Journal articles: 'Signal of liberty'

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McShane, Joseph M. "John Carroll and the Appeal to Evidence: A Pragmatic Defense of Principle." Church History 57, no. 3 (September 1988): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3166574.

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Throughout his career John Carroll supported the American religious settlement with surprising and consistent enthusiasm. Indeed, his enthusiasm for the religious liberty of the new republic seemed to be boundless. Thus he never tired of celebrating and advertising its benefits. He assured American Catholics that it was “a signal instance of [God's] mercy” and a product of the active intervention of Divine Providence and the Holy Spirit, who have “tutored the minds of men” in such a way that Catholics could now freely worship God according to the “dictates of conscience.” Flushed with pride, he even predicted that if America were wise enough to abide by the terms of this providential arrangement, the nation would become a beacon to the world, proving that “general and equal toleration…is the most effectual method to bring all denominations of Christians to an unity of faith.” Finally, confident that the extraordinary freedom accorded American Catholics would make the American church “the most flourishing portion of the church,” he urged European states and churches to follow America's inspired lead.

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Borah, Upasana, Monika Bharati, Mukesh Chopra, and Abhishek Bharati. "Concept of Law, Dharma and Justice: An Insight to Hindu Jurisprudence." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i2.3431.

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Any authorities could have a robust foundation for its survival, “if it’s far based on liberty and justice”. Justice below regulation with out social justice, now no longer has any which means or significance. It isn’t any any doubt that humans due to the fact instances immemorial was hoping for justice and its survival always and ‘justice’ has been the watchword of all foremost social and political reform movements. Endless and ceaseless efforts have been made to abolish in justice, tyranny and exploitation. In the not unusual place parlance justice is equated with the whole thing this is good, mercy, charity and truth and different equal expressions. However, with inside the phrases of a Greek philosopher Thrasymachus, it can’t be described because the interest of thestronger. Justice isn’t always an irrational concept and the search for it’s far an everlasting quest. As a Hindu we in no way neglect about and notice the picture graph of a few preeminent Divine beings, for example, Rama, Krishna, Shiva, Durga beneath neath the state of affairs of Paap Punya or a signal of judgment, and recollect because the incomparable jury of our the whole thing works. Dharma is moreover an equal phrase of Justice. In the Hindu society Dharma has dependably been taken into consideration as signal of Justice and its all updates or implications take us to the demonstrations of legal guidelines whether or not it is going beneath neath the existing time or historic time. Slam is continuously taken into consideration as a Saint and Maryadapurushottam due to the fact Ramayan period. He is likewise taken into consideration as a supporter and spreader of Dharma which dependably paintings for the development of character and a dwelling society.Also, on this manner there have been several similitudes noticed due to the fact historic time.

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Anderson, Carl A. "Constitution and Family in the United States." Revue générale de droit 21, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058211ar.

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Decisions of the United States Supreme Court beginning with Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) have transformed family law in the United States. By characterizing the right to marry as a fundamental constitutional right and procreative decision-making as both a fundamental liberty interest and privacy right, the Court has “deregulated” the institutions of marriage and family. During this same period the Court’s approach to legal questions involving the rights of non-marital cohabitating couples as well as individual procreative decision-making has tended to blur legal distinctions between the family based upon marriage and other living arrangements. The widespread adoption of mutual consent and/or marital breakdown as grounds for the dissolution of marriage in the United States has significantly altered the social dynamics of marriage and further reduces distinctions between marriage and other living arrangements. However, recent decisions by the Court in Hardwick, Michael H., and Webster point to a change of direction in the Court’s view of privacy which may signal a willingness to tolerate greater community involvement in establishing protective regulation of the institutions of marriage and the family based upon it. The Court also appears to be in the process of significantly narrowing the constitutionally recognized right of privacy when viewed as a zone of autonomous decision-making for the individual or non-marital couple.

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Palmer, Darren, Ian Warren, and Peter Miller. "ID Scanning, The Media and the Politics of Urban Surveillance in an Australian Regional City." Surveillance & Society 9, no. 3 (March 27, 2012): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v9i3.4200.

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Computerised ID scanning technologies have permeated many urban night-time economies in Australia, the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. This paper documents how one media organisation’s overt and tacit approval of ID scanners helped to normalise this form of surveillance as a precondition of entry into ten licensed venues in the Australian city of Geelong. After outlining how processes of governance “from above” and “from below” interweave to generate distinct political and media reactions to the prevention of localised crime problems, a chronological reconstruction of media reports over a three-and-a half year period demonstrates how ID scanning became the centrepiece of a holistic reform strategy to combat alcohol-related violence in the Geelong nightclub precinct. Several discursive techniques helped to normalise this “technological fix”, while suppressing critical discussion of viable concerns over information privacy, data security and system networking. These included pairing reports of an initial “signal crime” with examples of “virtual victimhood” to depict a crisis of violence to validate a radical surveillance-based response and publishing anecdotal statements from key “primary definers” highlighting the success of this initiative in targeting a wider population of antisocial “others”. The implications of these reporting practices are discussed in light of the media’s central role in reforming the Geelong night-time economy and broader trends associated with using novel surveillance technologies to combat urban crime problems at the expense of alternative measures that protect individual liberty.

