Relevant bibliographies by topics / Silane compounds Synthesis

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Silane compounds Synthesis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Silane compounds Synthesis"

1

Gross, Thoralf, Helmut Reinke, and Hartmut Oehme. "Geminal bis(hypersilyl) compounds — the synthesis and structure of bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]silanes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-136.

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Protodesilylation of diphenylsilane with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and subsequent reaction of the obtained bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)silane with tris(trimethylsilyl)silyllithium (1) (molar ratio 1:2) afforded bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]silane (8). Methyl-bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]silane (3) and phenyl-bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]silane (10) were obtained by coupling reactions of 1 with MeHSiCl2 or PhHSiCl2, respectively, (2:1). By treatment with HCBr3, the H-silanes 3, 8, and10 were converted into the bromosilanes [(Me3Si)3Si]2SiR1R2 (9: R1 = R2 = Br; 11: R1 = Me, R2 = Br; 12: R1 = Ph, R2 = Br). X-ray crystal structure analyses, performed for 3, 10 and 12, confirmed the expected distortions of the molecular skeletons of the compounds. Thus, e.g., in 10, the spatial demand of the two extended hemispherical hypersilyl groups forces a widening of the Si-Si-Si angle at the central Si atom to a value of 128.3°.Key words: silanes, sterically congested, bis(hypersilyl)silanes, hypersilylsilanes, bis(hypersilyl)germanes, tris(trimethylsilyl)silylsilanes.
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Linnemannstöns, Marvin, Beate Neumann, Hans-Georg Stammler, and Norbert W. Mitzel. "Synthesis and Structural Diversity of Triaryl(phenylethyl)silanes." Synthesis 52, no. 07 (January 13, 2020): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690785.

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Starting from trichloro(phenylethyl)silane, six differently fluorinated triaryl(phenylethyl)silanes were synthesized by salt elimination reactions and their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)(phenylethyl)silane reveals a folded structure due to intramolecular π-stacking interactions, while those with a lower degree of fluorination show either intermolecular π-stacking or no interplay between the aryl groups. A similar folded structure was observed for (4-methylphenethyl)tris(pentafluorophenyl)silane and [2-(naphth-2-yl)ethyl]tris(pentafluorophenyl)silane, both generated from the corresponding trichlorosilanes. In contrast, the inversely fluorinated [2-(pentafluorophenyl)ethyl]triphenylsilane only revealed intermolecular π-stacking interactions. Compounds with tetrafluoropyridyl substituents behave differently; with these compounds, π-stacking is only observed between the fluorinated units. All compounds were analyzed by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and found to have strong H/C/N/F···F and N···C contacts.
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Fournier, Jean-Hugues, Xin Wang, and James D. Wuest. "Derivatives of tetraphenylmethane and tetraphenylsilane: Synthesis of new tetrahedral building blocks for molecular construction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-056.

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Useful derivatives of tetraphenylmethane and tetraphenylsilane have been synthesized by efficient methods that give crystalline products without chromatographic purification. New compounds include tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (21), tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)methane (22), tetrakis[(4-hydroxymethyl)phenyl]methane (23), tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)silane (24), tetrakis(4-iodophenyl)silane (25), tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)silane (26), tetrakis[(4-hydroxymethyl)phenyl]silane (27), and tetrakis[(4-chloromethyl)phenyl]silane (28). These compounds are valuable precursors for the construction of complex molecules with tetrahedral geometries.Key words: organic synthesis, molecular and supramolecular design and construction, tetraphenylmethane, tetraphenyl silane, tetrahedral building blocks.
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Bleckmann, P., U. Englich, U. Hermann, I. Prass, K. Ruhlandt-Senge, M. Schürmann, C. Schwittekh, and F. Uhlig. "Synthesis and Reactivity of Novel Bis(stannyl)silanes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 54, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1999-0916.

