Academic literature on the topic 'Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)"
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Barbi, Nicholas C., and Richard B. Mott. "Take-off Angle Imaging: A New Image Mode for Scanning Electron Microscopy." Microscopy Today 21, no. 3 (2013): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000497.
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Traditional electron detectors for scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are the Everhart-Thornley detector located on one side of the specimen and the overhead backscattered electron detector (BSED), usually mounted under the final lens. In 2011 PulseTor introduced an efficient BSED based on scintillator/silicon photomultipler technology that is small enough to be mounted on the tip of an X-ray detector. The scintillator converts the electron signal to light, which is in turn converted to an electrical current in the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). Silicon photomultipliers were initially developed in Russia in the 1990s. The review article by Dolgoshein et al. cites much of the historical development. Following the recent work of Piemonte and others, the SiPM consists of an array of many identical and independent detecting elements (microcells) connected in parallel on a common Si substrate. Each microcell is an avalanche photodiode only tens of micrometers in size.
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Baszczyk, M., P. Dorosz, S. Głąb, W. Kucewicz, and Ł. Mik. "Reduction of silicon photomultipliers thermal generation in self-coincidence system applied in low level light measurements." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 3 (2014): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0054.
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Abstract The paper presents method for thermal generation reduction in low level light applications, especially where measured phenomena have random character. The algorithm was developed basing on cosmic ray measurements. The main parts of the system are: Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM), front-end ASIC for amplifying and shaping signals. SiPM is a very sensitive device which can detect single photons. Comparing to a standard photomultiplier SiPM has a compact size, low operating voltage and it is immune to an electromagnetic field. Thermally generated signals are disadvantage of SiPM. This paper presents the measurement method to reduce influence of thermal generation.
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Mehadji, Brahim, Mathieu Dupont, Denis Fougeron, and Christian Morel. "Monte Carlo simulation of SiPMs with GATE." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (2022): P09025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09025.
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Abstract Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) replace photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for the detection of light in many applications, particularly in high energy physics and medical imaging. We describe a flexible implementation of a SiPM model for the GATE Monte Carlo simulation platform, which is based on the SiPM noise description proposed by Rosado and Hidalgo, and describe an easy and effective method to determine and instantiate the SiPM noise model with simple measurements. We also simulate the micro-cell Single Photon Time Resolution (SPTR) and describe its measurement.
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ZHANG, G. Q., X. J. ZHAI, C. J. ZHU, H. C. LIU, and Y. T. ZHANG. "THE SILICON PHOTOMULTIPLIER — A NEW DETECTOR FOR SINGLE PHOTON-NUMBER-RESOLVING AT ROOM TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Quantum Information 10, no. 03 (2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749912300021.
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A new type of single photon detector, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), — which has photon-number-resolving capability at room temperature, was introduced. The SiPM is composed of hundreds to thousands of Geiger mode avalanche photo-diodes (GAPD) pixels in size from several to several tens of microns integrated in one silicon chip. The SiPM can resolve the photon-number of a short light pulse by spatial multiplexing. The influence of relative high dark count rate on the quantum bit error rate (QBER) can be mitigated greatly by gating detection events and slightly cooling the detector. The key parameters of SiPM were demonstrated and the results show that the SiPM can reach the requirements for quantum information processing and applications.
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Seo, Minjee, Haewook Park, and Jae Sung Lee. "Evaluation of Large-Area Silicon Photomultiplier Arrays for Positron Emission Tomography Systems." Electronics 10, no. 6 (2021): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060698.
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An individual readout of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) would enhance the performance of modern positron emission tomography (PET) systems. However, as it difficult to achieve in practice, a multiplexing readout of SiPM arrays could be performed instead. In this study, we characterized the performance of three PET detector modules utilizing three different SiPM models with active areas of 3 × 3, 4 × 4, and 6 × 6 mm2. Each SiPM array was coupled with a 4 × 4 LYSO crystal block. For SiPM multiplexing, we used a discretized positioning circuit to obtain position and energy information, and applied a first-order capacitive high-pass filter to enhance the time-of-flight measurement capability of the PET detector. The energy performance was similar among the three different SiPM arrays, with an energy resolution of 10%–11%. The best timing performance was achieved with the SiPM array with an active area of 6 × 6 mm2, which yielded a coincidence timing resolution (CTR) value of 401 ps FWHM when an analog high-pass filter was applied. We expect that, in combination with high-performance SiPM multiplexing techniques, the SiPM array with an active area of 6 × 6 mm2 can provide a cost-effective solution for developing a whole-body PET scanner.
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Pino, Felix, Jessica Delgado, Giorgia Mantovani, et al. "Novel neutron detector assembly based on SiPM readout to be coupled with the Active Target for SPES." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125301001.