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Broyles, Douglas S. "Have Justices Stevens and Kennedy Forged a New Doctrine of Substantive Due Process?" Texas A&M Law Review 1, no. 1 (October 2013): 129–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i1.4.

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As issues such as the nature of the sexual, marital, and other relationships and claims—both personal and economic—continue to face Americans and America’s lawyers, the question of how we as a people distinguish fundamental from non-fundamental rights is one of first importance. In constitutional law, the Supreme Court has addressed this question through the doctrine of “Substantive Due Process.” In his lengthy dissent in McDonald v. Chicago—his final opinion as a Supreme Court Justice—Justice John Paul Stevens claimed that substantive due process is fundamentally a matter of how we interpret the meaning of the word “liberty.” The issue as to whether the right is specifically enumerated in the Amendments is irrelevant, Stevens argues, if the interest is naturally within the definition of “liberty.” Moreover, Justice Stevens’s argument in McDonald was approved by his liberal colleagues on the Court, which indicates that his theory of liberty may well become the baseline for determining what are, and what are not, fundamental rights. However, in the recent case of United States v. Windsor, the Court refused to employ the substantive due process doctrine, as traditionally understood, as the basis for striking down the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Instead, the Court employed rational basis review, finding that the legislative purpose and effect behind DOMA was “to disparage and to injure” those wishing to enter into same-sex marriages, and thus served “no legitimate purpose.” Still, Justice Kennedy clearly signals in his Windsor opinion that some formulation of the substantive due process doctrine remains alive and well as a constitutional basis for deciding Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment Due Process “liberty” interests such as same-sex marriage. Indeed, both Justices share a conceptual core in their understandings of what constitutes a constitutionally protected liberty interest.

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de Sousa, Teresa. "M�rio Soares (1924-2017)�: la politique en tant que libert�." Sigila N�41, no. 1 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sigila.041.0081.

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Delaurenti, B�atrice. "De la cl�ture en histoire. Parenth�ses, un espace de libert�." Sigila N�34, no. 2 (2014): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sigila.034.0161.

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Rekha, Baskaran Banu, Arumugam Kandaswamy, and R. A. Keerthana. "Artificial Intelligence Based Automated Estimation of Sleep Stages Using Electrocardiograph Signals: A Perspective." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.836.

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The primary goal of this study is to expound the Artificial Intelligence schemes utilized in developing an automated sleep staging sytem. Sleep stages, broadly classified as REM and Non-REM (Rapid Eye Movement) are recognized during sleep studies. Electrocardiogram signal is one among the multiple signals recorded during a sleep study. An effort to bring out the correlation between Electrocardiogram and sleep stages would facilitate in developing an automated screening system for identifying sleep disorders. This study assimilates such researches and their outcomes conducted during the last two decades. It is also emphasized that due to liberal availability of Electrocardiogram data in hospitals, using it to distinguish sleep stages would aid in developing better healthcare. The prime methods identified from the literature are the statistical classifiers and neural network based classifiers.The reports discussed are typical of single night polysomnographic recordings. The collective results are then compared with manually scored sleep stages. Out of the various methods, Support Vector Machines and Detrended Fluctuation analysis are the popular methods owing to their nature of analyzing non stationary signals.

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Rose, Richard. "Charges as Contested Signals." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 3 (July 1989): 261–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00008461.

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ABSTRACTGovernment is about the supply and demand for many goods and services, but votes or social needs are the principal signal meant to give direction to public policy. Many neo-liberal economists contest this, arguing that charges or user-fees are more efficient for allocating services. Empirical analysis shows that in principle it would be possible to impose charges on three-quarters of the goods and services financed by government. Although some charges are imposed on a wide variety of public programmes, overall governments reject marketing what is marketable. Theoretical inconsistencies in government's use of charges indicate that they reflect political inertia. The conclusion offers an analytic paradigm for interpreting charges, since an accurate interpretation of the signals sent by charges depends upon attributes specific to a given public programme.

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BOERTJE, RODNEY D., KALIN A. KELLIE, C. TOM SEATON, MARK A. KEECH, DONALD D. YOUNG, BRUCE W. DALE, LAYNE G. ADAMS, and ANDREW R. ADERMAN. "Ranking Alaska Moose Nutrition: Signals to Begin Liberal Antlerless Harvests." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 5 (July 2007): 1494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-159.

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Wieczorek, Irene. "A Needed Balance Between Security, Liberty and Justice. Positive Signals Arrive From the Field of Victims' Rights." European Criminal Law Review 2, no. 2 (August 20, 2012): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/219174412802604252.

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Krol, Magdalena, and Wael El-Deredy. "Payoff Changes Sensitivity by Modulating the Processing Style." Perception 41, no. 5 (January 1, 2012): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7124.

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In a perceptual decision-making task, we compared a neutral payoff and two asymmetric payoffs: a liberal one, favouring positive responses, and a conservative one, favouring negative responses. Participants were presented with ambiguous images composed of superimposed target and non-target photographs, and asked to decide whether the target dominated in the picture. Signal-detection analysis demonstrated that the liberal payoff yielded significantly higher sensitivity than other payoffs. We argue that the liberal payoff encourages confirming the target's domination, hence making it easier to ignore non-target elements of the picture. We conclude that payoff can influence perceptual decisions by changing the approach to the perceptual task, and how attention is allocated between different elements of the sensory input.

