms were more severe in leaves from the organic field than in leaves from the inorganic field, but the nutrient status (soil and foliar) did not differ between the two farms. Banana plants from the organic farm had 12 functional leaves at flowering and eight functional leaves at harvest. Average banana yields were over 40% lower for organic versus inorganic management; however, the average price received for organic bananas was over two times higher. Profit–cost analysis has shown that the organic banana farm was substantially more profitable than the inorganic one during the time period analyzed. These results indicated that bananas can be grown commercially without fungicides, and the lower productivity levels are compensated by higher prices of organic fruits in international markets. In addition, organic production has beneficial impacts on social and environmental issues.

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Teixeira, Luiz Antonio Junqueira, Ivan José Antunes Ribeiro, Dulcinéia Elizabete Foltran, and Luís Eduardo Rissato Zamariolli. "Suscetibilidade de oito cultivares de bananeira à sigatoka-amarela na região de Marília (SP)." Bragantia 55, no. 1 (1996): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87051996000100009.

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A suscetibilidade de oito cultivares de bananeira à sigatoka-amarela (Mycosphaerella musicola) foi avaliada em um experimento de campo, na região de Marília (SP). Três cultivares pertenciam ao Grupo AAA ('Nanicão', 'Nanicão Jangada' e 'Grande Naine') e cinco, ao AAB ('Prata', 'Enxerto', 'Maçã', 'Mysore' e 'Prata Zulu'). O experimento foi implantado em fevereiro de 1992 e, durante os três primeiros anos, não foi feito controle de sigatoka. A suscetibilidade dos materiais foi estimada mediante avaliações em três épocas: março de 93, abril e julho de 94. Na primeira avaliação, foi contado o número de manchas na segunda folha e, nas outras, foram atribuídas notas de acordo com a intensidade dos sintomas. Os cultivares foram agrupados em três classes: altamente suscetível (AS), suscetível (S) ou parcialmente resistente (PR). Nenhum dos cultivares pôde ser considerado imune, pois todos apresentaram lesões foliares. Os cultivares mais suscetíveis foram os do Grupo AAA, Subgrupo Cavendish ('Nanicão', 'Grande Naine' e 'Nanicão Jangada') e 'Enxerto' (AAB). 'Mysore' (AAB) e 'Prata Zulu' (AAB) foram classificados como parcialmente resistentes. 'Prata' (AAB) e 'Maçã' (AAB) mostraram-se medianamente suscetíveis.

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Mariana, Mariana, Rodinah Rodinah, and Ismed Setya Budi. "Ketahanan Kultivar Pisang Lokal Kalimantan Selatan terhadap Penyakit Bercak Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella sp.)." Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 13, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.13.2.51.

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Borkar, Suresh. "Invasive Pest and Disease Pathogen as Sneakers in Railways for Their Spread in Different Ecological Region: A New Report." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.238.

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Abstract:

A new pathway of travels by invasive pest and disease pathogen through railways, as sneakers, were noticed for the first time. The Indian railways passing through the soybean fields infested with Spodoptera litura, after evening attracted the moth of Spodoptera by the illuminating lights in the railways compartment and the moth enters into the compartment through open compartment windows. These moths remain in the railway compartment until the dawn and get out of the compartment as the early morning sun light enters into the compartments and are thus the sneakers crop pest in railways due to their unnoticed travels/transport. Such sneakers crop pest travels up to a distance of 600 km during the period of night from one ecological region to another ecological region having the same crop to infest or the alternative host crop of the pest to cause the fresh infestation. This phenomenon of pest travel was observed in the region of Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh, India, having soybean infestation. This is a quick travel by the pest into different areas, unseen and unreported earlier and may occur in any part of the world where the railways pass through the infested crop areas and attract the positive phototaxis pest and transport them, as sneakers, in to another ecological region. In another instance, the Sigatoka disease pathogen of banana was also noticed to travels from one ecological region to another ecological region through the railways, as sneakers without notice. This phenomenon of disease pathogen’s travels was noticed in Jalgaon region from where the banana produce is transported to different parts of India. In the trading and transport of banana through railways, the loaders use the banana leaves infected with the sigatoka pathogen as a packaging material for banana bunches while loading the banana produce in the railway wagons for their transportation. Thus, the sigatoka pathogen travels up to a distance of 1200 km/day along with the banana produce through the railways. The sigatoka infected leaves, with the unloading of banana produce also sneaks into the new ecological region and spread to infect the banana crop available in the region. Thus, the positive phototaxis insect pest are the sneakers in the railways for their travels while diseases pathogens with healthy crop produce travels and embarks to sneaks into a new ecological region and thus the railways transport system unintentionally transport the crop pest and disease pathogen from one ecological region to another. The knowledge of this new travel pathway will be useful in finalizing the strategies of plant quarantine and management of invasive pest and disease pathogens.

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