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Bis(stannyl)silanes of types R3Sn-SiR′2-SnR3 and R2(H)Sn-SiR′2-Sn(H)R2 with R′ being methyl, phenyl, iso-propyl or terf-butyl have been synthesized by treatment of difunctionalized diorganosilanes with alkali stannides (R = Me, tBu; R′= Me, iPr; 1 - 6, 8 ) or with triphenyltin chloride and magnesium (R = Ph; R′ = Me, iPh;Pr; 7, 9). Me3Sn-SitBu2-SnMe3 4, was halogenated using SnCl4, to yield the bis(chlorostannyl)silane 11. The reaction of bis(stannyl)diorganosilanes R3SnSiR′SnR3 with catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)4 resulted in unexpected rearrangements under formation of the silyldistannanes R3SnSnR2SiR′R2. These compounds undergo addition reactions with alkynes. All compounds have been identified by NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. Compounds 5, 6 and 7 have also been characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Bolcu, Constantin, Dorina Modra, Gabriela Vlase, Nicolae Doca, Ciprian Mihali, and Titus Vlase. "Synthesis and thermal behavior of some diisocyanate–silane compounds." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 115, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3187-z.

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Li, Li, Yun-Long Wei, and Li-Wen Xu. "Organosilicon-Mediated Organic Synthesis (SiMOS): A Personal Account." Synlett 31, no. 01 (November 11, 2019): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691496.

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The organosilicon-mediated organic synthesis (SiMOS) has attracted much attention over the recent decades. However, the use of organosilicon reagents with novel catalytic strategies remains to be explored. This Account summarizes our group’s progress mainly based on the application of a wide variety of organosilicon reagents, including allylic silanes, trifluoromethyl silane, acylsilanes, chlorosilanes, hydrosilanes, trimethylsilyldiazomethane, trimethylsiloxyfuran, silanols, α-trimethylsilylmethylacetate, and trimethylsilylcyanide, in catalysis and organic reactions. These transformations were proved to be alternative procedures for the construction of structurally diverse compounds.1 Introduction2 The Exploration of New Reactivity of Organosilicon Reagent in Organic Synthesis2.1 Allylic Silanes2.2 Trifluomethylsilane (TMSCF3)2.3 Acylsilanes2.4 Chlorosilanes and Hydrosilanes2.5 Trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD)2.6 Trimethylsiloxyfuran2.7 Silanols2.8 Trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN)3 Conclusion and Perspective
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Kawachi, Atsushi, Yoko Tanaka, and Kohei Tamao. "Synthesis and Structures of Tris[2-(dimethylamino)phenyl]silane and -germane Compounds." Organometallics 16, no. 23 (November 1997): 5102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om970548n.

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Naghash, Hamid Javaherian, Akram Karimzadeh, and Ahmad Reza Massah. "Synthesis and properties of styrene-butylacrylate emulsion copolymers modified by silane compounds." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 112, no. 2 (April 15, 2009): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29555.

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Naga, Naofumi, Yasuto Sugano, and Arie Senda. "Synthesis of Network Polymers Containing Si-Vinylene Units by Mizoroki-Heck Reaction." International Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (May 9, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v9n3p1.

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Network polymers containing Si-vinylene units have been synthesized by Mizoroki-Heck reaction of cyclic siloxane or cubic silsesquioxane compounds with vinyl groups, as joint molecules, and dibromo aryl compounds, as linker molecules, using a Pd catalyst. The reaction of 1,3,5,7-tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TVMCTS) or octavinyloctasilsesquioxane (PVOSS) with o, m, p-dibromobenzene (DBB) or 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl (DBBP) yielded the corresponding network polymers, except TVMCTS-oDBB system. Optical properties of the network polymers were studied by UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and absorption and emission derived from s-p conjugation of the Si-vinylene units were detected. Copolymerization of TVMCTS-DBB/bromobenzene yielded CHCl3 soluble fraction due to formation of the network fragments. The network polymers of TVMCTS or PVOSS with 2,7-dibromofluorene (BFl) or 9,9-dihexyl-2,7-dibromofluorene were synthesized by the same procedures. Scanning electron microscope image of TVMCTS-BFl network polymer indicated formation of porous structure. The network polymers have been also synthesized by the reactions of multifunctional aryl bromide, as the joint molecules, with divinyl or dially silane compounds, as the linker molecules. The molecular structure of the multifunctional aryl bromide affected the emission wavelengths of the network polymers. In the case of the 2,2’,7,7’-tetrabromo-9,9’-spirobifluorene-based network polymers, the emission spectra widely ranged from 450 to 500 nm, which were sensitive to molecular structure of the divinyl or dially silane compounds.
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Potapov, Vladimir A., Roman S. Ishigeev, and Svetlana V. Amosova. "Efficient Regioselective Synthesis of Novel Water-Soluble 2H,3H-[1,4]thiazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-4-ium Derivatives by Annulation Reactions of 8-quinolinesulfenyl Halides." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041116.