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Morris, Joseph M. "Varieties of weakest liberal preconditions." Information Processing Letters 25, no. 3 (May 1987): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(87)90134-7.

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Torres Gomez, Jorge, Antonio Rodriguez-Hidalgo, Yannelys Virginia Jerez Naranjo, and Carmen Pelaez-Moreno. "Teaching Differently: The Digital Signal Processing of Multimedia Content Through the Use of Liberal Arts." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 38, no. 3 (May 2021): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3053218.

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Chinchilla, Rosa Helena. "Juana of Austria: Courtly Spain and Devotional Expression." Renaissance and Reformation 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v40i1.8943.

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Dans la péninsule ibérique, le rôle de mécène culturel joué par l'infante Juana d'Autriche se signale par l'esprit de liberté et de tolérance qu'elle sut imposer pour mettre un terme aux persécutions dont souffraient certains écrivains tels François Borgia et Jorge de Montemayor. Par cette protection, elle influença l'esthétique de cour en l'orientant vers une plus forte et nouvelle dévotion.

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Oliveira, Cláudia C., Bianca Querido, Marjolein Sluijter, Anne F. de Groot, Reno van der Zee, Martijn J. W. E. Rabelink, Rob C. Hoeben, Ferry Ossendorp, Sjoerd H. van der Burg, and Thorbald van Hall. "New Role of Signal Peptide Peptidase To Liberate C-Terminal Peptides for MHC Class I Presentation." Journal of Immunology 191, no. 8 (September 18, 2013): 4020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1301496.

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Pandit, Sushmita. "Public policy and the digital deadline: The implementation of the Digital Addressable System (DAS) in West Bengal." journal of digital media & policy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jdmp.10.2.217_1.

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The introduction of the mandatory Digital Addressable System (DAS) with strict, phase-wise deadlines for different provinces within India has compelled us to reconsider not only the television apparatus itself but also broadcast policies, television industry, content and reception. The introduction of DAS can be posited within a series of similar public policies starting from the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) project in 1975 to the more recent Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) or Aadhaar project and Digital India campaign, all folded into the developmental rhetoric of the welfare state. The rollout of DAS provides the site to explore the relationship between the government, neo-liberal market and digital technologies that underscores the contradictions which are constitutive of modernity, and invests in the study of the neo-liberal cultural sites of statist intervention. Within this conceptual framework, this article would focus on West Bengal as a case in point to read the implementation of mandatory DAS both as a site of hegemonic projects embodying promises of neo-liberal development and of the incongruities that are inherent in them. While the union government claimed that any cable television service provider who does not switch to digital signal within deadline can be penalized and the equipment confiscated, the state Government said that they would launch an agitation if analogue cable signals were blacked out after the deadline for cable digitalization and thus, the deadline was extended for several months. The confrontation over cable digitalization in West Bengal offers a site to explore in what way, contrary to its typical image of a fully automated digital ecosystem of governance, as the modern states would like to conceive, it is loaded with internal contradiction. My inquiry moves across a range of discursive locations and registers, aiming to explore in what way various local stakeholders negotiate in this policy implementation? How does DAS help theorization of a changing relationship between the market, digital technology and the developmental modern? While raising these questions, this article would try to explore in what way DAS can be located within the historical trajectory of techno-cultural rhetoric of public policy and how it invests in the shifting political economy of broadcasting in India.

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Williams, Jessica, Rhyse Bendell, Jason Parker, Andrew Talone, Jordan Sasser, Gabrielle Vasquez, and Florian Jentsch. "Exploring the Effect of Stimuli Characteristics on Signal Detection Performance: Sex Influenced Targeting Bias." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631476.

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Research has shown that the perceived sex (female versus male features) of a presented threat can influence participants’ responses. This exploratory analysis examined data from an experiment which utilized a virtual reality signal detection task. Six categorically different character models (three males and three females) transported one of five potential objects (one signal: pistol; five noise: gardening tools) across a virtual environment. The focus of our analysis was to explore the influence of participant sex and character gender on participants' perceptual sensitivity ( d’) and response criterion ( C). Results suggest that character gender had significant effects on d’ and C such that male character models resulted in greater perceptual sensitivity and a more liberal response criterion. Our findings align with previous research that characterize females as less likely to be targeted as a threat, possibly due to stereotypes or predisposed social biases, as opposed to males.

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Vercammen, A., E. H. F. de Haan, and A. Aleman. "Hearing a voice in the noise: auditory hallucinations and speech perception." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 8 (December 13, 2007): 1177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707002437.

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BackgroundIt has recently been suggested that auditory hallucinations are the result of a criterion shift when deciding whether or not a meaningful signal has emerged. The approach proposes that a liberal criterion may result in increased false-positive identifications, without additional perceptual deficit. To test this hypothesis, we devised a speech discrimination task and used signal detection theory (SDT) to investigate the underlying cognitive mechanisms.MethodSchizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations and a healthy control group completed a speech discrimination task. They had to decide whether a particular spoken word was identical to a previously presented speech stimulus, embedded in noise. SDT was used on the accuracy data to calculate a measure of perceptual sensitivity (Az) and a measure of response bias (β). Thresholds for the perception of simple tones were determined.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, perceptual thresholds were higher and perceptual sensitivity in the speech task was lower in both patient groups. However, hallucinating patients showed increased sensitivity to speech stimuli compared to non-hallucinating patients. In addition, we found some evidence of a positive response bias in hallucinating patients, indicating a tendency to readily accept that a certain stimulus had been presented.ConclusionsWithin the context of schizophrenia, patients with auditory hallucinations show enhanced sensitivity to speech stimuli, combined with a liberal criterion for deciding that a perceived event is an actual stimulus.

