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Journal articles on the topic 'Silage Clostridium'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Julien, Marie-Claude, Patrice Dion, Carole Lafrenière, Hani Antoun, and Pascal Drouin. "Sources of Clostridia in Raw Milk on Farms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 20 (August 29, 2008): 6348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00913-08.

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ABSTRACT A PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to examine on-farm sources of Clostridium cluster I strains in four dairy farms over 2 years. Conventional microbiological analysis was used in parallel to monitor size of clostridial populations present in various components of the milk production chain (soil, forage, grass silage, maize silage, dry hay, and raw milk). PCR amplification with Clostridium cluster I-specific 16S rRNA gene primers followed by DGGE separation yielded a total of 47 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which varied greatly with respect to frequency of occurrence. Some OTUs were found only in forage, and forage profiles differed according to farm location (southern or northern Québec). More clostridial contamination was found in maize silage than in grass silage. Milk represented a potential environment for certain OTUs. No OTU was milk specific, indicating that OTUs originated from other environments. Most (83%) of the OTUs detected in raw milk were also found in grass or maize silage. Milk DGGE profiles differed according to farm and sampling year and fit into two distinct categories. One milk profile category was characterized by the presence of a few dominant OTUs, the presence of which appeared to be more related to farm management than to feed contamination. OTUs were more varied in the second profile category. The identities of certain OTUs frequently found in milk were resolved by cloning and sequencing. Clostridium disporicum was identified as an important member of clostridial populations transmitted to milk. Clostridium tyrobutyricum was consistently found in milk and was widespread in the other farm environments examined.
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Goldsztejn, Magdalena, Tomasz Grenda, Nina Kozieł, Magdalena Sapała, Małgorzata Mazur, Zbigniew Sieradzki, Beata Król, and Krzysztof Kwiatek. "Potential determinants of Clostridium spp. occurrence in Polish silage." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0075.

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AbstractIntroductionSilage quality deteriorates with Clostridium spp. contamination, and if consumed, such silage jeopardises herd health and productivity. Minimising its occurrence reduces economic and animal welfare risks. The study investigated the influence of environmental and technological determinants on the Clostridium genus’ occurrence in silage.Material and MethodsAnalyses were conducted on 305 silage samples directly collected from farms located in all Polish provinces. Cultures and isolates were evaluated phenotypically and examined for occurrence of Clostridium spp., particularly C. perfringens and C. botulinum using PCR techniques. The results were statistically analysed using the ᵡ2 test for continuous and Student’s t-test for non-continuous values.ResultsThe most influential effect on Clostridium spp. occurrence is exerted by factors potentially associated with primary production, like the type of fertilisation and the contamination level of the ensiled feed material. Clostridium spp. was detected in 232 (76%) samples, and C. perfringens strains, predominantly toxinotype A, in 79 (26%). C. botulinum occurrence was not detected.ConclusionsDeterioration of silage by clostridia could be prevented by a properly conducted ensiling process with the addition of starter cultures, but the presence of spores mainly depends on primary production and the extent of contamination of the feed material.
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Hartinger, T., K. Kube, N. Gresner, and K. H. Südekum. "Varying ensiling conditions affect the fermentation quality and abundance of bacterial key players in lucerne silages." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 4 (May 2020): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185962000057x.

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AbstractThe successful ensiling of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) depends on a rapid acidification in the silo and consequently relies on a sufficient proliferation of, particularly homofermentative, lactic acid bacteria. Similarly, growth of spoilage bacteria, such as enterobacteria and clostridia, must be suppressed and silage additives are therefore frequently applied to promote favourable conditions during ensiling. Three silage additives or soil were applied during lucerne ensiling and investigated for their effects on silage quality characteristics and abundances of total bacteria as well as the bacterial key players Lactobacillus spp., homofermentative Lact. plantarum, heterofermentative Lact. buchneri, Clostridium spp. and Enterobacteriaceae after 30 days of storage. Inoculation with viable Lact. plantarum resulted in highest concentration of this species and excellent silage quality, i.e. high lactic acid concentration coupled with low acetic acid and ammonia-nitrogen concentrations. A sodium nitrite and hexamine-based additive did not support growth of lactic acid bacteria, which was also apparent by higher pH and low lactic acid concentration. No effect of treatments was found on spoilage-related enterobacteria and clostridia, even not when adding soil to lucerne to increase initial clostridial contamination. However, soil treatment resulted in increased ammonia-nitrogen and acetic acid concentrations. Consequently, among the bacterial key players, lactic acid bacteria concentrations were related to silage quality. Regarding spoilage bacteria, however, alterations in silage quality characteristics were not reflected in the abundances of enterobacteria and clostridia. Future investigations should underpin the present findings and help to understand how silage additives affect microbial key players and silage fermentation.
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Mora, Maximilian, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, and Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. "Performic Acid Controls Better Clostridium tyrobutyricum Related Bacteria than Peracetic Acid." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114116.

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Clostridia are anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, which degrade carbohydrates to butyric acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other compounds. These bacteria are commonly found in feces of ruminants, from where they can enter to udders and milk via manure or fodder. This study was done to find a sustainable sanitation method to control the resistant clostridial spores as they are difficult to control in the food processing industry. Clostridia spoil cheeses and other dairy products, and thereby increase the carbon footprint of products and cause economical losses in the dairy industry. The efficacy of two organic peroxides; peracetic acid (PAA) and performic acid (PFA) was tested against 30 clostridia strains isolated from cattle slurry, silage, or spoiled cheeses. PAA, at a concentration of 220 mg L−1, only eliminated 6/30 clostridia strains, whereas PFA totally eliminated 26/30 clostridia strains at a concentration of 120 mg L−1. PFA therefore seems to be a more potent disinfectant than the more commonly used PAA. PFA is an effective disinfectant against Clostridium tyrobutyricum and other resistant clostridia at 120 mg L−1 for 5–10 min contact time at room temperature.
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5

Rehberger, Tom, and Jesse Thompson. "111 Pathogenic Bacterial Levels in US Silages." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.035.

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Abstract Fresh forage crops have traditionally been preserved by fermentation, either based on the spontaneous fermentation by epiphytic lactic acid bacterial populations or driven by the addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculant cultures. Although this method of preservation is effective at retarding the spoilage and pathogenic bacteria it does not eliminate these organisms from the forage. Spore-forming and other bacteria are often able to survive the low pH and organic acid levels in the fermented forages and outgrow during feed-out and in the animal. The purpose of this research was to understand the levels and diversity of pathogens in silage systems as an important prerequisite to develop effective ways to control them. From February 2016 to December of 2019, 866 corn silage samples and 577 haylage samples were collected from 457 US dairy farms across 27 states to assess the pathogenic levels in silage. Results indicate the clostridia levels in the haylage samples averaged 9.4 x 103 cfu/g with a range of less than 10 cfu/g to 4.1 x 106 cfu/g. Corn silage had a significantly lower level of clostridia (p<0.05) averaging 2.3 x 103 cfu/g. Clostridium perfringens was the dominant species identified in both haylage and corn silage and accounted for more than 60% of all the clostridia isolates. The other major clostridia species identified were C. beijerinckii, Paraclostridium bifermentens and C. butyricum. E. coli levels were also determined in the haylage and corn silage samples. In haylage, the average E. coli level was 2.1 x 104 cfu/g and ranged from less than 10 cfu/g to 2.5 x 106 cfu/g and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than levels detected in corn silage (average of 5.4 x 101 cfu/g). Further work is underway to determine the source of these pathogens and methods of controlling through the fermentation process.
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Netthisinghe, Annesly, Paul Woosley, Naomi Rowland, Todd Willian, Becky Gilfillen, and Karamat Sistani. "Alfalfa Forage Production and Nutritive Value, Fermentation Characteristics and Hygienic Quality of Ensilage, and Soil Properties after Broiler Litter Amendment." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040701.