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Regioselective synthesis of novel 2H,3H-[1,4]thiazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-4-ium derivatives has been developed by annulation reactions of 8-quinolinesulfenyl halides with vinyl chalcogenides (vinyl ethers, divinyl sulfide, divinyl selenide and phenyl vinyl sulfide) and tetravinyl silane. The novel reagent 8-quinolinesulfenyl bromide was used in the annulation reactions. The influence of the substrate structure and the nature of heteroatoms on the direction of the reactions and on product yields has been studied. The opposite regiochemistry was observed in the reactions with vinyl chalcogenides and tetravinyl silane. The obtained condensed heterocycles are novel water-soluble functionalized compounds with promising biological activity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Silane compounds Synthesis"

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Jo, Kyo Dong. "Synthesis and reactions of poly(ethynyldialkylsilanes)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332501/.

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A nucleophilic cleavage reaction of 2,2,5,5,8,8-hexamethyl-2,5,8-trisilanona-3,6-diyne, I, with several bases, occurs rapidly at room temperature in both polar and non-polar solvents. An attack occurs exclusively at the central silicon regardless of the steric requirements of the bases (alkyllithium). The major products from the reaction of I with tert-butyllithium followed by hydrolysis were 2,2,5,5,6,6-hexamethyl-2,5-disilahepta-3-yne, II, and 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disilahexa-3-yne, VI.
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Sillick, Matthew P. "Synthesis and characterization of polycarbosilane." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19681.

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Moore, Darren Leeroy. "The reaction of hydrogen peroxide vapour with organosilicon hydrides and other silicon compounds under chemical vapour deposition conditions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302174.

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Nixon, Emily Cummings. "Silanes in sustainable synthesis: applications in polymer grafting, carbon dioxide capture, and gold nanoparticle synthesis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45847.

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Vinyltrialkoxysilanes are grafted onto polyolefins via a radical mechanism; in a subsequent step, the pendant alkoxysilanes hydrolyze and condense upon exposure to water, resulting formation of crosslinks. Straight chain hydrocarbons were used as model compounds to investigate the regioselectivity of vinyltrimethoxysilane grafting. To stabilize the water-sensitive grafted products, the methoxy groups were substituted using phenyllithium. It was found that this reaction must be carried out for a minimum of three days to ensure full substitution. The grafted products were then separated on a weight basis using semi-preparative HPLC. Analysis of the di-grafted fraction using edited HSQC and HSQC-TOCSY NMR showed that radical propagation occurs via 1,4- and 1,5-intramolecular hydrogen shifts along the hydrocarbon backbone, resulting in multiple grafts per backbone. Post-combustion carbon capture targets CO₂ emissions from large point sources for capture and sequestration. A new class of potential carbon capture agents known as reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) has been synthesized and evaluated in terms of potential performance parameters (e.g. CO₂ capacity, viscosity, enthalpy of regeneration). These RevILs are silylated amines, which react with CO₂ to form a salt comprising an ammonium cation and a carbamate anion that is liquid at room temperature. Structural modifications of the basic silylamine skeleton result in drastic differences in the performance of the resulting RevIL. Systematic variation of the silylated amines allowed determination of a structure-property relationship, and continued iterations will allow development of an ideal candidate for scale-up. The properties and potential applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are highly dependent on their size and shape. These properties are commonly controlled during liquid-phase synthesis through the use of capping agents, which must be removed following synthesis. Reverse micelles can also be used to control the morphology of AuNP during their synthesis. When RevILs are used in the formation of these reverse micelles, either as the disperse phase or as the surfactant, the built-in switch can be used to release the nanoparticles following their synthesis. This release on command could decrease the post-synthetic steps required to clean and purify AuNP prior to use. We have successfully synthesized AuNP using a number of different RevILs.
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Huttenhower, Hillary Anne. "Development of new chemistry for a dual use hydrazine thruster, switchable room temperature ionic liquids, a study of silane grafting to polyethylene and its model compounds, synthesis of the novel hydrazine replacement fuel molecules 1,1-dimethyl-2-[2-azidoethyl]hydrazine and 1,1-dimethyl-2-[2-azidoethyl]hydrazone." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41055.

