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Books on the topic 'Significantly reliable'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Office, General Accounting. DOD force mix issues: Greater reliance on civilians in support roles could provide significant benefits : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives. The Office, 1994.

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2

Hutchison, Alastair J., and Michael L. Picton. Fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0121.

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Patients with any degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a much higher risk of fractures than the general population, and the risk of death at 1 year post hip fracture in a dialysis patient is over 60%, compared to less than 20% for a non-CKD patient. The assessment of fracture risk and diagnosis of the underlying skeletal pathology in CKD patients is a significant clinical challenge. Non-invasive imaging techniques are not totally reliable in the general population, and the presence of advanced CKD (stages 4, 5, and 5D) renders them largely useless. Bone strength is not determined only b

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3

Churchill, David. Crime Control and the Police. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797845.003.0004.

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This chapter assesses the impact of policing on urban crime control. It argues that the protection of property was central to the practice of preventative policing, and that the growth of the police significantly enhanced the state’s capacity to control urban property crime. Nevertheless, police efforts to combat theft obtained only limited purchase, and ultimately failed to live up to public expectations. Having demonstrated that the criminal statistics do not provide a reliable measure of crime trends, the chapter exposes the barriers to police effectiveness in crime control, particularly th

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4

Klein, Jennifer. From the Fair Deal to the Great Society. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.029.

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Focusing on social insurance (Social Security), health insurance, welfare, and housing, this chapter demonstrates that the 1940s and 1950s represented a period of consolidation of New Deal programs, further bifurcation between public and private, and incremental extensions of social benefits that often still left African Americans out. The American welfare state expanded significantly through the 1950s and 1960s, but it never crowded out private insurers and providers of benefits. The provision of the most substantive and reliable public and private benefits remained tightly tethered to regula

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5

Fried, Andrea, ed. Understanding Deviance in a World of Standards. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833888.001.0001.

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Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality services and technologies to ensure human health, environmental protection, or information security. Yet intentional deviations from standards by organizations are often reported in many sectors, which can either contribute to or challenge the measures of safety and quality they are designed to safeguard. Why then, despite all potential consequences, do organizations choose to deviate from standards i

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6

Penner, JE. The Law of Trusts. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198795827.001.0001.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. The Law of Trusts provides perceptive analysis and original and thought-provoking commentary to give students a grounding in what is considered to be a difficult subject. The book introduces the controversies surrounding the topic in a thought-provoking way, engaging the reader and giving an all-round picture of the key issues relating to the subject. New to this edition, Chapters 3, 5, 11, and 13 (Chapter 12 in the previous edition) h

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7

Services, BPI Information. DoD Force Mix Issues: Greater Reliance on Civilians in Support Roles Could Provide Significant Benefits. Bpi Information Services, 1994.

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8

Osterlind, Steven J. The Error of Truth. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831600.001.0001.

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The Error of Truth recounts the astonishing and unexpected tale of how quantitative thinking was invented and rose to primacy in our lives in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bringing us to an entirely new perspective on what we know about the world and how we know it—even on what we each think about ourselves. Quantitative thinking is our inclination to view natural and everyday phenomena through a lens of measurable events, with forecasts, odds, predictions, and likelihood playing a dominant part. This worldview, or Weltanschauung, is unlike anything humankind had before, and it

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9

Gebicke, Mark E. Department of Defense Force Mix Issues: Greater Reliance on Civilians in Support Roles Could Provide Significant Benefits. Diane Pub Co, 1994.

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10

Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Melissa Pearson, and Shuba Kumar. Suicide prevention trials. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0014.