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Recycling broiler litter (BL) nutrients is an important strategy for sustainable forage production. However, BL can contain Clostridia bacteria that can contaminate forages at harvest, resulting in poor ensilage quality and botulism-related animal health risks. A better understanding of the effects of BL amendment on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production and ensiling is beneficial for promoting manure-based alfalfa production. This 2-year study examined the effects of high-level BL (HBL) at 112 kg N ha−1 and low-level (LBL) at 56 kg N ha−1 on alfalfa forage production, fermentation characteristics, and Clostridium botulinum concentrations in silage and haylage produced from 350 g dry matter (DM) kg−1 forage and 500 g DM kg−1 forage respectively, and soil characteristics compared to a control treatment (CT). Results showed that the application of BL did not affect forage production (12.8–13.1 MG ha−1) and nutritive value. The alfalfa produced high forage yield with superior ensilabilty in the second year. The BL application increased soil NH4-N, Ca, Fe, and B, but did not affect fermentation characteristics or Clostridium botulinum concentrations in ensilage. Silage had superior fermentation quality, and Clostridium botulinum concentration was found to be higher than in haylage. Broiler litter fertilization for alfalfa is environmentally safe and has forge production, ensilage fermentation quality, and botulism risks similar to CT.
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Hahnke, Sarah, Jutta Striesow, Marcus Elvert, Xavier Prieto Mollar, and Michael Klocke. "Clostridium bornimense sp. nov., isolated from a mesophilic, two-phase, laboratory-scale biogas reactor." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_8 (August 1, 2014): 2792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.059691-0.

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A novel anaerobic, mesophilic, hydrogen-producing bacterium, designated strain M2/40T, was isolated from a mesophilic, two-phase, laboratory-scale biogas reactor fed continuously with maize silage supplemented with 5 % wheat straw. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed an affiliation to the genus Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster I of the clostridia), with Clostridium cellulovorans as the closest characterized species, showing 93.8 % sequence similarity to the type strain. Cells of strain M2/40T were rods to elongated filamentous rods that showed variable Gram staining. Optimal growth occurred at 35 °C and at pH 7. Grown on glucose, the main fermentation products were H2, CO2, formate, lactate and propionate. The DNA G+C content was 29.6 mol%. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0, summed feature 10 (C18 : 1ω11c/ω9t/ω6t and/or unknown ECL 17.834) and C18 : 1ω11c dimethylacetal. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences, strain M2/40T represents a novel species within the genus Clostridium , for which we propose the name Clostridium bornimense sp. nov. The type strain is M2/40T ( = DSM 25664T = CECT 8097T).
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8

Driehuis, Frank. "Silage and the safety and quality of dairy foods: a review." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2013): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6699.

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Silage contains a number of potential hazards to the safety and quality of milk and dairy products. This paper reviews the present knowledge about silage as a source of (1) spores of anaerobic spore-formers (Clostridium species) and aerobic spore-formers (mainly Bacillus and Paenibacillus species), (2) the zoonotic pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, and (3) mycotoxins. A distinction is made between field-derived mycotoxins, i.e. mycotoxins that are formed during growth of crops in the field, and ensilage-derived mycotoxins, i.e. mycotoxins that are formed after ensiling. The routes of transmission of these hazards from feed to milk, the effect of pasteurization of milk, and reduction strategies are discussed. Aerobic deterioration of silages is a major factor influencing levels of spores of both aerobic and anaerobic spore-formers, L. monocytogenes, and certain mycotoxins.
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9

RAMMER, CHRI. "Quality of grass silage infected with spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum." Grass and Forage Science 51, no. 1 (March 1996): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02041.x.

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10

Nikolajeva, Vizma, Miks Neibergs, Sintija Valucka, Ilze Dimanta, and Janis Kleperis. "Application of Pretreatment, Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation for Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Maize Silage." Open Biotechnology Journal 9, no. 1 (June 26, 2015): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701509010039.

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Bacteria produce hydrogen during anaerobic dark digestion of carbon rich natural resources including renewable cellulosic materials. The purpose of this work was to study the impact of maize silage pretreatment with Trichoderma fungi, bioaugmentation with defined bacterial inocula and/ or biostimulation with humic acids and an additional inorganic nitrogen source on the fermentative hydrogen production in laboratory batch assay. Experiments were carried out with and without Trichoderma asperellum pretreated silage. The selected bacterial inocula consisted of Clostridium, Enterobacter and Tissierella species, with or without Bacillus mycoides. Headspace gas composition, the amount of dry particulate matter, chemical oxygen demand and concentration of volatile fatty acids in liquid were determined. Bacterial communities were studied with fluorescence in situ hibridization. The predominant cultivable microbial species were isolated and identified. The study demonstrated a significant increase of hydrogen production from maize silage by indigenous bacteria after pretreatment with Trichoderma in comparison with silage untreated with Trichoderma. From tested factors, pretreatment, biostimulation with additional nutrients (ammonium nitrate and/ or humic acids) and bioaugmentation with defined bacterial inocula, pretreatment demonstrated significant improvement of hydrogen production from maize silage. Thereby, aerobic treatment with Trichoderma could be recommended for the pretreatment of silage for the purpose of fermentative production of hydrogen.
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Driehuis, Frank, Jan Hoolwerf, and Jan L. W. Rademaker. "Concurrence of spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium beijerinckii and Paenibacillus polymyxa in silage, dairy cow faeces and raw milk." International Dairy Journal 63 (December 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.08.004.

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12

Olsen, Monica Alterskjær, and Svein Disch Mathiesen. "The bacterial population adherent to plant particles in the rumen of reindeer fed lichen, timothy hay or silage." Rangifer 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.2.1370.

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Male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves taken from a natural winter pasture were given ad lib. access to lichen (n = 3), timothy silage (n = 3) and hay (n = 3) for 7 weeks. Median numbers of viable anaerobic bacteria adherent to the plant particles (cells/g wet weight of rumen solids), growing on a habitat simulating medium (M8V), were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the rumen of reindeer fed lichen (26.5 x 109- 53.0 x 109) and hay (4.0 x 109- 40.5 x 109), compared to reindeer fed silage (1.15 x 109 - 3.25 x 109). Anaerobic bacterial strains (n = 551) from the plant particles obtained from the rumen of the nine reindeer examined, were isolated using an acid swollen cellulose medium (M8SC) and tested for their ability to hydrolyse carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The proportion of CMC hydrolysing adherent bacteria isolated from M8SC was significantly higher in reindeer fed hay (21.5%) compared ro animals fed lichen (5.3%) and silage (2.7%) (P = 0.05). The CMC hydrolysing bacterial srrains (n=42) isolated from reindeer fed hay where characterised as non-cellulolytic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (9.5%), cellulolytic B. fibrisolvens (50.0%), Clostridium sp. (2.4%) and unknowns (38.1%), while CMC hydrolysing strains (n=11) isolated from animals fed lichen and strains (n=4) isolated from animals fed silage where all characterised as B. fibrisolvens. None of the bacterial strains isolated from the rumen solids of reindeer fed lichen or silage were found to be cellulolytic. This study suggests that both lichen and timothy silage have a negative influence, compared to hay, on the numbers of cellulolytic bacteria adherent to the plant particles in the rumen of reindeer.
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Sun, Lin, Na Na, Xiaomei Li, Ziqin Li, Chao Wang, Xiaoguang Wu, Yanzi Xiao, et al. "Impact of Packing Density on the Bacterial Community, Fermentation, and In Vitro Digestibility of Whole-Crop Barley Silage." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070672.

