Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Signatures moléculaires'
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Yvart, Walter. "Signatures moléculaires dans les vents de disque MHD des proto-étoiles de faible masse." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00880647.
Full textChevin, Luis-Miguel. "Génétique de l'adaptation : de l'évolution des caractères phénotypiques aux signatures moléculaires de la sélection." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112260.
Full textAdaptation is the increase in reproductive success of living organisms that results from their growing match to their environment. Its underlying mechanism, natural selection, acts on phenotypes, but is transmitted to the genes. The search for the genes involved in adaptation, and of putative agronomical or medical interest, has been a matter of intense research recently. However, most methods to detect molecular signatures of selection overlook the phenotype, and do not consider the consequences of a possible polygenic response to selection. During this PhD, I developed several population genetic models that allow taking those aspects into account. I first studied the consequence of positive selection at two close loci on neutral polymorphism. This situation can paradoxically hinder our ability to detect selection, but can also be exploited to obtain additional information about the chronology of beneficial substitutions, or the interaction between genes. Since most adaptive traits vary quantitatively, I studied how the molecular signature left by a locus under positive selection is affected by selection at many other loci that affect the same trait. I also designed a preliminary method to estimate the distribution of the selection coefficients of beneficial mutations from genome scans for selection. Finally, I used a model of pleiotropic mutation to understand how the phenotypic heterogeneity of mutation across loci influences the probability that each locus is used during adaptation
Kirsch, Anaïs. "Signatures moléculaires impliquées dans la transformation des cellules Bhas 42 induite par les silices amorphes synthétiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0015.
Full textSynthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles (SAS) are used in many industrial applications. Due to their amorphous structure, SAS are not considered carcinogenic in humans, unlike silica with crystalline structures. However, in vivo and in vitro studies have proposed that certain SAS could potentially be carcinogenic. The Bhas 42 cell transformation test was developed to assess the transforming effects of chemical agents. A study carried out at the INRS highlighted the capacity of the precipitated SAS NM-200 and NM-201 and the pyrogenic SAS NM-202 and NM-203 to induce cell transformation. In order to study the molecular effects induced by SAS which lead to the transformation of Bhas 42 cells, we performed an unsupervised transcriptomic analysis, after exposure of Bhas 42 cells to SAS NM-203, and to reference chemical agents, crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5® used as a positive particulate control, diatomaceous earth (DE), an amorphous silica microparticle used as a negative particulate control and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor promoter. The results show a link between the transformation of Bhas 42 cells induced by pyrogenic SAS NM-203, crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5® and TPA and the modification of the expression of genes and signaling pathways involved in proliferation, cell adhesion, DNA repair and inflammation. In addition, we have identified a common signature of 21 genes involved in the early stages of cell transformation induced by the three chemical agents. The genes composing the common signature are involved in cell proliferation and adhesion. Among them, 12 genes were selected according to their expression level (over-expressed or under-expressed) 48 hours after treatment with chemical agents. Similar gene alterations have also been obtained when Bhas 42 cells are treated with NM-200 precipitated SAS and NM-202 pyrogenic. In conclusion, this work highlights a link between the formation of transformation foci induced by the treatment of Bhas 42 cells with SAS, crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5® and TPA and changes in expression profiles of genes and signaling pathways. The signature of the 12 genes represents a list of potential and common "biomarkers" of cell transformation induced by SAS, crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5® and TPA
Loiodice, Simon. "Altérations du système de récompense dans la maladie de Parkinson : relation entre comportement et signatures moléculaires. : Neuropsychopharmacologie." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM10.
Full textIn Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the progressive dopaminergic (DA) cell loss mainly affects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The motor symptoms are classically managed by DA replacement therapies (DRT). Although adding DA agonists to levodopa treatment may contribute to prevent motor complications, it may be associated with drug‑induced changes in reward related pathways. Up to 14% of PD patients under DRT may suffer from ‘addiction‑like’ behavior such as pathological gambling, hypersexuality or DA medication‑induced substance abuse. To date, the only therapeutic answer consists in lowering the DA medications which deteriorates the motor symptoms. Neuroadaptations leading to reward bias in PD patients under DRT are still poorly understood. To address this challenge, we propose a work in which we have assessed the rewarding effect of the D2/D3 agonist pramipexole (ppx) after chronic exposure to L‑dopa in an alpha-synuclein PD rat model. In a first study, we assessed the effect of repeated DA receptors stimulations on sensitization of the reward system in a parkinsonian context. Our findings demonstrated that ppx had a rewarding effect after chronic L-dopa administrations and alpha-synuclein-mediated nigral loss. No transcriptional changes within DA receptors were highlighted. However, we identified an association between the main drug or lesion and transcriptional changes which were potentially related to the context of psychostimulant addiction. This study provides evidences strongly suggesting that PD-like lesion and L-dopa therapy were concomitant factors involved in striatal remodeling underlying the ppx-induced place preference. Molecular and pharmacological data suggested a key involvement ofthe glutamatergic pathway in this behavioral outcome. These data were consistent with literature describing major striatal glutamate imbalance as a common feature of drug addiction and Parkinson’s disease physiopathological contexts. Hence, we designed a second study aiming to further investigate the therapeutic potential of glutamatergic receptors inhibition. A bilateral lesion of the SNc was performed in the rat using AAV-mediated overexpression of the alpha-synuclein. This lesion was followed by chronic L-dopa administrations. Then, the effect of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist MPEP on ppx reinforcing properties was assessed in a place conditioning paradigm. Finally, analysis at the protein level was conducted to associate drug and lesion induced behavioral changes to molecular endpoints. Acquisition and expression of the ppx-induced place preference was abolished by the MPEP. Furthermore, we identified neural networks and protein changes underlying the striatal remodeling associated with the behavioral outcome. All this work provides new insights into the physiopathological context associated to the PD/DRT related reward bias. Convergent molecular and pharmacological data strongly suggest mGluR5 as a promising therapeutic target
Le, Fevre Anne-Céline. "Caractérisation des signatures moléculaires d'une lignée cellulaire humaine exposée à différents anticancéreux par l'étude des profils d'expression génique." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T055.