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The Active Target ATS (Active Target for SPES) is a new time-projection chamber designed for reaction and decay studies with nuclei far from stability. The physics cases for the new-generation active target are related to the ongoing developments of facilities for radioactive ion beams. Thanks to its flexibility, this instrument will be capable of taking advantage of the most exotic beams which will become available at the SPES facility under construction at the Legnaro National Laboratories in Italy. Particular attention will be also paid to couple it with ancillary detectors, for both charged and neutral (gamma and neutrons) particles. In particular, in this work, we will focus the attention on the neutron ancillary detectors. The proposed prototype is a compact device able to discriminate, by performing pulse shape analysis, between neutrons and gamma. The device take advantage of recent improvements in silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology and the development of new plastic scintillators exhibiting neutron/gamma discrimination capability. Our work is focused on the read-out with silicon photomultipliers arrays of EJ-276 (and its old version EJ-299) and EJ-276G scintillators of several sizes (ranging from 20 mm to 50 mm diameter). Moreover, we will show the comparison of discrimination performances between SiPM and standard photomultiplier read-out configurations.
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Hunter, E. D., J. Fajans, N. A. Lewis, et al. "Plasma temperature measurement with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)." Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no. 10 (2020): 103502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0006672.
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Shen, Fengzhao, Qibin Fu, Tuchen Huang, and Wei Wang. "A Compact Dual Gamma Neutron Detector Based on NaI(Tl+Li) Scintillator Readout with SiPM." Crystals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081077.
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Sodium iodide crystal co-doped with thallium and lithium is a promising scintillator with wide application prospects for dual gamma neutron detection. In this study, a compact gamma/neutron detector was developed based on 2-inch NaI(Tl+Li) (NaIL) scintillator readout with 8 × 8 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array. Dedicated transimpedance amplifier circuit was developed for the SiPM array. The energy resolution and response linearity with the SiPM array were evaluated and compared to those obtained with photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The energy resolution for 661.6 keV gamma rays was measured as 7.0% and 6.5% with SiPM array and PMT, respectively. The linear response of the SiPM array is almost the same as that of the PMT in the energy range up to ~4 MeV. Neutron and gamma pulse shape discrimination was evaluated by acquiring the pulse waveforms with a digitizer (12 bit/250 MSPS) and off-line analysis. The best figure of merit (FOM) was measured as 3.75 for the SiPM array with optimized parameters, close to the performance measured with PMT (FOM = 4.07). The experimental results show that the NaIL scintillator readout with SiPM array exhibit energy resolution equivalent to NaI(Tl) gamma detectors and excellent neutron/gamma discrimination, making it especially suitable for compact devices requiring gamma and neutron dual detection capabilities.
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Hu, P., Z. H. Hua, L. S. Ma, S. Qian, Q. Wu, and Z. G. Wang. "Study on the Optimized Energy Resolution of Scintillator Detectors Based on SiPMs and LYSO:Ce." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (2022): T09010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/t09010.
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Abstract The cerium-doped lutetium yttrium silicate (LYSO:Ce) crystal has many advantages such as high light output and fast decay time, showing great potential to improve the performance of scintillation detectors. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are high-performance semiconductor photodetectors, which generally have a higher photon detection efficiency than photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and are beneficial to realize a better energy resolution. The energy resolution and detected light output of SiPM-coupled LYSO:Ce crystals were studied by optimizing the photon detection efficiency (PDE), the operating voltage, the wrapper, the surface finish and the coupling method between the SiPM and crystal. Considering the output saturation of SiPMs in high light intensity, a preliminary correction method was applied to the saturation response of SiPMs and energy resolution of 662 keV gamma-rays from 137Cs was obtained after correction. The results show that the optimized energy resolution at 662 keV measured by the SiPM of 50 μm microcells can reach 7.6%. The light output of the polished and rough crystal detected by a SiPM of 10 μm microcells were also measured, which can reach 27000 ± 3200 photons/MeV and 36000 ± 3700 photons/MeV, respectively.
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Gola, Alberto, Fabio Acerbi, Massimo Capasso, et al. "NUV-Sensitive Silicon Photomultiplier Technologies Developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler." Sensors 19, no. 2 (2019): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020308.