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Schröder, Bernd, and Paul Saftig. "Molecular insights into mechanisms of intramembrane proteolysis through signal peptide peptidase (SPP)." Biochemical Journal 427, no. 3 (April 14, 2010): e1-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20100391.

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The processing of membrane-anchored signalling molecules and transcription factors by RIP (regulated intramembrane proteolysis) is a major signalling paradigm in eukaryotic cells. Intramembrane cleaving proteases liberate fragments from membrane-bound precursor proteins which typically fulfil functions such as cell signalling and regulation, immunosurveillance and intercellular communication. Furthermore, they are thought to be involved in the development and propagation of several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and hepatitis C virus infection. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Schrul and colleagues investigate the interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum-resident intramembrane cleaving SPP (signal peptide peptidase) with different type II oriented transmembrane proteins. A combination of co-immunoprecipitation experiments using wild-type and a dominant-negative SPP with electrophoretic protein separations under native conditions revealed selectivity of the interaction. Depending on the interacting protein, SPP formed complexes of different sizes. SPP could build tight interactions not only with signal peptides, but also with pre- and mis-folded proteins. Whereas signal peptides are direct substrates for SPP proteolysis, the study suggests that SPP may be involved in the controlled sequestration of possibly toxic membrane protein species in a proteolysis-independent manner. These large oligomeric membrane protein aggregates may then be degraded by the proteasome or autophagy.

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Wright, Chris F. "How Do States Implement Liberal Immigration Policies? Control Signals and Skilled Immigration Reform in Australia." Governance 27, no. 3 (May 13, 2013): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gove.12043.

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Ye, Tian, Stephen M. Fleming, and Antonia FDC Hamilton. "Spontaneous attribution of false beliefs in adults examined using a signal detection approach." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819884677.

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Understanding other people have beliefs different from ours or different from reality is critical to social interaction. Previous studies suggest that healthy adults possess an implicit mentalising system, but alternative explanations for data from reaction time false belief tasks have also been given. In this study, we combined signal detection theory (SDT) with a false belief task. As application of SDT allows us to separate perceptual sensitivity from criteria, we are able to investigate how another person’s beliefs change the participant’s perception of near-threshold stimuli. Participants ( n = 55) watched four different videos in which an actor saw (or did not see) a Gabor cube hidden (or not hidden) behind an occluder. At the end of each video, the occluder vanished revealing a cube either with or without Gabor pattern, and participants needed to report whether they saw the Gabor pattern or not. A pre-registered analysis with classical statistics weakly suggests an effect of the actor’s belief on participant’s perceptions. An exploratory Bayesian analysis supports the idea that when the actor believed the cube was present, participants made slower and more liberal judgements. Although these data are not definitive, these current results indicate the value of new measures for understanding implicit false belief processing.

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Schroeder, Wolfgang, and Rainer Weinert. "Managing Decentralization: The Strategy of Institutional Differentiation in German Industrial Relations." German Politics and Society 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503099782486770.

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The approach of the new millennium appears to signal the demiseof traditional models of social organization. The political core ofthis process of change—the restructuring of the welfare state—andthe related crisis of the industrywide collective bargaining agreementhave been subjects of much debate. For some years now inspecialist literature, this debate has been conducted between theproponents of a neo-liberal (minimally regulated) welfare state andthe supporters of a social democratic model (highly regulated). Thealternatives are variously expressed as “exit vs. voice,” “comparativeausterity vs. progressive competitiveness,” or “deregulation vs.cooperative re-regulation.”

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Gruffat, Sabine. "Le Ragotin de Scarron ou la vitalité du comique de répétition." Études littéraires 38, no. 2-3 (September 5, 2007): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016348ar.

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Résumé Le parti pris burlesque du Roman comique est signalé par le personnage de Ragotin qui réunit tous les types du comique de répétition décrits par Henri Bergson : le diable à ressort, le pantin, l’effet boule de neige. Cet anti-héros se situe au coeur des enjeux esthétiques et éthiques de l’oeuvre. Sa mécanisation permet à Scarron de dénoncer tous les comportements rigides, l’absence de distance critique et d’humour. La parodie devient aussi une façon de contester le raidissement du genre romanesque et de traduire une aspiration à la liberté. Paradoxalement, ce personnage répétitif révèlerait la vitalité d’une oeuvre expérimentale.

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BOX-STEFFENSMEIER, JANET M., DINO P. CHRISTENSON, and MATTHEW P. HITT. "Quality Over Quantity: Amici Influence and Judicial Decision Making." American Political Science Review 107, no. 3 (July 10, 2013): 446–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541300021x.

