To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Silage – Additives.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Silage – Additives'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Silage – Additives.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Jacobs, Joseph Leonard. "Enzyme additives for grass silage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329306.
Full text
2
Basso, Fernanda Carvalho [UNESP]. "Corn silage inoculated with microbial additives." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104070.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2013-08-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:05:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
000736831.pdf: 864505 bytes, checksum: 2a3d156922ea1b50f9690c217989dbd0 (MD5)<br>Objetivou-se determinar a qualidade da silagem de milho inoculada com aditivos microbianos. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro ano, em silos experimentais, foram testados quatro inoculantes que compuseram os seguintes tratamentos: forragem inoculada com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) e as combinações LBLP, BSLP e PALP, permanecendo uma silagem sem inoculante (Controle). Após 96 dias da ensilagem, a composição químico-bromatologica e a ocorrência de leveduras e fungos filamentosos foram avaliadas. A estabilidade aeróbia foi realizada durante 12 dias. Nos dias 4, 8 e 12 após a abertura, os valores de pH e a dinâmica de fungos foram determinados. No segundo e terceiro ano experimental avaliou-se a qualidade de silagens escolhidas a partir do primeiro ano. No segundo ano, as silagens estudadas foram: controle, LB e LBLP, confeccionadas em silos superfície. Na avaliação de desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e síntese de proteína microbiana, se utilizou 30 cordeiros mestiços. O estudo de fermentação ruminal foi realizado em seis cordeiros mestiços com cânula ruminal. No terceiro ano, avaliou-se a associação de silagem de milho inoculada a dois níveis de concentrado. Foram confeccionados dois silos trincheiras, sendo um a silagem controle e outro a LB. As dietas foram compostas das respectivas silagens associadas a 40 e 60% de concentrado, totalizando quatro tratamentos. As avaliações nos animais foram semelhantes às realizadas no segundo ano experimental. Os inoculantes afetaram positivamente as características fermentativas e reduziram a parede celular das silagens. A inoculação promoveu alteração na fermentação ruminal, maior fluxo de proteína microbiana e melhor desempenho dos cordeiros alimentados com dietas compostas pelas silagens inoculadas...<br>This study aimed to determine the quality of corn silage inoculated with microbial additives. Therefore, three experiments were carried out. In the first year, in experimental silos, four inoculants that comprised the following treatments were tested: forage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and combinations LBLP, BSLP and PALP, remaining silage without inoculant (control). After 96 days of ensiling, the chemical composition and the occurrence of yeasts and molds were evaluated. Aerobic stability was performed by 12 days. On days 4, 8 and 12 after opening the pH values and dynamics of yeasts and molds were determined. In the second and third experimental year the quality of silage chosen from the first year were evaluated. In the second year, the silages studied were: control, LB and LBLP, made in stack silos. In the study of performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis, 30 crossbred lambs were used. The trial of rumen fermentation was performed with six crossbred lambs with ruminal cannula. In the third year, we evaluated the association of corn silage inoculated with two levels of concentrate. Two bunker silos were made (control silage and LB). The diets were composed of the respective silages combined with 40 and 60 % concentrate, a total of four treatments. Assessments in animals were similar to those obtained in the second experimental year. The inoculants positively affected fermentation characteristics and reduced cell wall of silages. The inoculation changed ruminal fermentation and, the flow of microbial protein and performance of lambs fed diets containing the inoculated silages were increased. The quality of corn silage was improved by inoculation with microbial additive
3
Basso, Fernanda Carvalho. "Corn silage inoculated with microbial additives /." Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104070.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis<br>Coorientador: Gustavo Rezende Siqueira<br>Banca: Clóves Cabreira Jobim<br>Banca: Carla Luiza da Silva Ávila<br>Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira<br>Banca: Flávio Dutra de Resende<br>Resumo: Objetivou-se determinar a qualidade da silagem de milho inoculada com aditivos microbianos. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro ano, em silos experimentais, foram testados quatro inoculantes que compuseram os seguintes tratamentos: forragem inoculada com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) e as combinações LBLP, BSLP e PALP, permanecendo uma silagem sem inoculante (Controle). Após 96 dias da ensilagem, a composição químico-bromatologica e a ocorrência de leveduras e fungos filamentosos foram avaliadas. A estabilidade aeróbia foi realizada durante 12 dias. Nos dias 4, 8 e 12 após a abertura, os valores de pH e a dinâmica de fungos foram determinados. No segundo e terceiro ano experimental avaliou-se a qualidade de silagens escolhidas a partir do primeiro ano. No segundo ano, as silagens estudadas foram: controle, LB e LBLP, confeccionadas em silos superfície. Na avaliação de desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e síntese de proteína microbiana, se utilizou 30 cordeiros mestiços. O estudo de fermentação ruminal foi realizado em seis cordeiros mestiços com cânula ruminal. No terceiro ano, avaliou-se a associação de silagem de milho inoculada a dois níveis de concentrado. Foram confeccionados dois silos trincheiras, sendo um a silagem controle e outro a LB. As dietas foram compostas das respectivas silagens associadas a 40 e 60% de concentrado, totalizando quatro tratamentos. As avaliações nos animais foram semelhantes às realizadas no segundo ano experimental. Os inoculantes afetaram positivamente as características fermentativas e reduziram a parede celular das silagens. A inoculação promoveu alteração na fermentação ruminal, maior fluxo de proteína microbiana e melhor desempenho dos cordeiros alimentados com dietas compostas pelas silagens inoculadas ...<br>Abstract: This study aimed to determine the quality of corn silage inoculated with microbial additives. Therefore, three experiments were carried out. In the first year, in experimental silos, four inoculants that comprised the following treatments were tested: forage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and combinations LBLP, BSLP and PALP, remaining silage without inoculant (control). After 96 days of ensiling, the chemical composition and the occurrence of yeasts and molds were evaluated. Aerobic stability was performed by 12 days. On days 4, 8 and 12 after opening the pH values and dynamics of yeasts and molds were determined. In the second and third experimental year the quality of silage chosen from the first year were evaluated. In the second year, the silages studied were: control, LB and LBLP, made in stack silos. In the study of performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis, 30 crossbred lambs were used. The trial of rumen fermentation was performed with six crossbred lambs with ruminal cannula. In the third year, we evaluated the association of corn silage inoculated with two levels of concentrate. Two bunker silos were made (control silage and LB). The diets were composed of the respective silages combined with 40 and 60 % concentrate, a total of four treatments. Assessments in animals were similar to those obtained in the second experimental year. The inoculants positively affected fermentation characteristics and reduced cell wall of silages. The inoculation changed ruminal fermentation and, the flow of microbial protein and performance of lambs fed diets containing the inoculated silages were increased. The quality of corn silage was improved by inoculation with microbial additive<br>Doutor
4
Harrison, Sarah. "The role of silage additives in improving the quality of maize silage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299737.
Full text
5
Knický, Martin. "Possibilities to improve silage conservation : effects of crop, ensiling technology and additives /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200562.pdf.
Full text
6
Nsereko, Victor Leonard Joseph. "Peptidase inhibitors as additives for ensilage : effects on silage characteristics with reference to peptide nitrogen." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU079015.
Full textAbstract:
Novel approaches to manipulating proteolysis in ensiled perennial ryegrass (PRG) were investigated. The effects of the following on nitrogen (N) distribution in silage were investigated: E- 64, a specific cysteine-peptidase inhibitor (CPI); pepstatin A a specific aspartic-peptidase inhibitor; cystamine dihyrochloride (CYS) and N-ethylmaleimide, general CPIs, and formic acid (FA). Treatment with FA or CPIs reduced total soluble N, as a result of reduced proteolysis, and FA and CYS treatments increased peptide N concentrations (determined using fluroescamine or ninhydrin assays, and by amino acid analysis) compared to the control. Pepstatin A had little or no effect on the N constituents of silage. Characterisation of silage peptides using Sephadex G-25 suggested that they were predominantly di and tripeptides, with a small proportion of longer peptides (>7 amino acid residues). Forty additional compounds were screened for their efficacy as inhibitors of proteolysis in aqueous extracts of PRG. Five selected compounds were applied to PRG at ensilage: TPCK, a non specific CPI; chelators, 1,10-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ); bestatin, a metallo-peptidase inhibitor; and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE), a serine-peptidase inhibitor. When compared to the control, TPCK and 1,10- phenanthroline reduced total soluble N and increased peptide N concentrations; 8-HQ increased only peptide N concentrations. These chelators also restricted fermentation. The effects of Trypticase (peptides produced by enzymic hydrolysis of casein), silage extracts and N fractions prepared from silage extracts by cation exchange chromatography, as sources of N, on the growth of rumen bacteria, <I>Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola</I> and <I>Selenomonas ruminantium, </I>supplied with glucose as an energy substrate <I>in vitro, </I>were investigated. No growth was observed on media containing extracts from silages produced in the presence of chelators but all bacteria grew on purified N fractions. Increasing silage peptide N therefore did not enhance microbial growth but for some treatments, silage N supported faster growth than Trypticase.
7
Colombatto, Dario. "Use of enzymes to improve fibre utilisation in ruminants : a biochemical and in vitro rumen degradation assessment." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340076.
Full text
8
Maldonado, José Guillermo Muñoz. "Associação de aditivos químicos e microbianos no controle da fermentação e estabilidade aeróbia em silagens de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-19022008-104110/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre as perdas de matéria seca, perfil fermentativo, valor nutritivo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. A variedade utilizada para confeccionar os silos laboratoriais foi RB-72454 com 12 meses de idade fisiológica. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo seis tratamentos, com quatro repetições cada. Além da silagem de cana-de-açúcar controle, foram utilizados dois aditivos microbianos: Lactobacillus plantarum e o conjunto de bactérias L. plantarum + Streptococcus faecium + Pediocccus acidilactici (BAL). Esses dois aditivos microbianos também foram aplicados associados a duas doses de benzoato de sódio, 0,01 e 0,05% da massa verde (MV). Os aditivos microbianos foram aplicados à contagem de 5 x 104 ufc/g de forragem. As variáveis analisadas foram: perdas totais e gasosas, produção de efluente, recuperação de matéria seca, perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo no momento da abertura dos silos e durante o ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia. As maiores perdas fermentativas e gasosas foram observadas para o tratamento da associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV. No entanto, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para as variáveis do perfil fermentativo. Com relação ao valor nutritivo, as silagens que foram tratadas com associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV, apresentaram no momento da abertura maior concentração de componentes fibrosos e menores coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca. A maioria dos tratamentos apresentou desempenho semelhante ao tratamento controle no valor nutritivo no momento da abertura dos silos. Com relação ao ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia na associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV, foi observado o menor acúmulo de temperatura nos primeiros cinco dias após abertura (ADITE-5) e menor pico de temperatura da massa exposta ao ar. Da mesma forma, as silagens tratadas com esses aditivos mantiveram estável o valor de pH e apresentaram maior recuperação de matéria seca das silagens nos primeiros cinco dias pós-abertura. Todavia, não houve diferenças significativas entres os tratamentos para as outras variáveis analisadas na fase aeróbia. Com relação ao valor nutritivo das silagens no momento da abertura, associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV apresentou menores valores da fração fibrosa e maior digestibilidade da matéria seca nos primeiros cinco dias da fase aeróbia. Para a avaliação químico-bromatológicas, não foram encontradas diferença nos teores de carboidratos solúveis e proteína bruta entre os tratamentos. De forma geral, a analise conjunta dos experimentos mostra que as silagens tratadas com associação de L. plantarum com benzoato de sódio na dosagem de 0,05% da MV, apresentaram melhor desempenho na fase aeróbia que na fase fermentativa.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and microbial additives on dry matter losses, fermentative profile, nutritive value and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages. The variety used to ensiling was RB-72454, harvested with 12 months of regrowth. It was analyzed as a completely randomized model, with six treatments and four replications for each treatment. Besides the control sugarcane silage, were tested two types of microbial additives: Lactobacillus plantarum and the association of L. plantarum and Streptococcus faecium and Pediocccus acidilactici (BAL). Moreover these two microbial additives were associated with two levels of sodium benzoate, 0.01 or 0.05% of fresh matter. The microbial additives were applied trying to reach 5 x 104 UFC/g of forage. The variables analyzed were: total dry matter losses, gases losses, effluent yield, dry matter recovery rate, fermentative profile, aerobic stability and nutritive value when the silos were opened and during the aerobic stability trial. The greatest fermentative and gaseous losses were observed in silages treated with L. plantarum associated with 0.05% of sodium benzoate. However, there is no difference among treatments regarding the fermentative profile. The silages added with L. plantarum associated to 0.05% of sodium benzoate showed highest cell wall content and lowest in vitro dry matter digestibility. Most of the treatments showed similar nutritive value as control silages. Regarding the aerobic stability assay, L. plantarum associated to 0.05% of sodium benzoate had highest accumulated temperature in the first five days (ADITE-5) and the lowest temperature pick. Similarly, these silages remained the pH stable and showed highest dry matter recovery rate in the first five days during aerobic trial. Although, there were no differences in the other variables in aerobic assay. In terms of nutritive value, the treatment of L. plantarum associated 0.05% of sodium benzoate, showed lowest fiber content and highest in vitro dry matter digestibility during the first five days of aerobic stability trial. There were no differences in the water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein content among treatments. In general, considering the whole trial, the treatment with L. platarum associated with 0.05% of sodium benzoate had better performance during the aerobic phase than the fermentative one.
9
Levital, Tamir. "Effects of a propionic acid-based additive on short-term ensiling characteristics of corn and on dairy cows performance." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101601.
Full textAbstract:
Forage shortage may force producers to feed unfermented or partially fermented forages, which are more susceptible to aerobic deterioration. Propionic acid-based additives can be added to ensiled forages to inhibit yeast and mold growth, and improve the aerobic stability of silages. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a propionic acid-based silage additive (Solution Foin) on ensiling characteristics, aerobic stability and feeding value of short-term ensiled corn forage. Chopped whole corn was left untreated or treated with Solution Foin (contains 700 g kg-1 propionic acid and 300 g kg-1 NH4OH). The additive was added to forage prior ensiling at a rate of 5 L ton-1 (wet basis). Treated and untreated forages were placed in six plastic silo bags (three each). Silo bags were opened one day after ensiling and daily samples were collected for 30 consecutive days. Effects on animal performance of feeding treated or untreated forage were determined in a completely randomized design, using 30 lactating cows (178+/-55 days in milk) fed total mixed ration (50:50 forage: concentrate) with the major forage portion consisting of untreated or treated forage. The feeding study started one day post-ensiling. Results showed that Solution Foin reduced (P < 0.05) yeast and mold populations between d 5 and 14 post-ensiling. The highest differences (P < 0.002) were observed on d 10, at which point yeast and mold populations for untreated silage were 7.86 and 2.51 log cfu g-1, respectively. The corresponding values for treated silage were 4.35 and 0.00 log cfu g-1, respectively. Aerobic stability of treated ensiled forage was also improved (P < 0.01) from day 0 (by 159 h) to day 10 (by 33 h) post-ensiling. Solution Foin also increased (P < 0.05) the overall lactic acid and WSC content, and lowered the temperature of the treated ensiled forage in the field. No treatment differences were detected in the forage pH and acetic acid concentration. Dairy cows fed treated forage had similar feed intake (average 23 kg d-1) and milk yield (average 29 kg d-1) to cows fed the untreated forage. It was concluded that Solution Foin can be used to improve the aerobic stability and ensiled forage characteristics of short-term corn forage, likely by reducing yeast and mold populations.
10
Scott, Lindsey Lauren. "Utilization of corn silage grown by conventional and sustainable methods fed with different nitrogen supplements." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09192009-040602/.
Full text
11
Slottner, David. "Protein degradation during ensilage : influence of crop, additive and mechanical treatment /." Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a484-ab.html.
Full text
12
Fard, Ebrahim Rowghani Haghighi. "Chemical and nutritional characteristics of whole-crop barley ensiled at different dry matter contents with or without silage additives." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307930.
Full text
13
ROTA, CRISTIAN. "ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL ADDITIVES IN SILAGE PRODUCTION FOR IMPROVING FORAGE NUTRIENTS CONSERVATION AND DIGESTIBILITY FOR RUMINANTS NUTRITION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/218527.
Full textAbstract:
The general aim of this thesis was to study the effect of lactobacillus inoculants and exogenous fibrolityc enzymes on ensiled forages.
The thesis includes the results of three experiments. The first experiment investigated the effects of a microbial inoculum containing homofermentative lactobacillus (hoLAB) ( a strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus and a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum) as maize silage additive, alone (L) or in combination with a pool of fibrolityc enzymes (LE) in comparison with untreated silage (C) on fermentative profile at 2, 5, 40 and 110 days of ensiling, dry matter (DM) losses at the same time points, and multiple points in vitro Gas Production (GP) after 110 days of ensiling. Results evidenced that, the hoLAB inoculant and hoLAB+ enzymes treatments determined a significant effects relative to a shifting of silage fermentation: reduced pH, increased lactic acid concentration and decreased ethanol production; dry matter recovery was also positively affected by the treatments. hoLAB inoculum is also able to affect the rumen fermentability of the silage increasing the potential GP and the fractional rate of gas production during in vitro test. The addition of fibrolytic enzymes to hoLAB inoculant seems instead to inhibit this capacity to increase GP.