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Different applications require different customizations of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology. We present a review on the latest SiPM technologies developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK, Trento), characterized by a peak detection efficiency in the near-UV and customized according to the needs of different applications. Original near-UV sensitive, high-density SiPMs (NUV-HD), optimized for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) application, feature peak photon detection efficiency (PDE) of 63% at 420 nm with a 35 um cell size and a dark count rate (DCR) of 100 kHz/mm2. Correlated noise probability is around 25% at a PDE of 50% at 420 nm. It provides a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of 100 ps FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the detection of 511 keV photons, when used for the readout of LYSO(Ce) scintillator (Cerium-doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate) and down to 75 ps FWHM with LSO(Ce:Ca) scintillator (Cerium and Calcium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate). Starting from this technology, we developed three variants, optimized according to different sets of specifications. NUV-HD–LowCT features a 60% reduction of direct crosstalk probability, for applications such as Cherenkov telescope array (CTA). NUV-HD–Cryo was optimized for cryogenic operation and for large photosensitive areas. The reference application, in this case, is the readout of liquid, noble-gases scintillators, such as liquid Argon. Measurements at 77 K showed a remarkably low value of the DCR of a few mHz/mm2. Finally, vacuum-UV (VUV)-HD features an increased sensitivity to VUV light, aiming at direct detection of photons below 200 nm. PDE in excess of 20% at 175 nm was measured in liquid Xenon. In the paper, we discuss the specifications on the SiPM related to different types of applications, the SiPM design challenges and process optimizations, and the results from the experimental characterization of the different, NUV-sensitive technologies developed at FBK.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)"
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FABRIS, LORENZO. "Novel readout design criteria for SiPM-based radiation detectors." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/52227.
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Montagna, Elisabetta. "Characterization of SiPMs for the photon detection system of the DUNE far detector." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21277/.
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The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next generation experiment with the purpose of studying neutrino oscillation. It will contribute in solving some still open questions as a neutrino mass ordering and a possible CP violation in the leptonic sector. The experiment will be implemented with a Near Detector (ND) and a Far Detector (FD), placed at a distance of ~1300 km. The FD complex will be composed of four detectors modules of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers. In order to detect the scintillation light emitted by neutrino interactions inside the detector, the FD will make use of a Photon Detection system formed by light collectors coupled to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs).
This thesis is focused on the test activities carried out to verify the
compatibility of the photosensors to the experiment requirements necessary to ensure a uniform response of the system. A full characterization of the first SiPM sample is presented, studying their behaviour both at room and in cryogenic environment (77 K).
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Merzi, Stefano. "Novel applications of FBK SiPMs in the detection of low energy ionizing radiation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/276309.
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Silicon photon multipliers, or SiPMs, are single photon detectors that have grown increasing interest in the last decade as an alternative to photomultiplier tubes in many field of physics, engineering and medicine.
Compared to PMTs, SiPMs are more compact, rugged and operate at much lower bias voltage, in the order of tens of volts. Moreover they are insensitive to magnetic field and can achieve a very high radiopurity
SiPM detectors work on the principle of a diode operated above the breakdown voltage, in Geiger mode. In this condition, the electric field in the depletion region is high enough that the electron-hole pairs, generated by a single photon absorption through photoelectric effect, create secondary charges by impact ionization in a potentially diverging avalanche effect that can be exploited to generate a macroscopical current at the output of the diode.
Thanks to this effect, the SiPM is capable of counting the number of impinging photons down to single photon level. Noise sources in the SiPM include dark counts and correlated noise. Dark counts are counts happening when an electron-hole pair is generated in the active volume of the device in absence of photon absorptions. These events are caused either by thermal generation, diffusion from the neutral region or by tunnel effect. Correlated noise events, or counts, on the other hand, are generated when a primary firing cell retriggers after a certain time or cause the triggering of another cell. All these noise sources introduce errors in the photon count by adding fake events to the output signal of the detector.Traditional SiPM application is 511 keV gamma-ray detection in PET machines, using scintillator LYSO crystals to convert a single gamma ray into a flash of visible photons. An application based on the same principle was studied in this thesis by coupling FBK RGB-HD SiPMs with CsI:Tl crystals in order to detect lower energy X and gamma-rays. This setup has proven to be effective in the detection of radiation with energy as low as 5.9 keV with a resolution of 38.3%, which is the minimum value of energy resolution measured with SiPMs coupled to scintillator crystals at such low energy. At the same time it was observed that large area detectors provided a dynamic range wide enough to simultaneously detect radiation ranging from 6.4 keV to 122 keV with minimal saturation. In another activity of this thesis it was developed a simulation software that reproduces the behaviour of a SiPM under different light conditions by taking into account the detector efficiency, the dead time and the recharge behaviour of its cells and theoretical modelizations of the noise parameters that affect the measurement. From a given light profile the simulation generates a waveform that reproduces the one measured during