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Interest groups often make their preferences known on cases before the U.S. Supreme Court via amicus curiae briefs. In evaluating the case and related arguments, we posit that judges take into account more than just the number of supporters for the liberal and conservative positions. Specifically, judges’ decisions may also reflect the relative power of the groups. We use network position to measure interest group power in U.S. Supreme Court cases from 1946 to 2001. We find that the effect of interest group power is minimal in times of heavily advantaged cases. However, when the two sides of a case are approximately equal in the number of briefs, such power is a valuable signal to judges. We also show that justice ideology moderates the effect of liberal interest group power. The results corroborate previous findings on the influence of amicus curiae briefs and add a nuanced understanding of the conditions under which the quality and reputation of interest groups matter, not just the quantity.

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Peterson, Johnathan Caleb, Carly Jacobs, John Hibbing, and Kevin Smith. "In your face." Politics and the Life Sciences 37, no. 1 (2018): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2017.13.

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Research suggests that people can accurately predict the political affiliations of others using only information extracted from the face. It is less clear from this research, however, what particular facial physiological processes or features communicate such information. Using a model of emotion developed in psychology that treats emotional expressivity as an individual-level trait, this article provides a theoretical account of why emotional expressivity may provide reliable signals of political orientation, and it tests the theory in four empirical studies. We find statistically significant liberal/conservative differences in self-reported emotional expressivity, in facial emotional expressivity measured physiologically, in the perceived emotional expressivity and ideology of political elites, and in an experiment that finds that more emotionally expressive faces are perceived as more liberal.

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Iversen, Torben, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, and Øyvind Skorge. "The Dilemma of Gender Equality: How Labor Market Regulation Divides Women by Class." Daedalus 149, no. 1 (January 2020): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01775.

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Women shoulder a heavier burden of family work than men in modern society, preventing them from matching male success in the external labor market. Limiting working hours is a plausible way to level the playing field by creating the possibility of less gendered roles for both sexes. But why then are heavily regulated European labor markets associated with a smaller share of women in top management positions compared with liberal market economies such as in the United States? We explain this puzzle with reference to the difficulty of ambitious women to signal their commitment to high-powered careers in regulated markets.

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Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Edward D. Mansfield, and Jon C. W. Pevehouse. "Human Rights Institutions, Sovereignty Costs and Democratization." British Journal of Political Science 45, no. 1 (October 8, 2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123413000240.

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Why do countries join international human rights institutions, when membership often yields few material gains and constrains state sovereignty? This article argues that entering a human rights institution can yield substantial benefits for democratizing states. Emerging democracies can use the ‘sovereignty costs’ associated with membership to lock in liberal policies and signal their intent to consolidate democracy. It also argues, however, that the magnitude of these costs varies across different human rights institutions, which include both treaties and international organizations. Consistent with this argument, the study finds that democratizing states tend to join human rights institutions that impose greater constraints on state sovereignty.

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Schultze, Rainer-Olaf. "Die bayerische Landtagswahl vom 14. Oktober 2018: Signal für nachhaltigen Wandel auch im Bund?" Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 50, no. 2 (2019): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2019-2-223.

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The outcome of the election marks a deep shift not only in Bavarian politics but also corresponds to Germany’s ongoing restructuring of its electorate and the changing configuration of its party system at large: (1) The two catch-all parties suffered dramatic losses of more than ten percentage points; the conservative CSU lost its parliamentary majority in the state legislature, tallying less than 40 percent, the social-democratic SPD even less than ten percent of the total vote . (2) The voting behaviour is characterised by high volatility and processes of polarisation, caused by growing cleavages between town and country, between the generational as well as religious divides and the ongoing occupational differentiation in the electorate . Ideologically, these divides correlate with liberal and cosmopolitan mind-sets and (post-)modern urban lifestyles, the main electoral base of the Green party, on the one hand versus the more conservative and traditional rural electorates on the other . Their influence on the newly formed coalition between the CSU and the “Free Voters” will be more pronounced, while the populist and in part anti-pluralist electorate rallies behind the right-wing AfD . (3) In Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse, the Green party has now replaced the SPD as the main electoral contender of the Christian-democratic parties; it remains to be seen whether their electoral fortunes can be extended to the northern and eastern parts of the country in the near future .

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Zeljko, Mick, and Philip M. Grove. "Sensitivity and Bias in the Resolution of Stream-Bounce Stimuli." Perception 46, no. 2 (October 4, 2016): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616672548.

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The audiovisual stream-bounce effect refers to the resolution of ambiguous motion sequences as streaming or bouncing depending on the presence or absence of a sound. We used a novel experimental design and signal detection theory (SDT) to determine its sensory or decisional origins. To account for issues raised by Witt et al. on the interpretation of SDT results, we devised a pure signal detection (as opposed to signal discrimination) paradigm and measured participants’ sensitivity and criterion when detecting a weak tone concurrent with objectively streaming or bouncing visual displays. We observed no change in sensitivity but a significant change in criterion with participants’ criterion more liberal with bouncing targets than for streaming targets with. In a second experiment, we tasked participants with detecting a weak tone in noise while viewing an ambiguous motion sequence. They also indicated whether the targets appeared to stream or bounce. Participants’ reported equivalent, mostly bouncing responses for hit and false alarm trials, and equivalent, mostly streaming responses for correct rejection and miss trials. Further, differences in participants’ sensitivity and criterion measures for detecting tones in subjectively streaming compared to subjectively bouncing targets were inconsistent with sensory factors. These results support a decisional account of the sound-induced switch from mostly streaming to mostly bouncing responses in audiovisual stream-bounce displays.