The second study was performed relative to whole crop cereals silages: in a first part of this study we determined fermentative profile, DM losses, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) and in vitro GP of whole crop silages made from wheat (var. Artico and var. Sollario) , triticale (var. Magistral) and wheat–barley-triticale mixture (WesternTM) harvested at two different maturity stages (Early vs Late). In the second part the aim was relative to determine the effects, on the same parameters of the first part, of the addition at ensiling of an inoculum of lactobacillus and fibrolitic enzymes mixture on a selected wheat ( var. Artico) harvested at two different maturity stage in comparison with the untreated silage (C). All forages resulted well preserved. Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) content was influenced by maturity stage and crop. NDFD was reduced with increasing of maturity stage (50.5 vs 45.0%, P<0.001). Gas production (GP) at 8 h of incubation was positively influenced by maturity stage (P<0.001), showing a linear relationship with starch content. Inoculum addition reduces dry matter losses during the ensiling period, and seems to slightly reduce the fibre fractions. The significantly higher GP value at 8 h at early stage suggests a release of carbohydrates from fibre fraction to a fraction with higher degradability. From this point of view further investigations would be desirable in order to better clarify the action of the inoculum of lactobacilli and fibrolytic enzymes on the fibre components of the ensiled crop.
The third experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a lactobacillus inoculum (containing a blend of Lactobacillus plantarum , Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus brevis) or, two different pool of exogenous fibrolityc enzymes (conteining different concentration of ß-glucanase, Cellulase, Mannanase e Xylanase), alone or in combination, on fermentation characteristics, in situ NDF degradability and in vitro OM Gas production of two maize stove silage harvested at different stage of maturity. The corn plants without cobs were harvested at two different stages of physiological maturity (dought and advanced dought) in order to test the action of the treatments on two fibrous matrices with a supposed diversity of fiber degradation due to the different degree of lignification (High vs. Low). The ensiling of two different fibrous matrices has been done in 2 liters microsilos from, which were then stored at controlled temperature for 110 days. The primary effect of all the treatments was in modifying the fermentative profile of the silages after 110 days of incubation, specially increasing the lactic acid concentration and reducing the ethanol production . In addition, in vitro ruminal fermentation indicated that LAB have a potential for increasing gas production, whereas this is not the case of enzymes treatments. The combination of LAB and enzymes resulted in an higher GP than control only for the highest dosage of enzymes, but without any benefit compare to LAB treatment. Results suggest that microbial inoculants can consistently improve fermentation profile and positively alter ruminal in vitro fermentation and thus potentially improve animal performance. Enzymes, alone seems to have an effect just on the fermentative process during the ensiling period, whereas the combination of LAB and enzymes need to be further investigated in order to explore better the interactions between the two additives.
14
Sitta, Cristiane. "Aditivos (ionóforo e não ionóforo), processamento de grãos de milho e concentrações de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) de silagem de milho em dietas para bovinos em terminação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22062016-161009/.
Full textAbstract:
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o intuito de se avaliar o desempenho, características de carcaça e parâmetros ruminais de bovinos Nelore recebendo dietas contendo grãos de milho flint processados de diferentes formas em associação a diferentes aditivos e níveis de FDN de silagem de milho (FDNf). No Experimento 1, 239 tourinhos (PCI=350±26,79kg) foram alojados em 40 baias de acordo com o peso corporal inicial e receberam dietas contendo dois tipos de processamento dos grãos de milho (moagem fina e floculação) e diferentes aditivos (monensina sódica; 25 ppm e formulação A062 a base de virginiamicina; produto teste, não comercial, fornecido pela Ourofino Saúde Animal; nas dosagens de 17 e 25 ppm), totalizando 8 tratamentos. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS. A floculação aumentou o peso final, o ganho de peso diário, a eficiência alimentar, o peso da carcaça quente e tendeu a aumentar o rendimento de carcaça em comparação a moagem fina. Houve tendência de interação entre processamento e fornecimento de aditivos para a ingestão de matéria seca e ganho de peso diário. A floculação reduziu o teor de amido fecal, aumentou a digestibilidade do amido no trato total, aumentou os valores de energia liquida para manutenção e ganho da dieta e o numero médio de papilas ruminais. Os aditivos aumentaram a altura, largura e área das papilas e reduziram a espessura de faixa de queratina em relação ao tratamento controle. Houve tendência das formulações a base de virginiamicina aumentarem o peso da carcaça quente dos animais em comparação com a monensina sódica, mas não em relação ao tratamento controle sem aditivo. A floculação foi mais efetiva para aumentar a digestiblidade do amido no trato total, o valor energético do milho e o desempenho dos bovinos enquanto que os aditivos não foram efetivos para aumentar o valor energético das dietas e a eficiência alimentar dos animais. No Experimento 2, 237 tourinhos (PCI=350±28,49kg) foram alojados em 32 baias de acordo com o peso corporal inicial e receberam dietas contendo dois tipos de processamento (moagem grosseira e floculação) e diferentes níveis de FDNf (4; 7; 10 e 13% MS), totalizando 8 tratamentos. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS. A floculação tendeu a aumentar a eficiência alimentar, o peso da carcaça quente e a espessura de gordura subcutânea, reduziu o teor de amido fecal, aumentou a digestibilidade do amido no trato total como também aumentou os valores de energia liquida para manutenção e para ganho das dietas. Os níveis de FDNf afetaram ingestão de matéria seca e o peso da carcaça quente independente do método de processamento. Houve tendência de aumento linear no GPD e tendência de redução quadrática na eficiência alimentar com inclusão crescente de FDNf. A inclusão de silagem de milho em dietas com alto teor de milho flint reduziu a eficiência alimentar dos animais, mas aumentou o peso da carcaça quente. A floculação aumentou o valor energético do cereal para tourinhos Nelore em dietas com alto teor de energia.<br>Two experiments were conducted to evaluate animal performace, carcass characteristics and ruminal parameters of Nellore bulls fed with diets containing flint corn processed by different methods in association with additives and FDN levels of corn silage (FDNf).In the first experiment, two hundred and trhirty nine Nellore bulls (IBW=350±26.79kg) were blocked based on their initial body weight and randomly divided into 40 pens. The objective was to evaluate two different corn processing methods (fine ground and steam-flaked corn) and additives (monensin; 25 ppm and A062 formulation based on virginiamycin; test product, non-commercial, provided by Ourofino Saude Animal; 17 or 25 ppm), a total of 8 treatments. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steam-flaking increased the final body weight, average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight and tended to increase the carcass yield. There was a tendency of interaction between corn processing and feed additives for dry matter intake and daily weight gain. Steam-flaking decreased fecal starch, increased total tract starch digestibility and increased net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain values of the diet and increased average number of papillae. Additives increased papillae leight, width, and area and decreased keratin strip thickness in comparison to the control diet. There was a tendency of A062 formulations based on virginiamycin to increase hot carcass weight in comparison to monensin, but not in relation to the control treatment, without additive. Steam-flaking was more effective to increase total tract starch digestibility, corn energy values and animal performace while the feed additives were not effective to increase the net energy value of the diets and animal feed efficiency. In the second experiment, two hundred and thirty seven Nellore bulls (IBW=350±28.49kg) were blocked based on their initial body weight and randomly divided into 32 pens. The objective was to evaluate two different corn processing methods (ground and steam-flaked corn) and four FDNf levels (4; 7; 10; 13 %DM), a total of 8 treatments. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steam flaking tended to increase feed efficiency, hot carcass weight and fat thickness, decreased fecal starch, increased total tract starch digestibility and net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain diet values. Independent of corn processing, FDNf levels affected dry matter intake and hot carcass weight. There was a tendency of linear increase in daily weight gain and tendency of quadractic reduction on feed efficiency increasing FDNf levels. Corn silage in high grain diets decreased animal feed efficiency, but increased hot carcass weight. Steam-flaking increased the cereal energy value for Nellore bulls fed grain concentrate diets.
15
Vevers, William F. "Deoxynivalenol : toxicological profile and potential for reducing cereal grain contamination using bacterial additives in fermented animal feed." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/4305.
Full textAbstract:
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of grain destined for animal feeds is a major toxicological risk to monogastrics and is suspected of restricting productivity in ruminants. Whereas bacterial additives have been developed that can detoxify DON in the rumen and lower intestine, there are currently no commercial inoculants able to perform this task in crimped grain (CG) silage, a regionally important method of moist grain preservation based on homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria or chemical additives. Determining whether this ensiling process alongside the action of detoxifying bacteria has the potential to remove DON in CG prior to ingestion, was explored in mini-silo ensiling experiments. CG was heat treated (100 °C, 60 min) or ensiled fresh in triplicate 50 g silos, spiked with 5 mg/kg DON and inoculated with lactic acid bacteria derived from wild birds, natural epiphytic inoculants and commercially sourced silage additives (21 d). DON recovery was only significantly reduced (31.2 ± 14.4% recovery, p < 0.001, n= 30) by heat treatment, as determined by IAC-RP-HPLC-UV. Bacterial assemblage analysis by 16S rRNA PCR-DGGE-SEQ identified Weissella cibaria, Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and Hafnia alvei as candidate detoxification agents, of which W. cibaria and H. alvei decreased DON recovery in vitro (11.3 and 6.2% recovery respectively, p < 0.05, n = 18), which translated to inoculated W. cibaria yielding a decrease in DON recovery (67.2± 14.4%, 28 d) in naturally contaminated crimped wheat (13.5 ± 1.0 mg/kg, 35-40% moisture, p < 0.05, n =15). As W. cibaria is a lactic acid bacteria already associated with fermented CG by default it has promise as a novel DON detoxification agent in CG silage. DON is however just one of many hepatotoxic co-contaminants. Retrorsine, a DNA-crosslinking pyrrolizidine alkaloid derived from Ragwort (Senecio sp.) was investigated for interactive toxicity with DON in an in vitro co-exposure experiment. HepG2 cells were exposed to Log10 multifactorial binary exposures for 48 h followed by a suite of assays to elucidate mechanisms of interactive cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and modulation of the proteome. Retrorsine was tentatively confirmed to form DNA/protein crosslinks in the comet, micronucleus and crosslinking assays, whilst DON was found to potently induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Co-exposure yielded a complex toxicity response, with low doses yielding antagonistic effects and high doses trending towards additive effects, although DON dose was generally the principle component. The difficulties associated with undertaking an interactive toxicity study where both toxins have multiple metabolic and cellular targets are highlighted.
16
Morais, Greiciele de. "A fermentação de grãos de milho reidratados influenciada pela aplicação de aditivos: aspectos da conservação e do valor nutritivo para vacas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-27092016-170206/.
Full textAbstract:
A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados é uma estratégia de armazenamento vantajosa, economicamente viável e que melhora a digestibilidade do amido. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos - Experimento 1: Utilização de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre aspectos fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho reidratado. Os tratamentos consistiram em silagens de milho tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5×105 ufc/g da matéria natural); Bactérias homoláticas (Homo - 5×105 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + homoláticas (Combo - 1×106 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + nitrito de sódio (LB - 5×105 ufc/g MN + 1,5 g/kg MN de nitrito) e benzoato de sódio (Benz - 2,0 g/kg MN). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Experimento 2: Utilização de silagem de grãos de milho reidratados com ou sem a adição de benzoato de sódio sobre a digestibilidade e desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas Holandês, alocadas em três quadrados latinos para avaliação dos tratamentos: Controle (silagem de milho reidratado); Benz (silagem de milho reidratado + benzoato de sódio - 2,0 g/kg MN) e MiS (milho seco moído). Em todas as dietas o nível de inclusão do milho foi de 17,3%. No primeiro experimento, a composição química das silagens foi adequada e as perdas fermentativas foram baixas (<1,6%) para todos os tratamentos. A presença de aditivos microbianos resultou em silagens bem fermentadas, enquanto silagens Benz preservaram carboidratos solúveis e resultaram em menor concentração de produtos de fermentação. A estabilidade aeróbia foi máxima para LB, Combo e Benz (240h) e intermediária para LBNit (151h). A silagem inoculada com bactérias homoláticas foi menos efetiva em promover estabilidade aeróbia (74,7h), comparada à controle (53,5h). Os melhores parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal da MS foram obtidos para a silagens LB e Combo. Silagem Benz e Homo foram semelhantes à Controle e o LBNIT piorou a degrabilidade ruminal da MS. No segundo experimento, O CMS foi similar entre os tratamentos, com média de 21,1 kg/dia, ao passo que a digestibilidade do amido e CNF foi maior para os grãos fermentados. O maior aporte energético das silagens gerou tendência de aumento na produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. Ao relacionar essa produção com o CMS, os animais alimentados com silagens de grãos reidratados tenderam a uma maior eficiência alimentar. Vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens apresentaram menor excreção de nitrogênio ureico no leite (11,9 vs 13 mg/dL), o que sugere um melhor uso de nitrogênio para produção de proteína microbiana. O uso dos aditivos benzoato de sódio, L. buchneri e L. buchneri combinado com bactérias homoláticas é aconselhável para promover a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos de milho reidratados.<br>Rehydrated corn grain silage is an advantageous storage method, economically viable and improves starch digestibility. This study was carried out in two experiments - Experiment 1: Use of chemical and microbial additives on fermentation aspects and aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage. The treatments consisted of rehydrated corn silage with different types of additives: control (no additive); Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g of fresh matter); homolactic bacteria (Homo - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + homolactic bacteria (Combo LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g + LP - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + sodium nitrite (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM + nitrite - 1.5 g/kg FM) and sodium benzoate (Benz - 2.0 g/kg FM). The experiment was made in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Experiment 2: Use of rehydrated corn silage with or without sodium benzoate on the digestibility and performance of dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated 3×3 latin square design with three periods (22-d) to evaluate the effect of control treatment (rehydrated corn silage); Benz (rehydrated corn silage plus sodium benzoate - 2.0 g/kg FM) and DGC (dry ground corn). In all diets the inclusion of corn was 17.3% in dry matter basis. In the first experiment, the chemical composition of silages was adequate and the fermentative DM losses were low (<1.6%) for all treatments. The presence of microbial additives resulted in well fermented silages, while Benz silages preserved WSC and showed lower concentration of fermentation products. The aerobic stability was highest for LB, Combo and Benz (240h) and intermediate for LBNit (151h). The Homo silages was less effective in promoting aerobic stability (74.7h), compared to the control (53.5h). The best parameters of ruminal DM degradability were obtained for LB and Combo silages. Benz and Homo silages were similar to the control, while LBNIT worsened the ruminal degrability of DM. In the second experiment, dry matter intake was similar across treatments with average of 21.1 kg/day, whereas starch and CNF digestibility was higher for fermented grains. The higher energy of silages tended to increase the production of 3.5 % fat-corrected milk. Therefore, animals fed rehydrated grain silages tended to present increased feed efficiency. Dairy cows fed silages had lower excretion of milk urea nitrogen, suggesting a better use of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. The use of additives sodium benzoate, L. buchneri and L. buchneri combined with homolactic bacteria is advisible to improve the fermentation, the aerobic stability and the nutritive value of rehydrated corn grain silages.
17
Rondahl, Tomas. "Whole-crop pea-oat silages in dairy production : effects of maturity stage and conservation strategy on fermentation, protein quality, feed intake and milk production /." Umeå : Dept. of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007112.pdf.
Full text
18
Pedroso, André de Faria. "Aditivos químicos e microbianos no controle de perdas e na qualidade de silagem de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-23092003-141702/.