Full textHaury, Anne-Claire. "Sélection de variables à partir de données d'expression : signatures moléculaires pour le pronostic du cancer du sein et inférence de réseaux de régulation génique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00818345.
Full textKumar, Sunny. "Signatures moléculaires neuronales et effets de withanolides inhibiteurs de NF-kB chez des modèles de souris de la SLA et de démence fronto-temporale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69127.
Full textFougère, Laëtitia. "Signature moléculaire de milieux complexes : Stratégie de couplage à la spectrométrie de masse et interprétation des données." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2014.
Full textThe metabolite composition of living organisms changes when they are subjected to environmental modification and differs from one species to another. The aim of this PhD thesis was to deploy different chromatographic coupling strategies with mass spectrometry and MS data processing in order to respond in the most relevant way to the various problems encountered in terms of characterization, quantification and comparison of the molecular content of complex samples.Firstly, these studies led to the development of TLC/MS dereplication methods to rapidly identify known molecules and to evaluate the composition of samples. In order to improve and standardize the comparison of different samples, image processing of TLC plates were performed and statistical studies were applied. In addition, the hyphenation TLC/MS have been developed to identify different low molecular mass families (flavonoids, steroids). In a second way, a methodology was implemented in UHPLC/HRMS to characterize the presence of C and O-glycosyl flavonoids in corn silk samples of five different varieties and help in the varietal selection to fight against pest infestation. Visual representation approaches of molecular content were used to target the molecules of interest which were they were quantified by UHPLC/MRM MS. The different chromatographic fingerprints were then compared using statistical treatments in order to highlight the differences between these five varieties and thus to identify the molecules allowing this distinction
Harrang, Estelle. "Apport des informations moléculaires et cellulaires pour la caractérisation de la résistance de l'huître plate européenne vis-à-vis de la bonamiose, et pour la détection de signatures de la sélection naturelle." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840222.
Full textGuay-Bélanger, Sabrina. "Développement d'une signature moléculaire dans la maladie osseuse de Paget." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27296.
Full textPaget’s disease of bone (PDB) has changed in recent years, increasing the number of affected individuals who remain asymptomatic. Given the high risk of developing an osteosarcoma associated with PDB, this disease is a contraindication to the prescription of bone anabolic agents. With the incoming introduction of new bone anabolic agents indicated for osteoporosis treatment, it will be crucial to screen accurately for the presence of PDB. The objectives of this project were (1) to develop a more sensitive test to detect and assess the frequency of SQSTM1/P392L post-zygotic mutations in pagetic patients, (2) to develop a genetic test of PDB, including germinal and post-zygotic SQSTM1 mutations, (3) and to assess the diagnostic performance of this test integrated with bone biomarkers in a molecular signature of PDB. A sensitive PCR method using a locked nucleic acid (LNA) specific to the SQSTM1/P392L mutation was developed, and the presence of this mutation was investigated in the cohorts available in the laboratory, and in different tissues. Then, the development of the molecular signature used genotypic and biochemical data available in the laboratory, and logistic regressions were performed to determine the combination of markers with the best ability to correctly identify PDB patients. SQSTM1/P392L post-zygotic mutations were present in 4.8% of pagetic patients, and in 1.4% of healthy individuals in the population studied, this mutation being restricted to the monocytic lineage. Two molecular tests relying on a two steps algorithm were then developed. Firstly, a pure genetic algorithm could be proposed: a screen in the SQSTM1 gene should first be performed to search for disease-causing germinal mutations, and if negative, the genetic score based on a combination of the five SNPs developed in this study should be calculated. In the populations studied, this genetic algorithm had a sensitivity of 83.61% and a specificity of 51.03%. On the other hand, a genetic and biochemical algorithm could be used: a screen in the SQSTM1 gene should first be performed to search for disease-causing germinal mutations, and if negative, the combined score based on a combination integrating both genetic and biochemical markers developed in this study should be calculated. This genetic algorithm had a sensitivity of 83.61% and a specificity of 51.03% in the populations studied. The presence of post-zygotic mutations confirms the existence of a mutational spectrum of SQSTM1 in PDB, and may explain its focal character. These results conducted to the development of two molecular tests which predicted the PDB phenotype better than bone biomarkers already available in clinical practice.
Grasseau, Alexis. "Signature moléculaire des lymphocytes B régulateurs en physiologie et en pathologie." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0003.