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This thesis focuses on the development of new compounds or new processes that are more environmentally friendly and economical than those currently in use. The decomposition of hydrazine, a well established liquid rocket fuel for both the aerospace and defense industries, to the product ammonia is studied. Control of this reaction will allow hydrazine to be used as a propellant for both chemical and electric propulsion. From this a dual stage thruster will be developed that will be more efficient than current systems decreasing the amount of propellant needed and allowing for either a larger mission payload or a longer duration of individual missions. Hydrazine, while beneficial and well established, is also highly toxic, so other work in this thesis focuses on the synthesis of the novel molecule 1,1-dimethyl-2-[2-azidoethyl]hydrazine or DMAEH and its hydrazone intermediate 1,1-dimethyl-2-[2-azidoethyl]hydrazone or De-DMAEH as less toxic hydrazine replacements. Novel "switchable" ionic liquids have been investigated in this research. These are solvents that can change from molecular liquids to ionic liquids and back, simply with the addition or removal of CO₂ from the system. They can be used for a variety of applications, including as solvents for a reaction and separation system. Due to the recyclable nature of these solvents, waste is decreased making their development and implementation both environmentally and economically beneficial. Finally, the grafting reaction of vinyl silanes onto a hydrocarbon backbone is investigated. Fundamental work is being performed to study the graft distribution, selectivity and mechanism by which this reaction occurs. A more thorough understanding of how this reaction proceeds will allow for the development of a more efficient industrial process.
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Manoso, Amy Slover. "Hypercoordinate silicon compounds In organic synthesis improved methods for the synthesis of aryl(trialkoxy)silane derivatives ; and trimethylsilyl cyanide as a cyanide source for nucleophilic substitution /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1664.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Chemistry. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Balduzzi, Sonya. "Balancing protection and activation : silyl ethers and dicobalt complexes as controlling elements in organic synthesis /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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Tibbelin, Julius. "Organic Heavy Group 14 Element Compounds : A Study of Their Chemical Bonding Properties Directed Towards Applications as Molecular Wires and in Synthesis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och organisk kemi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-123088.

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The research described herein includes synthesis, spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations with focus on the characteristic properties of compounds with bonds between carbon and the heavier Group 14 elements. The chapters based on the first four papers concern σ- and σ/π-conjugated compounds, although the focus of the first paper is on ring strain of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes with C, Si, Ge or Sn at the bridgeheads. The relationship between calculated homodesmotic ring strain energies and through-space distances between the bridgehead atoms was evaluated, and it was found that replacing one of the methylene bridges with phospha-methyl gave both low strain and short through-space distance. Two kinds of σ/π-interacting systems were analysed with the difference that the σ- and π-bonded segments were either allowed to rotate freely relative each other or frozen into a conformer with maximal σ/π-interaction. The freely rotating systems are star-shaped oligothiophenes linked by heavy alkane segments. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of hole reorganization energies support the measured hole mobilites. In summary, longer central oligosilane linkages, when compared to shorter, facilitate intermolecular hole-transfer between oligothiophene units. In 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes, the strength of the π- and pseudo-π interaction depends on the substituents at Si. Vapour phase UV absorption spectroscopy of 2,3,5,6-tetraethyl-1,1,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene reveals a strong absorption at 273 nm (4.50 eV). Time-dependent DFT calculations further indicate that octastannylated 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene has is lowest excited state at 384 nm (3.23 eV). The electronic, geometric and optical properties of substituted 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes were compared with those of the correspondingly substituted siloles. It was found that the lowest excitations of siloles are less tunable than those of 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes. The final section concerns strongly reverse-polarised 2-amino-2-siloxysilenes formed thermally from carbamylpolysilanes, and their lack of reaction with alcohols. Instead, the carbamylsilane reacts with alcohols giving silyl ethers, leading to a new benign route for alcohol protection.
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Jachiet, Denis. "Reactivite des organocuprates et des organoaluminates associes a bf::(3) dans l'ouverture nucleophile des oxirannes : application a la synthese de pheromones." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066438.

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Iloughmane-Gaspard, Hafida. "Ene reactivite d'alcenylsilanes et -germanes : synthese et stabilisation de metalloles du groupe 14." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30214.