Full textAbstract:
Este projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar aditivos químicos e microbianos no controle da produção de etanol durante a ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar, com vistas à redução das perdas de matéria seca (MS) e de valor nutritivo que ocorrem durante o processo. Para tanto foram realizados três experimentos utilizando silos laboratoriais e um experimento de desempenho com bovinos em crescimento. As avaliações em laboratório foram realizadas com cana-de-açúcar colhida com aproximadamente 12 meses de crescimento e ensilada em baldes de plástico de 20 litros, adaptados com válvulas para eliminação de gases e substrato para colheita de efluentes: Experimento I: Procurou-se caracterizar a dinâmica da fermentação, das perdas de MS e de valor nutritivo e o desenvolvimento da microflora epífita na silagem. Amostragens após 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 e 180 dias de fermentação indicaram que: a população de leveduras cresceu até o segundo dia (5,1 log ufc/g massa verde - MV); o teor de etanol atingiu nível máximo (6,4% da MS) aos 15 dias após a ensilagem, quando observou-se desaparecimento de 68% dos carboidratos solúveis (CHOs); aos 45 dias de ensilagem atingiu-se a maior perda total de MS (29%), sendo esta composta por 16% de perdas gasosas; houve pequena produção de efluentes (20 kg/t MV); o pH da silagem apresentou queda constante atingindo 3,47 aos 180 dias; a expressiva produção de etanol, caracterizada por perda elevada de CHOs e aumento no teor de fibra causou redução da DVIVMS da forragem ensilada, de 63 para 47%. Experimento II: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de uréia (0,5; 1,0; 1,5% da MV), NaOH (1; 2; 3% da MV), propionato de cálcio-PROP (0,05; 0,1; 0,2% da MV), benzoato de sódio-BENZ (0,05; 0,1; 0,2% da MV), sorbato de potássio-SORB (0,015; 0,03; 0,045% da MV), L. plantarum-BAL (1 x 10 6 ufc/g de MV), L. buchneri-BUCH (3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g de MV), uréia (0,5 e 1,0% da MV) combinada com L. plantarum-Lact/Ur 0,5% e Lact/Ur 1,0%, sobre o valor nutritivo, as perdas de MS e a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens. A comparação das silagens aditivadas com a silagem controle, aos 90 e 180 dias de fermentação, indicou que: os aditivos foram pouco eficientes em reduzir a concentração de etanol (P>0,05) e que, inclusive, os tratamentos PROP-0,1% e BAL causaram aumento (P<0,05) no teor do álcool (4,8 e 12,5% vs 3,8% da MS); uréia, NaOH, SORB-0,03%, BUCH, Lact/Ur 0,5% e Lact/Ur 1,0% causaram diminuição da perda total de MS (P<0,05); as silagens tratadas com uréia, NaOH, BENZ, e SORB-0,045% apresentaram maior DVIVMS e os tratamentos com BUCH, Lact/Ur 1,0%, uréia-1,5%, NaOH (1 e 2%) e BENZ-0,2% resultaram em silagens com maior estabilidade aeróbica (P<0,05). Experimento III: O objetivo foi comparar o efeito de aditivos, selecionados na fase II, sobre a dinâmica da fermentação e das perdas de MS, avaliando também a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens. Os aditivos avaliados foram: uréia (0,5% da MV), benzoato de sódio-BENZ (0,1% da MV), sorbato de potássio-SORB (0,03% da MV), L. plantarum-BAL (1 x 10 6 ufc/g de MV) e L. buchneri-BUCH (3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g de MV). Comparando-se as silagens aditivadas com a silagem controle, aos 94 dias de fermentação, concluiu-se que: a adição de uréia, BENZ, SORB e BUCH resultou em silagens com menor teor de etanol e o tratamento BAL causou aumento na concentração do álcool (P<0,05); uréia e SORB causaram aumentos (P<0,05) na perda total de MS; a aplicação de uréia resultou em aumento e a inoculação com BAL em redução na DVIVMS (P<0,05); o tratamento com BENZ resultou na silagem com maior (P<0,05) concentração de carboidratos solúveis. As curvas da tendência temporal (amostragem aos 2, 10, 31, 62, 94 e 144 dias após ensilagem) indicaram que: a concentração de etanol atingiu seu pico entre 60 e 90 dias de ensilagem; a perda de gases se prolongou além dos 90 dias e foi menor para o tratamento com uréia; o tratamento com BUCH resultou em tendência de maior consumo de açúcares ao longo do tempo; os tratamentos com uréia e SORB apresentaram as maiores perdas totais de MS e estimularam a produção de efluentes; a DVIVMS das silagens nos tratamentos com uréia, BENZ e SORB apresentou tendência de decréscimo linear, provavelmente como efeito da tendência de produção crescente de efluentes. Os aditivos BUCH e BENZ melhoraram a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens, em relação ao controle (78 e 72 h vs 48 h). Experimento IV: Trinta e duas novilhas holandesas (388 kg) foram alocadas a 4 tratamentos, com 4 repetições, em um delineamento em blocos. Os tratamentos consistiram em 4 tipos de rações completas contendo aproximadamente 46% da MS na forma de silagem de cana-de-açúcar, submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: controle (sem aditivos); uréia (0,5% da MV); benzoato de sódio-BENZ (0,1% da MV) e Lactobacillus buchneri (BUCH, 3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g de MV). O ganho de peso médio diário (GPD) mostrou aumento de 32% para BUCH e de 21% para BENZ (P<0,05), em comparação ao controle (0,94 kg/dia); os tratamentos com BENZ e BUCH resultaram em melhor conversão alimentar (GPD/kg MS) em relação ao controle (7,6 e 7,7 vs 9,4); a ingestão de MS (2,2% PV) não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P>0,10); o tratamento contendo silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com uréia não diferiu (P>0,05) do controle, em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar, sem aditivos, tem resultado em perdas excessivas e reduzido valor nutritivo da forragem. O presente trabalho identificou alguns aditivos capazes de reduzir a produção de etanol, diminuindo as perdas de matéria seca nas silagens, promovendo melhor desempenho de animais com elas alimentados.<br>The objective of this project was to evaluate chemical and microbial additives on ethanol control in sugar cane silages, aiming to decrease dry matter (DM) and nutritional losses during storage. Three laboratory silos trials were conducted to study fermentation process and associated losses, and one additional experiment was carried out to evaluate animal performance. For the laboratory trials sugar cane (12 months vegetative growth) was ensiled in 20 L plastic buckets provided with valves for gas release and a device for effluent collection: Experiment I: Aimed to characterize fermentation, DM losses and epiphytic microflora dynamics during ensilage. Silage sampling at ½ , 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 and 180 days after sealing indicated: intensive growth of yeast population until day two of fermentation (5.1 log cfu g -1 ); ethanol reached its highest content after 15 days from sealing (6.4% in DM) when 68% of the water soluble carbohydrates (CHOs) disappeared; total DM (29%) and gases (16% of the DM) losses reached a plateau after 45 days of ensilage; effluent yield was negligible (20 kg t -1 ); silage pH was lowest after 180 days of storage (3.47); ethanol production led to increased CHOs loss and higher fiber content in the silage, which in turn were associated with reduction in silage's IVDDM (63 to 47%). Experiment II: The main objective was to evaluate the addition of wet basis): urea (0.5, 1.0,1.5%), NaOH (1, 2, 3%), calcium propionate-PROP (0.05, 0.1, 0.2%), sodium benzoate-BENZ (0.05, 0.1, 0.2%), potassium sorbate-SORB (0.015, 0.03, 0.045%), L. plantarum-LAB (1 x 10 6 cfu g -1 ), L. buchneri-BUCH (3.64 x 10 5 cfu g -1 ), urea (0.5 e 1.0% fresh basis) plus L. plantarum-Lact/Ur 0.5% and Lact/Ur 1.0% on silage quality, DM losses and aerobic stability. Comparison of treated silages with control after 90 and 180 days from sealing indicated: none of the additives were effective to decrease ethanol concentration in silages and PROP-0.1% and LAB even increased (P<0.05) alcohol levels (4.8 and 12.5% vs 3.8% in control DM); urea, NaOH, SORB-0.03%, BUCH, Lact/Ur 0.5% and Lact/Ur 1.0% treated silages showed lower total DM losses (P<0.05); higher IVDDM was achieved by adding urea, NaOH, BENZ and SORB-0.045% (P<0.05); aerobic stability was improved with BUCH, Lact/Ur 1.0%, urea-1.5%, NaOH (1 and 2%) and BENZ-0.2% treatments (P<0.05). Experiment III: The objective was to compare the effects of additives screened in experiment II based on silage fermentation traits, DM losses and aerobic stability. Treatments were (wet basis): urea (0.5%), sodium benzoate-BENZ (0.1%), potassium sorbate-SORB (0.03%), L. plantarum-LAB (1 x 10 6 cfu g -1 ) e L. buchneri-BUCH (3.64 x 10 5 cfu g -1 ). Comparing treated silages with control after 94 days from sealing indicated: urea, BENZ, SORB and BUCH resulted in silages with less etanol, however LAB resulted in higher ethanol concentration (P<0.05); urea and SORB treatments decreased total DM losses (P<0.05); IVDDM was higher for urea and lower for LAB treated silages (P<0.05); CHOs content was higher in BENZ treated silage (P<0.05). Regression slopes performed through 144 days after sealing indicated: ethanol yield was maximum between 60 and 90 days; gases losses were extended up to 90 days and was lower in urea treated silages; BUCH inoculated silages showed a trend to loose more CHOs; treatment with urea and SORB resulted in silages with increased total DM and effluent losses; IVDDM reduced linearly with time in chemically treated silages, probably due to the increased effluent yield. BUCH and BENZ improved silages aerobic stability over control (78 and 72 h vs 48 h). Experiment IV: Thirty two Holstein heifers (388 kg) were allocated to 4 treatments, 4 replications each, in a block design. The animals were fed total mixed rations containing 46% sugar cane silage, within the following treatments (wet basis): control (without additive), urea (0.5%), sodium benzoate-BENZ (0.1%) e Lactobacillus buchneri-BUCH (3.64 x 10 5 cfu g -1 ). Average daily gain (ADG) showed 21% increase (P<0.05) for BENZ and 32% for BUCH over control (0.9 kg d -1 ); better feed conversions (DMI/ADG) were observed for BENZ and BUCH (7.6 and 7.7 vs 9.4); DM intake (2.2% BW) did not differ (P>0.10) across treatments. Urea treated silage was similar to control in all traits (P>0.05).
19
Abazinge, Michael D. A. "Studies of methods of preserving and enhancing fermentation, nutritional value and palatability of seafood waste for feeding ruminants." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49972.
Full text
20
Loures, Daniele Rebouças Santana. "Enzimas fibrolíticas e emurchecimento no controle de perdas da ensilagem e na digestão de nutrientes em bovinos alimentados com rações contendo silagem de capim Tanzânia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-16072004-155623/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de enzimas fibrolíticas na degradação da parede celular do volumoso, quando aplicadas antes da ensilagem e no momento da alimentação do animal. No experimento I analisou-se o efeito do emurchecimento, da redução do tamanho de partículas e da adição de enzimas fibrolíticas (associadas ou não ao inoculante bacteriano Lactobacillus plantarum) na fermentação e nas perdas do processo de ensilagem de capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzânia). A forragem foi cortada aos 45 dias de crescimento vegetativo e armazenada em silos experimentais (50 L) durante 136 dias. Durante o período de armazenamento o efluente foi coletado e quantificado no 1o, 2o, 7o, 14o, 21o, 60o, 90o e 136o dias. A redução do tamanho de partícula não influenciou as perdas totais, embora o tamanho menor tenha contribuído para garantir maior estabilidade aeróbia da silagem. A taxa de recuperação e as perdas de MS por efluente e gases foram de 72, 5 e 23% nas silagens não-emurchecidas e de 80, 0 e 21% nas silagens emurchecidas, respectivamente. A adição de enzimas fibrolíticas associadas ou não ao inoculante bacteriano promoveu redução da fração fibrosa (FDN, FDA, celulose, hemicelulose), sendo esta redução mais acentuada nas silagens emurchecidas. Contudo, não houve aumento da digestibilidade in vitro da MS com adição de enzimas fibrolíticas. Foram observados os valores médios de DBO (11.289 mg L 1), DQO (36.279 mg L 1) e DQO/DBO (3,35) no efluente das silagens contendo umidade original; o maior período de armazenamento aumentou significativamente o potencial poluidor do efluente. O experimento II teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do conteúdo de matéria seca da forragem e o uso de enzimas fibrolíticas aplicadas durante a ensilagem de capim Tanzânia ou após a abertura do silo. Os tratamentos foram confeccionados da seguinte forma: A - forragem emurchecida sem aplicação de enzimas; B não-emurchecida sem aplicação de enzimas; C - emurchecida com enzimas (2 L t -1 de massa verde); D não-emurchecida com enzimas; e E não-emurchecida com enzimas (10 L t -1 de massa verde), após a abertura do silo. Cinco novilhos da raça Nelore foram distribuídos ao acaso em delineamento do tipo Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. Os parâmetros de cinética de passagem de sólidos (2,23% hora-1) e de líquidos (4,83% hora-1) foram similares para os tratamentos avaliados. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais não foi alterado com a elevação da concentração de MS da silagem, sendo observados os seguintes tempos (minutos dia-1) e taxas (min kg MSI-1) de ingestão de MS (247 e 24), de ruminação (426 e 43) e de mastigação (673 e 67), respectivamente. As médias das concentrações totais dos ácidos graxos voláteis (109,62 mM) e de nitrogênio amoniacal (5,6 mg dL-1), do fluido ruminal, não foram alteradas pelos tratamentos aplicados. Diante dessas observações, pode-se concluir que o emurchecimento da forragem e o uso de aditivo enzimático não resultaram em alterações significativas no comportamento ingestivo, nos parâmetros ruminais e na digestibilidade de nutrientes em animais.<br>The present trial aimed to evaluate the effect of fibrolytic enzymes on forage cell wall degradation, when applied either during the ensiling process or just before the animal feeding. The experiment I analyzed the effects of wilting (wet vs wilted), particle size reduction (small vs large) and the addition of fibrolytic enzymes (alone vs combined with Lactobacillus plantarum) on the fermentation and ensiling losses of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzania). Forage was harvested and cut at 45-day vegetative re-growth period and stored in experimental plastic silos (50 L) during 136 days. During the storage period, the effluent flow was collected and measured at days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 60, 90 and 136. Total silage losses were not affected by particle size reduction, even though the smallest particle size promoted better aerobic stability of the silage. The rate of silage DM recovery, effluent and gases losses were 72, 5 e 23 % for wet and 80, 0 e 21% for wilted silages, respectively. The addition of fibrolytic enzymes exclusively or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum led to decreased concentrations of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose mainly on wilted silages, however, no benefit was observed in the in vitro DM digestibility. Mean values for BOD (11.289 mg L 1), COD (36.279 mg L 1), and the ratio COD/BOD (3.35) were observed on the effluent of wet silages, which increased the potential of environmental pollution with the longer silage storage period. The experiment II aimed to study the effects of forage wilting or fibrolytic enzymes addition to the Tanzania grass silages. Treatments consisted of: A - wilted forage without enzymes; B - fresh forage without enzymes; C - wilted forage with enzymes at ensiling (2 L t-1 wet forage); D - fresh forage with enzymes at ensiling; E - enzymes applied onto silage (10 L t-1 wet silage) 30 minutes before feeding (direct-fed). Five ruminally cannulated Nellore beef steers were randomly assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The ruminal passage rate of solid (2.23 % hour 1) and liquid (4.83 % hour 1) phases were similar for all treatments. The animal ingestive behavior measured as total time (minutes day-1) and rate (minutes DM kg-1) was not changed across silages DM concentration, averaging DM eating (247; 24), DM ruminating (426; 43) and DM chewing (673; 67), respectively. The molar concentration (109.62 mM) of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N (5.6 mg dL-1) observed in ruminal fluid were similar across silages diets. According to the results it may be concluded that wilting Tanzania grass or the application of fibrolytic enzymes did not improve significantly either the animal ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters or the nutrient digestibilty.
21
Sharp, Richard. "An evaluation of lactic acid bacteria inoculants as additives for grass silages." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303745.
Full text
22
Fraser, Stuart. "Angle resolved XPS study of the migration of a silane additive." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369936.
Full text
23
Soares, Natalia de Avila. "Farelo de crambe na ensilagem de cana-de-a??car." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1290.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-07T18:43:04Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T15:05:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T15:05:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)<br>Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclus?o de n?veis do farelo de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hoechst), no perfil fermentativo e valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-a??car avaliados em diferentes tempos de abertura dos silos. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Moura, pertencente ? Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), localizada no Munic?pio de Curvelo, MG e as an?lises laboratoriais forma realizadas no Laborat?rio de Nutri??o Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFVJM, Campus Diamantina, MG. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro n?veis de adi??o do farelo de crambe (FC: 0; 5, 10 e 20%, com base na mat?ria natural) e quatro tempos de abertura dos silos (10; 20; 30; 60 dias ap?s a confec??o das silagens),com quatro repeti??es. Para a avalia??o da composi??o bromatol?gica usou-se: mat?ria seca (MS); mat?ria org?nica (MO), mat?ria mineral (MM), prote?na bruta (PB), extrato et?reo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e prote?na (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ?cido (FDA), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos n?o fibrosos (CNF) e nutrientes digest?veis totais calculados (NDTcalculado). Para o perfil fermentativo foram avaliados os valores da atividade de ?gua (Aw), potencial hidrogeni?nico (pH), condutividade el?trica (CE), carboidratos sol?veis (CHOs) e nitrog?nio amoniacal (N-NH3). Os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise de regress?o (P>0,05). Para vari?vel EE, foi observado efeito de dose e tempo (P>0,05). Para a intera??o dos fatores (n?veis de inclus?o do FC x tempo de abertura) observou-se efeito para MS, MM, PB, MO, FDNcp, FDA, CT, CNF, NDT calculado, CE, AW, CHOs, pH e N-NH3. A adi??o do farelo de crambe na ensilagem de cana-de-a??car promoveu melhorias na composi??o bromatol?gica, uma vez que houve eleva??o nos teores de MS, PB, CNF, al?m da redu??o nos componentes fibrosos (FDNcp e FDA), proporcionando assim um alimento de melhor qualidade. As altera??es promovidas pela adi??o do FC at? os 20% de inclus?o na ensilagem de cana n?o comprometeram o perfil fermentativo da massa ensilada. A inclus?o do FC ? indicada at? o n?vel de 10% (com base na mat?ria natural), uma vez que maiores inclus?es acarretam em aumento desfavor?vel da mat?ria seca, nitrog?nio amoniacal e redu??o dos teores de carboidratos sol?veis. A partir dos 30 dias ap?s ensilagem, o material ensilado j? apresentava tend?ncia ? estabiliza??o.<br>Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion levels of crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica Hoechst) the fermentative profile and nutritional value of the silage sugarcane evaluated in different opening times of the silos. The experiment took place at the Experimental Farm of Moura, belonging to the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), located in the municipality of Curvelo, MG and the laboratory analyzes performed at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Science UFVJM Campus Diamantina, MG. A completely randomized 4 x 4 factorial design was adopted, with four levels of addition of crambe meal (CM: 0, 5, 10 and 20%, based on natural materials) and four days of opening of silos (10; 20; 30; 60 days after the opening of silos), with four replicates. For the evaluation of the chemical composition was used: dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NCF) and total digestible nutrients calculated (TDN calculated. Regarding the fermentative profile were evaluated: water activity (AW), hydrogenionic potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soluble carbohydrates (sCHT), ammonia-nitrogen concentration (N-NH3). Data were subjected to regression analysis (P> 0.05). For variable EE, only dose and time effect was observed (P> 0.05). For the factors? interaction (levels of inclusion of CM x opening time) was observed effect for MS, MM, CP, MO, NDFap, ADF, TC, NFC, TDN, CE, AW, sCHT, pH and N-NH3. The addition of crambe meal in sugarcane silage boosted the chemical composition, since there was an increase in DM, CP, NFC, and a reduction in fibrous components (NDFap and ADF), thus providing better quality food. The changes promoted by the addition of the FC to the 20% inclusion in cane silage did not affect the fermentation characteristics of silage. The inclusion of the FC is given to the level of 10% (based on natural matter), since larger inclusions lead in an unfavorable increase in dry matte, ammonia nitrogen and reduced levels of carbohydrates. From 30 days after ensiling, the ensiled material already presented tendency towards stabilization.