Full textRegulatory B cells (Breg) in human are included in a large group of B-cell subsets encompassing a high heterogeneity of phenotypes (Mauri et al., 2015) and suppressor mechanisms (Floudas et al., 2016). This variability leads to a high difficulty to characterize and monitor human Breg. One aim of our work was to establish and study a molecular signature of B cells with regulatory properties. We developed an in vitro model to polarize peripheral B cells in Breg and inflammatory B cell (Binf). Then, we performed RNA-sequencing on these two functional subsets. A meta-analysis on differentially expressed genes (DEG) has led to the definition of critical factors involved in regulatory function. In vitro studies were used for data validation. From the RNA-seq analysis, we obtained 225 DEG between Breg and Binf. Among them, the c-MAF transcription factor (TF) was the most upregulated TF (FC = 16.2). Also, comparisons with public c-MAF CHIP-seq data confirmed a significant enrichment of c-MAF target-genes in Breg signature. We thus established that c-MAF could be induced in human blood B cells after TLR and BCR stimulation. Besides, we observed that IL-10 production was restricted to c-MAFhi expressing B cells and is associated with the expression of CD27, CD38, and BLIMP1, suggesting a differentiation state close to plasmablast (PB) / plasma cells (PC). Phenotype analysis and comparison of homemade human PB signature with Breg signature also linked Breg with PB state. Moreover, siRNA MAF impairs BLIMP1/T-BET balance in B cells with a decrease and increase of BLIMP1 and T-BET respectively. These results suggest that the c-MAF TF could be an essential factor in the regulatory function of B cells, as observed in other immune cells. Indeed, c-MAF is a significant TF involved in several regulatory immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Xu et al., 2018) or M2 macrophages (Kang et al., 2017). Moreover, the link between c-MAF and BLIMP1, as well as siRNA MAF results, suggest a potential role of c-MAF in B cell fate. Indeed, BLIMP1 and T-BET are associated with PB/PC and memory B cells respectively (Shaffer et al., 2002 ; Tellier et al., 2016; Cancro 2017; Kenderes et al., 2018)
Mathews, Nripan. "Signatures of optically and electrically injected charges in rubrene single crystals." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351281.
Full textRabiau, Nadège. "De la signature moléculaire du cancer de la prostate à la création d'Oncodiag." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22020.
Full textWehbe, Maria. "Signature moléculaire caractérisant deux types de mélanomes murins induits et leur infiltrat leucocytaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX22112.
Full textMutations initiate tumors, but do not necessarily determine their further development. The role of the immune system in tumor progression is controversial. We report on two differentially aggressive types of melanomas which develop in mice upon conditional deletion in melanocytes of Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressor genes and concomitant expression of oncogene H-RasG12v. Expression of genes akin to those defining epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as genes encoding chemokines and immuno-modulating cytokines characterized aggressive compared to slow progressor melanomas. An infiltrate-dependent signature of myeloid lineage cells was also found selectively in the agressive melanomas. Immunodeficient RAG KO commpound mice developed melanomas at a highter frequency and with a shorter latency than immunocompetent mice, indicating that adaptative immunity may control tumor progression. Melanomas developing in the absence of adaptative immunity were mostly aggressive with characteristics akin to those resulting from epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thus suggesting a control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like processes by adaptative immunity
Musso-Lassalle, Sandra. "Biopathologie des tumeurs épithéliales de la thyroïde : place de la pathologie moléculaire et des signatures microRNAs." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4109.
Full textPapillary carcinomas and follicular carcinomas are the most frequent tumours of the thyroid gland. The term thyroid tumours of uncertain malignant potential (TT-UMP) has been proposed for a subgroup of tumours for which benignancy or malignancy cannot be assessed with certainty. We first describe how we set-up a biobank targeting diseases of a specific organ (thyroid gland), with the aim of developing translational research projects. We then evaluated formalin substitute fixatives on thyroid tumours and showed that some fixatives performed better for nucleic acid integrity than formalin fixative. We examined the impact on diagnosis of ancillary methods on TT-UMP, and showed that immunochemistry and molecular genetic profiling were not useful in detecting high-risk population. We then conducted an extensive expression profiling study at the microRNA level on thyroid tumours including TT-UMP in order to better characterize these entity. We demonstrated that TT-UMP microRNA profile differ slightly but specifically from carcinomas, but was not sufficient per se in distinguishing TT-UMP from the other thyroid tumour. We then characterize the antitumor activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) induced-microRNAs on thyroid cancer cells and showed that some microRNA might be used as biomarker for HDACi treatment efficacity
Saint-Auret, Gaëlle. "Identification de la signature moléculaire de C/EBPβ dans la cellule d'hépatome humain Hep3B." Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES057.