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Packing density has a significant influence on the outcome of ensiling forage. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of packing density on the ensiling properties, microbiome, and in vitro digestibility of barley silages. Barley was ensiled in polyethylene drum silos (30 L) with respective densities of 600, 650, 700, and 750 kg/m3 fresh matter (FM), and stored for 60 days. The bacterial communities, fermentation quality, and in vitro digestibility were analyzed. Fresh barley had a low count of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, 104 cfu/g of FM), and Lactobacillus was nearly undetectable (<1%). Increasing the packing density decreased the pH and the content of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), ethanol, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of barley silage (p < 0.05), and increased in vitro digestibility of dry matter, NDF, ADF, and DM recovery (p < 0.05). A higher packing density decreased the abundances of Enterobacter (from 47.4% to 35.4%) and Clostridium (from 13.5% to 3.8%), and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (from 1.8% to 17.0%). Thus, packing density positively correlated with Lactobacillus (p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with Enterobacter (p < 0.05). The pH and the content of ethanol were positively correlated with Enterobacter (p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the density of 750 kg/m3 FM resulted in the highest silage quality of the densities tested.
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Belém, Clérison dos Santos, Anderson Miranda de Souza, Patrícia Rodrigues de Lima, Francisco Allan Leandro de Carvalho, Mário Adriano Ávila Queiroz, and Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa. "Digestibility, fermentation and microbiological characteristics of Calotropis procera silage with different quantities of grape pomace." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 6 (December 2016): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016406020916.

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ABSTRACT Preserving forage plants adapted to a semi-arid climate as silage may minimize the animal feed deficit during drought. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different quantities of grape pomace added to Calotropis procera silage on its fermentation, in vitro digestibility, total digestible nutrients and microbiology. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments (0, 10, 20 and 40% fresh matter) and four replicates. The silos were opened after 90 days of ensilage, and the soluble carbohydrate, ethanol, organic acid and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations; pH; fermentation loss; dry matter (DM) recovery; DM density, and microbial populations were determined. The pH (3.96-3.87) was adequate for ensiling in all silage samples. The soluble carbohydrate concentration decreased (p<0.05), and the ethanol concentration increased with increasing quantities of grape pomace. The lactic acid concentration decreased (p<0.05) from 5.3 to 1.94% DM, and the acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations increased with increasing quantities of grape pomace. The lactic acid bacteria decreased linearly (p <0.05), varying from 6.43 to 5.82 log CFU/g silage. The mold and yeast population variations fit best using a third-order polynomial equation (p <0.05). Enterobacteria and Clostridium spp were not observed. Adding grape pomace to the silage increased the effluent and gas loss; the latter varied from 5.35 to 14.4%. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) variation fit best using a second-order polynomial equation, and the maximum value was estimated at 82.95% DM with 3.5% grape pomace using the regression equation. The percent digestibility decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing quantities of grape pomace. We show that Calotropis procera has potential as silage even without adding grape pomace.
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Kolchyk, О. V., and A. I. Buzun. "Feed microbial contamination in pig-breeding: Modern threats and ways to overcome them." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 6, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2020-6-3-5.

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The paper presents the results on the species and percentage composition of the microflora in biofilms of pig feed, which varies depending on the seasonal factor. Bacteria Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Neisseria spp., and Clostridium perfringens in biofilms were found much more often (by 25% or more) in the warm period of the year, while listeria in silage and haylage — in the autumn–winter period. This property of feed biofilms is also significantly influenced by the conditions of cultivation, harvesting and storage of agricultural products. In the study of biofilms of microflora of barley, corn and wheat, it was found that their structural basis are aerobic fungi of the mold Aspergillus spp. Bacteria Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Neisseria spp., and Clostridium perfringens without mold form much looser biofilms in vitro and these biofilms are much more sensitive to a wide range of commercial antibiotics. The structural basis of polymicrobial biofilms of barley, corn and wheat microflora is highly likely to be aerobic fungi of Aspergillus spp.
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Kobayashi, Hisami, Takuya Nakasato, Mitsuo Sakamoto, Yoshihisa Ohtani, Fuminori Terada, Ken Sakai, Moriya Ohkuma, and Masanori Tohno. "Clostridium pabulibutyricum sp. nov., a butyric-acid-producing organism isolated from high-moisture grass silage." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 4974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.002387.

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17

Baranowski, A., and S. Russel. "Fermentation quality of lucerne laboratory silage treated with Clostridium cellobioparum, formic acid and Lactomix." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 21, 1994): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69820/1994.

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18

Kummel, J., R. Krametter-Froetscher, G. Six, R. Brunthaler, W. Baumgartner, and B. Altenbrunner-Martinek. " Descriptive study of botulism in an Austrian dairy herd: a case report." Veterinární Medicína 57, No. 3 (April 4, 2012): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5854-vetmed.

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An outbreak of botulism was suspected at an Austrian dairy farm in June 2010. Six Simmental cows, out of a herd of 29, were affected and showed the typical signs. The affected cows included either animals suffering from sudden recumbency and reduced tongue tone or others which developed paresis, which gradually led to recumbency. Most of the affected animals died. Two cases were submitted to the Clinic for Ruminants at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna in order to clarify the cause of illness. The animals had reportedly been fed recently with silage possibly polluted by discarded cat carcasses spread onto the pasture used for the silage in question. The two referred cases both showed recumbency and swallowing difficulties. Both cows had to be euthanized. One of the two cows was in the late stage of pregnancy and a healthy calf could be delivered by Caesarean section. The outbreak of botulism was diagnosed clinically as well as by confirmation of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins C and D by mouse bioassay. To the authors&rsquo; knowledge, this is the first report in which a live calf has been delivered out of a cow suffering from acute botulism. &nbsp;
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Cao, Qitao, Wanqin Zhang, Yunhao Zheng, Tianjing Lian, and Hongmin Dong. "Production of Short-Chain Carboxylic Acids by Co-Digestion of Swine Manure and Corn Silage: Effect of Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 2 (2020): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13878.

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HighlightsThe maximum SCCA concentration was achieved at a C/N ratio of 25 with 18 days of fermentation.The highest VFAs and LA were produced at C/N ratios of 12.7 and 35, respectively, after 12 days of fermentation.The unit energy value of SCCAs for drop-in fuel production was 50.5% higher than that of methane.The dominant bacteria changed from Clostridium to Lactobacillus with increasing C/N ratio.Abstract. Advancing technologies to produce short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) from agricultural waste are expected to be more economical and efficient. This study presented a new attempt to enhance SCCA production from co-digestion of swine manure and corn silage with the carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio adjusted from 12.7 to 50.2. Results showed that the maximum SCCA concentration of 26,214 ±2948 mg COD L-1 was achieved at a C/N ratio of 25 with 18 days of digestion, and the concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were 8700 ±1060 mg COD L-1 and 17,514 ±1888 mg COD L-1, respectively. The LA content first increased and then slightly decreased with increasing C/N ratio, and the maximum LA concentration was 468.5 ±44.3 mg COD g-1 VSadded (VSadded means added fermentation material is calculated as volatile solids) at a C/N ratio of 35 at 12 days of digestion. VFAs showed an opposite trend, with a maximum VFA concentration of 601.1 ±42.4 mg COD g-1 VSadded found at a C/N ratio of 12.7 after 12 days of digestion. Potential energy analysis of the highest SCCA production showed that the unit energy value of SCCAs for drop-in fuel production was 50.5% higher than that of methane. Analysis of the microbial community showed that the dominant bacterial groups changed gradually from butyric acid-producing bacteria (Clostridium) to lactic acid-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus) as the C/N ratio increased from 12.7 to 50.2. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Corn silage, Lactic acid, Short-chain carboxylic acids, Swine manure.
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Rubino, Francesco, Ciara Carberry, Sinéad M Waters, David Kenny, Matthew S. McCabe, and Christopher J. Creevey. "Divergent functional isoforms drive niche specialisation for nutrient acquisition and use in rumen microbiome." ISME Journal 11, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 932–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2016.172.