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La synthese d'alcools allyliques organometalliques du groupe 14 (si,ge) a ete effectuee par oxydation de composes ethyleniques (photo-oxygenation ; epoxydation/rearrangement). Ces alcools ou leurs esters ont ete valorises en tant que precurseurs des premiers metalloles, isologues des cyclopentadienes, c-non substitues ou c-methyles qui ont ete stabilises par complexation-pi (fe,co). L'auteur decrit plus de 100 produits organometalliques nouveaux dont les structures moleculaires sont etablies par spectrometries de resonance magnetique nucleaire, de masse, photo-electronique et de diffraction des rayons x. Les mecanismes des reactions de cycloaddition, d'oxydation et d'elimination mises en jeu au cours de ce travail sont discutes
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Books on the topic "Silane compounds Synthesis"

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Larson, G. L. Ionic and organometallic-catalyzed organosilane reductions. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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1945-, Matern Eberhard, ed. Carbosilanes: Syntheses and reactions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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M, Lewis Kenrick, and Rethwisch David G, eds. Catalyzed direct reactions of silicon. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Silane compounds Synthesis"

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Mori, Miwako. "Synthesis and Reactivity of Zirconium–Silene Complex." In New Aspects of Zirconium Containing Organic Compounds, 41–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b98424.

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Taber, Douglass. "Functional Group Transformations." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0004.

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Jeffrey C. Pelletier of Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA has developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7745) a easy work-up Mitsunobu procedure for the conversion of a primary alcohol such as 1 to the corresponding primary amine 2. Shlomo Rozen of Tel-Aviv University has taken advantage (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 6500) of his own method for oxidation of a primary amine to the nitro compound to effect net conversion of an amino ester 3 to the alkylated amino ester 5. Note that the free amine of 3 or 5 would react immediately with methyl iodide. Keith A. Woerpel of the University of California, Irvine has uncovered (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12602) a Cu catalyst that, with 7, effected direct conversion of silyl ethers such as 6 to the allyl silane 8. An Ag catalyst gave 9, which also shows arllyl silane reactivity. Biswanath Das of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad has established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 6681) a compact procedure for the direct conversion of an aromatic aldehyde such as 10 to the benzylic halide 11. This will be especially useful for directly generating benzylic halides that are particularly reactive. α-Sulfinylation of ketones often requires intial generation of the enolate. J. S. Yadav, also of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, has devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5243) an oxidative protocol for installing sulfur adjacent to a ketone. In a related development, Richard S. Grainger of the University of Birmingham has established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5377) a simple procedure for the conversion of thio esters such as 14 to the corresponding ketone 16. Yoshiya Fukumoto of Osaka University has shown (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13792) that a terminal alkyne 17 can be directly converted into the enamine 18 by Rh-catalyzed addition of a secondary amine. Lukas Hintermann and Carsten Bolm of RWTH Aachen have found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 5704) that inclusion of water gave the aldehyde, which could be oxidized with the residual Ru catalyst to the acid.
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Hey-Hawkins, E., and A. A. Karasik. "Synthesis from [(Dialkylphosphino)methyl]silanes or -stannanes and Dialkylhalophosphines." In Organophosphorus Compounds (incl. RO-P and RN-P), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-042-00120.

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Taber, Douglass F. "Functional Group Transformation: The Castle Synthesis of Celogentin C." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0004.

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Mark Cushman of Purdue University found (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3507) that a benzylic methyl ether 1 could be converted to the aldehyde 2 by N -bromosuccinimide. Two equivalents of NBS gave the methyl ester. Ning Jiao of Peking University used (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2888) NaN3 followed by DDQ to oxidize a benzylic halide 3 to the nitrile 4. Hugues Miel of Almac Sciences oxidized (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3216) the ketone 5 to the nitro derivative 6. The oxidative conversion of the nitro compound 7 to the ketone 8 described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 6389) by Vera L. Patrocinio Pereira of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro proceeded without epimerization. Sundarababu Baskaran of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 804) that oxidative cleavage of the benzylidene acetal 9 delivered 10 with high regioselectivity. The intramolecular alkene dihydroxylation of 11 originated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4491) by Erik J. Alexanian of the University of North Carolina gave 12 with high diastereocontrol. Ruimao Hua of Tsinghua University took advantage (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 2966) of the H-donor properties of DMF to develop an efficient reduction of the alkyne 13 to the alkyne 14 . Alejandro F. Barrero of the University of Granada developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 254) Ti (III) conditions for the reduction of the allylic alcohol 15 to the terminal alkene 16. Isolated alkenes were stable to these conditions. P. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran, also of Purdue University, effected (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3167) reductive amination of 17 to 18 using the now readily available NH3 - BH3 . Bin Ma and Wen-Cherng Lee of BiogenIdec developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 385) a simple protocol for the conversion of an acid 19 to the free amine 20. Marc Lemaire of Université Lyons 1 established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2092) that the silane 22 reduced primary, secondary, and tertiary amides to the aldehydes.
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Ottosson, H., and A. M. Rouf. "Synthesis of Silenes by Photolysis or Thermolysis of Acylpolysilanes and Derivatives." In Compounds of Groups 15 (As, Sb, Bi) and Silicon Compounds, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-104-00017.

