Academic literature on the topic 'Siglec-1'

Siglecs are cell surface proteins that belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and which bind sialic acids. They are composed of two groups, the conserved Siglecs and the CD33-related Siglecs. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of gene conversions between human CD33-related Siglecs and suggested that these conversions are adaptive because they increase the diversity of these immunoglobulin-related genes. Here, we analyze the Siglec genes of five primate species and show that gene conversions are not observed between conserved Siglec genes but that they are frequent between primate CD33-related Siglecs. The gene conversions between CD33-related Siglec genes only occur between similar genes and equally frequently in sialic acid binding and nonbinding domains. Furthermore, dN/dS ratio tests show that most of the Ig-like V-type 1 and the Ig-like C2-type 1 domains of Siglec genes evolve either neutrally or under purifying selection and that gene conversions were not responsible for the positively selected regions detected in the Ig-like V-type1 domain of the human SIGLEC7 and SIGLEC9 genes. Our results suggest that the frequent gene conversions between CD33-related Siglec genes are simply a consequence of the high degree of sequence similarity of these genes and that they are not adaptive.

Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are a I-type lectin that typically binds sialic acid. Siglecs are predominantly expressed in immune cells and generate activating or inhibitory signals. They are also shown to be expressed on the surface of cells in the nervous system and have been shown to play central roles in neuroinflammation. There has been a plethora of reviews outlining the studies pertaining to Siglecs in immune cells. However, this review aims to compile the articles on the role of Siglecs in brain function and neurological disorders. In humans, the most abundant Siglecs are CD33 (Siglec-3), Siglec-4 (myelin-associated glycoprotein/MAG), and Siglec-11, Whereas in mice the most abundant are Siglec-1 (sialoadhesin), Siglec-2 (CD22), Siglec-E, Siglec-F, and Siglec-H. This review is divided into three parts. Firstly, we discuss the general biological aspects of Siglecs that are expressed in nervous tissue. Secondly, we discuss about the role of Siglecs in brain function and molecular mechanism for their function. Finally, we collate the available information on Siglecs and neurological disorders. It is intriguing to study this family of proteins in neurological disorders because they carry immunoinhibitory and immunoactivating motifs that can be vital in neuroinflammation.

The siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) are a family of transmembrane receptors expressed in the haemopoietic, immune and nervous systems. The CD33-related siglecs are a distinct subset mostly expressed in the innate immune system where they can function as inhibitory receptors by suppressing the signalling mediated by receptors coupled with ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). CD33-related siglecs contain ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs) that recruit and activate SHP-1 [SH2 (Src homology 2) domain-containing phosphatase-1] and SHP-2. In addition, the ITIMs of CD33-related siglecs can suppress siglec-dependent adhesion of sialylated ligands and mediate endocytosis. Siglec-H is a recently characterized murine CD33-related endocytic receptor that lacks intrinsic tyrosine-based signalling motifs and is expressed selectively on PDCs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells). Siglec-H depends on DAP12 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa) for surface expression and cross-linking with anti-siglec-H antibodies can selectively inhibit interferon-α production by PDCs following TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9) ligation. Thus CD33-related siglecs are able to mediate diverse inhibitory functions of leucocytes in the innate immune system via both ITIM-dependent and -independent pathways.

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) are mainly expressed in the immune system. Sn (sialoadhesin) (siglec-1), CD22 (siglec-2) and siglec-15 are well conserved, whereas the CD33-related siglecs are undergoing rapid evolution, as reflected in large differences in repertoires among the different mammals studied so far. In the present paper, we review recent findings on the signalling properties of the CD33-related siglecs and discuss the emergence of both inhibitory and activating forms of this family. We also discuss how Sn may function as a positive regulator of adaptive immune responses and its emerging role as an induced macrophage pattern-recognition molecule for sialylated pathogens, especially enveloped viruses.

Siglecs are the major homologous subfamily of I-type lectins with an ability to recognize sialylated glycans. Siglecs are attractive therapeutic targets because of their endocytic properties, ability to modulate receptor signaling and cell-type specific expression pattern. Sialoadhesin (Sn/ Siglec-1/ CD169), a member of the Siglec family expressed on subsets of resident and inflammatory macrophages and involves in modulation of inflammation and immunity. In this work, 3-D structure of human Siglec-1 (hSiglec-1) was predicted based on X-ray crystallo-graphically determined structure of mouse Siglec-1[mSiglec-1(PDB ID: 1QFP)] using molecular modeling techniques. The structure of complexes in solution of hSiglec-1 with ligands, glycopeptide and 3′-sialyllactose were predicted using a novel docking technique comprising of repeated cycles of molecular dynamics and energy minimization. Calculation of the free energies of binding of complexes suggested that glycopeptide can form stable complex with dissociation constant value of 3.31 μM whereas complex formation of 3′-sialyllactose with the protein in aqueous medium is thermodynamically unfavorable. The structural analysis of theses complexes represent the functional recognition interactions of this protein with the bound sugar molecule and as such provide detailed information about functional roles of such sugar binding protein.