24
Keady, Timothy Walter Joseph. "Studies of the mode of a bacterial inoculant as a silage additive and an evaluation of its efficacy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334569.
Full text
25
Melo, Maria Julia Araújo Feitosa. "Utilização de aditivos na silagem de capim tanzânia." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6384.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Various additives have been used to minimize the negative effects during the fermentation process, including Lactobacillus buchneri and / or nutritional additives such as corn meal, dry molasses, urea and lime for the purpose of improving the nutritional value and aerobic stability silages. Thus, the present study was aimed at the use of additives in silage Tanzania, they were mounted two experiments. In the first study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of grass silage Tanzania treated with different additives. The treatments were: Tanzania grass silage without additive (SSA); silage with 15% corn meal (SFM); silage with 15% molasses powder (EMS); silage inoculant based on Lactobacillus buchneri (SLB); silage additives Association: 7.5% of corn meal, 5% molasses powder, 1.1% urea, 1.1% limestone, 0.30% crushed annatto seeds and inoculant (SA1); silage additives Association: 10% of corn meal; 2.93% powdered molasses, 1.1% urea, 0.65% limestone, 0.32% of annatto seeds and inoculant (SA2). Arranged in a randomized experimental design with five replications. The content of DM (dry matter), NFC (non fibrous carbohydrate), DMS (dry matter digestibility) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) were higher in silages with additives. Silages containing additives SA1 and SA2 associations achieved the largest reductions in NDF and ADF fractions. The additives influenced the ATT where EMS had a higher acidity and lower the SLB. The associations of additives have positive synergistic effect to reduce NDF and ADF, improve NDT end of silage. The second trial was conducted to evaluate the aerobic stability of silage Tanzania treated with chemical and biological additives. The treatments were: silage without additive Tanzania (SSA); silage with 15% corn meal (SFM); silage 15% molasses (EMS); silage 2.17% urea (SUR): silage 2.17% limestone (SCA); Lactobacillus buchneri (SLB); silage Association SA1 additives: 7.5% corn flour, 5% molasses powder, 1.1% urea, 1.1% limestone, 0.30% annatto seeds; silage additives association SA2 (same proportion of SA1 over the inclusion of SLB); silage additives association SA3: 10% corn meal; 2.93% molasses powder, 1.1% urea, 0.65% limestone, 0.32% of annatto seeds; silage Association SA4 additives (same proportion of SA3 over the inclusion of SLB). he use of additives reduced the losses by effluent and gases. There was variation in dry matter values were higher in treated silages. PH results showed the interaction between treatments having desirable initial values. The breakdown of stability occurred 72, 84, 96 and 96 hours after opening the silos for SSA, SME, SLB and SA4, respectively. The combination of additives provides positive synergy and promotes greater resistance to aerobic deterioration of silage.<br>Diversos aditivos vêm sendo utilizados para minimizar os efeitos negativos durante o processo fermentativo, dentre eles o Lactobacillus buchneri e/ou aditivos nutritivos como fubá de milho, melaço em pó, uréia e calcário com a finalidade de melhorar o valor nutritivo e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi realizado objetivando o uso de aditivos na silagem de capim Tanzânia, em foram montados dois experimentos. No primeiro trabalho objetivou-se analisar a composição químico-bromatológica da silagem de capim Tanzânia tratada com diferentes aditivos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: silagem de capim Tanzânia sem aditivo (SSA); silagem com 15% fubá de milho (SFM); silagem com 15% de melaço em pó (SME); silagem com inoculante à base de Lactobacillus Buchneri (SLB); silagem com associação de aditivos: 7,5% de fubá de milho, 5% melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 1,1% calcário, 0,30% sementes de urucum trituradas e inoculante (SA1); silagem com associação de aditivos: 10% de fubá de milho; 2,93% de melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 0,65% calcário, 0,32% de sementes de urucum e inoculante (SA2). Dispostos em um delineamento experimental ao acaso com cinco repetições. Os teores de MS (matéria seca), CNF (carboidrato não fibroso), DMS (digestibilidade da matéria seca) e NDT (nutriente digestível total) foram maiores nas silagens com aditivos. As silagens contendo associações de aditivos SA1 e SA2 obtiveram as maiores reduções nas frações FDN e FDA. Os aditivos influenciaram a ATT, onde SME obteve maior acidez e SLB a menor. As associações dos aditivos apresentam efeito sinérgico positivo para reduzir FDN e FDA, melhorar o NDT final da silagem. O segundo ensaio foi realizado objetivando avaliar a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de capim Tanzânia tratadas com aditivos químicos e biológicos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: silagem de capim Tanzânia sem aditivo (SSA); silagem com 15% fubá de milho (SFM); silagem 15% de melaço (SME); silagem 2,17% de uréia (SUR): silagem 2,17% de calcário (SCA); Lactobacillus Buchneri (SLB); silagem com associação de aditivos SA1: 7,5% fubá de milho, 5% melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 1,1% calcário, 0,30% sementes de urucum; silagem com associação de aditivos SA2 (mesma proporção da SA1 mais a inclusão de SLB); silagem com associação de aditivos SA3: 10% fubá de milho; 2,93% melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 0,65% calcário, 0,32% de sementes de urucum; silagem com associação de aditivos SA4 (mesma proporção da SA3 mais a inclusão de SLB). A utilização dos aditivos reduziram as perdas por efluentes e por gases. Houve variação nos teores de matéria seca apresentando maiores valores nas silagens aditivadas. Os resultados de pH apresentaram interação entre os tratamentos havendo valores iniciais desejáveis. A quebra da estabilidade ocorreu 72, 84, 96 e 96 horas após abertura dos silos para SSA, SME, SLB e SA4, respectivamente. A associação
dos aditivos apresenta sinergia positiva e promove maior resistência a deterioração aeróbia das silagens.
26
Custódio, Letícia. "Estratégias de controle de perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-12112013-110321/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo desse trabalho foi descobrir melhores estratégias de controle de perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar, utilizando combinações de aditivos químicos e microbianos ou estratégias de vedações. No primeiro experimento o intuito foi estudar estratégias de controle de clostrídios em silagens de cana-de-açúcar aditivadas com cal virgem. Os tratamentos foram: 1) controle; 2) 1,5% cal virgem (Cal); 3) 1,5% cal virgem + 5×105 ufc/g Lactobacillus plantarum Ma 18/5U (Cal+LP); 4) 1.5% cal virgem + 5×105 ufc/g Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (Cal+LB); 5) 1,5% cal virgem + 0,07% nitrito de sódio (Cal+Nitrito); 6) 1,5% cal virgem + 0,15% benzoato de sódio (Cal+Benzoato). Como silos experimentais foram utilizados baldes plásticos com capacidade de 20 L. A cal não foi eficiente em diminuir perdas em relação ao controle (20,6% e 19,1%, respectivamente) já as combinações cal+Benzoato, cal+Nitrito, cal+LB e cal+LP, diminuíram perdas, apresentando os valores de 11,2%, 14,1%, 14,1% e 13,9%, respectivamente. A estabilidade aeróbia das silagens tratadas com cal (172 h), cal+Benzoato (155 h) e cal+Nitrito (223 h), foram maiores em comparação às tratadas com cal+LB (49 h), cal+LP (48,4 h) e controle (51,9 h). A silagem controle apresentou menores contagens de clostrídios (3,26 log ufc/g) e os tratamentos Cal e Cal+LB apresentaram as contagens mais altas (6,74 log ufc/g e 5,96 log ufc/g, respectivamente), enquanto Cal+nitrito (5,24 log ufc/g), Cal+LP (4,63 log ufc/g) e Cal+benzoato (4,41 log ufc/g) apresentaram contagens intermediárias. Nenhum tratamento imposto foi capaz de controlar o crescimento de clostrídios estimulado pela cal virgem. No segundo ensaio o objetivo foi comparar filmes plásticos na vedação de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos impostos foram: 1) filme de poliamida 45?m, recoberta com manta de polietileno para proteção contra raios ultravioleta e danos físicos (PA45+M); 2) filme de polietileno coextrusado com poliamida, dupla face, 125?m (PA125); 3) filme de polietileno, dupla face, 200?m (DF). Três silos tipo trincheira foram preenchidos simultaneamente e durante o abastecimento a cana-de-açúcar picada foi tratada com benzoato de sódio na dose 0,15% da matéria natural. Decorridos 90 dias de armazenamento, os silos foram abertos e as silagens utilizadas como ingredientes para alimentação de vacas em lactação. Quinze vacas Holandesas (615 kg PV) foram alocadas aleatoriamente em três Quadrados Latinos 3x3, com períodos de 18 dias. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Amostras de leite foram coletadas para análises de proteína, gordura, lactose, caseína, ácidos graxos livres, sólidos totais, Nuréico e contagem de células somáticas. O óxido de cromo foi utilizado como marcador externo para estimar a produção fecal. As diferentes estratégias de vedação não influenciaram a qualidade das silagens e, consequentemente, não afetaram o CMS 19,9 kg/dia, a produção 25,1 kg/dia e a composição do leite (gordura 3,5%, proteína 3,3%, lactose 4,4%), das vacas. As diferentes estratégias de vedação utilizadas não influenciam a qualidade das silagens de cana-de-açúcar e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras e se mostraram efetivas para vedação de silos horizontais. No presente estudo, tanto a utilização de aditivos como a adoção de estratégias de vedação não foram efetivas em controlar perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar.<br>The aim of this study was to discover the best strategies to control losses in sugarcane silages, using combinations of chemical and microbial additives or covering strategies. In the first trial the aim was to compare strategies to prevent clostridium grow in sugarcane silages added with lime. Treatments were Control: no additives; L: 1.5% lime; L + LP: 1.5% lime + Lactobacillus plantarum Ma 18/5U (5×105 cfu/g fresh forage); L + LB: 1.5% lime + Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (5×105 cfu/g fresh forage); L + N: 1.5% lime + 0.07% sodium nitrite; L + B: 1.5% lime + 0.15% sodium benzoate. As experimental silos were used plastic buckets with a capacity of 20 L. Mini bags were prepared with the following treatments 1) control, 2) 1.5 % of lime and 3) 1.5 % of lime + 5 × 105 cfu/g of L. plantarum, in order to analyze the pH drop at the onset of fermentation. The lime was not effective in decreasing losses compared to control silages (20.6% and 19.1%, respectively) however the treatments lime+Benzoate, lime+nitrite, lime+LP and lime+LB, decreased losses, showing lower values: 11.2%, 14.1%, 14.1% and 13.9%, respectively. The aerobic stability of silages treated with lime (172 h), lime+Benzoate (155 h) and lime+Nitrite (223 h) were higher compared to those treated with lime+LB (49 h), lime+LP (48.4 h) and control (51.9 h). The control treatment showed the lowest counts of clostridia (3.26 log cfu/g) and treatment with lime and lime+LB had the highest counts (6.74 log cfu/g and 5.96 log cfu/g, respectively), while lime+nitrite (5.24 log cfu/g), lime+LP (4.63 log cfu/g) and lime+benzoate (4.41 log cfu/g) showed intermediate counts of clostridia. None of additives combined with lime were able to provide butyric acid free silages. In the second trial the aim was to compare plastic films for sealing sugarcane silages. Treatments were: 1) polyamide film 45?m plus a protection against physical damage and ultraviolet light (PA45 + P), 2) polyethylene film coextruded with polyamide, black-on--white, 125?m (PA125), 3) polyethylene film, blackon- white 200?m (BW). Three trench silos were filled out simultaneously with chopped sugarcane treated with 0.15% of sodium benzoate (as fed basis). After 90 days of storage, the silos were opened and silages fed to lactating cows as total mixed rations. . Fifteen Holstein cows (615 kg BW) were randomly allocated into 3x3 Latin square with periods of 18 days. Dry matter intake, diet apparent digestibility, milk yield and milk composition were evaluated on days 14 to 18 in each period. Chromium oxide was used as external marker to estimate fecal excretion. Sealing strategies had no influence on silage quality and cows performance. Dry matter intake (19.9 kg /day), milk yield (25.1 kg/day), and milk composition (fat 3.5%, 3.3% protein, and 4.4% lactose) were quite similar across treatments. The different sealing strategies do not affect sugarcane silage quality and dairy cows performance and proven effective for sealing horizontal silos. In the present study, neither additives nor covering strategies were effective in reducing losses in sugarcane silages.
27
Kloeser, Lars. "Verwendung von organofunktionellen Silanen zur Herstellung von Holzwerkstoffen." Göttingen Sierke, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988601826/04.
Full text
28
Oliveira, Hellenn Cardoso. "Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com uréia e farelo de mandioca." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5622.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
texto completo.pdf: 597674 bytes, checksum: 466b427fe2c96a723a1e4ba88a1d3c9b (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-07-24<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Two experiments were conducted, in completely randomized design, to evaluate the nutritive value, the carbohydrates fractions, the fermentation characteristics and the losses of sugar cane silages produced without or with urea (0 and 5.4 % of dry matter) and added of cassava meal (0; 7; 14; 21; and 28 % of natural matter). PVC silos with 50 cm height and 10 cm diameter, provided with Bunsen valve for output of gases from the fermentation, and sand in the bottom to capture the possible effluent, were used. In experiment I, the evaluation of the nutritive value of silages was realized by means of the determination of the chemical composition, the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), the total digestible nutrients (TDN) and the carbohydrates fractions. The urea and the cassava meal increased the dry matter values and reduced the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The association of urea with cassava meal in the silages increased the contents of organic matter, crude protein and TDN and reduced the ether extract, neutral detergent fiber ash and protein free, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen contents. The cassava meal addition in sugar cane silage production increased the IVDMD and reduced the ash contents. The urea had effect on all the variables studied. In the regression analysis, it was found increasing linear increase of total carbohydrates content in function of cassava meal addition in the silage without urea and quadratic effect in the silage with urea. The association of urea with the different levels of cassava meal increased the A + B1 fraction and reduced the B2 and C fractions of the carbohydrates. In the experiment II, the losses of dry matter by gases, the effluent losses, dry matter recoveryand silage fermentation profile, through the determination of pH values, ammonia nitrogen and organic acids content were evaluated. The losses by gases and effluent were influenced, presenting decreasing lineareffect in function of the cassava meal levels for both silages. For the variable dry matter recovery, it was verified increasing linear effect for the silage without urea and quadratic effect for the silage added with urea. Regarding the variables inherent to the fermentation characteristics of the silages, the association urea and cassava meal resulted in silages with greater pH values, being within the range considered ideal for a good fermentation, and smaller lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. For the butyric acid and ethanol contents, the regression analysis reveled that no model fitted the data. However, for propionic acid content, it was verified decreasing linear effect in function of cassava meal levels added and quadratic effect for acetic acid content in the silage with urea, with no effect observed in the silage without the additive.<br>Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliar o valor nutritivo, as frações dos carboidratos, as características fermentativas e as perdas das silagens de cana-de-açúcar produzidas sem e com uréia (0 e 5,4 % da matéria seca) e acrescida de farelo de mandioca (0; 7; 14; 21; e 28 % da matéria natural). Foram utilizados silos de PVC com 50 cm de altura e 10 cm de diâmetro, providos de válvula de Bunsen, para saída de gases oriundos da fermentação, e areia no fundo, para captação do possível efluente. No experimento I, a avaliação do valor nutritivo das silagens foi realizada por meio da determinação da composição química, da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e do fracionamento de carboidratos. A uréia e o farelo de mandioca elevaram os valores de matéria seca e reduziram os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina. A associação da uréia com o farelo de mandioca nas silagens elevou os teores de matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e o NDT e reduziu os teores de extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinza e proteína, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro e nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido. A adição de farelo de mandioca na produção da silagem de cana-de-açúcar aumentou a DIVMS e reduziu os teores de cinza. A uréia teve efeito sobre todas as variáveis estudadas. À análise de regressão, detectou-se elevação linear crescente do teor de carboidratos totais em função da adição de farelo de mandioca na silagem sem uréia e efeito quadrático na silagem com uréia. A associação da uréia com os diferentes níveis de farelo de mandioca elevou a fração A + B1 e reduziu as frações B2 e C dos carboidratos. No experimento II, foram avaliadas as perdas de matéria seca por gases, as perdas de efluente, recuperação da matéria seca e o perfil fermentativo das silagens, por meio da determinação dos valores de pH, do teor de nitrogênio amoniacal e dos ácidos orgânicos. As perdas por gases e efluente foram influenciadas, apresentando efeito linear decrescente em função dos níveis de farelo de mandioca para ambas as silagens. Já para a variável recuperação de matéria seca, verificou-se efeito linear crescente para silagem sem uréia e efeito quadrático para silagem aditivada com uréia. Em relação às variáveis inerentes às características fermentativas das silagens, a associação uréia e farelo de mandioca resultou em silagens com maiores valores de pH, estando dentro da faixa considerada ideal para uma boa fermentação, e menores teores de ácido lático e nitrogênio amoniacal. Para os teores de ácido butírico e etanol, a análise de regressão revelou que nenhum modelo ajustou-se aos dados. No entanto, para o teor de ácido propiônico, verificou-se efeito linear decrescente em função dos níveis de farelo de mandioca adicionados e efeito quadrático para o teor de ácido acético na silagem com uréia, não sendo observado efeito para silagem sem o aditivo.