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The majority of suicides occur in LAMIC. This chapter presents findings from two low-cost, feasible interventions aimed at reducing suicides. The Suicide Prevention Multisite Intervention Study (SUPRE-MISS) of WHO assessed the effectiveness of brief intervention and contact (BIC) as an intervention strategy in five countries. Another trial in South India examined the effectiveness of a central pesticide storage facility as a means of reducing pesticide suicides. Some challenges that such trials face are the large sample sizes required to detect a significant change, making them uneconomical an

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11

Roach, Lee. 11. Public regulation of land. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0011.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. A significant measure of socially beneficial control over land and the local environment is achieved through various forms of state-imposed regulation. This chapter, which discusses how estate ownership is constrained by conceptions of stewardship in the public interest, examines the law and context surrounding some of the most far-reaching forms of state intervention in the area of land: control of land use and takings of land.

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12

Trout, J. D. Good Reasoning and Evidence-Based Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686802.003.0002.

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In early epistemology, philosophers set standards on how to reason and on what counts as knowledge. These normative standards still form a core of work in contemporary epistemology, but much objectively excellent reasoning still doesn’t meet these epistemological standards, and sometimes these standards lead reasoning astray. Improving decisions about health and happiness may require developing even better reasoning strategies than are now available through contemporary epistemology. One naturalistic theory of good reasoning—Strategic Reliabilism—holds that excellent reasoning efficiently allo

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13

Lægreid, Per. New Public Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.159.

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New Public Management (NPM) reforms have been around in many countries for over the past 30 years. NPM is an ambiguous, multifaceted, and expanded concept. There is not a single driving force behind it, but rather a mixture of structural and polity features, national historical-institutional contexts, external pressures, and deliberate choices from political and administrative executives. NPM is not the only show in town, and contextual features matter. There is no convergence toward one common NPM model, but significant variations exist between countries, government levels, policy areas, task

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14

Schliesser, Eric. Virtue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses two features of Adam Smith’s account of virtue. First, it argues that there is a significant tension in Smith’s treatment of virtue. Sometimes Smith writes of virtue as something rare and sometimes he writes of it as something that one can expect to encounter reliable in others. Second, it analyzes Smith’s treatment of the model of moral excellence, “the wise and virtuous” person. It argues that the content of this person’s excellence reveals that this is a practiced judge of character entrusted with the wise enforcement of the law. That is to say, the core of Smith’s th

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15

Thurston, Anne, ed. A Matter of Trust. University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/1220.9781912250356.

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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals initiative has the potential to set the direction for a future world that works for everyone. Approved by 193 United Nations member countries in September 2016 to help guide global and national development policies in the period to 2030, the 17 goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, but also include new priority areas, such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice. Assessed against common agreed targets and indicators, the goals should facilitate inter-governmental

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16

Arnold, Alexander. The Argument from the Confluence of Proper Function and Reliability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842215.003.0011.

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Plantinga’s Argument from the Confluence of Proper Function and Reliability purports to find support for theism in the claim that most of the human mind’s cognitive powers are reliable when functioning properly in the right environments. This chapter evaluates this argument and concludes that its prospects are mixed. On one hand, it does not show that such a claim provides significant support for theism over non-theistic evolutionism. However, the argument does highlight a non-trivial problem for naturalists, namely, providing a naturalistically acceptable psychosemantics. The chapter’s first

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17

Webb, Andrew. Colloids in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0056.

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Colloid solutions are homogenous mixtures of large molecules suspended in a crystalloid solution. The efficacy of colloids as volume substitutes or expanders, and length of effect are determined by their physicochemical properties. Smaller volumes of colloid than crystalloid are required for resuscitation. The primary use of colloids is in the correction of circulating volume. Rather than using fixed haemodynamic endpoints, fluid can be given in small aliquots with assessment of the dynamic haemodynamic response to each aliquot. The aim of a fluid challenge is to produce a small, but significa

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18

Joe, William, Aakshi Kalra, and Manoj Panda. Policy Impact: Evidence on Central Government Policies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199474417.003.0009.