Full textThe liver plays an essential part in complex metabolic regulations which widely contribute to the body homeostasis. Moreover, this organ conducts the qualitative and quantitative changes in the production of specific proteins immediately induced during the acute phase response and allowing a progressive come back to homeostasis. The liver-enriched transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) is widely involved in these processes, but its precise the role isnot still defined. Conflicting studies have described contradictory functions for this transcription factor which could be explained by the complex mechanisms regulating the C/EBPβ activity. Indeed, C/EBPβ encodes an intronless gene that generates a single mRNA that is alternatively translated into two major isoforms : an active LAP (liver-enriched activator protein) and a dominant negative LIP (liver-enriched inhibitory protein). Today, few studies have really taken into account the present isoform. In order to better understand the precise role of each isoform, we first engineered the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line with a Tet-off inducible LAP or LIP isoform. The antagonistic role of the both isoforms in C/EBPβ target-genes transcription has been used as a strategy to better define the C/EBPβ-regulated genes. Then, the identity and the transcription (direct or indirect) of all these target-genes were determined by two functional genomic approaches : the transcriptome analysis by cDNA arrays and the chromatine immunoprecipitation on chip (ChIP on chip). Using a cDNA microarray which provides a complete coverage of the liver transcriptome, we identified 676 genes inversely regulated by LAP and LIP in the Hep3B hepatoma line. The analysis of the biological functions regulated by these genes brought into the flore an induction by LAP and a repression by LIP of several pathways including hepatic metabolism (fat, detoxification), transcription, translation, apoptosis and regulation of the cell proliferation. Moreover, the ChIP on chip study allowed the identification of 38 C/EBPβ new direct targets. According to the data resulting from the transcriptome analysis, several functional studies have been carried out. They allowed us to prove, for the first time, that LAP was, not only able to suppress the cell proliferation in the absence of RB and P53, but that this isoform also increased the staurosporine-induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells while LIP had a protector effect. Furthermore, the Hep3B cells expressing LAP or LIP have been stimulated by a conditioned medium rich in proinflammatory cytokines in order to mimic the hepatic response to the acute phrase of inflammation. In this experimental context, and still by transcriptome analysis, we brought into the fore a group of 77 genes regulated by LAP and LIP which interestingly seem to be involved during the acute phrase response. To conclude, our original approach characterized by the identification of genes inversely regulated by LAP and LIP allowed us to better understand how these two isoforms of C/EBPβ manage several physiological and pathological liver processes
Edelist, Cecile. "Patron de polymorphisme et signature moléculaire de l'adaptation au mileu salin de Helianthus paradoxus." Paris 11, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196521.
Full textThe homoploid hybrid sunflower species, Helianthus paradoxus, is derived from two sunflower species H. Annuus and H. Petiolaris, and is adapted to salt marshes. My work characterizes the genetic basis of the natural selection that created the adaptation of H. Paradoxus to this extreme habitat. I searched for signatures of selection at the whole genome scale, and at a finer scale of 20 to 90 cM within individual chromosomes. Accordingly, I analyzed the genetic diversity of populations of H. Paradoxus and its parental species using microsatellite markers. For the analysis, I used microsatellite markers that are located near three survivorship QTLs, and compared their genetic diversity to markers from putative unselected regions. Genetic diversity was significantly lower around the survivorship QTL in the hybrid species but not in the parental species, signaling for the signature of selection in the H. Paradoxus genome detectable at this scale. At the finer scale, I found a mosaic pattern of genetic diversity. To overcome unknown mapping locations of genetic markers in H. Paradoxus, a method to group and order markers based on measure of linkage disequilibrium in natural populations was developed. In addition, a physiological and gene expression study was developed to understand the mechanisms of H. Paradoxus adaptation to salty habitat. The hybrid species exhibited a high plasticity response, and performed better than its parental species in a saline habitat. Leaves of H. Paradoxus were more succulent and have a higher concentration of sodium and sulfate, compared to the parental species. Several candidate genes, implied in various salinity response pathways and located for some within the mapped QTL regions, were differentially expressed in the hybrid species and the two parental species. These results confirm that these genes are potential candidate genes for studying H. Paradoxus adaptation to saline marshes, and probably played a major role in the process of speciation
Duruisseaux, Michaël. "Signature moléculaire des adénocarcinomes pulmonaires de type lépidique prédominant et mucineux invasif et dérégulation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066277/document.
Full textLepidic predominant adenocarcinoma (LPA) represents an original entity in terms of histological, clinical and biological characteristics among adenocarcinomas of the lung. While LPA is typically a non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, a mucinous variant does exist, termed invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), associated with a worse prognosis and a lack of effective treatment in advanced diseases. This work sought to study molecular differences between LPA and IMA, and explore their biological meanings. A cohort of LPA and AMI has been studied in regard of clinical characteristics and oncogenic drivers and samples from this cohort were exploited. An immunohistochemical study of expression of mucins MUC1, 2, 5B, 5AC and 6 in surgical samples of 27 LPA and 27 IMA showed different profile of expression between LPA and IMA. MUC1 expression was associated to MUC1 and MUC5AC, 5B and 6 to IMA. MUC1 was associated to EGFR mutations and MUC5B and 5AC to KRAS mutations. One NRG1 rearrangement was detected by FISH in one in 25 IMA. The CXCL10 chemokine was overexpressed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatants of IMA (n=38) compared to LPA (n=25). This overexpression was linked to worse prognosis. The cytokine/receptor axis CXCL10/CXCR3-A was overexpressed in IMA and promoted migration of mucinous tumoral cells and drived tumoral expression of VEGF. VEGF from BALF of patients significantly enhanced human lung endothelial tubes formation in vitro which was inhibited by anti-VEGF bevacizumab. CXCL10/CXCR3 and VEGF could present valuable therapeutic targets in IMA. These results improve knowledge in biology of LPA and AMI and identify new lines of research which could lead to development of new therapies
Mallard, Christine. "Signature moléculaire de la radio-induction dans des tumeurs de la thyroide développées après radiothérapie." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA11T034.