29
Kloeser, Lars. "Verwendung von organofunktionellen Silanen zur Herstellung von Holzwerkstoffen /." Göttingen : Sierke, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988601826/04.
Full text
30
Fattahi, Salma. "Étude de l'autocicatrisation de mortiers contenant des additions réactives." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7588.
Full textAbstract:
Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de mieux comprendre le phénomène d’autocicatrisation naturelle et d’initier une démarche en vue de proposer des approches technologiques pratiques, fiables et peu couteuses qui permettront d’optimiser et de favoriser le potentiel d’autocicatrisation des bétons et des matériaux cimentaires en général. Les approches proposées consistent à introduire, dans les formulations des matériaux cimentaires, des réactifs internes latents qui permettront d’augmenter le potentiel d’autocicatrisation par différents mécanismes. Trois types de réactifs sont étudiés; des ajouts cimentaires riches en chaux libre, des ajouts granulés riches en ciment anhydre et/ou en chaux libre et des micro-granulats de verre riches en silice amorphe. L’ajout des ajouts cimentaire et des granulés visent à augmenter le potentiel d’autocicatrisation par carbonatation. L’ajout des micro-granulats de verre a pour objectif de créer, dans les fissures un gel silico-calcaire alcalin expansif. Il en ressort que l’augmentation de la teneur en portlandite de la matrice en ajoutant de réactifs riches en chaux libre augmente considérablement le potentiel d’autocicatrisation de fissures larges (>200 µm). L’ajout de granulés faiblement hydratés à base de ciment ou de ciment avec agent expansif à base de chaux libre confère aux mortiers une capacité de cicatrisation accrue. La formation de gel expansif dans les fissures suite à l’activation de la réaction alcali-silice des micro-granulats de verre ne confère pas à la matrice cimentaire un fort potentiel d’autocicatrisation entre 0 et 12 mois.
31
Roth, Anna Paula de Toledo Piza [UNESP]. "Ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou queimada e aditivada ou não com óxido de cálcio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102670.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2012-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
roth_aptp_dr_jabo.pdf: 323213 bytes, checksum: 488c5897eda778f368a0f83fc5c0778d (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da queima e a utilização do óxido de cálcio na produção de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. No primeiro experimento as avalições foram realizadas antes da ensilagem e nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura tratada ou não com 1% de óxido de cálcio, silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida com 1 dia após a queima tratada ou não com 1% de óxido de cálcio, e silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida com 10 dias após a queima tratada ou não com 1% de óxido de cálcio. O processo de queima reduziu os teores de matéria seca em média 34 g/kg, fibra em detergente neutro 137 g/kg, fibra em detergente ácido 71 g/kg e lignina 9 g/kg. A adição do óxido de cálcio elevou os teores de matéria mineral da cana-de-açúcar em média 30 g/kg. As silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura apresentaram os maiores teores de matéria seca (275 g/kg) e fibra em detergente neutro (694 g/kg) e as menores produções de efluente (6 kg/t) e perdas por gases (124 g/kg) resultando em maiores recuperações de matéria seca (822 g/kg). O tratamento com óxido de cálcio nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar, independente do manejo, aumentou os teores de matéria seca em média 39 g/kg e recuperação de matéria seca 151 g/kg e reduziu as perdas por gases em média 84 g/kg e teores de fibra em detergente neutro 147 g/kg. No segundo experimento avaliaram-se as silagens e dietas contendo silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura tratada ou não com 1 % de óxido de cálcio, silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida 1 dia após a queima tratada ou não com 1 % de óxido de cálcio, e silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida 10 dias após a queima tratada ou não com 1 % de óxido de cálcio. No período de adaptação (0 a 28 dias) houve redução na ingestão de matéria seca dos...<br>Two experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effects of burning and calcium oxide in the production of sugarcane silage. In the first experiment the evaluations were made before the ensilage and in the in natura sugar cane silage treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, burned sugar cane silage and harvest one day after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, and burned sugar cane silage and harvest 10 days after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide. The burning process reduced the levels of dry matter in average 34g/kg, neutral detergent fiber in 137 g/kg, acid detergent fiber in 71 g/kg and lignin in 9 g/kg. The addition of calcium oxide increased levels of sugar cane ash in average 30g/kg. The in natura sugar cane silage presented higher levels of dry matter (275g/kg) and neutral detergent fiber (694g/kg) and less effluent production (6kg/t) and gas losses (124g/kg) resulting in bigger dry matter recovery (822g/kg). The treatment with calcium oxide in sugar cane silage, not taking into account the management, increased the dry matter levels in average 39g/kg, dry matter recovery 151g/kg reducing the gas losses in average 84g/kg and neutral detergent fiber levels 147g/kg. In the second experiment the silage and total mix ration were evaluated having in natura sugar cane silage treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, burned sugar cane silage and harvest one day after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, and burned sugar cane silage and harvest 10 days after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide. In the adaptation period (0 up to 28 days) there was a reduction in the animals intake fed with total mix ration with burned sugar cane silages and harvest in 1 or 10 days (average 6.3kg/day) and the daily weight gain was lower (average -0.026kg/day).The addition of calcium oxide... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
32
Roth, Anna Paula de Toledo Piza. "Ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou queimada e aditivada ou não com óxido de cálcio /." Jaboticabal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102670.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis<br>Coorientador: Gustavo Rezende Siqueira<br>Banca: Thiago Fernandes Bernardes<br>Banca: Clóves Cabreira Jobim<br>Banca: Flávio Dutra de Resende<br>Banca: Roberta Carrilho Canesin<br>Resumo: Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da queima e a utilização do óxido de cálcio na produção de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. No primeiro experimento as avalições foram realizadas antes da ensilagem e nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura tratada ou não com 1% de óxido de cálcio, silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida com 1 dia após a queima tratada ou não com 1% de óxido de cálcio, e silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida com 10 dias após a queima tratada ou não com 1% de óxido de cálcio. O processo de queima reduziu os teores de matéria seca em média 34 g/kg, fibra em detergente neutro 137 g/kg, fibra em detergente ácido 71 g/kg e lignina 9 g/kg. A adição do óxido de cálcio elevou os teores de matéria mineral da cana-de-açúcar em média 30 g/kg. As silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura apresentaram os maiores teores de matéria seca (275 g/kg) e fibra em detergente neutro (694 g/kg) e as menores produções de efluente (6 kg/t) e perdas por gases (124 g/kg) resultando em maiores recuperações de matéria seca (822 g/kg). O tratamento com óxido de cálcio nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar, independente do manejo, aumentou os teores de matéria seca em média 39 g/kg e recuperação de matéria seca 151 g/kg e reduziu as perdas por gases em média 84 g/kg e teores de fibra em detergente neutro 147 g/kg. No segundo experimento avaliaram-se as silagens e dietas contendo silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura tratada ou não com 1 % de óxido de cálcio, silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida 1 dia após a queima tratada ou não com 1 % de óxido de cálcio, e silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e colhida 10 dias após a queima tratada ou não com 1 % de óxido de cálcio. No período de adaptação (0 a 28 dias) houve redução na ingestão de matéria seca dos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Two experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effects of burning and calcium oxide in the production of sugarcane silage. In the first experiment the evaluations were made before the ensilage and in the in natura sugar cane silage treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, burned sugar cane silage and harvest one day after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, and burned sugar cane silage and harvest 10 days after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide. The burning process reduced the levels of dry matter in average 34g/kg, neutral detergent fiber in 137 g/kg, acid detergent fiber in 71 g/kg and lignin in 9 g/kg. The addition of calcium oxide increased levels of sugar cane ash in average 30g/kg. The in natura sugar cane silage presented higher levels of dry matter (275g/kg) and neutral detergent fiber (694g/kg) and less effluent production (6kg/t) and gas losses (124g/kg) resulting in bigger dry matter recovery (822g/kg). The treatment with calcium oxide in sugar cane silage, not taking into account the management, increased the dry matter levels in average 39g/kg, dry matter recovery 151g/kg reducing the gas losses in average 84g/kg and neutral detergent fiber levels 147g/kg. In the second experiment the silage and total mix ration were evaluated having in natura sugar cane silage treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, burned sugar cane silage and harvest one day after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide, and burned sugar cane silage and harvest 10 days after the burn treated or not with 1% of calcium oxide. In the adaptation period (0 up to 28 days) there was a reduction in the animals intake fed with total mix ration with burned sugar cane silages and harvest in 1 or 10 days (average 6.3kg/day) and the daily weight gain was lower (average -0.026kg/day).The addition of calcium oxide... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
33
Pacheco, Weverton Filgueira. "ParÃmentros fÃsicos, perfil fermentativo e composiÃÃo quÃmica de silagem de Pennisetum purpureum com feno de GliricÃdia sepium." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5943.
Full textAbstract:
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>Objetivou-se atravÃs desse trabalho, avaliar as caracterÃsticas fÃsicas, o perfil fermentativo e a composiÃÃo quÃmica de silagem de capim-elefante com feno de gliricÃdia, utilizando-se mini-silos experimentais em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 100% capim-elefante; 95% de capim-elefante com 5% de feno de gliricÃdia; 90% de capim-elefante com 10% de feno de gliricÃdia; 80% de capim-elefante com 20% de feno de gliricÃdia e 60% de capim-elefante com 40% de feno de gliricÃdia, com cinco repetiÃÃes por tratamento. Foram determinados pH, nitrogÃnio amoniacal
(NA), capacidade tampÃo (CT), massa especÃfica (ME), massa especÃfica seca (MES), produÃÃo de efluentes (PE), produÃÃo de gases (PG), recuperaÃÃo de matÃria seca (RMS), matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente Ãcido
(FDA), hemicelulose (HEM), celulose (CEL), lignina (LG), extrato etÃreo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CHOT). A adiÃÃo de feno de gliricÃdia nas silagens de capim-elefante causou efeito linear para as variÃveis MS, MES e CT. Houve resposta quadrÃtica para as variÃveis ME, PE, RMS, MO, PB, FDN,
HEM, LG e CHOT. As silagens apresentaram pH variando de 4,18 para silagens sem adiÃÃo de feno a 4,38 para silagens com 40% de adiÃÃo de feno. O teor de NA foi maior para silagens sem adiÃÃo de feno (12,24%) e menor em silagens com 40% de adiÃÃo de feno (1,40%). As silagens sem adiÃÃo de feno apresentaram menor capacidade tampÃo (41,69 n.e.mg/100g MS) e as silagens com 40% de adiÃÃo de feno apresentaram maior valor de capacidade tampÃo (52,45 n.e.mg/100g MS). As silagens sem adiÃÃo de feno apresentaram menores MS (14,96%), enquanto que as silagens com 40% de adiÃÃo de feno de gliricÃdia apresentaram maiores teores de MS (43,84%). Os teores de PB variaram de 5,36 % (sem adiÃÃo de feno) a 8,20 % (40% de adiÃÃo de feno).
Com relaÃÃo aos teores de FDN, observou-se que as silagens com adiÃÃo 40% de feno apresentaram os menores teores de FDN (46,73%). Os teores de CEL variaram de 19,54% (40% de adiÃÃo feno) a 31,14% (sem adiÃÃo de feno). Os teores de CHOT das silagens variaram de 74,45% (40% de feno) a 81,33% (0% de feno). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a adiÃÃo de feno de gliricÃdia na ensilagem do capim elefante melhorou a sua composiÃÃo quÃmica, as caracterÃsticas fÃsicas e o perfil fermentativo das silagens.<br>The objective was to evaluated the physical parameters, the fermentation characteristics and
chemical composition of the elephant grass silage with gliricidia hay, using experimental
mini-silos in a randomized design with five treatments: 100% elephant grass; 95% elephant
grass with 5% gliricÃdia hay; 90% elephant grass with 10% gliricÃdia hay; 80% elephant grass
with 20% gliricÃdia hay and 60% elephant grass with 40% gliricidia hay, with five replicates
per treatment. Were determined pH, ammonia nitrogen (AN), buffering capacity (BC),
specific mass (SM), dry specific mass (DSM), effluent yield (EY), gas production (GP), dry
matter recovery (DMR), dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral
detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL),
lignin (LG) , ether extract (EE) and total carbohydrates (TC). The addition of gliricÃdia hay in
elephant grass silage increased linearly the DM, DMS and BC. There was a quadratic for SM,
EY, DMR, OM, CP, NDF, HEM, LG and TC. The silages presented pH varying from 4.18 for
silage without hay to 4.38 for silages with 40% of the hay. The content of AN was higher for
silages without hay (12.24%) and lowest in silages with 40% of the hay (1.40%). The silage
without hay had presented lower buffering capacity (41.69 meq/100g of DM) and highest
buffering capacity (52.45 meq/100g of MS), for silage with 40% of the hay. The silage
without hay had lower DM (14.96%) and higher DM (43.84%) for silage with 40% of
gliricidia hay. The CEL varying from 19.54% (40% of the hay) to 31.14% (without hay). The
silage presented TC varying from 74.45% (40% hay) to 81.33 % (without hay). It can be
concluded that the addition of gliricidia hay in the elephant grass silage improved the
chemical composition, the physical parameters and the fermentation characteristics of the
elephant grass silage.