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The chapter explores the impact of social science research (SSR) on central government policy. Overall, the study finds that there is considerable presence of SSR studies and references in various policy documents of the ministries and the Five Year Plans of the Planning Commission. Interviews with government officials and members of policy groups reveal that policy decisions are often political in nature and researchers are mostly involved at a later stage where focus is on issues such as programme evaluations and policy calibration. Nevertheless, in these spheres there has been significant r

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19

McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198735328.001.0001.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This text incorporates a unique approach to land law which helps students understand how rules work in isolation as well as how they interlink. This approach provides the tools to accomplish high-level analysis quickly. Significant cases are emphasized here and are used to illustrate rules. Topics covered include: an introduction to what land law is, human rights, personal and property rights, and registered title. Chapters also look a

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20

Gilleen, James. Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0009.

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Schizophrenia is characterized by a constellation of heterogeneous symptoms including hallucinations and delusions, motivational and social deficits, and cognitive impairments. Although positive symptoms have historically been the target for drug development, in recent years, attention has turned to cognitive and negative symptoms. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with significant impairments in functional, social, and employment outcomes, and although they are widely researched and relatively well understood, there are no currently approved compounds to treat them. This chap

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21

McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198831877.001.0001.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This text incorporates a unique approach to land law which helps students understand how rules work in isolation as well as how they interlink. This approach provides the tools to accomplish high-level analysis quickly. Significant cases are emphasized here and are used to illustrate rules. Topics covered include: an introduction to what land law is, human rights, personal and property rights, and registered title. Chapters also look a

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22

Biggar, Patrick, Hansjörg Rothe, and Markus Ketteler. Epidemiology of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone disturbances in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0109_update_001.

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Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD), calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone are biomarkers of mortality and cardiovascular risk. Hyperphosphataemia is a prominent and pathophysiologically most plausible risk indicator. Calcium balance and load appear to be more important than serum concentrations. Parathyroid hormone is a less reliable marker with a relatively wide range extending above that applicable for a normal population especially when used as a singular laboratory parameter without additional assessment of bone metabolism, for example, bone-specific alkaline

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23

Alternative Concrete – Geopolymer Concrete. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901533.

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Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable material and is the most used building material. It requires large amounts of Portland cement which has environmental problems associated with its production. Hence, an alternative concrete – geopolymer concrete is needed. The general aim of this book is to make significant contributions in understanding and deciphering the mechanisms of the realization of the alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete and, at the same time, to present the main characteristics of the materials, components, as well as the influence that they have on t

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24

Lott, Marie Sumner. Publishing Chamber Music. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039225.003.0001.

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This chapter examines the institution of chamber music publishing by looking closely at three internationally significant publishers. In all three cases, publishers sought to balance their production of “monumental” and “ephemeral” products to establish and maintain a reliable source of income and new musical material for themselves and, by extension, the musicians who relied upon them. Individually, the three firms represent different models with diverse priorities and business strategies: a small business established by a chamber music lover and copyright activist (Hofmeister); a larger firm

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25

Gray, Kevin, and Susan Francis Gray. 6. Security interests in land. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0006.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. Land is a potential source for a number of important security interests. In particular, a ‘mortgage’ (or ‘charge’) of land initiates one of the most significant kinds of credit relationship in the modern world. This chapter discusses the following: the creation and termination of various kinds of mortgage or charge over land; the means by which the law affords protection to the borrower (or ‘mortgagor’); the means by which the law affo

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26

De Los Reyes, Andres, Tara M. Augenstein, and Melanie F. Lipton. Developmental Issues in Assessment and Treatment. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.7.

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Clinicians and researchers who work with children and adolescents (i.e., youth) have long known of the value of collecting clinical reports from multiple informants. Along with youth self-reports, a number of significant others in lives of youth can provide reliable and valid reports about youth mental health problems. However, these informants’ reports often yield discrepant conclusions about both the presence of problems and treatment response, and only recently have controlled laboratory studies directly tested the idea that these discrepancies may yield valuable information on individual d

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27

McCloskey, Michael S., Mitchell E. Berman, and Kurtis Noblett. Assessment and Treatment of Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0099.