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Abstract Many microbes in complex competitive environments share genes for acquiring and utilising nutrients, questioning whether niche specialisation exists and if so, how it is maintained. We investigated the genomic signatures of niche specialisation in the rumen microbiome, a highly competitive, anaerobic environment, with limited nutrient availability determined by the biomass consumed by the host. We generated individual metagenomic libraries from 14 cows fed an ad libitum diet of grass silage and calculated functional isoform diversity for each microbial gene identified. The animal replicates were used to calculate confidence intervals to test for differences in diversity of functional isoforms between microbes that may drive niche specialisation. We identified 153 genes with significant differences in functional isoform diversity between the two most abundant bacterial genera in the rumen (Prevotella and Clostridium). We found Prevotella possesses a more diverse range of isoforms capable of degrading hemicellulose, whereas Clostridium for cellulose. Furthermore, significant differences were observed in key metabolic processes indicating that isoform diversity plays an important role in maintaining their niche specialisation. The methods presented represent a novel approach for untangling complex interactions between microorganisms in natural environments and have resulted in an expanded catalogue of gene targets central to rumen cellulosic biomass degradation.
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Pauly, T. M., Ingrid B. Hansson, and W. A. Tham. "The effect of mechanical forage treatments on the growth of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Listeria monocytogenes in grass silage." Animal Feed Science and Technology 78, no. 1-2 (March 1999): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00267-3.

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22

Chen, Dong. "Rumen Microbial Community and Functions of Rumen Bacteria under Different Feeding Regime." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 41, no. 03 (August 1, 2021): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.099.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the variations in the rumen ecosystem at genus level and predicted functions of rumen bacteria by using whole crop corn silage (WCS), whole crop rice silage (WRS) or rice straw (RS) as forage sources in beef cattle ration. Ruminal digesta samples from 10 bulls per treatment were collected at day 60 of experimental period. The PCoA plots based on the Bray-Curtis distance matrix (BDM) expressed separation between WRS and WCS , WRS and RS using PC1 (P<0.05, 45.56%). The PCoA plots based on BDM also expressed separation among WRS, WCS and RS group using PC2 (P<0.05, 11.95%). Microbiota composition resutls at genus level showed that the most abundant genera were Prevotella (13.37%) and Ruminococcus (4.00%). Comparison of treatments represented that Prevotella, Treponema and Anaerostipes were higher in bulls fed WCS forage. Clostridium, Anaeroplasma and RFN20 were higher in bulls fed RS forage than animals fed WCS and WRS. Butyrivibrio was higher in WRS and RS treatments than WCS treatment group. Pseudobutyrivibrio was higher in bulls fed WRS forage than animals fed RS and WCS forage. Fibrobacter was higher in RS and WCS as compared to WRS. The results of functional alteration of rumen microbiota in different experimental groups represented that the leading modified function of the microbiome was the transporter. Based on findings of current study, it is concluded that microbial community at genus level in the rumen of bulls was highly altered by forage type.
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23

Caroprese, Mariangela. "Comment on “Maize and Grass Silage Feeding to Dairy Cows Combined with Different Concentrate Feed Proportions with a Special Focus on Mycotoxins, Shiga Toxin (stx)-Forming Escherichia coli and Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Genes: Implications for Animal Health and Food Safety”. Dairy 2020, 1, 91–125." Dairy 1, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy1030013.

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Dänicke and colleagues carried out an interesting experiment with late-lactating cows fed a diet with maize and grass silage (MS, GS) combined with different portions of concentrate in the ration (20% and 60% on a dry matter basis) [...]
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Spoelstra, S. F. "Comparison of the content of clostridial spores in wilted grass silage ensiled in either laboratory, pilot-scale or farm silos." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38, no. 3B (September 1, 1990): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v38i3b.16568.

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Fifty-two laboratory silages (1.5 litres), 108 samples of pilot-scale silos (2-4 t) and 167 samples of farm silages were analysed for clostridial spore contents, proximate composition and concn of fermentation products. Numbers of clostridial spores ranged from 100 to 10 million/g. Relationships between spore counts as dependent variable and DM, butyric acid and ammonia-N contents as independent variables were established for the 3 silage types by regression analyses. Similarity existed in the relationships for pilot-scale and farm silages, showing a gradual drop of spore counts with higher DM levels. Laboratory silages showed either a pronounced clostridial fermentation with high levels of butyric acid, ammonium-N and spores or no clostridial fermentation at all. In contrast to the larger-scale silages, no clostridial fermentation was found at DM contents above 250 g/kg. In laboratory and in pilot-scale silages about 60% of the variation in spore count could be explained from either the butyric acid or ammonia content. In farm silages this figure dropped to 20-30% and it was concluded that the chemical parameters cannot be used to predict spore counts in farm silages. The differences between the larger scale silages and laboratory silages are attributed to the heterogeneity of the pilot-scale and farm silages. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Grenda, Tomasz, Elżbieta Kukier, Magdalena Goldsztejn, and Krzysztof Kwiatek. "In-house Validation of PCR Based Procedure for Specific Detection of Clostridium Botulinum Types C and D." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 58, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0061.

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Abstract A PCR-based procedure for detection of C. botulinum C and D in corn silage samples was validated. During the validation, method specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined according to PN - EN ISO 16140:2004. Additionally, the specificity of the validated methods was proved by sequence analysis of PCR products obtained from examination of samples connected with botulism cases in cattle and mallard ducks. Limit of detection was estimated according to the Spearman - Kärber formula and expressed as LOD50. The obtained results showed that a 100% specificity was achieved. The sequencing of PCR products revealed 99% identity with sequences of bont/C and bont/D genes deposited in the GenBank. The sensitivity value ranged from 63.3% for C. botulinum type C to 75% for type D. The accuracy value varied from 72% for type C to 81.3% for type D. LOD50 was estimated at the levels of 0.272 (0. D 188-0395) spore/g for type C and 0.17 (0.1-0.289) spore/g for type D. The described PCR-based procedure enabled detection of C. botulinum C and D at the stage of liquid culture. This makes examination of feed samples possible without isolation process. The presented procedure could support the diagnosis of botulism by faster and specific laboratory examination process.
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Cai, Yimin, Yoshimi Benno, Masuhiro Ogawa, Sadahiro Ohmomo, Sumio Kumai, and Takashi Nakase. "Influence of Lactobacillus spp. from an Inoculant and of Weissella and Leuconostoc spp. from Forage Crops on Silage Fermentation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 2982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.8.2982-2987.1998.

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ABSTRACT Lactobacillus spp. from an inoculant andWeissella and Leuconostoc spp. from forage crops were characterized, and their influence on silage fermentation was studied. Forty-two lactic acid-producing cocci were obtained from forage crops and grasses. All isolates were gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci that produced gas from glucose, and produced more than 90% of their lactate in the d-isomer form. These isolates were divided into groups A and B by sugar fermentation patterns. Two representative strains from the two groups, FG 5 and FG 13, were assigned to the species Weissella paramesenteroides and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, respectively, on the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness. Strains FG 5, FG 13, and SL 1 (Lactobacillus casei), isolated from a commercial inoculant, were used as additives to alfalfa and Italian ryegrass silage preparations. Lactic acid bacterium counts were higher in all additive-treated silages than in the control silage at an early stage of ensiling. During silage fermentation, inoculation with SL 1 more effectively inhibited the growth of aerobic bacteria and clostridia than inoculation with strain FG 5 or FG 13. SL 1-treated silages stored well. However, the control and FG 5- and FG 13-treated silages had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH and butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents and significantly (P < 0.05) lower lactate content than SL 1-treated silage. Compared with the control silage, SL 1 treatments reduced the proportion ofd-(−)-lactic acid, gas production, and dry matter loss in two kinds of silage, but the FG 5 and FG 13 treatments gave similar values in alfalfa silages and higher values (P < 0.05) in Italian ryegrass silage. The results confirmed that heterofermentative strains of W. paramesenteroides FG 5 andL. pseudomesenteroides FG 13 did not improve silage quality and may cause some fermentation loss.
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Dänicke, Sven, Julia Krenz, Christian Seyboldt, Heinrich Neubauer, Jana Frahm, Susanne Kersten, Karsten Meyer, et al. "Maize and Grass Silage Feeding to Dairy Cows Combined with Different Concentrate Feed Proportions with a Special Focus on Mycotoxins, Shiga Toxin (stx)-Forming Escherichia coli and Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Genes: Implications for Animal Health and Food Safety." Dairy 1, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 91–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy1020007.