the operation of real SiPMs. This waveform was then analysed using FBK software developed for SiPM characterization and the results showed an excellent agreement between the simulated detector and a reference SiPM. This software will become a useful tool for the design of SiPMs for future experiments because it will allow to tune the properties of the detectors to specific applications and it will reduce the need of layout and process split to find the optimal configuration of the detector parameters.Among all FBK technologies, this work was focused on the position-sensitive LG-SiPM. Unlike standard SiPMs, which have a single output, the LG-SiPM employs a more complex structure that splits the current signal into four output channels with ratios depending on the position of the impinging light on its surface. Center of mass calculations are used to reconstruct the position of the firing cell with precision down to some tens of microns while maintaining the fast time response of SiPMs. An application of the LG-SiPM was studied in the framework of the ARIADNE experiment in collaboration with the university of Liverpool. In this work the LG-SiPM was used to detect scintillation light coming from ionization tracks generated by alpha particles inside a CF4 TPC chamber. The ionized electrons where drifted through the action of a high electric field in the TPC towards a THGEM where they created light with timing depending on the distance of each track segment from the scintillator. The LG detector was able to reconstruct the 3D track particle inside the chamber with an error below 8 mm RMS inside the 40 l chamber and, at the same time, to reconstruct the energy released by the particle as function of time and calculate the total energy of the interacting particle and its linear energy transfer. These results open a novel approach for the TPC position reconstruction that combines the low number of readout channels needed for the LG detector to its time-continuous response which allows to reconstruct the tree-dimensional track of a particle inside the chamber.During the experiment it emerged the presence of an artifact that drifted all the reconstructed tracks towards the centre of the detection area, at the end of the signal. This effect was studied by creating a second simulation software that recreates the electrical behaviour of the LG-SiPM equivalent circuit when one or more cells trigger. It was simulated the output of the circuit with different light conditions and different values of the circuit elements and it was observed that the presence of the artifact was related to low intensity currents flowing through the net of the LG-SiPM metal tracks and quenching resistors. Several simulations were run in order to identify the optimal configuration of parameters for the reduction of this unwanted effect and to implement improvements in future LG-SiPM productions.Another application of the LG-SiPM in the field of radiation detection is the position reconstruction of the scintillation light emitted by gamma-rays in a monolithic crystal. Using a thin CsI:Tl crystal and lowering the detector temperature it was possible to distinguish different positions of interaction on the surface of the detector with an error below 1 mm FWHM. This technology can be effective for the creation of monolithic, position sensitive X and gamma-ray detector with good energy resolution for low energy spectroscopy or medical imaging devices.
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Pagano, Roberto. "Operative parameters of Silicon Photomultipliers." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/359.
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Silicon photomultipliers are nowadays considered a promising alternative to conventional vacuum tube photomultipliers. SiPM structure consists in a parallel array of equal single pixels, each one made of a silicon p-n junction avalanche photodetector with an integrated resistor. The SiPM is biased above the breakdown voltage, that is, each pixel is operated in Geiger mode, above the breakdown voltage (BV) of the p-n junction.
The physical mechanisms operating in the device need to be fully explored and modelled to fully understand the device operational limits and possibilities. In this work, I studied the dark current behaviour of the pixels forming the Si photomultiplier as a function of the applied overvoltage and operation temperature. The data are well modelled by assuming that dark current is caused by current pulses triggered by events of diffusion of single minority carriers (mostly electrons) injected from the boundaries of the active area depletion layer (dominating at temperatures above 0à à à à °C) and by thermal emission of carriers from Shockley-Read-Hall defects in the depletion layer (dominating at temperatures below 0à à à à °C). The current-voltage characteristics of arrays from 5à 5 pixels up to 64à 64 pixels (pre-commercial devices) were also studied and some fabrication issues solved. Finally, some preliminary results on the effect of irradiation on the devices are also reported. In particular, measurements were performed after irradiating the devices with different species: X-rays, light ions (Boron) and heavy ions (Brome and Gold).<br>I fotomoltiplicatori al Silicio sono al giorno d'oggi considerati un'alternativa promettente ai fotomoltiplicatori tradizionali. I SiPM sono formati da un reticolo (quadrato nel caso studiato) di celle (pixel) connessi in parallelo attraverso opportune resistenze (dette di quenching). Il SiPM e' polarizzato al di sopra della tensione di rottura (a valanga) di modo che ogni cella lavori in modalita' Geiger.
E' necessario studiare dettagliatamente il principio fisico alla base del funzionamento e crease un modello per capire limiti e possibilita' di implementazione. In questo lavoro, ho studiato il comportamento della corrente di buio (dark current) della singola cella e delle matrici in funzione della tensione sopra breakdown e della temperatura di operazione. I dati sono modellati assumendo che la corrente di buio e' data da eventi di diffusione di portatori minoritari (elettroni) iniettati dai bordi dell'area attiva (regione di svuotamento), dominante a temperature superiori a 0à °C, e dall'emissione termica dei portatori da difetti Shockley-Read-Hall presenti nella regione di svuotamento, che domina a temperature sotto i 0à °C. Sono state anche studiate le caratteristiche corrente tensione (I-V) delle matrici da 5à 5 fino a 64à 64 (dispositivi pre-commerciali) e risolti alcuni problemi connessi alla fabbricazione.. Infine, sono riportati anche alcuni risultati preliminari sull'effetto dell'irraggiamento. In particolare, le misure sono state effettuare dopo irraggiamenti con raggi X, ioni leggeri (Boro) e ioni pesanti (Bromo e Oro).