34
Maia, Isaac Sydney Alves da Silva. "Composição químico-bromatológica e avaliação sensorial de silagens de capim elefante Pennisetum purpureum, Schum. com níveis de resíduos da acerola e tamarindo." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/790.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-11T22:21:29Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
IsaacSASM_DISSERT.pdf: 690603 bytes, checksum: 64cb1ae31e9a367598deac43ea2cda2c (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:40:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
IsaacSASM_DISSERT.pdf: 690603 bytes, checksum: 64cb1ae31e9a367598deac43ea2cda2c (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:40:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
IsaacSASM_DISSERT.pdf: 690603 bytes, checksum: 64cb1ae31e9a367598deac43ea2cda2c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T22:41:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
IsaacSASM_DISSERT.pdf: 690603 bytes, checksum: 64cb1ae31e9a367598deac43ea2cda2c (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015-02-27<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of elephant grass silages with 33 the addition of residue of acerola. The design was completely randomized in five levels of 34 inclusion, 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20%, with four replications. The silos were opened with 90 days and 35 made the evaluations of NH3-N, sensorial analysis, pH, samples for chemical-bromatological 36 analysis and determination of the TDN. The DM, OM and EE were elevated in .54; .16 and .03 37 percentage points, respectively, for each 1% inclusion of the residue. The TC and pH presented 38 mean value respective 84.2% and 3.97, the pH was within the range to well preserved silage. 39 The NDF and HCEL have obtained reductions of 2.19 and 5.96% levels of 0-20% inclusion, 40 respectively. While elevations .19% for the ADF and .29% for the LIG every 1% waste 41 addition. The cellulose and TDN were presented minimum point of 12.5% inclusion and their 42 levels of 41.35 and 51.43%. To CP, IPND and IPAD, there were increases of 0.13% for each 43 1% inclusion of the residue for the three parameters. The TDN has presented minimum point 44 of 51.43% to the level of 12.4% inclusion. The N-NH3 of silages ranged from .47 to .79% from 45 levels 0-20% of inclusion of acerola. All silages were classified as "good to very good" 46 according to the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. It is concluded that addition of the 47 acerola residue improved the nutritive value of silage fermentation characteristics evaluated 48 keeping their may be added to the 20% level<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional de silagens de capim elefante com adição 9 do resíduo da acerola. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em cinco níveis 10 de inclusão, 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20%, com quatro repetições. Os silos foram abertos com 90 dias e 11 feitas as avaliações do N-NH3, sensorial, pH, colhidas amostras para análise químico-12 bromatológicas e determinação do NDT. Os teores de MS, MO e EE foram elevados em 0,54; 13 0,16 e 0,03 pontos percentuais, respectivamente, a cada 1% de inclusão do resíduo. Os CT e pH 14 apresentaram valores médios respectivos de 84,2% e 3,97, o pH ficou dentro da faixa para 15 silagens bem conservadas. O FDN e Hcel obtiveram reduções de 2,19 e 5,96% dos níveis de 0 16 a 20% de inclusão, respectivamente. Enquanto que elevações de 0,19% para o FDA e 0,29% 17 para LIG a cada 1% de resíduo adicionado. A celulose e NDT apresentaram ponto mínimo de 18 12,5% de inclusão e teores respectivos de 41,35 e 51,43%. Para PB, PIDN e PIDA, houve 19 aumentos de 0,13% a cada 1% de inclusão do resíduo para os três parâmetros. O N-NH3 das 20 silagens variou de 0,47 a 0,79% entre os níveis de 0 a 20% de inclusão da acerola. Todas as 21 silagens foram classificadas em “boa a muito boa” de acordo com as características nutricionais 22 e organolépticas. Conclui-se que a adição do resíduo de acerola melhorou o valor nutritivo das 23 silagens avaliadas mantendo suas características fermentativas podendo ser adicionada até o 24 nível de 20%<br>2017-08-11
35
Tewa, Tagne Patrice. "Séchage par atomisation de nanoparticules polymériques." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10063.
Full textAbstract:
L'objectif de cette recherche était l'élaboration et la caractérisation de formes sèches de nanoparticules polymériques à partir de la forme liquide, au moyen de la technique du séchage par atomisation. Cette opération nécessite l'utilisation d'adjuvants de séchage et deux stratégies ont été adoptées. Dans une première approche, nous avons procédé au séchage des nanoparticules en présence de silice colloïdale. La seconde approche a consisté en l'utilisation de différents exipients solubles tels que les sucres et les polymères. La caractérisation des suspensions mixtes nanoparticules/excipients a été effectuée et a consisté en l'étude des interactions développées à la suite de leur association. Les conditions opératoires optimisées ont été enfin appliquées pour le séchage des nanoparticules chargées d'énoxaparine, une héparine de bas poinds moléculaire
36
Silva, Gustavo Piva da. "Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible-light irradiation : a new metal- and additive-free photochemical process for the synthesis of indoles and oxindoles." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8610.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-26T10:57:10Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
DissGPS.pdf: 9587605 bytes, checksum: d37ce6a94677c8fb0a582d19bf1ad134 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-11T14:02:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
DissGPS.pdf: 9587605 bytes, checksum: d37ce6a94677c8fb0a582d19bf1ad134 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-11T14:02:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
DissGPS.pdf: 9587605 bytes, checksum: d37ce6a94677c8fb0a582d19bf1ad134 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T14:16:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
DissGPS.pdf: 9587605 bytes, checksum: d37ce6a94677c8fb0a582d19bf1ad134 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-07-29<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>A combined tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible-light-promoted intramolecular reductive cyclization protocol for the synthesis of indoles and oxindoles has been developed (Scheme 1).1 This straightforward and efficient protocol shows a broad functional-group tolerance and enables rapid and practical synthesis of functionalized nitrogen-based heterocycles in high/moderate yields under additive and metal-free, mild photochemical conditions. Besides the synthetic developments, the reaction mechanism was also investigated by a set of controlled experiments and UVvisible analyses, as well as kinetic study.2 From these studies, we have concluded that the reaction pathway for this strategy occurs through an Electron Donor-Acceptor (EDA) complex.3 to be continued ...<br>Uma nova metodologia para síntese de indóis e oxindóis foi desenvolvida
através de um processo de ciclização redutiva intramolecular utilizando uma
combinação da luz visível e tris(trismetilsilil)silano (Scheme 2).1 Este protocolo
sintético mostrou-se eficiente e abrangente a diversos substratos funcionalizados,
permitindo assim uma rápida e prática síntese de compostos nitrogenados
heterocíclicos com altos/moderados rendimentos diante de uma condição fotoquímica
livre de metais, bem como aditivos. Além do desenvolvimento sintético, o mecanismo
da reação também foi investigado por uma série de experimentos controlados e
estudos e espectroscópicos, bem como estudos cinéticos.2 A partir destes estudos,
concluímos que o caminho reacional para esta estratégia ocorre através de um
complexo doador-aceptor (EDA).3 continua ...
37
Dorget, Michel. "Propriétés rhéologiques des composés silice/silicone." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10194.
Full textAbstract:
Lors de l'adjonction de silice colloidale dans une huile polymere silicone, on passe d'un comportement viscoelastique pour l'huile seule a un comportement elastoplastique pour le compose. Le but de l'etude est de quantifier cette evolution et d'en rechercher les causes. Nous avons quantifie le comportement elastoplastique de ces melanges par un seuil d'ecoulement et un module elastique obtenus respectivement par des mesures rheometriques en ecoulement permanent et en regime harmonique. Il s'avere que ces parametres suivent des lois d'echelle en puissance (3,3 et 4,2 respectivement) de la fraction volumique de silice introduite. L'utilisation de la microscopie electronique en transmission nous a permis de visualiser des structures fractales. Ce type de structure est egalement appele a verifier une loi d'echelle. La diffusion de rayonnement nous permet de chiffrer les parametres structuraux introduits en microscopie. En particulier, la dimension fractale d est de 1,8. Ceci aura necessite l'utilisation de rayonnement x et visible de maniere a couvrir toute la plage du spectre. La conception et le developpement d'un banc de diffusion laser bidimensionnel sous cisaillement nous a permis de visualiser des spectres de type papillon qui denote une certaine orientation de la structure sous cisaillement. Cet ensemble de resultats nous conduit a interpreter la rheologie de ces composes en terme d'objets fractals semi-dilues. La mise en equations de cette interpretation nous permet alors de relier les differentes lois d'echelle entre elles avec en particulier des puissances 4/(3-d) et 5/(3-d) pour le seuil d'ecoulement et le module elastique respectivement
38
Ferreira, Grandmougin Marie-Thérèse. "Additifs promoteurs d'octane à base d'offrétite pour le craquage catalytique." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20165.
Full text
39
Silva, Vanderli Luciano da. "Inclusão de milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo em silagem de milheto forrageiro." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5954.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-18T12:29:37Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
Dissertação - Vanderli Luciano da Silva - 2016.pdf: 2379182 bytes, checksum: 7f2d6cde360630b08c84abb051eeaf57 (MD5)
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-18T12:31:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2
Dissertação - Vanderli Luciano da Silva - 2016.pdf: 2379182 bytes, checksum: 7f2d6cde360630b08c84abb051eeaf57 (MD5)
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T12:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
Dissertação - Vanderli Luciano da Silva - 2016.pdf: 2379182 bytes, checksum: 7f2d6cde360630b08c84abb051eeaf57 (MD5)
license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-02-19<br>This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of silage
millet farming ADR500 under the inclusion of different levels of corn disintegrated with straw and
cob (CEC): 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, after 78 days of vegetative growth and observe his capacity as
moisture scavenger in silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4
treatments and 4 replications, totaling 16 experimental units. Data were submitted to analysis of
variance, means were compared by 5% Tukey test and regression analysis for the inclusion levels.
dry matter content (DM) determined in silage differ (P <0.05) as a function of the MDPS inclusion
levels, ranging from 26.53% to 38.69% control treatment and for treatment with higher level
inclusion. For values of organic matter found a significant difference only from the IV treatment
with 15% inclusion of CEC (P <0.05) compared to other treatments. Regarding crude protein (CP)
observed a linear increase (P <0.05) due to the increase of CEC levels, ranging between 9.46% and
14.92%. NDF and the FDA determined in silages ranged from 58.50% to 66.25% and 31.25% for
FDA to 38.50 for the FDA so there significant differences between treatments. For certain ether
extract in silages millet forage with inclusion of MDPS ranged from 3.13 to 3.95%. The content of
mineral matter (MM) showed a significant difference (P <0.05) according to the MDPS inclusion
levels, ranging from 5.26 to 7.55%. The inclusion of MDPS reduced (P <0.05) losses gases and
effluents in all the treatments, ranging from 6.10 to 3.48 for gas losses and 9.05 to 17.28 for losses
effluent and contributed significantly in the dry matter recovery process (MS). The buffer power
values (PT), pH and ammonia-N were influenced (P <0.05) by the inclusion of different levels of
ground ear corn silage. The levels of acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic, so influenced by the
addition of ground ear corn silage. The soluble carbohydrate values have an increasing depending
on the MDPS inclusion levels, proving to be efficient in their use to improve the fermentation
profile of silages.<br>Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica e as características fermentativas da
silagem de milheto forrageiro, cultivar ADR500 sob a inclusão de diferentes níveis de milho
desintegrado com palha e sabugo (MDPS): 0%, 5%, 10% e 15%, aos 78 dias de crescimento
vegetativo e observar sua capacidade como sequestrante de umidade na silagem. O delineamento
experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições, totalizando
16 unidades experimentais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, as médias
comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% e análise de regressão para os níveis de inclusão. Os teores
de matéria seca (MS) determinados na silagem diferiram (P<0,05) em função dos níveis de
inclusão do MDPS, com variação de 26,53% para o tratamento controle e 38,69% para o
tratamento com maior nível de inclusão. Para os valores de matéria orgânica encontrados houve
diferença significativa apenas do tratamento IV com 15% de inclusão de MDPS (P<0,05)
comparando aos demais tratamentos. Em relação à proteína bruta (PB) observou-se aumento linear
(P<0,05) em função da elevação dos níveis de MDPS, variando entre 9,46% e 14,92%. Os teores
de FDN e FDA determinados nas silagens variaram entre 58,50% até 66,25% para FDA e 31,25%
até 38,50 para o FDA havendo assim diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Para o extrato
etéreo determinado nas silagens de milheto forrageiro com inclusão de MDPS variaram entre 3,13
a 3,95%. O conteúdo de matéria mineral (MM) apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,05) em
função dos níveis de inclusão de MDPS, com variação de 5,26 a 7,55%. A inclusão de MDPS
reduziu (P<0,05) as perdas por gases e efluentes em todos os tratamentos avaliados, variando de
6,10 a 3,48 para as perdas por gases e 9,05 a 17,28 para as perdas por efluentes, e contribuiu
significativamente no processo de recuperação da matéria seca (MS). Os valores de poder tampão
(PT), pH e N-amoniacal foram influenciados (P<0,05) pela inclusão dos diferentes níveis de
MDPS à silagem. Os teores dos ácidos acético, propiônico, butírico e lático, forma influenciados
pela adição de MDPS na silagem. Os valores de carboidratos solúveis tiveram um aumento
crescente em função dos níveis de inclusão do MDPS, demonstrando ser eficiente em seu uso para
melhorar o perfil fermentativo da silagem.
40
Fedosse, Zornio Clarice. "Ionic liquids as multifuncional additives for poly(methyl methacrylate)-based materials." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI041/document.
Full textAbstract:
La vaste gamme de combinaisons possibles de cations et anions, ainsi que les excellentes propriétés intrinsèques des liquides ioniques (LIs) peuvent être considérées comme les principaux facteurs qui ont conduit au développement d’une recherche utilisant des LIs comme additifs des matériaux polymère. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de ce travail est d'explorer le rôle de la nature du cation et/ou du anion du LI sur les propriétés des matériaux basées de poly (méthacrylate de méthyle) (PMMA). Dans une première partie, des LIs de type imidazolium et ammonium ont été incorporés au PMMA et des caractérisations morphologiques et structurales ont été effectuées afin de comprendre leur impact sur les propriétés thermiques, viscoélastiques et mécaniques des matériaux résultants. Dans la section suivante, la capacité de ces LIs à base d'imidazolium et d'ammonium en tant qu’agents interfaciaux à la surface de la silice a été évaluée. Sub-micro et nanoparticules de silice, ainsi que les LIs, ont été incorporées dans une matrice de PMMA afin de préparer des composites. L'amélioration des propriétés des matériaux ont été discutées en fonction du degré auquel chaque LI influence la compatibilité entre les particules et la matrice polymère. De plus, ces composites ont été exposés au dioxyde de carbone en état supercritique (scCO2) pour utiliser celui-ci comme agent moussant et ainsi produire des matériaux expansés. Le rôle du LI et des particules de silice pour structurer les matériaux expansés a été analysé. Dans la dernière partie de cette étude, le scCO2 est utilisé comme milieu de réaction pour la modification chimique par greffage de la surface des nanoparticules de silice par des LIs de type imidazolium, contenant également des groupes hydrolysables et différentes chaînes alkyles. Le rôle de la pression et la quantité de LI ajoutées au milieu de réaction, ainsi que la longueur de la chaîne alkyle des LIs se sont avérées essentielles pour contrôler le degré de fonctionnalisation des nanoparticules. Enfin, ces nanoparticules modifiées ont été incorporées dans une matrice PMMA. Des analyses de morphologie ont été utilisées pour évaluer la dispersion des particules dans la matrice et les propriétés physico-chimiques de ces matériaux ont été également étudiées<br>The large array of cation/anion combinations, and the excellent intrinsic properties of ionic liquids (ILs) open a large range of possibilities in their use as additives to polymer materials. Thus, the main objective of this work is to explore the role of both the cation and anion of a series of ILs on the properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based materials. In a first approach, low amounts of imidazolium and ammonium-based ILs were incorporated as additives to PMMA in the molten state. Morphological and structural characterizations were developed in order to understand the impact of the presence of such ILs on the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. Then, in the following section, the ability of the same imidazolium and ammonium-based ILs as physical modifiers of silica surface was evaluated. In such an approach, ILs were supposed to act as interfacial agents. Sub-micron and nanosize silica particles were used to prepare PMMA composites. Thus, the extents of each IL improve the interfacial interaction between PMMA and silica particles were discussed. In addition, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was used as foaming agent to produce foamed PMMA-based composites. In such a case, the combined effect of the presence of ILs and silica particles was analyzed regarding the morphology of the foamed structures. In the last section, scCO2 was used as reaction medium, in an environmental friendly approach, to chemically modify silica nanoparticles using a series of imidazolium IL-functionalized silanes (with different alkyl chain lengths). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to highlight the effect of the working pressure and the content of such ILs in the reaction medium. The effect of the alkyl chain length on the grafting density of the resulting nanoparticles was also discussed. Finally, novel PMMA-based nanocomposites were prepared by the incorporation of such grafted nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analyses were used to evaluate the state of dispersion of the particles into the polymer matrix. Moreover, the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of the materials were studied
41
Pacheco, Weverton Filgueira. "Parâmentros físicos, perfil fermentativo e composição química de silagem de Pennisetum purpureum com feno de Gliricídia sepium." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18901.