Abstract Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin superfamily lectins) are a family of cell surface receptors involved in regulating the immune response. The CD33-Related Siglecs (CD33rSiglecs, namely Siglec-3, -5 through -11 and -XII in humans) are a subgroup of these molecules found primarily on cells of the innate immune system. All are type-1 transmembrane proteins with an N-terminal sialic acid-recognizing V-set domain followed by a variable number of C-2 set domains, a transmembrane region and a cytosolic C-terminal domain that includes two tyrosine-based signaling motifs. Available data suggest an inhibitory signaling role in the innate immune response, mediated by recognition of host sialic acids as “self”. Nine of the 13 known primate Siglec genes along with 14 Siglec pseudogenes comprise the CD33-related Siglec gene cluster on human chromosome 19. Gene conversion is a mechanism for copying part of a genomic sequence into another, contributing to genetic diversity. Pseudogenes are known to play role in generating functional diversity of related genes (e.g., antibody diversity via gene conversion in chickens). We recently analyzed genomic sequences of the CD33-related Siglec gene cluster in three primates (human, chimpanzee and baboon) and found evidence for rapid evolution in this gene family (Angata et al., PNAS, in press). Additional evolutionary studies using distance-based phylogenetic trees shows evidence for three partial gene conversions between Siglec genes and adjacent Siglec pseudogenes. All three involve the coding regions for extracellular domains that mediate sialic acid recognition, and two involve a pseudogene converting a known Siglec gene. Functional analyses using recombinant proteins show marked differences in sialic acid-binding properties between the converted Siglec and its non-converted ortholog. These findings suggest that gene conversion with pseudogenes has contributed to the rapid functional evolution of the Siglecs, and provides a novel mechanism for changing sialic acid binding specificity. We hypothesize that this mechanism allows for rapid evolutionary adjustments in the recognition of endogenous sialic acids as “self”, a potential factor in controlling the innate immune response.

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are involved in various immune cell-mediated diseases. Their role in cancer is poorly investigated, and research focusses on Siglec-expression on immune cells interacting with tumor cells. This study evaluates the role of Siglec-8 in breast cancer (BC). Siglec-8 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically on 235 primary BC cases and was correlated with clinical and pathological parameters and outcome. Cell culture experiments were performed with various BC cell lines. Siglec-8 was expressed in 215 BC cases and expression was lowest in triple-negative BC. It correlated with estrogen receptor-status, grading and the prognostic factors galectin (Gal)-7 and tumor-associated mucin-1 (TA-MUC1). However, Gal-7 and TA-MUC1 were only prognosticators for clinical outcome in the cohort expressing high (Immunoreactivity score IRS > 3) Siglec-8 levels but not in the low-expressing cohort. Siglec-8 knockdown led to a significantly reduced Gal-7 expression in MCF7 cells. All BC cell lines expressed low Siglec-8-levels, that could be elevated in MCF7 by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ)-stimulation. This study demonstrates that Siglec-8 is expressed in BC cells and correlates with known clinical and prognostic parameters. It is probably associated with Gal-7 and TA-MUC1 and might be regulated via PPARγ. Further analyses focusing on functional associations will clarify Siglec-8’s eligibility as a possible therapeutic target.

The sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) represent a recently defined distinct subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily. By using the Src homology 2 (SH2)-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified a new member of the mouse siglec family, mSiglec-E. The mSiglec-E cDNA encodes a protein of 467 amino acids that contains three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail bearing two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). mSiglec-E is highly expressed in mouse spleen, a tissue rich in leucocytes. The ITIMs of mSiglec-E can recruit SHP-1 and SHP-2, two inhibitory regulators of immunoreceptor signal transduction. This suggests that the function of mSiglec-E is probably an involvement in haematopoietic cells and the immune system as an inhibitory receptor. When expressed in COS-7 cells, mSiglec-E was able to mediate sialic acid-dependent binding to human red blood cells, suggesting that mSiglec-E may function through cell–cell interactions. In comparison with the known members of the siglec family, mSiglec-E exhibits a high degree of sequence similarity to both human siglec-7 and siglec-9. The gene encoding mSiglec-E is localized in the same chromosome as that encoding mouse CD33. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that neither mouse mSiglec-E nor CD33 shows a clear relationship with any human siglecs so far identified.

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are single-pass cell surface receptors that have inhibitory activities on immune cells. Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. These cells can participate in inflammatory responses by releasing mediators that attract or activate other cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic and non-allergic diseases. Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. Anti-Siglec-8 antibody administration in vivo to humanized and transgenic mice selectively expressing Siglec-8 on mouse eosinophils and mast cells confirmed the in vitro findings, and identified additional anti-inflammatory effects. AK002 (lirentelimab) is a humanized non-fucosylated IgG1 antibody against Siglec-8 in clinical development for mast cell- and eosinophil-mediated diseases. AK002 administration has safely demonstrated the inhibition of mast cell activity and the depletion of eosinophils in several phase 1 and phase 2 trials. This article reviews the discovery and functions of Siglec-8, and strategies for its therapeutic targeting for the treatment of eosinophil- and mast cell-associated diseases.