Full textChalabi, Nasséra. "Lycopène et cancer du sein : effets sur les oncosuppresseurs BRCA1 et BRCA2 : étude de la signature moléculaire." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF1MM06.
Full textIn breast cancer, hereditary predisposition (5 or 10 % of cases) can involve germline mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 oncosuppressors, whereas in sporadic forms a decrease of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mRNA has been observed. Lycopene, a tomato carotenoid, might play a role in cancer prevention throught its strong antioxidant activity. The aim of this work was to determine if lycopene could modulate the expression of genes involved in breast cancer and through which metabolic pathways. An in vitro study of human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HBL-100, MDA-MB-231) and a dystrophic cell line (MCF-10a) was carried out. The results showed modulation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR (Taqman®) and phosphorylation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins by affinity chromatography (BioCAD®), after exposure to 10 µM lycopene for 48 hours. A transcriptomic microarray study was performed to determine the molecular signature of human breast cancer cell lines after lycopene treatment. Our results highlight lycopene regulation of genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair. In conclusion, lycopene seems to interact with many metabolic pathways involved breast cancer, suggesting that this carotenoid could play a preventive role in this pathology
Chanrion, Maïa. "Profilage d'expression génique des cancers du sein : classification moléculaire et signature prédictive de la récurrence sous Tamoxifène." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T027.
Full textBizet, Martin. "Bioinformatic inference of a prognostic epigenetic signature of immunity in breast cancers." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/265092.
Full textEpigenetic alterations are increasingly recognised as an hallmark of cancers. In this thesis, we used a machine-learning-based approach to improve breast cancer patients’ classification using DNA methylation profiling with the long term aim to make treatment more personalised. The DNA methylation data were acquired using a high density DNA methylation array called Infinium. This technology is recent compared to expression arrays and its preprocessing is not yet standardised. So, the first part of this thesis was to evaluate the normalisation methods by comparing normalised data against other technologies (pyrosequencing and RRBS) for the two most recent Infinium arrays (450k and 850k).We also went deeper into the evaluation of these arrays by assessing their coverage of biologically relevant regions like promoters and enhancers. Then, we used accurately preprocessed Infinium data to develop a score, called MeTIL score, which shows prognostic and predictive value in breast cancers. We took advantage that DNA methylation can mirror the cell composition to extract a DNA methylation signature (i.e. a set of DNA methylation sites) that reflects presence of lymphocytes within the tumour. After an initial selection of lymphocyte-specific sites we developed a machine-learning-based framework which reduced the predictive set to an optimal size of five methylation sites making it potentially suitable to use in clinics. After conversion of this signature to a score, we showed its specificity to lymphocytes using external datasets and simulations. Then, we showed its ability predict response to chemotherapy and, finally, its prognostic value in independent breast cancer cohorts and even in other cancers.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lu, Yueming. "Détermination de la signature moléculaire des conifères fossiles par la maturation artificielle de leurs homologues actuels : implications paléobotaniques et paléoenvironnementales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0353/document.
Full textMany biomolecules that constitute terrestrial vascular plants are only synthesized by a restricted number of plant taxa and have thus a chemotaxonomic specificity. Some of these biomolecules, like the terpenoids, are particularly resistant and can be preserved within sediments where they are transformed into geomolecules during diagenesis. Geoterpenoids keep, partially or totally, their initial specificity (palaeochemotaxonomic specificity). However, our current knowledge in botanical palaeochemotaxonomy, allowing to link these plant biomarkers to plant taxa, remains incomplete. The aim of this study is to determine the molecular signature of fossil conifers. In this objective, 68 species belonging to the 7 extant conifer families were subjected to artificial maturation by confined pyrolysis. This process converts the bioterpenoids included within the plant material into geoterpenoids. The results show that the "fossilized" Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Sciadopityaceae, Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae and Taxaceae can distinguished from each other by the nature and the relative proportion of these geoterpenoids. The comparison of these molecular signatures allows to achieve intergeneric groups for each family. These groups are comparable to those of the phylogenetic classification. In the future, these results could be used for palaeobotanical, palaeoenvironmental, environmental and archaeological assessments
Gendron, Judith. "Les longs ARN non codants, une nouvelle classe de régulateurs génomique tissu-spécifique : signature moléculaire spécifique des neurones dopaminergiques et sérotoninergiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066518.