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LAM, Peng Er. "Japan's Politics: Under the Shadow of the Triple Disasters." East Asian Policy 04, no. 01 (January 2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930512000074.

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Contributory factors to Japan's poor economic performance in 2011 included the March triple disasters, the eurozone financial crisis and the yen's appreciation. The rise of 52-year-old Noda Yoshihiko as Prime Minister signals the changing of the guard in Japan. A consequence of voter discontent with the two major national parties (the Democratic Party of Japan and Liberal Democratic Party) is the rise of regional parties possibly leading to a major political realignment in Japan.

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Barr, R., and K. B. Young. "Omega Navigation in the Shadow of Antarctica." Journal of Navigation 42, no. 2 (May 1989): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300014442.

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1. INTRODUCTION. Very-low-frequency radio waves were used to implement the Omega navigation system because of their low attenuation (2–4 dB/1000 km) when propagating globally in the waveguide formed between the Earth and the ionosphere. However, it became apparent in the early seventies, throughout the period when the majority of the stations of the Omega network were commissioned, that VLF signals propagating over permafrost or glacial ice could suffer anomalously large attenuations, of greater than 20 dB/1000 km, especially during the daytime. In the Northern Hemisphere problems have arisen with the heavy attenuation of Omega signals propagating over the Greenland ice sheet. In particular a very bad region for Omega coverage occurs around Winnipeg in Canada (the ‘Winnipeg Hole’). In this area Omega North Dakota suffers from ‘near field’ effects, Omega Liberia is contaminated by trans-equatorial modal effects and Omega Norway is removed by the attenuation of its signals when crossing the Greenland ice-cap. There have even been discussions on the feasibility of constructing extra VLF transmitters in Canada to alleviate this problem.

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OHARA, Kazuma, Keita EMURA, Goichiro HANAOKA, Ai ISHIDA, Kazuo OHTA, and Yusuke SAKAI. "Shortening the Libert-Peters-Yung Revocable Group Signature Scheme by Using the Random Oracle Methodology." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E102.A, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.e102.a.1101.

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Snyder, H. L., J. W. Yewdell, and J. R. Bennink. "Trimming of antigenic peptides in an early secretory compartment." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 2389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.6.2389.

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules bind peptides of 8-10 residues in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and convey them to the cell surface for inspection by CD8-expressing T cells (TCD8+). Antigenic peptides are predominantly derived from a cytosolic pool of polypeptides. The proteolytic generation of peptides from polypeptides clearly begins in the cytosol, but it is uncertain whether the final proteolytic steps occur before or after peptides are transported into the ER by the MHC-encoded peptide transporter (TAP). To study the trimming of antigenic peptides in the secretory pathway in the absence of cytosolic processing, we used an NH2-terminal signal sequence to target to the ER of TAP-deficient cells, "tandem" peptides consisting of two defined TCD8+ determinants arranged from head to tail. We find that in contrast to cytosolic proteases in TAP-expressing cells, which are able to liberate antigenic peptides from either end of a tandem peptide, proteases (probably aminopeptidases) present in an early secretory compartment preferentially liberate the COOH-terminal determinant. These findings demonstrate that proteolytic activities associated with antigen processing are not limited to the cytosol, but that they also exist in an early secretory compartment. Such secretory aminopeptidases may function to trim TAP-transported peptides to the optimal size for binding to class I molecules.

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Bode, Ingo. "Social care going market." Journal of Comparative Social Work 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v5i1.52.

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Over the last two decades or so, major Western societies have remoulded the institutional set-up by which they are deailing with social risks related to frailty during old age. While the 20th century had brought a transnational tendency towards the establishment of elderly care ‘going public’, the proliferation of more market-based services brings confusion into the societal norm-set underlying the aforementioned tendency. Marketisation has placed the emphasis on economic values engrained in liberal worldviews, leading into a new welfare culture that devaluates universalism and reemphasises the sovereignty of the individual. However, the new cult of the individual produces contradictory signals. Drawing on an encompassing study on the ‘culture of welfare markets’ in elderly care provision, covering two (post-)liberal and two (post-corporatist) welfare regimes (Canada, Britain; France, Germany), the paper looks at these fuzzy developments in order to assess the cultural embeddedness of what can be referred to as the mixed economy of elderly care. The analysis, charting major patterns of both institutional change and public communication around it, elucidates that we currently are facing a permanent struggle between liberal values and (renewed) elements of the ‘going-public-agenda’ proliferating over the 1970s and 1980s, that is, a hybrid and ‘nervous’ cultural configuration in which senior social citizenship remains an issue, albeit on precarious foundations.

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Atzmon, Ariella. "Signalizing the Sign." Dialogue and Universalism 6, no. 5 (1996): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du199665/616.

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An analysis of the concept of identity may be seen as a possible key to the understanding of the mechanisms for the maintenance of social order in liberal democracies. The maintenance of a social-cultural balance necessitates forms of identification which are institutionalized within categorization built upon a sharp inclination towards scientism. In the oscillation between images of Identity and Identification, the subject is captured by the complexities of signification. This paper will display a series of argumentative claims regarding the fundamental role of education governed by scientism as a rhetorical game which diverts signs into signals.

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Santos, Álvaro. "Reimagining Trade Agreements for Workers: Lessons from the USMCA." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.74.