Abstract Background: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic mast cells (MC) in one or more extracutaneous organs. In all forms of SM, anti-mediator drugs are used to control symptoms of MC degranulation. In advanced forms of SM, organ damage is common and patients (pts) exhibit reduced life expectancy. In these individuals, cytoreductive agents such as cladribine and interferon-alpha have been used off-label, and inhibitors of KIT D816V are under investigation. A significant unmet need exists for these patients. Siglec-8 is an inhibitory receptor of the CD33-related family of sialic acid-binding, Ig-like lectins (Siglecs) that is expressed selectively on the surface of mature MC, eosinophils, and basophils. Engagement of Siglec-8 with monoclonal antibodies has been previously shown to inhibit IgE-mediated MC degranulation and to induce apoptosis of cytokine-activated eosinophils. Thus this receptor is a potential target for antibody therapy of SM with or without associated eosinophilia. Anti-Siglec-8 antibodies do not directly affect MC viability but antibodies with effector function can induce antibody cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here we show that a recombinant anti-Siglec-8 IgG1 monoclonal antibody can elicit ADCC activity against MC derived from SM patients ex vivo. Methods: Bone marrow (BM) aspirates from SM patients were evaluated for Siglec-8 cell-surface expression on CD117+ FcεRI+ MC or CD25+ MC by flow cytometry. For ADCC assays, BM MC enriched using CD117-targeting magnetic beads or a Siglec-8 transfected Ramos cell line were used as target cells. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) or NK cells purified from peripheral blood were used as effector cells at an effector:target ratio of 10:1. Recombinant anti-Siglec-8 antibody or an isotype control antibody was added at various concentrations and the percent viable CD117+ FcεRI+ MC remaining after 48 hours of culture was determined by flow cytometry. Results: Samples from 9 pts with SM were included in the analysis (ISM, n=1; SSM, n=1; SM-CMML, n=3; SM-MDS, n=1; SM-CEL, n=1; ASM, n=1; MCL, n=1). Eight pts were KIT D816V positive. At the time of sample collection, treatments included midostaurin (n=3); cladribine (n=1); corticosteroids (n=1); and 4 pts were not receiving any biologic or cytoreductive therapy. All BM samples showed detectable CD117+ MC. Robust and selective cell-surface expression of Siglec-8 was observed in all 6 cases evaluated and 100% of CD117+ FcεRI+ MC were Siglec-8 positive by FACS, including CD25+ MC. Levels of Siglec-8 were comparable to or higher than levels on mature MC isolated from normal skin. In this limited sample size, no difference in Siglec-8 expression was observed between patients receiving different therapies or no therapy. To evaluate the ADCC activity of recombinant anti-Siglec-8 antibody on MC, enriched BM MC were incubated with anti-Siglec-8 antibody or isotype-matched control antibody at 1 μg/ mL in the presence of purified NK effector cells. In two patients evaluated, significant anti-Siglec-8-mediated ADCC activity on MC was observed using non-autologous NK cells (69% reduction, 1 pt) or autologous NK cells (76% reduction, 1 pt) indicating that anti-Siglec-8 has the potential to reduce MC burden in these patients. ADCC activity has been reported to be defective in some cancer patients. To evaluate the ability of effector cells in SM patients to mediate ADCC, an assay was developed using a Siglec-8 transfected target cell line to screen blood samples for ADCC activity induced by anti-Siglec-8 antibody. Using PBL as effector cells, ADCC was observed in all samples tested (5/5). Titration of antibody was performed on 2 samples and potent ADCC activity was observed in both, with an EC50 for target depletion of 49 and 65 ng/mL of anti-Siglec-8 antibody, respectively. Conclusion: These data provide a strong rationale for evaluating the effect of an antibody to Siglec-8 with ADCC activity in patients with SM. Disclosures Falahati: Allakos, Inc.: Employment, Other: Options for Equity Owernship. Bright:Allakos, Inc.: Employment, Other: Options for Equity Owernship. Dorenbaum:Allakos, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bebbington:Allakos, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Tomasevic:Allakos, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. George:Allakos: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy. Gotlib:Allakos, Inc.: Consultancy.