Full textAbstract:
PACHECO, Weverton Filgueira. Parâmentros físicos, perfil fermentativo e composição química de silagem de Pennisetum purpureum com feno de Gliricídia sepium. 2010. x, 46 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2010.<br>Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T15:03:58Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
2010_dis_wfpacheco.pdf: 263740 bytes, checksum: bcb5a344bdf5eb7031ac3bea3631b2fa (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T15:38:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
2010_dis_wfpacheco.pdf: 263740 bytes, checksum: bcb5a344bdf5eb7031ac3bea3631b2fa (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T15:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
2010_dis_wfpacheco.pdf: 263740 bytes, checksum: bcb5a344bdf5eb7031ac3bea3631b2fa (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010<br>The objective was to evaluated the physical parameters, the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the elephant grass silage with gliricidia hay, using experimental mini-silos in a randomized design with five treatments: 100% elephant grass; 95% elephant grass with 5% gliricídia hay; 90% elephant grass with 10% gliricídia hay; 80% elephant grass with 20% gliricídia hay and 60% elephant grass with 40% gliricidia hay, with five replicates per treatment. Were determined pH, ammonia nitrogen (AN), buffering capacity (BC), specific mass (SM), dry specific mass (DSM), effluent yield (EY), gas production (GP), dry matter recovery (DMR), dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL), lignin (LG) , ether extract (EE) and total carbohydrates (TC). The addition of gliricídia hay in elephant grass silage increased linearly the DM, DMS and BC. There was a quadratic for SM, EY, DMR, OM, CP, NDF, HEM, LG and TC. The silages presented pH varying from 4.18 for silage without hay to 4.38 for silages with 40% of the hay. The content of AN was higher for silages without hay (12.24%) and lowest in silages with 40% of the hay (1.40%). The silage without hay had presented lower buffering capacity (41.69 meq/100g of DM) and highest buffering capacity (52.45 meq/100g of MS), for silage with 40% of the hay. The silage without hay had lower DM (14.96%) and higher DM (43.84%) for silage with 40% of gliricidia hay. The CEL varying from 19.54% (40% of the hay) to 31.14% (without hay). The silage presented TC varying from 74.45% (40% hay) to 81.33 % (without hay). It can be concluded that the addition of gliricidia hay in the elephant grass silage improved the chemical composition, the physical parameters and the fermentation characteristics of the elephant grass silage.<br>Objetivou-se através desse trabalho, avaliar as características físicas, o perfil fermentativo e a composição química de silagem de capim-elefante com feno de gliricídia, utilizando-se mini-silos experimentais em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 100% capim-elefante; 95% de capim-elefante com 5% de feno de gliricídia; 90% de capim-elefante com 10% de feno de gliricídia; 80% de capim-elefante com 20% de feno de gliricídia e 60% de capim-elefante com 40% de feno de gliricídia, com cinco repetições por tratamento. Foram determinados pH, nitrogênio amoniacal (NA), capacidade tampão (CT), massa específica (ME), massa específica seca (MES), produção de efluentes (PE), produção de gases (PG), recuperação de matéria seca (RMS), matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM), celulose (CEL), lignina (LG), extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CHOT). A adição de feno de gliricídia nas silagens de capim-elefante causou efeito linear para as variáveis MS, MES e CT. Houve resposta quadrática para as variáveis ME, PE, RMS, MO, PB, FDN, HEM, LG e CHOT. As silagens apresentaram pH variando de 4,18 para silagens sem adição de feno a 4,38 para silagens com 40% de adição de feno. O teor de NA foi maior para silagens sem adição de feno (12,24%) e menor em silagens com 40% de adição de feno (1,40%). As silagens sem adição de feno apresentaram menor capacidade tampão (41,69 n.e.mg/100g MS) e as silagens com 40% de adição de feno apresentaram maior valor de capacidade tampão (52,45 n.e.mg/100g MS). As silagens sem adição de feno apresentaram menores MS (14,96%), enquanto que as silagens com 40% de adição de feno de gliricídia apresentaram maiores teores de MS (43,84%). Os teores de PB variaram de 5,36 % (sem adição de feno) a 8,20 % (40% de adição de feno). Com relação aos teores de FDN, observou-se que as silagens com adição 40% de feno apresentaram os menores teores de FDN (46,73%). Os teores de CEL variaram de 19,54% (40% de adição feno) a 31,14% (sem adição de feno). Os teores de CHOT das silagens variaram de 74,45% (40% de feno) a 81,33% (0% de feno). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a adição de feno de gliricídia na ensilagem do capim elefante melhorou a sua composição química, as características físicas e o perfil fermentativo das silagens.
42
Otoo, Barnabas. "Conjugate Additions and Transposition of the Allylic Alcohols of Enol Ethers of 1, 2-Cyclohexanedione." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1748.
Full textAbstract:
A variety of protected enolic forms of 1, 2-cyclohexanedione was prepared as substrates for conjugate addition studies using organocopper reagents. The sequence involved the enol ether preparation via the enolate, alkylation with an organometalic reagent, and oxidative rearrangement with pyridinium chlorochromate followed by the conjugate addition reactions. Protection of 1, 2-cyclohexanedione was achieved by reacting with chloro tert-butyldimethyl silane and subjected to alkylation. Steric problems were encountered and so an alternative protective group the methoxymethyl acetal was prepared and studied. Alkylation of these derivatives was successful; however, the oxidation was problematic and although evidence for rearrangement was observed in one case, it did not provide the desired ketone.
43
Behmanesh, Javad. "Étude de la durabilité d'un sédiment, traité au ciment et additifs." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2015.
Full textAbstract:
Un axe de développement durable se décline dans le recyclage et la valorisation de la majorité des déchets. En effet, en France, on estime à environ 50 millions de m³ le volume moyen de sédiments dragués annuellement. Dans les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse, une valorisation d’un sédiment dragué au port autonome du Havre est proposée. Quatre liants: chaux, cendre volante, ciment et fumée de silice ont été utilisés dans cet objectif. Après une introduction générale sur le traitement des sédiments dragués, une étude bibliographique est présentée au chapitre II. Le chapitre III est consacré aux caractéristiques d’un sédiment traité. Une méthodologie de préparation des échantillons est ensuite donnée au chapitre IV. Le chapitre V présente alors l’analyse et l’interprétation des résultats des essais. Finalement des conclusions et des perspectives sont proposées au chapitre VI. Au terme de ces travaux, l’utilisation des sédiments dragués en tant que matériau possible dans le domaine routier apparaît tout à fait envisageable. Un procédé de traitement de sédiments fins, pollués par une huile de vidange est présenté. Les performances mécaniques et la durabilité du sédiment traité avec de la fumée de silice et du ciment sont améliorées<br>An axis of sustainable development deals with recycling and valorization of the majority of waste. In France, the average volume of sediments annually dredged is estimated to be 50 millions cubic meters. In the research presented in this dissertation, the valorization of dredged sediment at the autonomous port of Le Havre is proposed. Four binders, namely, lime, fly ash, cement and silica fume were used in this study. After a general introduction on the treatment of dredged sediments, a review of literature is presented in chapter II. Chapter III is devoted to the study of the characteristics of the treated sediment. A method of sample preparation is given in chapter IV. Chapter V present the analysis and interpretation of the results of the experiments. Finally the conclusion and perspectives are proposed in Chapter VI. Upon completion of this work, the use of the dredged sediments as a possible material in the domain of road appears quite conceivable. A technique for treating fine sediments, polluted by an engine oil is presented. On the other hand, the mechanical performance and durability of sediments treated with silica fume are improved
44
Bourdot, Alexandra. "Étude de l’influence des schistes calcinés sur la réaction Alcali-Silice pour une meilleure valorisation en bétons de granulats réactifs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10121.
Full textAbstract:
L’emploi de granulats dits “potentiellement réactifs” (PR) vis-à-vis de la Réaction Alcali-Silice (RAS) peut conduire à la dégradation des bétons. Pour pallier aux risques d’expansion de béton constitués de ces granulats, des ajouts minéraux tels les schistes calcinés (SC) peuvent être utilisés comme substituants au clinker. Ce travail a un double objectif qui est de mieux comprendre le rôle des SC pour lutter contre la RAS et le comportement du granulat PR calcaire siliceux de Brunnen en particulier vis-à-vis de la RAS.Parmi les granulats utilisés, le Brunnen a donc fait l’objet d’une caractérisation fine. La présence de silice micronique voire submicronique de type quartz monocristallin semble être très réactive par sa petite taille et pourrait être responsable de l’expansion des bétons à base de ce granulat. Les SC ont également fait l’objet d’une caractérisation détaillée. Malgré une minéralogie et une structure complexes, de la silice micronique a été distinguée. L’action des SC par rapport à la RAS a ensuite été étudiée en milieu réactionnel modèle et enfin en milieu béton. Les résultats montrent un effet bénéfique des SC en milieu réactionnel, malgré des conditions non optimales pour mettre en évidence la réaction pouzzolanique. De même, les SC permettent de diminuer les expansions de béton sous le seuil limite toléré dès 17 % de SC pour le silex et à 30 % de SC ou bien avec le ciment CEM II/B-M (S,T) 42,5 R (Robusto 4R-S) pour les calcaires siliceux. Les SC auraient un double effet pour inhiber la RAS par la fixation des alcalins sur les produits de la réaction pouzzolanique mais aussi par la neutralisation de ceux-ci sur sa silice micronique<br>The use of the so-called “potentially reactive” (PR) aggregates, with respect to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR), leads to concrete degradations. In order to avoid the expansion of concrete made with them, some mineral additions such as burnt oil shales (SC) can be used as substituents to the clinker. The present work has a two aims, first to better understand the role of the SC against ASR and then the behavior of the siliceous limestone PR of Brunnen towards ASR. Among the aggregates used, the Brunnen was characterized. The presence of crypto to micro-SiO2, consisting of monocrystalline quartz, seems to be very reactive by its small size and would engender the expansion of concretes based on this aggregate. Despite a mineralogical and textural complexity, a micro-SiO2 was highlighted. The action of SC towards ASR was then studied by a model reactor and finally in concretes. Results show a beneficial effect of SC in the model reactor, in spite of non optimal conditions to show the pozzolanic reaction. As far as that goes, SC allowed the decrease of concrete expansions under the threshold limit for a 17 %wt of SC for flint and 30 %wt of SC or with CEM II/B-M (S,T) 42,5 R (Robusto 4R-S) for siliceous limestones. SC could have a dual effect of inhibiting ASR by fixing alkalis on products of the pozzolanic reaction and also neutralizing alkalis on its micro-SiO2
45
Soumbo, Marvine. "Adsorption des protéines sur les surfaces de couches minces de silice seules ou additivées de nanoparticules d'argent : impact sur les forces d'adhésion de Candida albicans." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30258.
Full textAbstract:
Dans de nombreux secteurs, l'adhésion microbienne sur les surfaces est la source de multiples impacts négatifs. Cette étape est considérée comme préliminaire au développement de biofilm et peut être influencée par la présence d'un film conditionnant engendré par l'adsorption des protéines sur la surface. Ainsi, les stratégies visant une intervention au moment de la phase initiale d'adhésion représentent une approche appropriée pour prévenir la bio-contamination des surfaces et nécessitent une compréhension à l'échelle moléculaire. Dans ce contexte, les matériaux nanocomposites à base de nanoparticules d'argents (AgNPs) et de silice (SiO2) apparaissent comme des outils pertinents. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'utilisation de substrats nanocomposites possédant une monocouche d'AgNPs exposées à leurs surfaces ou enterrées dans une matrice de SiO2plasma à une distance contrôlée de quelques nanomètres de la surface afin d'explorer, d'une part l'adhésion de protéines modèles (Sérum Albumine Bovine, DsRed et Fibronectine) et leurs changements conformationnels et d'autre part, la cinétique de détachement de la levure Candida albicans dans les différentes conditions. Les AgNPs sont bien connues pour leurs activités antimicrobiennes et présentent de plus, des propriétés optiques permettant de détecter des signatures moléculaires à leurs proximités. Suite à l'application de la spectroscopie Raman exaltée de surface en utilisant les couches nanocomposites à base d'AgNPs, la détection de trois conformations de la DsRed (protéine fluorescente rouge) adsorbée et déshydratée sur les substrats plasmoniques a été possible. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les changements conformationnels des protéines avec une forte cohérence interne sont réversibles. En parallèle, nous avons évalué la dynamique d'organisation et le comportement de la SAB, de la Fn et de la DsRed en contact avec des couches minces de silice ou additivées d'AgNPs. Les mesures des angles de contact des gouttelettes de différentes concentrations protéiques ont montré une interaction hydrophile croissante avec la SiO2th thermique. L'hydrophobicité de surface est modifiée pour les substrats nanocomposites. L'épaisseur et les propriétés optiques des couches protéiques adsorbées ont été évaluées par ellipsométrie spectroscopique. En fonction de la concentration de protéines dans solution les résultats montrent l'évolution d'une monocouche protéique non continue et non dense vers une monocouche plus compacte et plus complexe pour des concentrations élevées.[...]<br>Microbial adhesion on solid surfaces is the source of multiple negative impacts in many areas. This step is considered prior to biofilm formation. It might be influenced by the presence of a conditioning layer generated after protein adsorption on the surface. Thus, strategies to act during the initial phase of microbial adhesion represent an appropriate approach to prevent bio-contamination of solid surfaces. However, they require understanding of the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level. In this context, nanocomposite materials based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silica (SiO2) appear as relevant tools. This thesis focuses on the use of nanocomposite thin layers containing a plan of AgNPs exposed on their surfaces or buried in a SiO2plasma matrix at a controlled distance of a few nanometers from the surface in order to explore, on the one hand, the adhesion of model proteins (Bovine Serum Albumin, DsRed and Fibronectin) and their conformational changes and secondly, the kinetics of detachment of the yeast Candida albicans under the different conditions. AgNPs are well known for their antimicrobial activities but also for their optical properties allowing detection of molecular signatures at their proximities. Following the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using AgNP-based nanocomposite layers, the detection of three conformations of DsRed (red fluorescent protein) adsorbed and dehydrated on plasmonic substrates was achieved. The obtained results show that the conformational changes of proteins with a strong internal coherence are reversible. In parallel, we have evaluated the dynamics of the organization and behavior of BSA, Fn and DsRed in contact with thin silica layers or silica layers containing AgNPs. Contact angle measurements of droplets of different protein concentrations showed increasing hydrophilic interaction with thermal SiO2th. For the nanocomposite layers, the surface hydrophobicity is modified. The thickness and optical properties of the adsorbed protein layers were evaluated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Depending on the protein concentration in solution the results show the evolution of a non-continuous and non-dense protein monolayer to a more compact and complex monolayer at high concentrations. [...]
46
Winckler, João Pedro Pereira. "Estratégias de vedação e adição de benzoato de sódio no controle de perdas em silagens de milho e desempenho de vacas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-17092015-145557/.
Full textAbstract:
Estratégias de vedação tem sido adotadas com o intuito de reduzir a entrada de oxigênio para o interior dos silos. Aditivos químicos como o benzoato de sódio, que apresenta funções antimicrobianas também pode ser empregado para melhoria da estabilidade aeróbia de silagens. Porém, ainda não se sabe se pode causar efeitos adversos no consumo ou metabolismo dos animais alimentados e, consequentemente levar a alterações no desempenho animal. Desta forma no presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de estratégias de vedação de silos trincheira sobre as perdas de MS e valor nutritivo de silagens de milho e, a adição de benzoato sódio na ração total no valor nutritivo para vacas leteiras. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP). A cultura do milho foi colhida com aproximadamente 35% de matéria seca (MS) e ensilada em silos trincheira (capacidade de 40 t). No momento do fechamento dos silos, dois tratamentos foram impostos: (1) lona dupla-face 200 μm protegida com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (camada com espessura de 10 cm) (BG) e, (2) aplicação superficial de benzoato de sódio 150 g/m2 (diluído em água 1:4) imediatamente antes da vedação com lona dupla-face 200 μm (BZ). Vinte vacas Holandesas em lactação foram alocadas em cinco Quadrados Latinos 4 × 4 em períodos de 21 dias (14 d adaptação). As dietas experimentais continham (%MS): 8% de caroço de algodão, 9,5% de polpa cítrica, 18% de farelo de soja, 9,0% de milho moído seco, 2,5% premix mineral + vitaminas e 53% de silagem de milho: BG ou BZ ou silagem de milho BG + 0,15% de benzoato de sódio ou silagem de milho BZ mais 0,15% de benzoato de sódio. O benzoato de sódio foi diluído em água (0,3:1) e aspergido na ração total imediatamente antes de cada trato. Os dados foram submetidos à análise utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS, através de arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. A silagem com cobertura de bagaço de cana foi mais eficiente em reduzir a entrada de oxigênio durante o processo de fermentação e, consequentemente levou ao menor crescimento de microrganismos deterioradores e melhor conservação dos nutrientes da silagem, resultando em maior digestibilidade da MS. A adição de benzoato de sódio na dose de 0,15% na MN não altera o desempenho de vacas leiteiras.<br>Sealing strategies have been adopted to reduce oxygen entrance to silo. Chemical additives such as sodium benzoate have antimicrobial activity and it can also promote an aerobic stability on silage. Nevertheless it is still unknown if sodium benzoate supplementation on silage may affect animal consumption or cause deleterious effect on metabolism with influence on animal performance. The objective of this study was using different sealing strategies to assess dry matter loss and nutritional value on corn silage, and the influence of supplementing sodium benzoate on total mixed ration for dairy cattle. This trial was conducted at Animal Science Department of Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP). Corn crop was harvested with 35% of dry matter (DM) and ensiled on horizontal silos (40 t capacity). A factorial design (2x2) for silo sealing and benzoate as an additive on dietary feed were evaluated. Silo sealing strategies were confected as follows: (1) Plastic film doubled-sized 200 μm covered with bagasse (layer thickness 10 cm) (BG) and 2) application of sodium benzoate on top surface of ensiled mass pulverizing 150 g m-2 (dilution of 1:4) sealing it immediately with plastic film double-sided 200 μm (BZ). After 343 days of storage, the silos were open and the lactation trial started. Two dietary treatments evaluated the addition sodium benzoate on feed mixture of total ration. Sodium benzoate was incorporated (+ 0.15 % on total feed) on corn silage from BG and BZ and no incorporation to BG and BZ were used as control treatment. Dietary sodium benzoate was diluted on water (0.3:1 ratio) and pulverized on total ration immediately before each meal. Feed formulation: 8% cottonseed meal, 9.5% citric pulp, 18% soybean meal, 9% dry corn meal, 2.5 % vitamin and mineral premix, and 53% of corn silage. Twenty Holstein cows lactating were allocated in five Latin squares (4 x 4) during 21 days (14 days to acclimate) and fed twice a day. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and quality were recorded between day 15th and 21st from each experimental period. Data were subjected to MIXED procedure from SAS for factorial design (2x2). The silage with sugarcane bagasse coverage was more effective in reducing the oxygen input during the fermentation process and consequently led to lower growth of spoilage microorganisms and better conservation of silage nutrients, resulting in increased digestibility of dry matter. Adding 0.15 % of sodium benzoate on fresh matter diet doesn\'t affect the performance of dairy cows.