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A feeding experiment was carried out with late-lactating cows over 12 weeks to evaluate the feeding value of a basic diet with maize and grass silage (MS, GS) when combined with varying portions of concentrate in the ration (20% and 60% on a dry matter basis) and to test the effects on health and performance, the transfer of important Fusarium toxins to blood and milk, the total and Shiga toxin (stx)-forming E. coli counts, and the presence of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) genes in rectal fecal samples. MS was contaminated by a broader spectrum of fungal and other metabolites compared to GS. MS contained higher concentrations of the important Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). Blood and milk levels of DON and ZEN residues generally reflected the differences in exposure at a low level. Feeding of MS with 60% concentrate feed induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) associated with a marked drop in dry matter intake, fat corrected milk yield and a fat to protein ratio in milk of lower than 1. The SARA-associated higher ruminal LPS concentration did not affect the circulating concentrations of haptoglobin as an indicator of systemic inflammation. Lower rumen pH values in both MS-fed groups were associated with lower pH values, higher absolute E. coli counts and increased proportions of stx-positive E. coli in rectal feces. BoNT genes A, B, C, D, E and F remained undetectable in any of the fecal samples suggesting that feedstuffs were virtually free of the corresponding C. botulinum strains. In conclusion, maize feedstuff (silage, grains, starch-containing byproducts)-dominated rations for dairy cows should be avoided to reduce adverse effects on health and food safety.
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Rauramaa, Aino, Jouko Setälä, Tauno Moisio, Seppo Sivelä, Terttu Heikkilä, and Martti Lampila. "The effect of inoculants and cellulase on the fermentation and microbiological composition of grass silage: II Microbiological changes in the silages." Agricultural and Food Science 59, no. 5 (December 1, 1987): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72270.

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Four experimental silages were made into bunker silos by adding lactic acid bacteria and cellulase enzyme. The control silages were made without any additives and with AIV II solution (80 % formic acid, 2% orthophosphoric acid). The microbial compositions of the experimental silages were studied in five microbial groups; (1) total count of bacteria, (2) lactic acid bacteria, (3) Clostridia, (4) coliform bacteria and (5) fungi (yeasts and moulds). At the beginning of the fermentations enteric bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were increasing. Inoculation of the silage decreased the growth of enterobacteria compared with silages made with cellulase or without additives. This effect was further increased by using AIV II solution. Heterolactic fermentations started in the silages made with cellulase, inoculants and no additives, when initial reducing sugars, primarily glucose and fructose, were fermented. In good ensiling conditions only a few butyric acid forming Clostridia and small amounts of moulds and yests were found. Yeasts existed mostly in silages made with cellulase and with inoculation.
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Cigari, F. Hashemzadeh, M. Hhorvash, G. R. Ghorbani, A. Taghizade, K. Sadegi, H. Mohammadzadeh, M. Yari, and M. Mirzayee. "Effect of inoculants on fermentation and nutritive value of unwilted and wilted Lucerne silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030039.

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Homolactic bacteria have been used to inoculate silages and improve their fermentation. Inoculation with these microbes has increased the rate and extends of lactic acid production in silage and decreased proteolysis and production of volatile organic acid. Wilting of high moisture forages prior to ensiling usually enhances preservation and intake responses of cattle fed silage. Wilting creates an ensiling environment that is conducive to a restricted proteolysis and fermentation, and the resulting silage is typically higher in water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and lower in fermentation acids. The microorganisms used in silage inoculants depend on a high level of moisture for growth. Pahlow and Weissbach (1996) reported that only 10% of the total population of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on grasses grew on modified, selective agar with an water activity (aw) of 0.952 (forage with a DM content of 50%), suggesting that epiphytic LAB were not very osmotolerant. However, Lucerne is often wilted to concentrations above 30% DM before ensiling to reduce the chances of clostridial fermentation and In these silages, it may be speculated that use of osmointolerant inoculants can include two Excellences of wilting and inoculants to make better silage. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of wilting and inoculants on Lucerne silage quality.
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Nicholson, J. W. G., E. Charmley, and R. S. Bush. "Effect of moisture level on ensiling characteristics of alfalfa in big bales or chopped and compacted in plastic tubes." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-042.

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Alfalfa was ensiled at 270 (wet) or 400 (control) g DM kg−1 as long forage in plastic-wrapped big round bales (bale) or chopped (1.25 cm) and compacted (bag). The pH of the bag silages were lower (P < 0.01) throughout the 60-d observation period and stabilized at 4.7 ± 0.1 by day 3. The pH of the bale silages fell gradually to 5.5 by day 60. Lactic acid content was initially higher (P < 0.01) in the bag silages but by day 10 it was similar in the two types of silage. Acetic acid contents also were higher (P < 0.01) in bag than in bale silages and in wet than in control at day 1 and these differences persisted through day 60. Protein degradation was extensive in all silages as indicated by NH3-N and non-protein N contents at day 60 but it was more extensive in bale than in bag (P < 0.01) and in wet than in control (P < 0.05) silages. Lactobacilli counts were higher (P < 0.05) in bag than in bale silages at day 3 but the differences did not persist. Yeast and Clostridia counts and butyric acid contents were higher in bale than in bag silages in later stages of fermentation. None of the silages was well preserved, probably because of the low water-soluble carbohydrate content of the forage, but all were well accepted by sheep. Digestibility of the ADF fraction was higher (P < 0.05) for bale than for bag silages. Key words: Big bale, silage, ensiling characteristics, moisture level, bagged silage
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Mlejnková, Veronika, Martina Fröhdeová, Libor Kalhotka, and Petr Doležal. "Microbiological Quality of Experimental Silages in Combination With the Addition of Topsoil Soil Layer and Ensiling Additives." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462051041.

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Fodder crops contamination by the surface layer of soil is important in terms of the occurrence of clostridial spores that can infect silage through the contaminated fodder crops, which is followed by the feeding and occurrence of clostridia in the environment of the stalls resulting in their presence in milk, milk products and finally in the human digestive system. The main objective of the submitted study was to assess the impact of added topsoil layer and ensiling additives on the hygienic quality of the experimental silages. In the model experiment, we used alfalfa from the second cut. In total, the experiment included 9 various treatments in three repetitions. Use was made of the variants of experimental silages P0, P20, P40 (without ensiling additive), B0, B20, B40 (treated with a biological ensiling additive) and CH0, CH20, CH40 (treated with a chemical ensiling additive) always with an addition of a surface layer of soil in a quantity of 0, 20 and 40 g/kg of dry matter. The model silages were assessed after 10-week storage. A representative sample was taken from each experimental variant to perform a microbiological analysis. In the experiment, the counts of clostridia colonies, sporulating microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, total number of microorganisms (CPM), lactic acid bacteria, moulds and yeasts were observed. Statistically conclusive difference in the topsoil layer addition was only proved in CPM between variants P20 (1.96E+07 ± 6.21E+06) and P40 (4.97E+07 ± 1.89E+07) and bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family between variants P0 (2.17E+02 ± 3.32E+01) and P40 (3.64E+01 ± 2.57E+01). A positive effect of ensiling additives on the microorganism growth inhibition was determined.
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Piña-Gónzalez, Laura, Juan Miranda-Ríos, Rogelio Alejandro Alonso-Morales, Otoniel Maya, Luis Corona, and Claudia Cecilia Márquez-Mota. "PSXIV-15 Metagenomic sequencing of rumen microorganisms of cattle fed a corn stover-based diet." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.873.