Les cèl·lules mieloides són actors clau en el reconeixement i resposta de l'hoste contra els virus invasors. Paradoxalment, després de la infecció del VIH-1, les cèl·lules mieloides també poden promoure la patogènesis viral a través de la trans-infecció, un mecanisme que promou la transmissió del VIH-1 a les cèl·lules diana a través de la captura i emmagatzematge del virus. El receptor Siglec-1 (CD169) augmenta potentment la trans-infecció del VIH-1 i es regulat per senyals immune activadores presents al llarg del curs de la infecció del VIH-1, com és l'interferó α (IFNα). Aquí demostrem que cèl·lules dendrítiques, monòcits i macròfags activats amb IFNα tenen l'habilitat de capturar i trans-infectar el VIH-1 via el reconeixement per Siglec-1 de gangliòsids presents en la membrana viral. Monòcits de pacients infectats pel VIH-1 sense tractar trans-infecten el virus via Siglec-1, però aquesta capacitat es veu disminuïda després d'un tractament antirretroviral efectiu. A més, Siglec-1 s'expressa en cèl·lules mieloides residents en teixits limfoides, on poden mediar la trans-infecció viral. Els nostres resultats suporten fermament que Siglec-1 és una mol·lècula important que pot accelerar la transmissió del VIH-1 en l'entorn multicel·lular dels teixits limfàtics, on les cèl·lules T poden contactar amb les cèl·lules mieloides. Degut a que actualment no existeix una teràpia antiviral que bloquegi la disseminació del VIH-1 mediada per Siglec-1, nosaltres hipotetitzem que el disseny d'una nova generació d'agents terapèutics dirigits a Siglec-1 poden plantejar un enfocament interessant per a reduir la propagació viral i limitar l'establiment de reservoris virals apropant-nos a una cura funcional del VIH-1. Hem seguit diferents estratègies per a obtenir un compost que bloquegi Siglec-1, hem testat compostos petits o multivalents similars a la sialillactosa i anticossos monoclonals contra Siglec-1. La optimització de aquestes estratègies ens ajudaran a identificar inhibidors potents de Siglec-1 per a complementar els tractaments antirretrovirals actuals i millorar futures estratègies terapèutiques.<br>Myeloid cells are key players in the recognition and response of the host against invading viruses. Paradoxically, upon HIV-1 infection, myeloid cells might also promote viral pathogenesis through trans-infection, a mechanism that promotes HIV-1 transmission to target cells via viral capture and storage. The receptor Siglec-1 (CD169) potently enhances HIV-1 trans-infection and is regulated by immune activating signals present throughout the course of HIV-1 infection, such as interferon α (IFNα). Here we show that IFNα-activated dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages have an enhanced ability to capture and trans-infect HIV-1 via Siglec-1 recognition of viral membrane gangliosides. Monocytes from untreated HIV-1-infected individuals trans-infect HIV-1 via Siglec-1, but this capacity diminishes after effective antiretroviral treatment. Furthermore, Siglec-1 is expressed on myeloid cells residing in lymphoid tissues, where it can mediate viral trans-infection. Our results strongly support that Siglec-1 is an important molecule that could accelerate HIV-1 transmission in the crowded cellular environment of lymphatic tissues, where many T-cells can contact myeloid cells. Since no current antiviral therapy blocks Siglec-1-mediated viral dissemination, we hypothesize that designing a novel generation of therapeutic agents against Siglec-1 could pose an interesting approach to reduce viral spread and limit the settlement of viral reservoirs, bringing us closer to a functional cure of HIV-1. We have followed different approaches to obtain Siglec-1 blocking compounds and tested small or multivalent sialyllactose-like compounds and mAbs against Siglec-1. Optimization of these approaches will aid to identify potent Siglec-1 inhibitors to complement current antiretroviral treatments and enhance future therapeutic strategies.