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Achilli, Andrea. "Test di silicon photomultipliers (sipm) accoppiati a scintillatori." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6007/.
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In questa tesi si riportano i risultati di uno studio della risoluzione temporale di un fotomoltiplicatore al Silicio (SiPM).
La diffusione di questi rivelatori è in notevole aumento sia nelle ricerche di Fisica Nucleare e Subnucleare che nelle applicazioni mediche.
I vantaggi sono legati alla loro insensibilità ai campi magnetici e ai facili modi di operazione (piccoli, robusti e con utilizzo a basso voltaggio). Usati sino ad ora per la misura di cariche, sono oggi di grande interesse per possibili applicazioni che richiedano alta risoluzione temporale (sistemi di tempo di volo, trigger, calorimetria).
In questo studio sono stati studiati due tipi diversi di accoppiamento Scintillatore-SiPM: diretto o tramite fibre.
Per queste analisi sono stati utilizzati diversi metodi di acquisizione e successivamente si sono incrociati i relativi risultati.
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Gnecchi, Salvatore. "Analysis and optimisation of high throughput digital silicon photomultipliers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28841.
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Large area detectors for time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) are nowadays being implemented in CMOS technology to benefit a large variety of applications including positron emission tomography (PET) and 3D laser ranging (LiDAR), exploiting the advanced timing and counting capabilities inside single chips. Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) represent a great option to realise such detectors thanks to their exceptional timing resolution and the ability to be arranged into arrays. Recently, digital SiPMs (dSiPMs) have been introduced to improve the integration with CMOS technology overcoming limitations on the readout of analogue SiPMs and thus improving the photon resolution of the detector. This work presents a 14GSamples=s time-to-digital converter (TDC) to improve the throughput of dSiPM sensors commonly limited by the sampling rate of the timing/counting readout circuitry. The converter has been demonstrated on a test chip in 130nm CMOS imaging technology paired with a novel XOR-based 32 32 SPAD array single-channel detector. The overall achieved throughput equals 1GEvents=s demonstrated in a direct time-of-flight LiDAR experiment. By acquiring a number of photons significantly higher than one per laser pulse, this approach represents the first example in TCSPC of an input rate and conversion rate both higher than the excitation rate. The following part of the work presents a modelling analysis on how to match the achieved high sampling rate / throughput of the single-channel TDC to the performance of a SPAD array. The impact of a selection of dSiPM design parameters, such as photon detection efficiency, dead time and size of the SPAD cell, number of cells per single-channel, digital N-to-1 combining network and channel bandwidth, on the overall sensor throughput and the dynamic range has been characterised thanks to a computational Monte-Carlo simulator and useful equations describing each of the processes in the sensing chain. The pile-up effect, i.e. the event-loss causing non-linear distortions on the output signal, has been characterised on each element of the dSiPM and optimisations have been proposed. Event losses in the SPAD cells due to dead time, in the digital combining network due to network dead time and single-channel bandwidth have all been identified, simulated and described by analytical equations. All the results coming from the theoretical analysis have been reproduced in real dSiPM design thanks to a reconfigurable test chip realised in the same 130nm CMOS imaging technology specifically to validate the proposed theory. The manufactured test chip provides the very first direct comparison between OR-based and XOR-based single-channel dSiPM sensors highlighting the promising timing and counting performance of the newly introduced XOR-based dSiPM. Direct evidence of pile-up distortions and subsequent reduction through design optimisations are demonstrated. A recommended design flow for next generation dSiPMs is proposed at the end of the publication.
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Dalmonte, Francesco. "Sviluppo di un sistema automatico per la caratterizzazione di fotomoltiplicatori al silicio di grande area." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19406/.
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È stato progettato e realizzato un sistema per la caratterizzazione e l'analisi dettagliata di SiPM (Fotomoltiplicatori al Silicio).
L'intero apparato sperimentale è stato disposto all'interno di una camera buia e montato su un banco ottico. Sono stati sviluppati in ambiente LabView i controlli necessari per automatizzare le scansioni dei sensori o di matrici di sensori. Sono stati infine condotti alcuni test su SiPM già caratterizzati (Hamamatsu MPPC S13360-3050PE) i quali dimostrano che il setup realizzato è in grado di risolvere l'interno dei singoli pixel del sensore, fino a dettagli nell'ordine di 5µm. Viene dimostrato dunque come sia possibile, con il sistema realizzato, studiare l'omogeneità della risposta di un sensore e eventualmente individuarne i difetti.