Full textOnly 1.2% of the genome codes for proteins; 98.8% is thus non-coding, despite 93% of the human genome being actively transcribed, mostly in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA).These lncRNA constitute a new class of genomic regulator capable of acting at all levels of gene expression and their expression is highly tissue-specific,modulated during the time and under normal/pathological conditions.Thus, we propose that each specified cell expresses a specific repertoire of lncRNA correlated to open/active chromatin regions specifying its cellular identity.In this context, we isolated by FACS 2neural types involved in many pathologies: i) human dopaminergic neurons (nDA) differentiated from hiPS and ii) DA and serotoninergic (n5-HT) neurons. From these 2neural types, we identified 1,363 lncRNA in nDA (among which 989 new, whether 73%) constituting the repertoire of nDA, and 1,257 lncRNA (among which 719 new) constituting the repertoire of n5-HT. Moreover,their comparison has shown that only 194 lncRNA are common to both neural types:thus the majority of lncRNA is expressed either in nDA or in n5-HT, indicating a high degree of cell-specificity.In addition, 39% of open chromatin regions, potentially regulatory, were also not detected in the n5-HT.Thus, we have generated DA and 5-HT specific catalogues of non-coding elements of the genome, which constitute DA and 5-HT specific molecular signatures, that could participate in deepening our knowledge regarding nDA or n5-HT development and dysfunctions. With this in mind,these DA specific elements have been compared with the SNP described as Parkinson Disease risk variants and candidate lncRNA were selected to perform studies of function
Calligari, Paolo. "Signature de l'adaptation des protéines à l'environnement des fonds marins chauds: le cas du Facteur d'Initiation 6 étudié par simulation moléculaire et diffusion de neutrons." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00368866.
Full textCalligari, Paolo. "Signature de l’adaptation des protéines à l’environnement des fonds marins chauds : le cas du Facteur d’Initiation 6 étudié par simulation moléculaire et diffusion de neutrons." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00368866.
Full textStalport, Fabien. "Recherche d'indices de la vie sur Mars : détermination de signatures spécifiques de biominéraux et étude expérimentale de l'évolution de molécules organiques dans des conditions environnementales martiennes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274870.
Full textMigliore, Mattia. "Recherche par modélisaion moléculaire de signatures RMN et DC caractéristiques pour les coudes β et y dans les peptides bioactifs. Characterization of β-turns by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy : a coupled molecular dynamics and time-dependent density functional theory computational study." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR001.
Full textThe aim of this work is to identify NMR and CD characteristic patterns for β- and γ-turns in bioactive peptides by molecular modelling. With helices, β- and γ-turns constitute favoured recognition motifs in bioactive peptides by their targets. Even though several classes of turns with different geometries exist in polypeptide structures (2 γ-turn types and 12 β-turn types), few experimental tools are available for their characterization. Thus, only 4 types of β-turns (I, I’, II et II’) have been, at present, described by NMR and there are no reliable reference CD spectra for turns. In order to extend the NMR data for all β- and γ-turn types, we analyzed NMR structural parameters (inter-hydrogen distances and ᶾJʜɴ-ʜꭤ coupling constants) in a representative peptide model dataset extracted from the PDB. The inter-hydrogen distance analysis allowed to identify specific NMR patterns for the two γ-turn types and for four β-turn types (IV₁, IV₂,, VIb and VIII). ᶾJʜɴ-ʜꭤ coupling constant may be used to confirm the identification and to remove ambiguities. Then, we simulated the reference CD spectra of model peptides adopting type I, I’, II and II’ β-turn conformations by combining molecular dynamic simulations and TDDFT computations. These computations allowed to determine two families of specific CD spectra : types I/II’, on one side and types I’/II, on the other. All these results indicate that the turns do not present the same patterns in both techniques. The combination of NMR and CD could therefore allow a better identification of the nature and the different types of turns
Ortholan-Nègre, Cécile. "Approche translationnelle du concept de cible en cancérologie : étude de l'effet combiné du Docetaxel et du Bevacizumab sur la boucle autocrine VEGF / VEGF-R2 dans des modèles cellulaires de cancer du sein et de la prostate : étude d'une signature microARN pronostique dans les adénocarcinomes du poumon de stade I." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4083.
Full textTargeted therapies are and important part of cancer treatment. Oncologist may have an overview of potential targets, and may understand the synergic effect of chemotherapies and targeted therapies. Tumor neoangiogenesis represent a critical step in tumor development. Main anti angiogenesis targeted therapy is Bevacizumab, which is a monoclonal antibodies inhibiting the binding VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) to its receptor. Docetaxel is one of the most important chemotherapy in cancer treatment. It inhibits microtubule depolymerisation. In breast and prostate cancer, Docetaxel delivered in association with Bevacizumab increases tumor response compared with Docetaxel alone. In this work, we investigated the combined effect of both treatments on the VEGF / VEGF-R2 autocrine loop, in breast and prostate cancer cells. We have demonstated that, in standard condition, the VEGF / VEGF-R2 loop is redundant in terms of cell survival. However, when cells are treated with Docetaxel, main growth pathways are inhibited: then, the VEGF / VEGF-R2 autocrin,e loop is useful for cell survival. The addition of Bevacizumab to Docetaxel inhibits the autocrine loop by decreasing extracellular VEGF and membrane expression of VEGF-R2, leading to cell proliferation arrest. Then, inthis work, we propose a new explanation for the synergiec effect of Taxane and Bevacizumab on tumor cells. Another approach in the understanding of targeted therapy action is the identification of prognostic and therapeutic targets. In the second part of this work, we have investigated the microRNA expression pattern of 27 stage I lung adenocarcinomas. By screening microRNA expression on microchip, we have highlighted the presence of a prognostic signature, predicting cancer outcome : under expression of mir99a and mir30a, over expression of mir 297 and mir 21. The signature is under validation on a large series of patient. As a conclusion, both parts of this work investigate two aspects of the target concept in oncology, by studying mechanism of synergy between a targeted therapy and chemotherapy, and by searching new targets such as microRNA
Fritz, Justine. "Validation préclinique d'un test de prédiction d'efficacité de médicaments anti-cancéreux : application au glioblastome, cancer colorectal et cancer de la prostate." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ058.