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A backlash against the post-Cold War order of liberal globalization has taken hold in the rich North Atlantic countries. Concerns about wages, working conditions, and economic opportunity are central to the critique of international trade agreements of the last three decades. While labor rights have progressively been included in trade agreements, they have done little to reshape workers’ well-being and workplace conditions. The new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) may signal a pivot to a new model requiring reforms of domestic labor law and other issues important to workers. However, there is much more to be done to rebalance the power between capital and labor in trade agreements. In addition, for the United States and other rich countries, reform at home may be equally important.

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Bailey, Michael A., Anton Strezhnev, and Erik Voeten. "Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 430–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715595700.

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United Nations (UN) General Assembly votes have become the standard data source for measures of states preferences over foreign policy. Most papers use dyadic indicators of voting similarity between states. We propose a dynamic ordinal spatial model to estimate state ideal points from 1946 to 2012 on a single dimension that reflects state positions toward the US-led liberal order. We use information about the content of the UN’s agenda to make estimates comparable across time. Compared to existing measures, our estimates better separate signal from noise in identifying foreign policy shifts, have greater face validity, allow for better intertemporal comparisons, are less sensitive to shifts in the UN’ agenda, and are strongly correlated with measures of liberalism. We show that the choice of preference measures affects conclusions about the democratic peace.

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Barclay, Scott. "A Discussion of Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy and the Future of Marriage." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716001171.

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On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.

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Fischel, Joseph J. "A discussion of Stephen Macedo Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy & the Future of Marriage." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716001183.

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On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.

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Josephson, Jyl J. "A discussion of Stephen Macedo Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy & the Future of Marriage." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716001201.

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On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.

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42

Bustikova, Lenka, and Petra Guasti. "The Illiberal Turn or Swerve in Central Europe?" Politics and Governance 5, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1156.

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Scholars are coming to terms with the fact that something is rotten in the new democracies of Central Europe. The corrosion has multiple symptoms: declining trust in democratic institutions, emboldened uncivil society, the rise of oligarchs and populists as political leaders, assaults on an independent judiciary, the colonization of public administration by political proxies, increased political control over media, civic apathy, nationalistic contestation and Russian meddling. These processes signal that the liberal-democratic project in the so-called Visegrad Four (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) has been either stalled, diverted or reversed. This article investigates the “illiberal turn” in the Visegrad Four (V4) countries. It develops an analytical distinction between illiberal “turns” and “swerves”, with the former representing more permanent political changes, and offers evidence that Hungary is the only country in the V4 at the brink of a decisive illiberal turn.

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Amoore, Louise. "Doubt and the Algorithm: On the Partial Accounts of Machine Learning." Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276419851846.

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In a 1955 lecture the physicist Richard Feynman reflected on the place of doubt within scientific practice. ‘Permit us to question, to doubt, to not be sure’, proposed Feynman, ‘it is possible to live and not to know’. In our contemporary world, the science of machine learning algorithms appears to transform the relations between science, knowledge and doubt, to make even the most doubtful event amenable to action. What might it mean to ‘leave room for doubt’ or ‘to live and not to know’ in our contemporary culture, where the algorithm plays a major role in the calculability of doubts? I propose a posthuman mode of doubt that decentres the liberal humanist subject. In the science of machine learning algorithms the doubts of human and technological beings nonetheless dwell together, opening onto a future that is never fully reduced to the single output signal, to the optimised target.

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Plante, Isabelle, and Patrick Provost. "Hypothesis: A Role for Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in Mediating and Relieving MicroRNA-Guided Translational Repression?" Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2006 (2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jbb/2006/16806.

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MicroRNA (miRNA)-guided messenger RNA (mRNA) translational repression is believed to be mediated by effector miRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein (miRNP) complexes harboring fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Recent studies documented the nucleic acid chaperone properties of FMRP and characterized its role and importance in RNA silencing in mammalian cells. We propose a model in which FMRP could facilitate miRNA assembly on target mRNAs in a process involving recognition of G quartet structures. Functioning within a duplex miRNP, FMRP may also mediate mRNA targeting through a strand exchange mechanism, in which the miRNA*of the duplex is swapped for the mRNA. Furthermore, FMRP may contribute to the relief of miRNA-guided mRNA repression through a reverse strand exchange reaction, possibly initiated by a specific cellular signal, that would liberate the mRNA for translation. Suboptimal utilization of miRNAs may thus account for some of themolecular defects in patients with the fragile X syndrome.

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Beattie, Peter, and Danielle Snider. "Knowledge in international relations: Susceptibilities to motivated reasoning among experts and non-experts." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.955.

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Motivated reasoning as a pervasive feature of human psychology poses challenges to the ideal of liberal democratic government, which relies on citizens’ rationality. Motivated reasoning is at least partially caused by a biased store of knowledge, a partial set of accumulated information that skews reasoning about important political issues. However, there is some evidence that specialized training in a given domain may reduce the effects of motivated reasoning within that domain. To test whether a similar phenomenon is evident in the field of international relations, a signal detection technique is used to measure knowledge of U.S. foreign policy among two samples, one of IR professors and one of laypersons. The results uncover significant differences between experts and nonexperts, indicating that training in IR helps to reduce biases in knowledge, potentially providing “knowledge constraints” on motivated reasoning. Nonetheless, some evidence of bias among IR professors remains, suggesting that knowledge constraints on motivated reasoning may not fully allay normative concerns of bias in the domain of international relations.