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Intermittent explosive disorder (IED), a DSM-IV-TR disorder characterized by significant acts of aggression and violence, is being increasingly recognized as a prevalent and chronic disorder. Given the personal, social, and economic costs associated with IED, there is a clear need for well-validated assessment measures and efficacious treatments. However, there are currently no published, well-validated diagnostic measures of IED. With regard to treatment, preliminary evidence from a few randomized clinical trials suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral p

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28

Lockwood, Erin. The Politics and Practices of Central Clearing in OTC Derivatives Markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864576.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the unintended consequences of the post-crisis mandate that over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives be cleared through centralized clearinghouses in an effort to reduce counterparty and systemic risk. Although central clearing has been widely implemented, it has reproduced many of the same characteristics of financial markets that contributed to the 2008 crisis: concentrated risk, moral hazard, and a reliance on faulty risk models. What accounts for the recalcitrance of the OTC derivatives market to a regulatory change? The chapter argues that focusing on the technologies an

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29

Horne, Zachary, and Andrei Cimpian. Subtle Syntactic Cues Affect Intuitions about Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0002.

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To investigate the nature and limits of knowledge, epistemologists often consult intuitions about whether people can be said to have knowledge or, alternatively, to know particular propositions. This chapter identifies a problem with this method. Although the intuitions elicited via statements about “knowledge” and “knowing” are treated as interchangeable sources of evidence, these intuitions actually differ. Building on prior psychological evidence, the chapter hypothesizes that the epistemic state denoted by the noun “knowledge” is viewed as stronger (e.g. more certain, more reliable) than t

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30

Narouze, Samer N. Cervical Sympathetic Block: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0027.

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In those patients with significant sympathetically maintained pain, repeated blocks may provide a therapeutic value and help facilitate physical therapy and rehabilitation. Cervical sympathetic blocks have been traditionally performed by using surface landmarks, however imaging-guided blocks are strongly recommended to avoid potential serious complications. Most preganglionic sympathetic efferents innervating the head, neck, and upper extremity either pass through or synapse at the stellate ganglion. This provides an ideal target for blockade of sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, and u

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31

Furtak, Rick Anthony. Love’s Knowledge; or, The Significance of What We Care About. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492045.003.0006.

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This chapter explains why love and care can be reliable capacities. Without love, or care, as a basic affective disposition, we would not have access to those features of the world that attract our attention and that move us to respond emotionally. That we are loving or caring beings structures how the world seems to us: what seems real and significant, what appears to be possible, as well as what arouses our attention and moves us to respond. A person who loves or cares minimally apprehends less and inhabits a diminished world. What it means to love someone or something is to value her or its

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Murtagh, Fliss E. M. End-stage kidney disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0156.

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End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) accounts for 1-2% of all deaths. Ageing populations means that this proportion will grow steadily over the coming years. Symptom burden in ESKD exceeds advanced cancer, with added renal-specific symptoms, such as itch and restless legs. Pain and depression are also more prevalent. Many renal symptoms go under-recognized and under-treated, especially as they arise from co-morbid conditions, rather than the renal disease itself. The most useful intervention to address symptoms is regular assessment of symptoms, using a valid and reliable global symptom score. Phar

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33

Freilich, Charles D. The “Special Relationship”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0011.

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Chapter 10 presents an overview of Israel’s military and strategic relationship with the United States, a fundamental pillar of its national security. The chapter argues that the price of the “special relationship” has been a significant loss of Israel’s independence, and that Israel undertakes major military and diplomatic initiatives without prior US approval very rarely, almost only on existential issues or ones of supreme ideological importance to its electorate. Indeed, the chapter questions whether Israel’s dependence has become so great that it could not even survive today without the U

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Jones, Karen. Towards a Trajectory-Dependent Model of (Human) Rational Agency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797074.003.0013.

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This chapter addresses the question, “What is the role and authority of conscious deliberation and judgment in human rational agency?” Anti-rationalists claim that the rationalist account of its role and authority is mistaken: conscious deliberation and judgment plays a relatively small part in our practical lives, can be used in the service of rationalizing bullshit, and is not the only or necessarily the most reliable path of access to our reasons. Against the anti-rationalist, the chapter argues that their critique rests on an analogy between the authority of judgment and the authority of a

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Liu, Timothy C. Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Problematic Internet Use. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0065.