Les cèl·lules presentadores d’antigen de llinatge mieloide tenen la capacitat de respondre a una infecció d’una manera ràpida i eficient coordinant respostes immunitàries innates i adaptatives. Malgrat això, en el cas de la infecció pel virus de la immunodeficiència humana de tipus 1 (VIH-1), aquestes cèl·lules poden contribuir a la patogènesi viral a través de la captura i la transmissió de partícules virals a les cèl·lules diana, un procés conegut com trans-infecció. Aquest mecanisme depèn de Siglec-1 (CD169), un receptor de membrana de les cèl·lules mieloides que reconeix gangliòsids sialilats presents a la membrana del virus. Per tal d’analitzar in vivo la contribució de la trans-infecció en la patogènesi del VIH-1, vam buscar individus SIGLEC1-deficients i vam identificar 85 individus heterozigots i 2 homozigots per una variant de pèrdua de funció que aboleix l’expressió de Siglec-1. De manera rellevant, les cèl·lules d’aquests individus mancaven de l’activitat de Siglec-1 en relació a la captura i la transmissió del VIH-1. Malgrat aquest fenotip, no vam observar diferències prominents pel què fa a la susceptibilitat a la infecció per VIH-1 ni a la progressió cap a la síndrome d’immunodeficiència adquirida (SIDA) en els individus portadors d’aquesta variant de SIGLEC1. Malgrat tot, l’anàlisi de l’efecte del truncament de Siglec-1 en la progressió a SIDA no va ser concloent degut a la mida limitada de la cohort, la manca d’una història clínica complerta amb informació sobre la data de seroconversió, la restricció d’estudiar només períodes sense tractament i la co-infecció amb patògens addicionals que podrien influenciar el fenotip observat en la direcció oposada al que s’esperava. De fet, aquesta darrera limitació ens va portar a investigar l’efecte de la variant SIGLEC1-deficient en les co-infeccions associades al VIH-1 i vam trobar una associació significativa entre aquesta variant i la disseminació extrapulmonar de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) en dues cohorts clíniques que inclouen 6,256 individus. Quan vam analitzar l’absència de Siglec-1 en un model murí, els ratolins knockout per Siglec-1 van presentar una propagació local de bacteris al pulmó i malgrat tenir una càrrega bacil·lar similar, van desenvolupar lesions més extenses en comparació amb els ratolins salvatges. A més a més, vam demostrar que Siglec-1 és necessari per tal d’induir la presentació d’antígens a través de la captura de vesícules extracel·lulars. Proposem un model on l’absència de Siglec-1 endarrereix l’inici d’una immunitat que protegeix enfront el micobacteri limitant l’intercanvi d’antígens mitjançant vesícules extracel·lulars, permetent així una propagació local del micobacteri que incrementa el risc d’una disseminació extrapulmonar. En resum, al llarg d’aquesta tesi hem explorat el concepte d’antagonisme pleiotròpic en individus co-infectats portadors de la variant SIGLEC1-deficient, on l’alteració del control immunitari del micobacteri en absència de Siglec-1 podria influenciar el curs clínic dels individus infectats pel VIH-1, emmascarant així els beneficis esperats d’aquesta variant en retardar la progressió a SIDA.<br>Las células presentadoras de antígeno de linaje mieloide tienen la capacidad de responder a una infección de una manera rápida y eficiente coordinando respuestas inmunes innatas y adaptativas. Sin embargo, en el caso de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana de tipo 1 (VIH-1), estas células pueden contribuir en la patogénesis viral a través de la captura y la transmisión de partículas virales a las células diana, un proceso conocido como trans-infección. Este mecanismo depende de Siglec-1 (CD169), un receptor de membrana de las células mieloides que reconoce gangliósidos sialidados presentes en la membrana del virus. Para analizar in vivo la contribución de la trans-infección en la patogénesis del VIH-1, buscamos individuos SIGLEC1-deficientes e identificamos 85 individuos heterocigotos y 2 homocigotos para una variante de pérdida de función que suprime la expresión de Siglec-1. De manera relevante, las células de estos individuos carecían de la actividad de Siglec-1 en relación a la captura y la transmisión del VIH-1. A pesar de este fenotipo, no hemos observado diferencias prominentes con respecto a la susceptibilidad a la infección por VIH-1 ni a la progresión hacia el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) en los individuos portadores de esta variante de SIGLEC1. A pesar de ello, el análisis del efecto del truncamiento de Siglec-1 en la progresión a SIDA no resultó concluyente debido al tamaño limitado de la cohorte, la falta de una historia clínica completa con información sobre la fecha de seroconversión, la restricción de estudiar solamente períodos sin tratamiento y la co-infección con patógenos adicionales que podrían influenciar el fenotipo observado en la dirección opuesta a lo esperado. De hecho, esta última limitación nos llevó a investigar el efecto de la variante SIGLEC1-deficiente en las co-infecciones asociadas al VIH-1 y encontramos una asociación significativa entre esta variante y la diseminación extrapulmonar de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) en dos cohortes clínicas que incluyen 6,256 individuos. Cuando analizamos la ausencia de Siglec-1 en un modelo murino, los ratones knockout para Siglec-1 presentaron una propagación local de bacterias en el pulmón y a pesar de tener una carga bacilar similar, desarrollaron lesiones más extensas en comparación con los ratones salvajes. Además, hemos demostrado que Siglec-1 es necesario para inducir la presentación de antígenos a través de la captura de vesículas extracelulares. Proponemos un modelo en el que la ausencia de Siglec-1 retrasa el inicio de una inmunidad que protege frente la micobacteria limitando el intercambio de antígenos mediante vesículas extracelulares, permitiendo así una propagación local de la micobacteria que incrementa el riesgo de una diseminación extrapulmonar. En resumen, a lo largo de esta tesis hemos explorado el concepto de antagonismo pleiotrópico en individuos co-infectados portadores de la variante SIGLEC1-deficiente, donde la alteración del control inmune de la micobacteria en ausencia de Siglec-1 podría influenciar el curso clínico de los individuos infectados por VIH-1, enmascarando así los beneficios esperados de esta variante en el retraso de la progresión a SIDA.<br>Antigen presenting cells of the myeloid lineage have the ability to respond rapidly and effectively to infection by coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. However, in the case of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, these cells might contribute to viral pathogenesis through the capture and transmission of infectious viral particles to target cells, a process known as trans-infection. This mechanism depends on Siglec-1 (CD169), a myeloid-cell surface receptor that recognizes sialylated gangliosides present on the viral membrane. To dissect the contribution of trans-infection in HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo, we searched for SIGLEC1 null individuals and identified 85 heterozygous and 2 homozygous people with a loss-of-function variant that abrogates Siglec-1 expression. Importantly, cells from these individuals were defective for Siglec-1 activity in HIV-1 capture and transmission. Despite this phenotype, we did not observe prominent differences on HIV-1 susceptibility nor progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in individuals harboring the SIGLEC1 null variant. Nonetheless, analysis of the effect of Siglec-1 truncation on progression to AIDS was not conclusive due to the limited cohort size, the lack of complete clinical records such as the seroconversion date, the restriction to study only off-therapy periods, and the co-infection with additional pathogens that might influence the observed phenotype in the opposite direction from what was expected. As a matter of fact, the latest limitation prompted us to investigate the effect of the SIGLEC1 null variant in HIV-1 co-infections and we found a significant association between this variant and extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in two clinical cohorts comprising 6,256 individuals. When we analyzed the absence of Siglec-1 in a murine model, local spread of bacteria within the lung was apparent in Mtb-infected Siglec-1 knockout mice which, despite having similar bacterial load, developed more extensive lesions compared to wild type mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that Siglec-1 is necessary to induce antigen presentation through extracellular vesicle uptake. We postulate that lack of Siglec-1 delays the onset of protective immunity against Mtb by limiting antigen exchange via extracellular vesicles, allowing for an early local spread of mycobacteria that increases the risk for extrapulmonary dissemination. Overall, through this thesis we have explored the concept of antagonistic pleiotropy in co-infected individuals harboring the SIGLEC1 null variant, where the impaired immune control of Mtb in the absence of Siglec-1 could influence the clinical course of HIV-1 infected individuals, thus masking the expected benefits of this variant on delaying AIDS progression.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina