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Shen, Wei [Verfasser], and Hans-Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Schultz-Coulon. "Development of high performance readout ASICs for silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) / Wei Shen ; Betreuer: Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1177040212/34.
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Petrignani, Savino. "High Timing Resolution Front-end Circuit for Silicon Photomultiplier Detectors." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11589/226498.
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Negli ultimi decenni, i miglioramenti tecnologici nei processi planari per la produzione di circuiti integrati CMOS hanno contribuito allo sviluppo di nuovi dispositivi allo stato solido ad elevate prestazioni, tra i quali vale la pena menzionare i fotomoltiplicatori al silicio. La peculiarità di questi sensori, meglio conosciuti con l’acronimo SiPM, riguarda l’amplificazione intrinseca che essi presentano quando vengono fatti funzionare in modalità Geiger; infatti, quando la tensione di polarizzazione è superiore alla tensione di breakdown del dispositivo, i SiPM sono in grado di generare un segnale in corrente con un fronte di salita molto ripido, anche in corrispondenza dell'incidenza di un singolo fotone sulla regione attiva del dispositivo. Inoltre, dati i loro costi contenuti, la loro solidità e l’insensibilità ai campi magnetici, i SiPM rappresentano una valida alternativa ai più affermati tubi fotomoltiplicatori (PMT). Per questo motivo, l’utilizzo di questi dispositivi sta prendendo piede in numerosi campi di applicazione, specialmente in quelli in cui è importante rilevare bassi livelli di luce con alte risoluzioni temporali. Questo è il caso della Tomografia ad Emissione di Positroni (PET), una tecnica adoperata in medicina nucleare per la diagnosi di alcune patologie, dove i fotomoltiplicatori sono impiegati per rilevare i fotoni gamma emessi da sostanze radiomarcate iniettate nel corpo del paziente. Durante questo corso di dottorato, è stato sviluppato un nuovo circuito di front-end per fotomoltiplicatori al silicio in tecnologia CMOS 130nm. Questo progetto è stato condotto in collaborazione con il gruppo di circuiti integrati di SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, con sede a Menlo Park, California, con lo scopo di realizzare un canale analogico per sistemi PET risoluzione temporale allo stato dell’arte. Difatti, questo circuito di lettura è in grado di misurare non solo l’energia dell’evento, ma anche l’istante di tempo in cui il fotone viene assorbito dal sensore con una risoluzione temporale di poche decine di picosecondi, conforme con le specifiche di progetto. Conseguentemente è stato sviluppato un circuito integrato multicanale allo scopo di testare il canale di lettura analogico, implementando tutti i blocchi necessari per la conversione, l’analisi e la trasmissione dei dati.<br>Over the last few decades, the technological advancement in planar processes for the production of CMOS integrated circuits has also enabled the development of new high performance solid-state detectors, among which it is worth mentioning silicon photomultipliers. The distinctive feature of such sensors, also known with the acronym SiPMs, is the intrinsic amplification that they exhibit when operating in Geiger mode; in this condition these devices are able to generate a fast current signal with an adequate amplitude even in response to the detection of a single impinging photon. Moreover, given their low cost, robustness and insensitivity to magnetic fields, SiPMs represent a valid alternative to the most established Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs). Therefore, the application of these detectors is taking hold in a number of fields, especially where low light levels and fine time resolutions are concerned. This is the case of the Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a medical imaging technique aimed at diagnosing specific diseases, where photomultipliers are employed to detect the gamma-ray photons emitted by the radiotracer injected into the patient’s body. During this doctoral program, a new front-end circuit for silicon photomultipliers has been designed in a standard 130 nm CMOS technology. This project has been carried out in collaboration with the IC group of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory based in Menlo Park, California, with the aim of developing an analog channel for PET systems with groundbreaking performances in terms of temporal resolution. Indeed, this electronic circuit is able to provide not only the energy of the detected event, but also the occurrence time of the photon absorption with a time resolution of just few tens of picoseconds, compliant with the design specifications. Subsequently, a multichannel Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) has been developed with the purpose of testing the analog front-end, by implementing all the circuit blocks useful for the conversion, parsing and transmission of the digital data.
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Calo', Pietro Antonio Paolo. "A study of the effect of parasitic elements on the timing performance of SiPM readout electronics." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11589/199118.