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This chapter discusses the phenomenology and epidemiology of problematic Internet se (PIU). Interest in the addictive potential of Internet activities has grown in the past two decades. Problematic Internet use can be broadly defined as uncontrolled use of the Internet that leads to significant psychosocial and functional impairments. It is currently conceptualized as an impulse control disorder that may share features with substance dependence disorders. Reliable studies have estimated the prevalence in the general population to be about 1%, but higher proportions of individuals might be at r

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36

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Theory of Overreliance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0021.

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Chapter 21 concerns the theory of overreliance. That theory is as follows: frequently a promisee can increase the profit he will make from a contract by investing in goods or services (for example advertising) that will make the contract more profitable. In the absence of institutional considerations this theory could have significant consequences in formulating the legal rules that govern damages. When institutional considerations are taken into account, however, the theory, although illuminating, has few real-world consequences, especially considering the cases where overreliance is normally

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Hannon, Michael. What's the Point of Knowledge? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914721.001.0001.

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This book is about knowledge and its value. At the heart of this book is a simple idea: we can answer many interesting and difficult questions in epistemology by reflecting on the role of epistemic evaluation in human life. Hannon calls this “function-first epistemology.” The core hypothesis is that the concept of knowledge is used to identify reliable informants. This practice is necessary, or at least deeply important, because it plays a vital role in human survival, cooperation, and flourishing. While this idea is quite simple, it has wide-reaching implications. Hannon uses it to cast new l

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Bensel, Richard. Political Economy and American Political Development. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.23.

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Scholars in the American political development community have constructed an understanding of political economy that differs significantly from the approaches of neo-classical and institutional economists. Those differences are examined with respect to (a) the causal primacy of states and markets; (b) the reliance on collectives or individuals as primary units of analysis; (c) the selection and comprehension of alternative strategies and goals; (d) the primary motivations of political and economic actors; and (e) the role of ideation and ideology in the formation of causal explanations and soc

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Pimblott, Kerry L. Black Power and Black Theology in Cairo, Illinois. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039997.003.0006.

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This chapter argues that the thesis of Black Power's de-Christianization must be tested on the ground, with scholars paying attention to local struggles as they evolved over time, and in response to changing social and economic conditions. It follows the religious contours of Cairo's black freedom struggle from the 1950s to the 1970s to illustrate that while Black Power's reliance upon the black church was consistent with earlier campaigns, the United Front's theology nevertheless reflected a significant departure from the established Civil Rights credo. Whereas civil rights leaders expressed

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40

Whitesmith, Martha. Cognitive Bias in Intelligence Analysis. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474466349.001.0001.

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Belief, Bias and Intelligence outlines an approach for reducing the risk of cognitive biases impacting intelligence analysis that draws from experimental research in the social sciences. It critiques the reliance of Western intelligence agencies on the use of a method for intelligence analysis developed by the CIA in the 1990’s, the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH). The book shows that the theoretical basis of the ACH method is significantly flawed, and that there is no empirical basis for the use of ACH in mitigating cognitive biases. It puts ACH to the test in an experimental setting a

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41

Robinson, Majied. Statistical Approaches to the Rise of Concubinage in Islam. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0002.

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A statistical analysis of an early Arabic text, Nasab Quraysh of al-Zubayri (d.c. 850), is used to examine the rise of concubinage during the first period of Islamic history. Using basic prosopographical and statistical techniques, the author argues for a sharp rise in reliance on concubinage by elite Arab families following the appearance of Islam during the seventh century CE. Contrary to what is often claimed, concubines and their progeny enjoyed a significant presence in elite Arab families well before the Abbasid era, and there is little evidence to suggest that either mothers or their of

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42

Gilfoyle, Timothy J., ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190853860.001.0001.