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Lambert, Tristan H. "Total Synthesis of C–O Ring-Containing Natural Products." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0053.

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Scott A. Snyder at Columbia University demonstrated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17714) that tetrahydrofuran 1 could be readily converted to oxocane 2 by treatment with the BDSB reagent developed in his laboratory. Reduction of 2 with DIBAL-H initiated a second ring closure by mesylate displacement to form the bicycle 3, which represented a formal total synthesis of laurefucin 4. Andrew L. Lawrence at the Australian National University found (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 4537) that upon treatment with catalytic base, rengyolone 6, which was prepared in one pot from phenol 5, could be converted to the natural products incarviditone 7 and incarvilleatone 8. This demonstration provides strong support for the postulated biomimetic formation of these natural products. Shuanhu Gao at East China Normal University reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 7786) the total synthesis of (+)-fusarisetin A 12 via biomimetic oxidation of equisetin 10 to produce the peroxy compound 11, followed by reduction. The bicyclic carbon skeleton of equisetin 10 was synthesized by intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of trienyl aldehyde 9. The ellagitannin natural product (+)-davidiin 15 possesses a glucopyranose core with the unusual 1C4 (tetraaxial) conformation due to the presence of a biaryl bridge between two of the galloyl groups. Hidetoshi Yamada at Kwansei Gakuin University constructed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 8026) this bridge by oxidation with CuCl2 of 13, in which the three sterically demanding triisopropylsiloxy groups enforce the requisite tetraaxial conformation. John A. Porco, Jr. at Boston University applied (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13108) his asymmetric [3+2] photocycloaddition chemistry to the total synthesis of the aglain natural product (+)-ponapensin 20. Irradiation of hydroxyflavone 16 with methyl cinnamate 17 in the presence of diol 18 afforded the entire core framework 19 of ponapensin 20, which was accessed in just a few further synthetic transformations. Finally, Silas P. Cook at Indiana University reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134,13577) a five-pot total synthesis of the antimalarial (+)-artemisinin 25. Cyclohexenone 21 was converted by simple operations to aldehyde 22. This aldehyde was then engaged in a [4+2] cycloaddition with the silyl ketene acetal 23 to produce, after an impressive Wacker oxidation of the disubstituted olefin, bicycle 24.
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7

Wei, James. "Search Challenges and Methods." In Product Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159172.003.0008.

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A successful product must have the following elements: a market and customers with needs for a product that is available in quantity and at suitable prices, with a set of properties that are suitable for the application, containing appropriate material that can be produced by a suitable technology. The design of a successful product for the marketplace can be described as the creative synthesis of many elements together, with optimization and harmony. The product innovators usually start with some of the required elements, but other key elements are missing and have to be found: for example, when we needed a good refrigerant but did not know what material would have the right properties, or when we found an interesting nonstick polymer but did not know what products would benefit from it and what markets would appreciate it. At later stages, we need to find ways to optimize the elements to make a better product, such as by learning to make nylon from the raw materials adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, and by increasing the solubility of taxol by emulsifying with castor oil. Thus, a successful design involves many searches for missing elements, as well as for ways to improve existing elements. The search from a material to its properties is called the forward search, since handbooks and tables of properties are organized and listed by the materials, so one looks up the boiling points and the flammability of the compounds by their names. The invention of nylon by Carothers and associates at DuPont in 1928 can be represented by the set of arrows from the left to the right in figure 3.1. Carothers discovered the science and technology of condensation polymerization, which has the capability to make polyester material in possession of properties that are promising but not entirely suitable, as well as the capability to make many other materials. They decided that the product should be a silken fiber, suitable for the market of ladies stockings. From this “lead compound,” they searched to find ways to modify the structure to obtain material with superior and desirable properties that were fine-tuned for the stocking market.
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8

Mark, James E., Dale W. Schaefer, and Gui Lin. "Composites." In The Polysiloxanes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181739.003.0011.