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Abstract Worldwide, there is a need to discover new microorganisms that efficiently degrade lignocellulosic complexes that would help to improve the digestibility of low-quality agricultural byproducts. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a corn stover-based diet (CSD) on rumen bacteria. Ruminal fluid of 6 Holstein cows (595 ± 96 kg) was collected during two periods. During first period, animals were consuming a diet based on corn silage and oat hay (DB), mineral premix and water ad libitum (50:50, DM). In second period, animals were provided a CSD (100% DM), mineral premix and water ad libitum for 45 days. Ruminal fluid was collected through esophageal tube, filtered and stored at -80°C until DNA extraction. Rumen microorganisms were identified by sequencing the 16SrRNA gene using the Illumina Miseq platform and primers for V3 and V4 regions. Data were analyzed by QIIME 1.9. Analysis of variance was performed for a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.1. The taxonomic affiliation showed that both populations were mainly composed of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The most abundant bacteria species in both diets were Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Prevotella copri, Prevotella ruminicola, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Bacillus coagulans, Bacteroides uniformis and Selenomonas ruminantium. Feeding a CSD, increased the relative abundance of Prevotella ruminicola (from 6.1 to 20.9%, P &lt; 0.01), Streptococcus luteciae (from 0.05 to 0.78%, P &lt; 0.01), Clostridium aminophilum (0.45 to 3.1%, P &lt; 0.01), Selenomonas ruminantium (5.2 to 21.8%, P &lt; 0.02) and Pantoea agglomerans (0.7 to 3.9%, P &lt; 0.01) and decreased Propionibacterium acnes (0.7 to 0.1%, P &lt; 0.02) and Bacteroides ovatus (0.9 to 0.1%, P &lt; 0.01). Feeding cattle with a diet with a more lignified forage like CSD led to the proliferation of bacteria such as Prevotella ruminicula, Streptococcus luteciae, Clostridium aminophilum, Selenomonas ruminantium and Pantoea agglomerans.
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Hahnke, Sarah, Daniel Wibberg, Geizecler Tomazetto, Alfred Pühler, Michael Klocke, and Andreas Schlüter. "Whole genome sequence of Clostridium bornimense strain M2/40 isolated from a lab-scale mesophilic two-phase biogas reactor digesting maize silage and wheat straw." Journal of Biotechnology 184 (August 2014): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.026.

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Nicholson, J. W. G., R. E. McQueen, E. Charmley, and R. S. Bush. "Forage conservation in round bales or silage bags: effect on ensiling characteristics and animal performance." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-138.

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In the first of two experiments to determine the ensiling characteristics of big bale silage, forage was ensiled in round bales (1.2 m diameter × 1.2 m length) at 350–400 (wetter) or 450–500 (drier) g kg−1 dry matter (DM) content by wrapping in plastic. Initial fermentation was more rapid in the wetter bales, as shown by a more rapid and extensive drop in pH and increase in concentration of lactic and acetic acids. The initial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) log counts ranged from 105 and 107 units and were higher for the wetter bales through day 9. By day 58, counts had declined and there were no differences due to moisture level. Water soluble carbohydrate content was higher (P < 0.01) for the drier bales. Ammonia N was higher (P < 0.01) in the wetter bales. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) did not differ (P > 0.05) due to moisture level at day 9 or day 58. In the second experiment, bales ensiled at (mean ± SE) 390 ± 90 g kg−1 DM content (bale silage) were compared for ensiling characteristics and nutritive value with similar forage chopped and packed in a plastic bag (bag silage). The bag silage had a faster and more extensive drop in pH and increase in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids. Temperatures were approximately 6 °C higher in the bag than in the bale silages over the first 30 d. LAB counts increased faster in the bag silage and then declined and were lower (P < 0.05) than in the bale silage at day 60. Clostridia counts were low in the bag silage and in some bales but exceeded 106 viable spores in other bales. There were no differences between the two silages in digestibility by sheep. However, beef calves fed the bag silage gained more weight with better feed efficiency than those fed bale silage (P < 0.01). Calves fed the bale silage responded to protein (soybean meal) supplementation with increased gain and improved feed conversion, but there was no response with the bag silage. The bag silage had, on average, less NPN (468 vs. 585 g kg−1 total N) than the bale silage. Key words: Silage, big round bales, bag, protein supplementation, cattle performance
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35

LAWS, J. A., K. A. SMITH, D. R. JACKSON, and B. F. PAIN. "Effects of slurry application method and timing on grass silage quality." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 4 (December 2002): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602002708.

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Small-scale silos (60-litre polyethylene barrels) were used to examine the chemical composition of grass silage after the application of slurry, at 40 m3/ha, at a range of timings, at two sites with contrasting rainfall; North Wyke, in Devon (high rainfall) and Reaseheath College, Cheshire (low rainfall). Grass plots (60 m2) received cattle slurry via surface broadcast (S), shallow injection (I) or surface placement by trailing shoe (T) techniques at 10, 6 or 2 weeks before an early silage (first) cut in May/June, and 6 or 2 weeks before a second cut in June/July. Control plots (C) received no slurry treatment. The harvested grass was compressed and sealed in the experimental silos and samples of the herbage at ensiling and of ensilage (after >100-day fermentation) were analysed for various chemical components. Herbage yield was measured when the harvests were taken. Wetter than average weather conditions in both years resulted in silages with variable DM content (range 140–277 g/kg) being made at both sites. Generally, silages were poorly preserved with high pH and NH4+-N and low lactic acid contents. In particular, the silages from treatment S where slurry was applied 2 weeks prior to harvest exhibited characteristics indicative of clostridial growth, with high pH (range 4·0–5·2) and NH4+-N (106–213 g/kg total N) and low lactic acid (16–86 g/kg DM) contents. Damage to herbage caused by the injection tines on taller swards (treatments I at 6 and 2 weeks before cutting) was evident and the injection process was impeded by tall grass. This contributed to herbage contamination with soil and slurry on these treatments and, consequently, to poor silage fermentation. Silages made with slurry application method T at all timings showed improved fermentation characteristics compared with the other treatments, particularly at North Wyke. The results indicate that silage quality is unlikely to be compromised by slurry applications made in early spring, during February, March or even in April, where these are at agronomically sensible rates. Such practice will enable better utilization of slurry nitrogen (N), reducing risks of nutrient losses via leaching or surface runoff. Furthermore, shallow injection and, particularly, trailing shoe slurry application techniques may be used to increase flexibility of slurry management by allowing more immediate spreading before cutting than with conventional surface broadcasting, without detriment to silage quality.
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Le Maréchal, Caroline, Olivier Hulin, Sabrina Macé, Cécile Chuzeville, Sandra Rouxel, Typhaine Poëzevara, Christelle Mazuet, et al. "A Case Report of a Botulism Outbreak in Beef Cattle Due to the Contamination of Wheat by a Roaming Cat Carcass: From the Suspicion to the Management of the Outbreak." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121025.

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We report a botulism outbreak in Charolais cattle fed with wheat flour contaminated by Clostridium botulinum type C and the management of the outbreak at each step from the clinical suspicion to the cleaning and disinfection operations. Diagnosis was based on typical suggestive clinical signs and detection of C. botulinum type C using real-time PCR in samples collected from three young affected bulls. All young exposed bulls and cows (18 animals) eventually died, but three young bulls and one cow were recovering when it was decided to euthanize them. C. botulinum type C was detected in the liver of these four animals. Analysis of the ration components demonstrated that wheat flour, wheat, and the mill used to make flour were positive for C. botulinum type C. A dead cat positive for C. botulinum type C was discovered in the silo where wheat grain was stored and was considered the source of contamination. The cat’s entire body was found mummified, well preserved, and not rotting in the silo. Specific measures, in particular, vaccination of the rest of the herd and cleaning and disinfection operations, were implemented to prevent any recurrence of the outbreak. The presence of wild animal carcasses in feed harboring anaerobic conditions like silage, in particular during harvesting, are known to be at risk for the initiation of a botulism outbreak. This outbreak is a reminder that the presence of an animal carcass in feed, regardless of the kind of feed and whenever the contamination occurs, either during harvesting or storage, is sufficient to induce a botulism outbreak.
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Cremonesi, Paola, Laura Vanoni, Tiziana Silvetti, Stefano Morandi, and Milena Brasca. "Identification ofClostridium beijerinckii, Cl. butyricum, Cl. sporogenes, Cl. tyrobutyricumisolated from silage, raw milk and hard cheese by a multiplex PCR assay." Journal of Dairy Research 79, no. 3 (July 5, 2012): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202991200026x.