Full textWe developed a new tool for prediction of cancer treatment efficacy. Our process is based on the determination of the molecular signature which is intended to provide a clinician’s decision tool helping to select which tumor signaling pathway(s) has/have to be targeted for best therapeutic effect. This signature representing a scoring obtained by RT-qPCR through a sequential normalization process of the expression level of target genes in the tumor compared to cancer type-specific references. These genes were selected because of a good knowledge of related biological functions, a correlation between expression level and aggressiveness of the tumor, the existence of a therapeutic arsenal already in clinical use. This signature is validated in a preclinical model of colorectal cancer and prostate cancer and glioblastoma. The results obtained show that the test we developed allows to identify the most important signaling pathway implicated in the disease and to choose the best drug
Son, Sébastien. "Organogels et aérogels obtenus à partir de phénylalanine : étude de l'organisation supramoléculaire et élaboration d'un nouveau type de super-isolant thermique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0004/document.
Full textSince 1973, France's main objective in this domain has been to reduce the consumption of energy in heating residential and industrial buildings, which represents more than 40% of the national consumption. Consequently, the development of heat insulators has been the subject of research which has resulted in new materials: super thermal insulators with a thermal conductivity of less than 25 mW.m-1.K-1. Organic aerogels with a low density of Z-Phe-NH-Napht have been studied at LCPM for the past 10 years. Despite their very weak mechanical resistance they present a fibrillar structure which gives them very interesting thermal properties. A fundamental study of the supermolecular self-assembly allowed us to demonstrate the existence of two stacking methods of gelling molecules: head-to-head (monocrystals) and head-to-tail (gels) which are characterized by a specific infrared signature to the pseudo-cycles respectively on C12 and C10/C14. In addition, we also studied the sequential formation mechanism of these gels which resulted in a full model of their molecular organization from the single molecule to the fiber and based on a hexagonal packing symmetry. In aim of commercializing an insulator made from organic aerogels, we firstly optimized the protocol for obtaining aerogels to then work on improving their thermal and mechanical properties. We created a new hydrophobic insulator which has both a thermal conductivity in the range of the super heat insulators' and good mechanical properties that are compatible with industrial prerequisites for the construction of buildings
Nault, Jean-Charles. "Identification de nouveaux mécanismes de carcinogénèse et facteurs pronostiques des tumeurs hépatocellulaires." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB122/document.
Full textHepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are rare benign liver tumors occuring in young women taking oral contraception and complications as haemorrhage or malignant transformation in hepatocellular carcinomes (HCC) could occur. A genotype/phenotype classification has defined different subgroups of tumors : HCA with inactivating mutations of HNF1A, HCA with activating mutations of β-catenin and inflammatory HCA with activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. We have identified activation mutations of GNAS, that codes for the alpha subunit of the Gs protein in a subgroup of inflammatory HCA and in patients with HCA and McCune Albright syndrom, a rare disease that combined endocrine tumor, bone fibrous dysplasia and « cafe au lait » skin macula. These findings highlight the crosstalk between the cyclic AMP pathway induced by GNAS mutation with the JAK/STAT pathway. HCC are the most frequent primary liver tumors worldwide and mainly occur on cirrhosis due to various risk factor as hepatitis B and C virus, alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome. HCC is due to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in the malignant hepatocytes. We have identified TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations as the most frequent somatic genetic alterations in HCC. These mutations were also found in cirrhotic premalignant nodules underlying their role in tumor initiation and malignant transformation. In contrast, the study of the different steps of malignant transformation of HCA into HCC using next generation sequencing and TERT promoter screening have shown that activatiing mutation of β-catenin is an early genetic alteration whereas TERT promoter mutation is required in a second step to promote a full malignant transformation. We have also identified a prognostic molecular signature, the 5-gene score, in patients with HCC treated by liver resection. The 5-gene score predicts tumor recurrence and disease specific survival and has been validated in different cohorts of patients worldwide. Finally, we have shown that adeno-associated virus type 2 is involved in liver carcinogenesis on normal liver through insertional mutagenesis in key cancer genes as TERT, CCNA2, MLL4 and TNFSF10. These results have underlined a new oncogenic virus involved in HCC development, identified new genetic alterations involved in malignant transformation on cirrhosis and normal liver and a new prognostic molecular signature that will help to guide treatment of patients with HCC in the future
Kafando, Alexis. "Caractérisation moléculaire et phylogénétique de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 transmis/fondateur." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23530.