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A relatively new area that involves silicon-containing materials is the synthesis of “ultrastructure” materials (i.e., materials in which structure can be controlled at the level of 100 Å). An example is the “sol-gel” hydrolysis of alkoxysilanes (organosilicates) to give silica, SiO2. The reaction is complicated, involving polymerization and branching, but the overall reaction may be written . . . Si(OR4 + 2H2O → SiO2 + 4ROH (9.1) . . . where the Si(OR)4 organometallic species is typically tetraethoxysilane such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, with R being C2H5). In this application, the precursor compound is hydrolyzed and then condensed to yield branched polymers. Eventually a continuous swollen gel is formed. The gel is dried at moderately low temperatures to remove volatile species, and then it is fired into a porous ceramic object that can then be densified and machined into a final ceramic part. The production of ceramics by this novel route triggered interest in the ceramics community because of advantages over the conventional powder-processing approach to ceramics. Advantages include (i) the higher purity of the starting materials, (ii) the relatively low temperatures required, (iii) the possibility of controlling the ultrastructure to reduce the microscopic flaws that lead to failure, (iv) the ease with which ceramic coatings can be formed, and (v) the ease with which ceramic alloys can be prepared (e.g., by hydrolyzing solutions of both silicates and titanates). The sol-gel approach has been used to form ceramic-like phases in a variety of polymers. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is the most popular. PDMS is relatively weak and stands to benefit most from reinforcement. PDMS is easily absorbs the precursor materials generally used in the solgel process. Nearly monodisperse silica microparticles can be obtained using siloxane elastomer mixtures. In some cases, the PDMS has been part of a copolymer, with ureas, imides, amideimides, and dianilines. In other approaches, the particle surface is modified, for example, with a polysiloxane. Siloxane/silica nanocomposites have also been used as “culture-stone-protective materials.” Sol-gel hydrolysis and condensation can be carried out within a polymeric matrix to generate particles of the ceramic material, typically with an average diameter of a few hundred angstroms.
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9

Erman, Burak, and James E. Mark. "Multiphase Systems." In Structures and Properties of Rubberlike Networks. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195082371.003.0018.

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One class of multiphase elastomers are those capable of undergoing strain-induced crystallization, as was discussed separately in chapter 12. In this case, the second phase is made up of the crystallites thus generated, which provide considerable reinforcement. Such reinforcement is only temporary, however, in that it may disappear upon removal of the strain, addition of a plasticizer, or increase in temperature. For this reason, many elastomers (particularly those which cannot undergo strain-induced crystallization) are generally compounded with a permanent reinforcing filler. The two most important examples are the addition of carbon black to natural rubber and to some synthetic elastomers, and the addition of silica to siloxane rubbers. In fact, the reinforcement of natural rubber and related materials is one of the most important processes in elastomer technology. It leads to increases in modulus at a given strain, and improvements of various technologically important properties, such as tear and abrasion resistance, resilience, extensibility, and tensile strength. There are also disadvantages, however, including increases in hysteresis (and thus of heat buildup) and compression set (permanent deformation). Another problem in this area is the absence of a reliable molecular theory for filler reinforcement, in general, and even simple molecular pictures of the origin of the reinforcement are lacking. The subject is not even discussed in what has long been the standard reference book on rubberlike elasticity! On the other hand, there is an incredible amount of relevant experimental data available, with most of these data relating to reinforcement of natural rubber by carbon black. Recently, however, other polymers such as poly(dimethylsiloxane), and other fillers, such as precipitated silica, metallic particles, and even glassy polymers, have become of interest. These studies have shown that materials which act as fillers can vary substantially with respect to the chemical nature of their surfaces, and probably most solid, finely divided materials may advantageously be incorporated into an elastomer. In fact, this is one of the ways the crystallites discussed in chapter 12 improve the mechanical properties of an elastomer. Experimental evidence indicates that the extent of the reinforcement depends strongly on particle size.
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