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Late blowing, caused by the outgrowth of clostridial spores present in raw milk and originating from silage, can create considerable product loss, especially in the production of hard and semi-hard cheeses. The conventional method for the isolation ofClostridiumspp. from cheeses with late-blowing symptoms is very complicated and the identification of isolates is problematic. The aim of this work was the development of a multiplex PCR method for the detection of the main dairy-related clostridia such as:Cl. beijerinckii, Cl. butyricum, Cl. sporogenes, Cl. tyrobutyricum.Samples derived from silage, raw milk and hard cheese were analysed by the most probable number (MPN) enumeration. Forty-four bacterial strains isolated from gas positive tubes were used to check the reliability of the multiplex PCR assay. The specificity of the primers was tested by individually analysing each primer pair and the primer pair combined in the multiplex PCR. It was interesting to note that the samples not identified by the multiplex PCR assay were amplified by V2–V3 16S rRNA primer pair and the sequencing revealed the aligned 16S rRNA sequences to bePaenibacillusandBacillusspp. This new molecular assay provides a simple promising alternative to traditional microbiological methods for a rapid, sensitive detection of clostridia in dairy products.
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Borreani, G., F. Ferrero, D. Nucera, M. Casale, S. Piano, and E. Tabacco. "Dairy farm management practices and the risk of contamination of tank milk from Clostridium spp. and Paenibacillus spp. spores in silage, total mixed ration, dairy cow feces, and raw milk." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 9 (September 2019): 8273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16462.

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Su, Rina, Kuikui Ni, Tianwei Wang, Xiaopan Yang, Jie Zhang, Yayong Liu, Weixiong Shi, Liu Yan, Chen Jie, and Jin Zhong. "Effects of ferulic acid esterase-producing Lactobacillus fermentum and cellulase additives on the fermentation quality and microbial community of alfalfa silage." PeerJ 7 (October 8, 2019): e7712. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7712.

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Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an important forage material widely used for animal feed production. Ensiling is an effective method for preserving alfalfa, but it has shown some limitations in the production of high-quality alfalfa silage due to its low water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content and high buffering capacity. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase are often used as silage additives to promote the ensiling process and enhance fermentation quality. Methods Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of ferulic acid esterase (FAE)-producing Lactobacillus fermentum 17SD-2 (LF) and cellulase (CE) on the fermentation quality and microbial community of alfalfa silage. After 60 days of ensiling, analysis of fermentation quality and bacterial diversity in alfalfa silages were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-throughput sequencing methods. Results Alfalfa was ensiled with additives (LF, CE, and LF+CE) or without additives for 60 days. All additives increased lactic acid and decreased pH values and ammonia-N contents compared to control. Among all treatments, the combined addition of LF and CE showed lowest pH (4.66) and ammonia-N (NH3-N, 0.57% DM) content, highest contents of lactic acid (LA, 10.51% DM), dry matter (DM, 22.54%) and crude protein (CP, 24.60% DM). Combined addition of LF and CE performed better in reducing neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 29.76% DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, 22.86% DM) contents than the addition of LF (33.71, 27.39% DM) or CE (32.07, 25.45% DM) alone. Moreover, the microbial analysis indicated that LF+CE treatments increased the abundance of desirable Lactobacillus and inhibited the growth of detrimental Enterobacter and Clostridia in alfalfa silage. Discussion Combined addition of FAE-producing LF and CE is more effective than treatments of LF or CE alone in improving fermentation quality and nutrition values of alfalfa silage. This is likely due to a synergistic effect of CE and FAE produced by LF on plant cell wall degradation, indicating that these additives promote each other to improve fiber degradation and silage fermentation. In conclusion, combined addition of FAE-producing LF and CE could be a feasible way to improve alfalfa silage quality.
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40

Davies, D. R., and R. J. Merry. "Effect of slurry application on the microflora of grass and silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600026611.

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The spreading of slurry and other livestock wastes onto grassland is used as a means of recycling nutrients. Often these areas of grassland are subsequently used for silage production and there has been concern that the timing of slurry application may influence the outcome of the silage fermentation (O'Kiely et al. 1993). The application of slurry alters the microbial flora of the herbage and some of those added bacteria are associated with poor silage fermentations (Ostling and Lindgren, 1991).The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of the timing of a high level of slurry application to grassland on survival of enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria and Clostridia on the herbage, and subsequent effects on it's fermentation during ensilage.
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41

Laser, H., and W. Opitz von Boberfeld. "Effect of legume proportion and physiological age on forage quality and the suitability of Agrostis capillaris L. and Festuca rubra L. for silage making." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 7 (December 10, 2011): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4038-pse.

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The chemical and physical properties of herbage from low-input grassland usually differ from plant material of intensively managed swards. The experiment in split-plot design with four replicates was carried out to examine, whether legume proportions and the physiological age of herbage are relevant to fermentability of herbage. Lotus corniculatus did not increase nitrate concentrations sufficiently in Festuca rubra and most Agrostis capillaris swards to be able to avoid clostridial fermentation. However, Lotus corniculatus reduced the WSC/BC ratio of the grasses grown in mixture and that of the complete herbage of the mixtures. A late first cut in summer had an unexpected positive effect on the WSC/BC ratio of the grasses in pure stands, though reduced nutritive value of silages made from plants of advanced maturity stages are in all probability because of low energy concentrations in the fresh matter even with high yield proportions of the legume. Absence of fertilisation and late utilisation do not affect the chemical requirements for the fermentation process of grass-rich herbage in principle. However, silage making under these conditions is very demanding concerning ensilage technique: it may be necessary to use nitrate additives and higher fibre contents makes it more difficult to compact herbage.
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Bava, Luciana, Stefania Colombini, Maddalena Zucali, Marilù Decimo, Stefano Morandi, Tiziana Silvetti, Milena Brasca, Alberto Tamburini, G. Matteo Crovetto, and Anna Sandrucci. "Efficient milking hygiene reduces bacterial spore contamination in milk." Journal of Dairy Research 84, no. 3 (August 2017): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029917000309.

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Clostridia in the milk can lead to late blowing, a cheese defect. Clostridia are ubiquitous, deriving from both the farm environment and the feed ingested by the cows, and are transferred into the milk through faecal contamination. Our aim was to investigate the effect of different in-parlour practices on the content of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria in milk, and to monitor the variation in spore content in the feed and environment. The experiment, conducted in an experimental dairy during autumn, was repeated in exactly the same way for two consecutive years. The experimental design applied three different milking routines in three consecutive 7-d periods: forestripping alone (F); forestripping and post-dipping (F+Post); pre-dipping, wiping, forestripping and post-dipping (Pre+F+Post). Teat skin swabs and samples of feed, faeces, bedding materials and milk were collected for microbiological analyses. The dietary forage of the lactating cows included maize silage, which, in both years, was found to have the highest level of clostridial spore contamination. Pre-dipping with a detergent/emollient solution, and drying with a disposable paper towel, proved much more efficient in reducing spore contamination than forestripping alone, both on the teats (1·30 vs. 2·20 log10 MPN/swab; P < 0·001) and in the milk (1·82 vs. 2·47 log10 MPN/L, P < 0·02), while post-dipping had little influence on spore count. The standard plate count in milk was significantly lower with Pre+F+Post treatment than with F (3·80 vs. 4·51 log10 CFU/mL, P < 0·01). The teat preparation procedure did not influence the lactic acid bacterial levels in the milk, which is very positive in that decreased lactic acid bacterial content can lessen raw milk cheese quality.
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Echeverria, Antônio Dias, Tainara Bremm, Leonardo Ereno Tadielo, Othon Dalla Colleta Altermann, and Deise Dalazen Castagnara. "CONSERVAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS DA PODA DE OLIVEIRAS NA FORMA DE SILAGEM." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 2, no. 4 (November 27, 2015): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v2i4.271.