Full textAbstract:
La qui presente tesi di dottorato si ripropone di studiare l’effetto degli elementi parassiti sulla prestazione di timing dei sistemi di rivelazione di luce a bassa intensità basati sui fotomoltiplicatori al silicio (SiPMs). I SiPMs rappresentano una tecnologia ben consolidata ed efficace rispetto ai costi di produzione, caratterizzati da un timing intrinseco veloce, sensibilità e ampio range dinamico, tutti fattori favorevoli per le recenti applicazioni che esigono una eccellente risoluzione temporale. Tuttavia, in molti casi pratici, l’accuratezza nelle misure temporali può essere deteriorata dalle non-idealità associate alle interconnessioni che si usano per accoppiare il fotosensore al front-end. Focalizzando l’attenzione sulla risposta del sistema al singolo fotone e analizzando la sua pendenza iniziale in funzione dell’impedenza d’ingresso e della banda del preamplificatore, l’obiettivo diventa quello di esprimere efficacemente le specifiche di progetto in termini di variabili circuitali, fornendo così un sufficiente livello di comprensione del loro impatto sulla prestazione dell’intero sistema di rilevazione basato su SiPM. L’approccio proposto consiste in due parti. Facendo uso di un modello SPICE del SiPM realistico ed accurato basato sul modello di Corsi et al., la prima parte introduce uno studio matematico, sia completo sia approssimato, per la caratterizzazione analitica dei parametri più importanti che incidono sulla prestazione di timing del sistema, ponendo l’accento sugli effetti spesso sottostimati dell’induttanza parassita di interconnessione. La pratica comune di fare affidamento su un front-end con impedenza d’ingresso estremamente bassa e banda molto larga per misure di tempo accurate viene criticamente discussa, alla ricerca di indizi teorici del fatto che, quando si tengono in considerazione le non-idealità, esiste un’architettura di front-end conveniente e che sia possibile assegnare dei valori ottimali alle variabili circuitali per ottenere il miglior risultato in termini di accuratezza temporale finale. La seconda parte propone il progetto completo di un front-end implementato in tecnologia standard 130-nm CMOS di TSMC, che mira al raggiungimento dello stato dell’arte per la prestazione di accuratezza temporale quando viene accoppiato ai SiPM di notevoli dimensioni, peraltro destinati ad applicazioni quali ToF-PET. Grazie all’uso di tecniche circuitali innovative, che sono state descritte in dettaglio nel corso della tesi, sono state ottenute e validate, mediante lunghe simulazioni circuitali post-layout, la specifica di risoluzione temporale pari a 33 ps rms per eventi a singolo fotone e la specifica di range dinamico esteso, da 1 a 8000 fotoelettroni. Per concludere, in attesa della fabbricazione del dispositivo, la sezione finale del lavoro è stata dedicata alla misurazione delle prestazioni di timing di un preamplificatore di test, realizzato con componenti discreti su circuito stampato e accoppiato a un SiPM commerciale da 3x3 mm2 di Hamamatsu Ltd. Il preamplificatore si può configurare sulla base delle architetture proposte nell’analisi teorica, con lo scopo di validare i risultati della suddetta analisi. I risultati sperimentali rilevati sono in buon accordo con le espressioni analitiche ottenute attraverso lo sviluppo dello studio matematico, dimostrando in questo modo l’efficacia dell’approccio proposto per condurre analisi comparative di diverse architetture di front-end.<br>This dissertation is aimed at investigating the effect of parasitic elements on the timing performance of low light detection systems based on Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). SiPMs represent a well consolidated and cost-effective technology, featuring inherent fast timing, sensitivity and high dynamic range that prove beneficial for recent applications demanding excellent timing resolution. However, in many practical cases, accuracy in time measurements can be impaired by nonidealities associated with the interconnections used to couple the photodetector to the front-end electronics. After focusing on the single-photon response of the system and going through the slope of its leading edge as a function of the input impedance and the bandwidth of the preamplifier, the objective becomes to effectively convey the design specifications in terms of circuit variables, thus providing sufficient understanding of their impact on the performance of the whole SiPM-based detection system. The proposed approach consists of two parts. Using a realistic and accurate SPICE circuit model of the SiPM based on the Corsi et al. model, the first part introduces a mathematical study for both a complete and approximate analytical characterization of the most crucial parameters involved in the determination of the timing performance of the system, with special emphasis on the effects of parasitic interconnection inductance, often underestimated. The common practice to rely on a front-end with extremely low input impedance and very large bandwidth for accurate time measurements is critically discussed, in search of theoretical evidence of the fact that, when non-idealities are envisaged, a preferred front-end architecture exists and that an optimum range of values for circuit variables can be selected to achieve the best result in terms of timing accuracy. The second part proposes the complete design of a front-end implemented in a standard 130-nm CMOS process from TSMC, aimed at achieving state-of-art timing accuracy performance when coupled to large area SiPMs indeed intended for applications such as ToF-PET. A timing resolution of 33 ps rms for single-photon events and a dynamic range from 1 to 8000 photoelectrons have been achieved and validated with post-layout simulations, thanks to innovative circuit techniques, that have been described in detail. Finally, pending the prototype fabrication, the closing section of the work has been dedicated to carry out extensive measurements on a test preamplifier, realized on a printed circuit board with discrete components and coupled to a 3x3 mm2 SiPM commercially available from Hamamatsu Ltd. The preamplifier can be configured according to the architectures proposed in the theoretical analysis, with the purpose of validating the results of that analysis. The experimental results achieved are in good agreement with the analytical expressions obtained with the developed mathematical study, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in making comparative analysis of different front-end architectures.