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History synthesizes three generations of urban historical scholarship, providing a thematic and chronological overview of American urban history from the pre-Columbian era until the beginning decades of the twenty-first century. The 92 articles collected here describe and analyze the transformation of the United States from a simple agrarian and small-town society to a complex urban and suburban nation. Each essay has been authored, peer-reviewed, and edited by scholars expert in the field, offering a reliable, historiographically informed examination

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43

Wiggins, Benjamin. Calculating Race. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197504000.001.0001.

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Calculating Race: Racial Discrimination in Risk Assessment presents the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. It illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and, in turn, helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. The monograph begins by investigating the development of statistical risk assessment explicitly based on race in the late-nineteenth-century life insurance industry. It then traces how such

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Cohn, Jr., Samuel K. The Great Influenza. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819660.003.0024.

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This chapter asks whether Canada, Australia, and India followed the US pattern in their responses to the Great Influenza. These countries were involved in the war with heavy losses, but, as in the US, their civilian populations were beyond the battlefields and their militaries did not play a significant role in providing physicians, nurses, hospitals, and material aid to civilians suffering from the pandemic. They show patterns resembling the US’s charitable outpouring, especially in Australia, with heavy reliance on women. Canada differed slightly in that the charitable impetus was more top-d

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de Alencar Xavier, Yanko Marcius, and Anderson Souza da Silva Lanzillo. Financing Renewable Energy in Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0019.

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This chapter analyses Brazilian public policy on financing renewable energy to address climate change. Conditions in Brazil favour adoption of an increasingly clean energy matrix: with significant innovation in energy policy and technology much of the country’s energy production now comes from renewable sources. The chapter examines the National Policy on Climate Change (Federal Law no. 12.187/2009), the National Fund for Climate Change (Federal Law no. 12.114/2009). Yet, energy for Brazil’s transportation system remains largely fossil fuel-based, and the oil and gas industry is economically i

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Eisenberg, Melvin A. Offers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0031.

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Chapter 31 concerns offers. An offer is a promise to enter into and perform a bargain on stated terms if the offeree accepts. Bargains are often, perhaps usually, formed by a sequence of offer and acceptance. Indeed, classical contract law placed the offer-and-acceptance sequence on center stage. Modern contract law recognizes that contractual liability can attach without an offer-and-acceptance process, as by a promisee’s reliance on a bargain promise. Nevertheless, that process is extremely significant: The instant an offer is accepted a contract is formed, and the instant a contract is form

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Chang, Jason Oliver. Abajo Los Chinos. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040863.003.0005.

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This chapter follows antichinista organizations from the 1910 revolution through to 1928. Antichinistas challenged the Obregon and Calles administrations’ continued Porfirian era reliance upon Chinese commercial circuits. Correspondence from these organizations with the government shows how their national consolidation in 1925 mobilized new strategies to capture public priorities. In this period the dominant racial image of Chinese people shifted from killable subjects of the revolution to pernicious defilers of the nation. A national antichinista campaign coalesced in the articulation of Mexi

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Sreenivasan, Gopal. Emotion and Virtue. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691134550.001.0001.

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What must a person be like to possess a virtue in full measure? What sort of psychological constitution does one need to be an exemplar of compassion, say, or of courage? Focusing on these two examples, this book ingeniously argues that certain emotion traits play an indispensable role in virtue. With exemplars of compassion, for instance, this role is played by a modified sympathy trait, which is central to enabling these exemplars to be reliably correct judges of the compassionate thing to do in various practical situations. Indeed, according to the book, the virtue of compassion is, in a se

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Appelbaum, Kenneth L. Self-injurious behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0049.

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One of the most challenging management challenges in correctional settings is self-injurious behavior (SIB). Often, the motivations, demographics, and characteristics are distinct from SIB found in the community. In community samples, about 4% of adults report a history of SIB with no significant gender differences in rate. Despite its serious consequences in jails and prisons, reliable data on self-injury in those settings remains sparse. A survey of the 51 state and federal directors of correctional mental health services in the United States found that less than 2% of inmates per year self-

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López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045.

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Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awarenes

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