Full textOvercoming HIV infection effectively requires further refinement of antiretroviral therapy as well as intensifying prevention strategies to stop the spread of the disease. It involves the capacity to develop a preventive or therapeutic broad-spectrum vaccine. Reaching this goal requires a better understanding of the acute and early events mediated by HIV founder viruses’ envelope glycoproteins during primary infection. While efforts of the scientific community are focused on finding a preventive vaccine, it is also necessary to limit the rate of new infections in the population. This thesis contributes to the efforts focusing on HIV prevention by studying the transmission dynamics of disease transmission and progression. The first part of my work is detailed in Chapter III and presented in a manuscript published in the journal “PLOS ONE” bears the title: « HIV-1 envelope sequence-based measures for identifying recent infections » (Article 1). The objective of this study was to evaluate and determine which molecular method, among envelope genetic diversity measures, can qualify the current status of HIV-1 infection. Four genetic diversity measures of short segments of HIV-1 envelope sequences were evaluated for their efficacy to characterize infection recency. They included i) the percent complexity, ii) the percent of diversity, iii) the number of haplotypes and iv), the Shannon entropy. We have identified Shannon entropy as the best diversity measure which can effectively predict the recency of HIV-1 infection when associated to three short segments (less than 100 base pairs) of the HIV-1 envelope gp120 C2 segments 1 and 3 and the V3 loop as envelopes sequenced based diversity measure (s) and segments. The performance index of Shannon entropy for these 3 segments: gp120 C2 segment 1; C2 segment 3; V3 loop was 0,806, 0, 0805, and 0,812 respectively. It could serve as a molecular biomarker for identifying new infections in newly diagnosed HIV-1-positive patients. The ability to differentiate recent infections from established (chronic) infections is important for public health. In fact, newly infected people are the most infectious and able to spread the disease quickly in the population. Since these people are usually unaware of their HIV status, they may engage in risky behaviours. This population generally has a high viral load with a relatively high-replicating capacity (fitness) that accelerates HIV-1 forward transmission. Being able to identify these individuals as soon as possible could limit and prevent new transmissions. Our work demonstrated that Shannon entropy measuring of these nucleic sequences can identify new infections. The second part of my work is reported in Chapter III and published in the journal « AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses » entitled: « A short-term assessment of HIV-1 transmission dynamics among newly diagnosed individuals using envelope sequence-based phylogenetic clustering » (Article 2). This study consists of identifying the phylogenetic links or clusters that exist between the viral sequences of the HIV-1 envelope of newly diagnosed patients in Québec. The formation of clusters between the viral sequences of several individuals could reflect the relationship of transmitted viruses between individuals who might share characteristics or commons risk factors. The results of this study identified 15 minor transmission clusters (2-5 individuals per cluster) between study participants. We also assessed and compared the ability of a fragment of a larger nucleotide sequence of the HIV-1 envelope to that of the much shorter V3 loop to independently predict and identify individuals that might be included in a transmission cluster. They demonstrated a moderate agreement based on the kappa coefficient (k= 0.59) between the two fragments of the viral envelope used. The use of the V3 loop sequences indeed confirmed 66.70% (10/15) of the identified clusters with a longer fragment of the HIV-1 envelope sequence. The number of infected individuals accessing genotyping tests that use V3 sequence to determine viral tropism in routine clinical practice is globally limited. However, the sequences of the viral envelope and particularly those of the V3 loop could easily be integrated into a public health program where they could be available in addition to those of the pol genes (available in clinical laboratories for antiretroviral resistance testing). We also included the characteristics of the subjects (sociodemographic, clinical and risk factors) in a logistic regression analysis model with cluster formation as an outcome). The results of the analysis demonstrate that in the study population, the average age (<38.8 versus>38.8 years) and the viral subtype (subtype B versus non-B) are two factors significantly associated with HIV transmission clustering among participants. Underlying HIV-1 transmission chains among HIV-1+ individuals in Québec and identifying the common risk factors should help the efforts to implement better prevention strategies in the target groups. The results of the third and last part of this work reported in this thesis (Chapter III, Article 3), were published in « VIRUSES » journal entitled: « HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Amino Acids Signatures Associated with Clade B Transmitted/Founder and Recent Viruses ». It consists in identifying genetic signatures in the viral envelope sequences of the first HIV-1 variants called Transmitted/Founder (TF) viruses selected during the acute stage of infection. These variants can establish a productive infection at the time of infection in the new host. They are indeed selected among a multitude of viral quasi-species exposed during virus transmission. They may possess molecular and phenotypic properties that may govern their functions of the successful establishment of infection. Identifying such early HIV-1 genetic signatures may inform the design of novel immunologic or chemical inhibitors and serve as a benchmark for designing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. This study identified a few genetic signatures among HIV-1 TF viruses’ envelope amino acid sequences. One of these signatures consisting of a mutation/substitution of an arginine (R) by an isoleucine (I) associated with TF virus seems to be particularly important. This mutation is located at position 841 (R841I) specifically in the cytoplasmic domain of gp41 in segment 1 of lentivirus lytic peptides (LLP-1). The isoleucine is selected at more than 33% by TF viruses compared to chronic infection viruses (9%). The difference of selected amino acid between the two types of infectious viruses is statistically significant, OR = 0.2, 95% CI [0.09, 0.44], p = 0.00001. The cytoplasmic domain of GP41 and specifically the LLP-1 is strongly implicated in viral replication by mediating intracellular trafficking and the envelope incorporation into virions. A mutation in this area may suggest a molecular mechanism (polymorphism) contributing to HIV-1 transmission and/or viral escape from immune response.