La maladie cancéreuse et la maladie thrombotique sont des problématiques fréquentes et graves rencontrées en pathologie humaine et en santé publique. Elles ont une relation réciproque médiée par des interactions cellulaires et des mécanismes moléculaires complexes faisant intervenir des acteurs de l’hémostase et de l’immunité. Tout ou partie de ces phénomènes rendent en effet compte du processus d’inflammation et de réponse de l’organisme à l’agression. La caractérisation de certains médiateurs moléculaires ayant des rôles connus dans l’hémostase et l’inflammation peut nous permettre d’améliorer la compréhension de ces phénomènes et de proposer des pistes de réflexion diagnostiques ou thérapeutiques.Nous nous sommes donc intéressé au couple facteur Willebrand/ADAMTS13 : une protéine clé de l’hémostase dont le taux est influencé par les processus inflammatoires et sa protéase régulatrice. Cette étude menée chez des patients atteints de cancer nous a permis de montrer que l’utilisation de ces protéines comme des biomarqueurs peut améliorer la stratification du risque individuel de thrombose pour les patients et donc d’améliorer la prise en charge thérapeutique. Le rôle de ces protéines dans la physiopathologie de ces mécanismes reste à préciser.Par ailleurs, sur la base de connaissances structurelles, nous avons l’émis l’hypothèse d’une interaction entre deux récepteurs de la surface des leucocytes, cellules-clés de la réponse inflammatoire. En effet, PSGL-1 (P-sélectine glycoprotéine ligand 1), récepteur présent sur une grande partie des leucocytes est le ligand de la P-sélectine sur l’endothélium vasculaire et joue un rôle majeur dans le roulement des leucocytes permettant leur recrutement aux sites de l’inflammation. PSGL-1 a une structure riche en acides sialiques. Le Siglec-5 est quant à lui un récepteur de structure proche des immunoglobulines qui lie des acides sialiques. Nous avons donc décrit et caractérisé la liaison entre ces deux protéines, et étudié son rôle dans le roulement des leucocytes in vitro et in vivo. Avant d’envisager toute application, il reste bien sûr à caractériser plus précisément les modalités de cette interaction (site de liaison, etc…) et son effet dans d’autres mécanismes régulés par l’interaction PSGL-1/P-sélectine comme la formation du thrombus<br>Cancer and thrombosis are frequent and serious concerns in human pathology and public health. This conditions are known to share closed relationships, and reciprocal promotion involving cellular interactions and complex molecular mechanisms. Molecular pathways often involve hemostasis or immunity actors and participate in inflammation process, which can be either cause or consequence. Improved knowledge on molecular mediators at the crossroads of hemostasis and inflammation may allow best understanding of these mechanisms and improving therapeutic management.Thus, we studied Willebrand factor / ADAMTS13 couple : a key protein in hemostasis whose rate is influenced by inflammatory processes and its regulatory protease. This study in cancer patients shows that Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 could be used as biomarkers to predict individual thrombosis risk and thus improve therapeutic management. Precise role of this proteins in cancer-mediated thrombosis remain unexplored.Furthermore, we hypothesized an interaction between two leukocyte receptors : PSGL-1(P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) and Siglec-5. Leukocytes, especially neutrophils are recruited to inflammation sites after a key step of rolling along vasculature. PSGL-1 expressed on the majority of leukocytes is P-selectin ligand and plays a major role in leukocyte rolling. PSGL-1 has a structure rich in sialic acids. Siglec-5 is an immunoglobulin-like receptor and binds sialic acids. Thus, we described and characterized the interaction between these two proteins, and studied its role in leukocyte rolling in vitro and in vivo. Before considering any application, the modalities of this interaction should further analyzed (binding site, etc. ...) and its effect in other mechanism involving PSGL-1/P-selectin interaction like thrombus formation