47
KADRI, EL HADJ. "Contribution a l'etude de l'influence de la fumee de silice sur les caracteristiques des betons a hautes performances (b. H. P. )." Cergy-Pontoise, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CERG0046.
Full textAbstract:
Cette recherche est consacree a l'etude de l'influence de la fumee de silice sur l'ouvrabilite et la resistance en compression du beton a hautes performances. Les betons sont realises a partir de melanges comportants des teneurs variables en fumee de silice (10, 20 et 30%) et superplastifiant. La fumee de silice est ajoutee en substitution du ciment avec des rapports : eau sur liant variant entre 0,25 et 0,45 et en gardant un affaissement constant. Nous montrons que l'ouvrabilite du beton est tres sensible a la nature du couple superplastifiant/liant et que la fumee de silice agit favorablement sur la consistance et la perte d'affaissement du beton au cours du temps, lorsqu'elle est ajoutee en teneur voisine de 10%. De plus la fumee de silice agit en tant qu'activateur chimique en accelerant l'hydratation a tres court terme et vient compenser l'effet retardateur du au superplastifiant. Elle constitue une pouzzolane tres reactive qui permet d'accroitre la resistance mecanique en compression essentiellement pendant les deux premieres semaines. L'effet optimum sur la resistance correspond aussi a des teneurs de l'ordre de 10 a 15% d'ajout. Au dela d'un pourcentage de 20%, la reactivite pouzzolanique est compensee par l'effet physique de dilution granulaire.
48
Picard, Loïc. "Mise au point d'additifs siliciés pour l'adhérisation d'élastomères silicone sur supports métalliques." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0114.
Full textAbstract:
L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse était de développer un primaire d’adhésion stable, permettant l’adhérisation de tous types d’élastomères silicone sur une grande majorité de surfaces métalliques, et ce de façon reproductible. Dans un premier temps, une étude bibliographique détaillée des différentes formulations de primaire à base de silanes utilisées pour l’adhésion de tous types d’élastomères silicone (EVC, EVF et LSR) a été effectuée. Pour compléter la compréhension du système métal/primaire d’adhésion/élastomère silicone étudié, trois formulations de primaire, dont une formulation « maison », et trois élastomères silicone ont été analysés et leurs compositions, ainsi que leurs propriétés en adhésion, ont été déterminées. La caractérisation de différentes résines silicone composant la formulation « maison » de primaire a également été effectuée. Cette dernière a ensuite été optimisée en synthétisant de nouvelles résines silicone, en ajustant les taux de chaque composant et en changeant le type de catalyseur. Dans un second temps, la caractérisation physico-chimique des primaires d’adhésion enduits sur la surface d’un métal (aluminium) a été effectuée. La topologie des films de primaire (épaisseur, rugosité et uniformité) et leurs propriétés de mouillage ont été déterminées. Ces résultats ont été complétés par la caractérisation des faciès de rupture des pièces composites métal/primaire/élastomère silicone. À la suite de ces différentes analyses complémentaires, le paramètre gouvernant la sélectivité d’un primaire d’adhésion pour un grade d’EVC a été isolé. Une courbe modèle permettant la formulation d’un primaire polyvalent a été proposée et validée par la formulation d’un primaire d’adhésion pouvant adhérer les différents grades d’EVC sélectionnés pour cette étude<br>This PhD work aimed at developing a stable primer of adhesion, allowing the bonding of all types of silicone elastomers onto a vast majority of metallic surfaces, in a reproducible way. In a first approach, a detailed bibliographic study was performed on the different primer based-silane formulations used for the adhesion of any types of silicone elastomers (HCR, RTV and LSR). To better understand the metal/primer/silicone elastomer system, three primer formulations, including a homemade formulation, and three silicone elastomers were analyzed and their compositions, and adhesive properties, were determined. The characterization of different silicone resins entering in the composition of the homemade primer formulation was also carried out. The latter was optimized by synthetizing new silicone resins, by adjusting the content of each component and by changing the type of catalyst. In a second step, the characterization of the physical chemistry of the primer formulations coated on a metal surface (aluminum) was performed. The topology of the primer films (thickness, roughness and uniformity) and their wettability were determined. These information were completed by the characterization of fracture profiles of the composite part metal/primer/silicone elastomer. Following these additional analyses, the parameter governing the selectivity of a primer formulation for a grade of HCR was isolated and a model curve for the formulation of a polyvalent primer was proposed. This curve was validated by the formulation of a primer which can bond the different grades of HCR selected for this study
49
Schmidt, Patrick. "Perdas fermentativas na ensilagem, parâmetros digestivos e desempenho de bovinos de corte alimentados com rações contendo silagens de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-06102006-170541/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar fatores associados à ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), com destaque para a aplicação de aditivos químicos e microbianos, sobre a composição químico-bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, digestão de nutrientes e desempenho de bovinos de corte. No primeiro experimento, avaliaram-se variedades de cana-de-açúcar, idades de colheita, tempos de armazenamento das silagens e inclusão de uréia como aditivo na ensilagem, sobre composição das silagens, perdas e parâmetros fermentativos. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial 3x2x2x2, usando-se silos experimentais para confecção das silagens. A composição de nutrientes das silagens foi afetada pelos fatores testados. Silagens da variedade IAC86-2480 apresentaram menor teor de fração fibrosa e de matéria seca, e maior digestibilidade in vitro em relação à variedade IAC87-3184. Plantas colhidas aos 15 meses proporcionaram perdas reduzidas de MS. A aplicação de uréia nas ensilagens foi efetiva em reduzir as perdas totais de MS, e não alterou os teores de etanol ou ácido acético, e elevou o teor médio de ácido lático das silagens. Em um segundo experimento foram avaliados os aditivos químicos uréia e benzoato de sódio, e os microbianos Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) e L. buchneri (LB) na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar, bem como a cana-de-açúcar ensilada sem aditivos, em rações para bovinos providos de cânula, em ensaio de digestão. Os aditivos aplicados alteraram a composição e as recuperações de MS das silagens. O consumo de MS, digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes e comportamento ingestivo dos animais não foram alterados pelos tratamentos testados. Os parâmetros ruminais foram afetados de forma moderada pelos tratamentos experimentais, com concentrações molares médias dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico de 60,9; 19,3 e 10,2 mM, respectivamente. Os tratamentos com uréia, LB e benzoato de sódio elevaram moderadamente a degradabilidade efetiva da MS das silagens. Em uma terceira fase, avaliou-se a silagem de cana sem aditivos e silagens contendo doses de LB em rações para bovinos de corte em confinamento. Foram usados 56 tourinhos Nelore e Canchim, alimentados com rações contendo 45% de volumoso. A inoculação com LB alterou de forma moderada a composição das silagens. A silagem controle apresentou teor de etanol três vezes superior aos tratamentos inoculados (1,53 vs 0,45% da MS). A adição de ingredientes concentrados às silagens foi efetiva em melhorar substancialmente as variáveis de estabilidade aeróbia. Silagens aditivadas proporcionaram elevação na ingestão (23,0%) e no ganho de peso dos animais (12,7%), em relação às rações com silagem controle. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais experimentais foi afetado pelos tratamentos, sendo que rações contendo silagem controle necessitaram de maior tempo para ingestão, ruminação e mastigação, em relação aos tratamentos inoculados. A presença de aditivos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar foi efetiva em controlar perdas e preservar o valor nutritivo da forragem conservada.<br>The goal of this trial was to evaluate ensiling associated factors influencing sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.)silages, mainly the use of chemical and microbial additives on the chemical composition, fermentative losses, nutrient digestion and performance of beef cattle. On the first trial, sugar cane varieties were evaluated across harvesting forage ages, storage time and the addition of urea over the chemical composition, fermentative parameters and losses. A factorial 3x2x2x2 design was applied upon experimental silos. The nutrient composition of silages was affected by the studied factors. The silages from IAC86-2480 variety showed lower fiber and dry matter contents and higher in vitro digestibility contents than the silage made of IAC87-3184 variety. Plants that were cut at the age of 15 months led to lower DM losses. The urea addition on ensiling was effective on decreasing total DM losses and did not change the ethanol or acetic acid contents, however increased the mean lactic acid content of silages. On a second trial, the chemical additives, urea and Na-benzoate, were evaluated and the microbial inoculants Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and L. buchneri were also studied on sugar cane ensiling, compared to the control sugar cane silage, by using ruminally cannulated steers fed TMR rations in a digestion trial. The additives altered the composition and the DM recovery rate of the silages. Overall DM intake, apparent in vivo digestibilities and animal behavior were not affected by treatments. The ruminal parameters were slightly affected by treatments, which averaged molar concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acids of 60.9, 19.3 and 10.2 mM, respectively. The urea, LB and Na-benzoate treatments promoted moderate increase on DM effective degradabilities of silages. On the third trial, sugar cane silage without additives and LB added silages were studied on the feedlot beef cattle rations. Fifty six Nellore or Canchim beef bulls were assigned to treatments and fed with 45% forage rations. The LB silages had small changes on the chemical composition and the control silage showed a three times increased content of ethanol when compared to inoculated silages (1.53 vs 0.45% of DM). The concentrates added to silages were effective on improving the aerobic stability parameters. The rations containing LB added silages provided increase on the DM intake (23.0%) and daily weight gain of animals (12.7%), when compared to the control silage ration. The ingestive behavior of experimental bulls was affected by treatments, where control silage ration showed increased feeding, rumination and chewing time, when compared to the inoculated silages. The additives on sugar cane ensiling were effective to prevent losses and to preserve the nutritive value of ensiled forage.
50
Coelho, Rodrigo Michelini. "Efeitos da concentração de matéria seca e do uso de inoculante bacteriano-enzimático, na silagem de tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), sobre a digestão de nutrientes, parâmetros ruminais e comportamento ingestivo em novilhos de corte em crescimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-19122002-163719/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do emurchecimento da forragem associado ou não ao uso do aditivo bacteriano-enzimático na ensilagem do capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). Foi realizada avaliação de perdas nos painéis das silagens experimentais, assim como da composição bromatológica e do tamanho de partículas das mesmas. Ocorreram observações periódicas de comportamento ingestivo, consistência ruminal, consumo voluntário, parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, taxa de passagem de sólidos e líquidos ruminais em novilhos que receberam rações contendo 80% desses volumosos na base seca. Foram utilizados sete novilhos da raça Nelore, distribuídos ao acaso em um experimento do tipo quadrado latino 7 x 7. Os tratamentos avaliados foram resultantes da combinação de 3 concentrações de matéria seca (MS) na silagem do capim Tifton 85 (25, 45 e 65%) associadas (CA) ou não (SA) ao aditivo bacteriano-enzimático. Um tratamento adicional contendo 55% MS sem aditivo também foi avaliado. O aditivo utilizado foi o produto comercial SILALL®, contendo cepas de Streptococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici e as enzimas hemicelulase, celulase e amilase, aplicadas na dosagem de 250 g de SILALL® diluídas em 50 litros de água por tonelada de forragem, imediatamente antes da ensilagem. A técnica de emurchecimento possibilitou elevar o teor de matéria seca mas, da mesma maneira que a adição do inoculante bacteriano-enzimático, provocou alterações pouco pronunciadas na composição química da silagem. Nas silagens SA o aumento da concentração de MS foi acompanhado de elevação no teor de FDN resultando em redução do teor de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). A fração protéica B3 nas silagens apresentou tendência de aumento com a elevação na concentração de MS, em função da progressiva elevação da fração N insolúvel no FDN, simultaneamente à redução N insolúvel no FDA. A avaliação dos silos após abertura, indicou aumento de perdas com a elevação da concentração de MS que, entretanto, podem ter sido decorrentes de uma menor taxa de utilização dos fardos contendo silagens com menor umidade. Tanto a consistência ruminal, avaliada como o tempo de ascensão do pêndulo no interior do rúmen (1194 seg.), como os parâmetros de cinética de passagem de sólidos (3,09% hora -1 ) e de líquidos (4,37% hora -1 ) foram similares para os tratamentos avaliados. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais não foi alterado com a elevação da concentração de MS da silagem, sendo observados tempos (minutos dia -1 ) e taxas (min kg MS 1 ) de ingestão de MS (324; 47), ruminação (518; 75) e mastigação (841; 123), respectivamente. O consumo diário de MS das rações, pelos animais, foi semelhante para os tratamentos avaliados, resultando em média de 6,95 kg equivalente a 1,88% do peso corpóreo. As concentrações molares (mM) individuais e totais (140,29) dos ácidos graxos voláteis, a relação acetato:propionato (4,2:1), concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (6,31 mg dL -1 ) e o pH (6,76), do fluido ruminal, não foram alterados pelos tratamentos estudados. As digestibilidades da matéria orgânica (71,5%), proteína bruta (69,1%), FDN (71,3%), FDA (64,9%) e hemicelulose (83,3%) não foram, em geral, fortemente influenciadas pela concentração de MS da silagem do capim Tifton 85, aditivadas ou não. No entanto, a digestibilidade da MS (71,0%) apresentou um comportamento quadrático (P<0,05), com ligeira elevação ao redor de 45% de concentração de MS, nas silagens. Diante destas observações, pode-se concluir que o emurchecimento da forragem e o uso de aditivo bacteriano-enzimático não resultaram em alterações expressivas nos parâmetros ruminais, digestivos e no comportamento ingestivo dos animais.<br>The present trial aimed to study the effects of forage wilting associated or not with a bacterial-enzymatic inoculant on ensiling Tifton 85 grass. Front panel of experimental silos (325 kg square wrapped bales) were daily scored for fungi development and weekly sampled for chemical composition analysis and particle chop length measurements. In a randomized 7 x 7 Latin square design, seven ruminal cannulated growing beef steers were assigned to diets (treatments) containing 80% silage. Periodically chewing behavior, feed intake, ruminal mat consistency, ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility and ruminal rate of passage of solids and liquids phases were evaluated. Treatments combined 3 planned dry matter (DM) concentrations (25, 45 and 65%) of Tifton 85 grass silage associated (CA) or not (SA) with the bacterial-enzymatic (BE) inoculant source. An additional treatment containing wilted silage (55% DM) without (BE) was also studied. SIL-ALL®, the BE source used, was sprayed onto chopped forage just before silage packing at a rate of 250g diluted in 50L of deionized water per ton of wet forage. The commercial BE showed the following composition: Streptococus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici plus hemicellulase, cellulase and starch degrading enzymes. The wilting of forage allowed to increase the DM concentration of silages, however, as well as BE addition, it was not effective to promote major changes on chemical composition of silages. On SA silages, higher NDF levels were observed as the DM level of the wilted silage increased, which resulted in lower non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) fraction. The B3 protein fraction (NDIN minus ADIN) showed an increase as the DM concentration of wilted silage was raised, probably as result of an opposite trend between neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) across DM levels. Silage losses, measured as both, fungi scored at bale front panel and percentage of spoiled silage, indicated higher levels associated with increased DM concentration. It might be explained by the lower bale unloading rate observed during the feeding trial, mainly in higher DM wilted silages. Both, ruminal mat consistency, measured as time required to weight ascension into the rumen (1194 sec.) as well as ruminal kinetics, evaluated as passage rate of solid (3.09% hour -1 ) and liquid (4.37% hour -1 ) phases were similar for all treatments. Animal ingestive behavior measured as total time (minutes day -1 ) and rate (minutes DM kg -1 ) was not changed across silages DM concentration, averaging DM eating (324; 47), DM ruminating (518; 75) and DM chewing (841; 123), respectively. Residual daily time was spent with drinking and idling activities. The DM intakes observed among experimental diets, containing wilted silages, were not statistically different and averaged 6.95 kg day -1 or 1.88% as body weight basis. Individual and total (140.29) molar concentration (mM) of volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate:propionate ratio (4,2:1), ammonia-N (6.31 mg dL -1 ) and average daily pH (6.76) of ruminal fluid were similar across silages diets. Nutrient digestibilities were, also, not significantly affected by the increased DM concentration in wilted silages or by the BE inoculation, as follows: organic matter (71.5%), crude protein (69.1%), NDF (71.3%), ADF (64.9%) and hemicellulose (83.3%). DM digestibilities, however, performed a quadratic pattern (P<0.05), with a slight increase at 45% DM concentration in silages. According to the results it may be concluded that neither the increase of DM concentration of grass silages nor the addition of bacterial-enzymatic inoculant changed animal ingestive behavior or improved ruminal and digestive parameters analyzed.