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Por meio de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado procedeu-se a caracterização nutricional de resíduos da poda de oliveiras mantidos in natura ou conservados na forma de silagens durante 110 e 150 dias. Estudou-se o perfil fermentativo por meio da determinação do conteúdo de matéria seca (MS), pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). A MS elevou-se de 487 para 535 g kg-1 com a ensilagem, enquanto o pH não foi afetado pela ensilagem (4,77) e o N-NH3 elevou-se de 5,24 para 6,09% do nitrogênio total. No perfil microbiológico estudaram-se as populações de fungos filamentosos, Lactobacillus, enterobactérias e Clostridium, que apresentaram aumento com a ensilagem. No perfil bromatológico determinou-se os conteúdos de cinzas, matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. Destes, apenas os conteúdos de cinzas, MO, FDA e celulose foram afetados pelos tratamentos, sem efeitos para PB (81 g kg-1) e FDN (679 g kg-1). Resíduos da poda de oliveiras podem ser conservados na forma de silagem por 110 ou 150 dias e possuem perfil bromatológico que sugere a possibilidade de sua utilização em dietas de ruminantes, porém, os limites de inclusão somente poderão ser determinados por meio de novos estudos.
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44

Mariotti, Marco, Filippo Fratini, Domenico Cerri, Victoria Andreuccetti, Roberta Giglio, Francesco G. S. Angeletti, and Barbara Turchi. "Use of Fresh Scotta Whey as an Additive for Alfalfa Silage." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030365.

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Scotta is a dairy industry waste obtained by ricotta cheese production. Because of its high availability and its high lactose content, scotta could be used as an additive to improve fermentation characteristics of alfalfa silage. Silage samples were obtained for 2 years from an alfalfa second cut, collecting the forage at three growth stages: mid bud (MB), early flowering (EF), and late flowering (LF). After wilting the forage at 38% dry matter (DM), four scotta doses were added (0, 75, 150, and 300 g/kg fresh forage) and the main chemical and microbiological characteristics were evaluated after 3, 13, and 90 days of ensiling (DOE). The lowest pH (4.3) was recorded in the EF and LF growth stages, after 90 DOE and with the highest scotta dose (300 g/kg fresh forage). After 90 DOE, the concentration of the main spoilage microorganisms and clostridial spore loads was always negligible. The addition of scotta decreased pH and fiber fractions, increased the relative feed value, and had no effect on the crude protein concentration or the total digestible nutrients. Therefore, the scotta can be successfully used as an additive to improve the fermentation characteristics of alfalfa silage.
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KOBAYASHI, Hisami, Yimin CAI, Masanori THONO, Ryuichi UEGAKI, Tsuyoshi OKAJIMA, and Ryozo TAKADA. "Identification and characterization of clostridia associated with silage fermentation of Italian ryegrass." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 82, no. 3 (2011): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.82.305.

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46

Bernardes, Thiago Fernandes, Ricardo Andrade Reis, and Andréia Luciane Moreira. "Fermentative and microbiological profile of marandu-grass ensiled with citrus pulp pellets." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 3 (June 2005): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000300003.

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High-wet roughages with low content of soluble carbohydrates, such as tropical grasses, should be inappropriate for producing silages of adequate quality. This study aimed to evaluate the fermentative and microbiological profiles of Marandu-grass ensilaged with pelleted citric pulp (PCP). Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu with 58 days of vegetative growth was harvested for producing experimental silages in PVC silos provided with Bünsen valves and density capacity of 900 kg m-3. Treatments were three PCP levels (0, 50 and 100 g kg-1 of fresh forage) and seven times (1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days) after sealing. PCP inclusion increased soluble carbohydrate concentrations by 15 to 20% and reduced pH (5.3 to 4.2) and N-NH3 levels of experimental silages. An increase of the population size of the enterobacterium (mean of 3 CFU g-1) was observed only at the first day of fermentation, small growth (mean 0.5 of CFU g-1) of clostridium and the dominance of homo in relation to hetero-fermentative bacteria. Citric pulp addition during Marandu-grass ensilage was benefic, its utilization being recommended, especially when associated with economical advantages.
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47

Suzzi, Giovanna, F. Papa, and L. Grazia. "Pectolytic clostridia isolated from sugar beet pulp silages in Italy." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 63, no. 6 (December 1987): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02717.x.

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48

Johnson, P. N., H. F. Grundy, and A. P. Stanway. "The effect of an inoculant additive on the fermentation characteristics of grass silage and bovine performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033572.

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The efficacy of inoculant silage additives has often been questioned under difficult ensiling conditions. This study was conducted under testing conditions to test the efficacy of an inoculant additive (SA55) on silage fermentation and animal performance.A perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) based sward was mown and conditioned on 29 October 1996 and was picked up on 30 and 31 October. Two similar precision-chop forage harvesters were used, one picked up grass without applying additive (Control), whilst the second applied the inoculant additive (SA55). SA55 (Microferm Ltd) was applied at a target rate of 2 1/t to give 5 x 105 organisms (Lactobacillus plantarum, Paediococcus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis lactis and clostridial bacteriophages) per gramme of grass. The harvesters picked up adjacent swaths and dedicated trailers serviced each harvester. Frequent checks were made on the application rate of the additive. Two similar, roofed bunker silos were loaded with grass, using loaders dedicated to each silo. Loads of grass were tipped in their respective silos to avoid Cross contamination during the filling operation. Care was taken to ensure equal consolidation of both clamps. After consolidation, clamps were sealed with polythene sheeting and weighted down with tyres. Each load of grass was weighed and sampled.
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49

Kasper, Neliton Flores, Leonardo Ereno Tadielo, Othon Dalla Colletta Altermann, Fabiane Quevedo da Rosa, Antônio Dias Echeverria, Eduardo Bohrer de Azevedo, Luciane Rumpel Segabinazzi, and Deise Dalazen Castagnara. "Fermentation times and feed additives improve the quality of olive bagasse silage." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n3p1263.

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This research aimed to measure the microbiological, chemical composition profile and fermentative characteristics during storage of fresh olive bagasse, in natura and incorporated with corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the plots constituting the four main treatments (olive bagasse in natura or with added corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively), and the subplots allocated the three sampling times, which corresponded to time zero (at the ensilage moment) and 28 and 56 days of ensilage. The fermentative characteristics (dry matter content [DM], pH and ammoniacal nitrogen [NH3-N], microbiological profile (populations of filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria and Clostridia) and chemical composition profile (mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein [CP], ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were determined. The corn grain and rice meal treatments, which demonstrated pH 4.08 and 3.96 at 28 days of fermentation, respectively, provided the best fermentation profile. After storage for 56 days, the samples with added soybean and rice meal reached the highest levels of CP (166.15 and 93.78 g kg-1 DM), respectively. Increasing the storage period reduced the pH of the obtained silages but increased the losses of DM, NH3-N and contributed to the losses of some nutrients. Rice meal and corn grain have been recommended to be used as additives in olive bagasse storage. However, the choice of additives studied is dependent on their commercial availability in each region.
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Emerstorfer, Florian, Walter Hein, Reinhard Resch, Erich M. Poetsch, Ulrike Zitz, and Wolfgang Kneifel. "Application of plant-based antimicrobials for the growth inhibition of clostridia in pressed beet pulp silage." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91, no. 11 (April 14, 2011): 2038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4416.

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