Books on the topic "Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)"
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Wright, A. G. Why photomultipliers? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0001.
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Photon detectors transform information, carried by light, to an electrical analogue. Signals contain information on the time of occurrence and the intensity in terms of the number of photons involved. Photon rates may be constant with time, slowly varying, or transient in the form of pulses. The time response is specified in terms of some property of the pulse shape, such as its rise time, or it may be expressed in terms of bandwidth. Light detector applications fall into two categories: imaging and non-imaging; however, only the latter are considered. Detectors can be further divided into vacuum and solid state devices. Vacuum devices include photomultipliers (PMTs), microchannel plate PMTs (MCPPMTs), and hybrid devices in which a silicon device replaces the discrete dynode multiplier. PIN diodes, avalanche photodiodes (APDs), pixelated silicon PMTs (SiPMs), and charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are examples of solid state light detectors.
Book chapters on the topic "Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)"
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Montagnani, Giovanni Ludovico. "Development of a 3” LaBr3 SiPM-Based Detection Module for High Resolution Gamma Ray Spectroscopy and Imaging." In Special Topics in Information Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62476-7_7.
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AbstractGamma radiation detection finds many applications in different fields, including astrophysics, nuclear physics and medical diagnostics. Nowadays large Lanthanum Bromide crystals coupled to Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) represent the state of the art for gamma detection modules, in particular for spectroscopic measurements. Nevertheless, there is an interest in substituting photomultiplier tubes with solid state photodetectors like Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), owing to the latter’s significant advantages. These include insensitivity to magnetic fields, low bias voltage, compactness, fast response and mechanical robustness. The aim of this thesis work, which was carried out within the context of the GAMMA project supported by IstitutoNazionale di FisicaNucleare (INFN), is the design, development and experimental characterization of a -ray spectrometer based on large Lanthanum Bromide scintillator crystals coupled with Silicon Photomultipliers. This detector specifications are compliant with nuclear physics experiments with energies ranging from 100 keV to 20 MeV, characterized by state-of-the-art energy resolution and imaging capability, in a compact, modular and robust structure. In order to perform the readout of large scintillator crystals, a matrix of 144 Silicon Photomultipliers was designed using NUV-HD SiPMs from Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK). These were chosen due to their high Photon Detection Efficiency in correspondence with the peak emission wavelength of the crystal, the high cell density and low Dark Count Rate.
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Dinu, Nicoleta. "Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM)." In Photodetectors. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78242-445-1.00008-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)"
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Gandhi, T., N. E. Hartsough, J. S. Iwanczyk, and W. C. Barber. "Novel silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detector arrays." In 2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2010 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2010.5873759.
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He, Cuiwei, and Yuto Lim. "Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) Selection and Parameter Analysis in Visible Light Communications." In 2022 31st Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wocc55104.2022.9880576.
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Chen, Huangshan, Konrad Briggl, Peter Fischer, et al. "A dedicated readout ASIC for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography using Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)." In 2014 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2014.7431045.
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Marcatili, Sara, Maria G. Bisogni, Gianmaria Collazuol, et al. "Calibration and performances of a multichannel DAQ system for Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) matrices in PET applications." In 2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2009.5402270.
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Matei, Liviu, Michael Groza, Michelle Gomez, Kricia Ruano Espinoza, Vladimir Buliga, and Arnold Burger. "Developing a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) system using SrI2:Eu2+ coupled to silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)." In Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XXII, edited by Michael Fiederle, Arnold Burger, and Stephen A. Payne. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2567674.
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Jarron, P., E. Auffray, S. E. Brunner, et al. "Time based readout of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) for time of flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET)." In 2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2009.5402391.
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Ahmed, Zubair, Long Zhang, Grahame Faulkner, Dominic O'Brien, and Steve Collins. "A Shot-Noise Limited 420 Mbps Visible Light Communication System using Commerical Off-the-Shelf Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM)." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccw.2019.8757030.
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Popescu, Florin-Adrian, Gabriel Chiritoi, and Eugeniu Mihnea Popescu. "Measurement setup and procedure for the accurate determination of the gain and the breakdown voltage for Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) Arrays." In 2021 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cas52836.2021.9604171.
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Llosa, Gabriela, Nicola Belcari, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, et al. "Silicon photomultipliers and SiPM matrices as photodetectors in nuclear medicine." In 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2007.4436825.
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Shen, Wei, Tobias Harion, Gvidas Sidlauskas, Markus Dorn, and Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon. "KLauS - a charge readout and fast discrimination chip for silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs)." In 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2011 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2011.6154347.
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