Les SIgA possèdent la capacité de pouvoir adhérer spécifiquement à la membrane apicale des cellules M présentes au niveau des muqueuses monostratifiées. La capacité des cellules M à transporter les SIgA de la lumière intestinale jusqu'au GALT par un mécanisme de transcytose inverse a également été décrite. J'ai donc souhaité évaluer la capacité des SIgA à transporter efficacement un antigène vaccinal, à travers la barrière épithéliale par l'intermédiaire des cellules M vers les DCs présentes dans le MALT. Le mécanisme exact et notamment la structure moléculaire du récepteur permettant la transcytose inverse des IgA n'a pas été identifiée. Il m’a donc paru intéressant d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans le transport d'une SIgA de la lumière intestinale jusqu’aux cellules immunitaires sous-muqueuses. Cette étude a permis de démontrer le rôle majeur de deux nouveaux récepteurs présents à la surface des cellules M, la dectine-1 et le siglec-5, dans l'activité physiologique rétrograde des SIgA. Cette étude a permis d'identifier les domaines des SIgA impliqués dans ce mécanisme. J'ai ensuite utilisé les SIgA comme vecteur vaccinal permettant le ciblage des cellules M. Les applications de cette approche à la vaccination par voie orale et nasale sont décrites dans la publication 4 en cours de rédaction. Durant ma thèse, j'ai pu démontrer que la transcytose inverse des SIgA est un mécanisme physiologique dépendant par exemple de récepteurs aux sucres. J'ai pu également démontrer que leur utilisation dans des approches de vaccination muqueuse peuvent être une voie très prometteuse notamment contre le VIH ou d'autres pathogènes muqueux<br>Secretory IgA (SIgA) are the main effectors of the mucosal immune response. More, SIgA have the capacity to adhere to the apical membrane of M cells present in the intestinal and nasal mucosa. After binding to M cells, SIgA are transported from the intestinal lumen to the GALT by a reverse transcytosis mechanism. In this work, I have assessed the capacity of SIgA to effectively deliver a vaccine antigen through the epithelial barrier via M cells to sub-mucosal dendritic cells (DCs). Precise mechanisms and the IgA-specific receptor(s) for reverse transcytosis have not yet been identified. In this work, I identified the receptors involved in SIgA reverse transcytosis. Both dectin-1 and siglec-5 allow the transport of the Cα1 domain of SIgA by murine an human M cells in vitro and also in vivo. This work is currently undergoing to immunity (publication 1) and should also be patented. Next, I tried to use the reverse transcytosis mechanism mediated by M cells to efficiently deliver an HIV-1 antigen by mucosal routes. We applied results obtained using SIgA as a vaccine vector for M cells targeting. This approach should help to protect antigen in the mucosal environment. Applications of this approach to oral and nasal immunisation are described in the incomplete publication 4. During any PhD, I was able to demonstrate that SIgA reverse transcytosis is a physiological mechanism depending on sugar receptors. I was also able to demonstrate that their use could be a very promising vaccine approach especially for mucosa] diseases or pathogens as HIV