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Levinsky, Zachary. "“Not Bad Kids, Just Bad Choices”: Governing School Safety Through Choice." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 31, no. 03 (November 11, 2016): 359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2016.11.

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AbstractUsing the Safe Schools Act in Ontario as an example of a school zero-tolerance policy, I demonstrate that there are more implications for governing students through these policies than the literature tends to suggest. The push to exclude students found in zero-tolerance policies co-exists uneasily with the liberal democratic pull to an inclusive education. Principals negotiate the contradictory positioning of students as simultaneously excludable and includable uniquely. There is also an insertion of ‘choice’ as a strategy to resolve these tensions. Inappropriate conduct conceived as the students’ choice signals a reorientation of the main function of the school, to an institution now interested in managing its own reputation by devolving the responsibility of good behaviour onto the student.

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Banai, Benjamin, Lasse Laustsen, Irena Pavela Banai, and Kosta Bovan. "Presidential, But Not Prime Minister, Candidates With Lower Pitched Voices Stand a Better Chance of Winning the Election in Conservative Countries." Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 147470491875873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704918758736.

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Previous studies have shown that voters rely on sexually dimorphic traits that signal masculinity and dominance when they choose political leaders. For example, voters exert strong preferences for candidates with lower pitched voices because these candidates are perceived as stronger and more competent. Moreover, experimental studies demonstrate that conservative voters, more than liberals, prefer political candidates with traits that signal dominance, probably because conservatives are more likely to perceive the world as a threatening place and to be more attentive to dangerous and threatening contexts. In light of these findings, this study investigates whether country-level ideology influences the relationship between candidate voice pitch and electoral outcomes of real elections. Specifically, we collected voice pitch data for presidential and prime minister candidates, aggregate national ideology for the countries in which the candidates were nominated, and measures of electoral outcomes for 69 elections held across the world. In line with previous studies, we found that candidates with lower pitched voices received more votes and had greater likelihood of winning the elections. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed an interaction between candidate voice pitch, national ideology, and election type (presidential or parliamentary). That is, having a lower pitched voice was a particularly valuable asset for presidential candidates in conservative and right-leaning countries (in comparison to presidential candidates in liberal and left-leaning countries and parliamentary elections). We discuss the practical implications of these findings, and how they relate to existing research on candidates’ voices, voting preferences, and democratic elections in general.

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Larose, Chalmers. "En proie aux nouvelles règles du jeu." Articles 26, no. 1 (September 25, 2007): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016435ar.

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Résumé Cet article étudie les enjeux et les défis qui interpellent les propositions transnationales libérales dans le contexte actuel de la lutte contre le terrorisme international. L’auteur explore trois manifestations du processus de sécurisation au Canada, à savoir la montée du profilage racial, le double standard de la citoyenneté et la surveillance accrue des mouvements transnationaux, et soutient que les effets concrets des nouveaux paramètres de sécurité canadiens sur les pratiques citoyennes illustrent aujourd’hui la tendance vers une nouvelle problématisation des rapports entre sécurité, liberté et citoyenneté. L’article démontre que la montée des préoccupations en matière de sécurité signale la fin de l’ère de l’apothéose transnationale et ouvre la voie à de nouvelles formes d’exceptionnalisme qui sont symptomatiques de l’affirmation d’un État de sécurité nationale. En conséquence, le climat sécuritaire instauré dans le contexte de la lutte contre le terrorisme international invite à un « re-questionnement » des propositions libérales transnationales relatives au pouvoir et à l’influence des acteurs non étatiques dans la politique mondiale, d’une part, et à l’affaiblissement graduel du pouvoir étatique à la suite de la mondialisation, d’autre part.

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Handley, Antoinette. "Business, government and economic policymaking in the new South Africa, 1990–2000." Journal of Modern African Studies 43, no. 2 (June 2005): 211–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x05000819.

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The stated economic policy of the African National Congress (ANC) underwent a dramatic shift in the 1990s, away from a soft-left redistributionist position to one much more closely aligned with the policy preferences of the South African business community. To what extent can this shift be attributed to lobbying efforts by that community? The article reviews the development of economic policy by the ANC in the 1990s, and concludes that while business was undoubtedly influential in this process, much of that influence was indirect and derived from two sets of sources: first, the international policy consensus around the neo-liberal reform agenda; and second, indirect signals from ‘the market’ by means of such mechanisms as movements in the value of the currency, and investor and business confidence.

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Samatar, Abdi Ismail. "Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 4 (December 1992): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00011083.

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One of the casualties of the gruesome nightmare that is gripping Somalia has been the capacity to think historically and systematically about the nature of the malady, and to find practical ways of controlling the present in order to build a more sustainable future. As explained by Ahmed Samatar: ‘the fullness of understanding a given situation is [not] coterminous with the immediate and experiential.Rather, any visible elements of a particular reality are usually signals that other more discrete factors could be at work’. For far too long, those opposed to Siyad Barre's régime refused to go beyond the General and his constellation of clients to identify ‘the enemy’. Their unwillingness to engage in any hard-headed analysis and their hostility to critical scholarship has undoubtedly helped to condemn the very people they ‘wanted’ to liberate.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Signal of liberty'

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