Les cèl·lules dendrítiques (CD) són les cèl·lules presentadores d’antigen més potents del sistema immuntari, enllaçant la immunitat innata i la immunitat adquirida. No obstant això, les CD poden contribuir a la disseminació del Virus de la Immuno-deficiència Humana tipus 1 (VIH-1) mentre intenten induir una resposta adaptativa contra la infecció viral. El paradigma immunològic clàssic sobre la funció de les CD indica que les CD immadures principalment capturen patògens, mentre que les CD madures indueixen una resposta adaptativa contra el patogen capturat. Però, la maduració de les CD amb lipopolisacàrid (LPS) augmenta la seva abilitat per capturar el VIH-1, que, al seu torn, resulta en una potent transmissió infecciosa a cèl·lules diana. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és el d’analitzar els mecanismes involucrats en la captura, la trans-infecció i la presentació antigènica del VIH-1 per part de las CD. Amb aquesta finalitat i utilitzant tècniques de biologia cel·lular i molecular, s’ha identificat el lligand viral i el receptor en les CD responsable del mecanisme de captura del VIH-1 independent de l’envolta viral, el destí del VIH-1 capturat per les CD, i els determinants per a una transmissió infecciosa eficient d’aquestes partícules virals als limfòcits T CD4+. Els resultats obtinguts proporcionen nova informació sobre la contribució de les CD a la patogènesi del VIH-1. La maduració de les CD amb LPS augmenta l’expressió de Siglec-1 a la membrana plasmàtica de les CD. Aquest receptor actua reconeixen la sialillactosa dels gangliòsids de la membrana del VIH-1, constituint el mecanisme d’unió i captura del VIH-1 en la CD independent de l’envolta viral. Però, aquest mecanisme tant eficient de captura viral en les CD no representa una font d’antigen per a la presentació antigènica del VIH-1, ja que les partícules virals capturades són retingudes en un compatiment intracel·lular, protegides de la degradació i preservant la seva infectivitat. Per tant, en el cas de les CD madurades amb LPS, hi ha una dissociació entre la captura del VIH-1 i la seva presentació antigènica. Per contra, la captura del VIH-1 per Siglec-1 es redirigeix cap la transmissió infecciosa a cèl·lules diana, però sense que el VIH-1 infecti les CD. Atès que les CD interaccionen contínuament amb les cèl·lules T CD4+ durant la seva tasca immunològica, ja sigui per induir respostes immunes adaptatives o per a mantenir l’homeostasi de les cèl·lules T, el VIH-1 pot aprofitar-se d’aquests contactes, sense modular-los, per a ser transmès. D’aquesta manera, el VIH-1 passa desapercebut a través de la sinapsi CD–cèl·lula T, escapant del control immunològic i incrementant la propagació viral, que està marcadament afavorida per l’activació immune induïda pels contactes CD–cèl·lula T. Per tant, determinar la contribució de les CD en la patogènesi de la infecció pel VIH-1 pot ser de gran importància pel desenvolupament d’estrategies terapèutiques dirigides a bloquejar la disseminació del VIH-1.<br>Las células dendrítcas (CD) son las células presentadoras de antígeno más potentes del sistema inmunitario, enlazando la inmunidad innata y la inmunidad adquirida. Sin embargo, las CD pueden contribuir a la diseminación del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) mientras intentan inducir una respuesta adaptativa contra la infección viral. El paradigma inmunológico clásico sobre la función de las CD indica que las CD inmaduras principalmente capturan patógenos, mientras que las CD maduras inducen una respuesta adaptativa frente al patógeno capturado. No obstante, la maduración de las CD con lipopolisacárido (LPS) incrementa su abilidad para capturar VIH-1, que, a su vez, resulta en una potente transmisión infecciosa a células diana. El objetivo de esta tesis es el de analizar los mecanismos involucrados en la captura, la trans-infección y la presentación antigénica del VIH-1 por parte de las CD. Con esta finalidad y utilizando técnicas de biología celular y molecular, se ha identificado el ligando viral y el receptor en las CD responsables del mecanismo de captura del VIH-1 independiente de la envuelta viral, el destino del VIH-1 capturado por las CD, y los determinantes para una transmisión infecciosa eficiente de estas partículas virales a los linfocitos T CD4+. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan nueva información acerca de la contri-bución de las CD en la patogénesis del VIH-1. La maduración de las CD con LPS incrementa la expresión de Siglec-1 en la membrana plasmática de las CD. Este receptor reconoce la sialillactosa de los gangliósido de la membrana del VIH-1, mediando el mecanismo de unión y captura del VIH-1 en las CD independiente de la envuelta viral. Sin embargo, este mecanismo tan eficiente de captura viral en las CD no representa una fuente de antigéno para la presentación antigénica del VIH-1, dado que las partículas virales capturas son retenidas en un compartimento intracelular, protegidas de la degradación y preservando su infectividad. Por consiguiente, en el caso de las CD maduradas con LPS, existe una disociación entre la captura del VIH-1 y su presentación antigénica. Por el contrario, la captura de VIH-1 mediada por Siglec-1 se redirige hacia la transmisión infecciosa a células diana, pero sin que el VIH-1 infecte las CD. Dado que las CD interaccionan continuamente con los célula T CD4+ durante su labor inmunológica, tanto para inducir respuestas inmunes adaptativas como para mantener la homeostasis de las células T, el VIH-1 puede aprovecharse de estos contactos, sin modularlos, para ser transmitido. De esta manera, el VIH-1 pasa desapercibido a través de la sinapsis CD–célula T, escapando del control inmunológico e incrementando la propagación viral, que está marcadamente favorecida por la activación immune inducida por los contactos CD–célula T. Por lo tanto, determinar la contribución de las CD en la patogénesis de la infección por VIH-1 puede ser de gran importancia para el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas dirigidas para bloquear la diseminación del VIH-1.<br>Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the immune system, linking innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it has been suggested a dual role of DC in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by increasing the spread of HIV-1 while trying to trigger an adaptive response against viral infection. The classical immunological paradigm affirms that immature DC mainly mediate pathogen uptake while mature DC launch adaptive immune responses against the captured pathogen. Nevertheless, DC maturation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases their ability of capturing HIV-1 particles resulting in a potent infectious transmission to target cells. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the mechanisms involved in DC-mediated HIV-1 capture, trans-infection and antigen presentation. To that end, we used methods of cellular and molecular biology, reporting the viral ligand and the DC receptor responsible for an HIV-1 Env-independent uptake mechanism, the fate of the captured HIV-1 particles, and the determinants for an efficient infectious transmission to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Our results provide new insights into contribution of DC to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Maturation of DC with LPS increases the expression of Siglec-1 on DC membrane. This receptor acts as the attachment factor in DC for sialyllactose-containing gangliosides in HIV-1 membrane, mediating the Env-independent mechanism of HIV-1 binding and uptake by DC. However, this efficient mechanism of HIV-1 capture does not represent a source of viral antigen for HLA loading and T-cell activation, given that captured virions are retained within an intracellular compartment, away from degradation, thus preserving their infectivity. Consequently, in the case of HIV-1 and DC matured with LPS, there is dissociation between pathogen uptake and antigen presentation. On the contrary, Siglec-1-mediated HIV-1 capture by DC is redirected to infectious viral transmission to susceptible target cells, without infecting host DC. Since DC continuously interact with CD4+ T lymphocytes during their immunological labor, either to elicit adaptive immune responses or to maintain T-cell homeostasis, HIV-1 can take advantage of these contacts, without modulating them, to be transmitted. As a result, HIV-1 can go unnoticed across the DC–T-cell synapses, bypassing the immunological control and increasing viral dissemination, which is markedly favored by immune activation driven by DC–T-cell contacts. Therefore, determining the contribution of DC to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection may be important for the development of therapeutic strategies aiming to block HIV-1 spread.