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Academic literature on the topic 'Silicone rubber HCR'
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Journal articles on the topic "Silicone rubber HCR"
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Aziz, Siti Aishah Binti Abdul, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, Nor Azlin Nazira Abd Rahman, U. Ubaidillah, Seung-Bok Choi, and Norzilawati Mohamad. "Material Characterization of Magnetorheological Elastomers with Corroded Carbonyl Iron Particles: Morphological Images and Field-dependent Viscoelastic Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133311.
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High temperatures and humidity could alter the field-dependent rheological properties of MR materials. These environmental phenomena may accelerate the deterioration processes that will affect the long-term rheological reliability of MR materials such as MR elastomer (MRE). This study therefore attempts to investigate the field-dependent rheological characteristics of MRE with corroded carbonyl iron particles (CIPs). The corroded CIPs were treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a way of providing realistic environments in gauging the CIPs reaction towards the ambient conditions. The corroded CIPs along with silicone rubber as a matrix material were used in the fabrication of the MRE samples. To observe the effect of HCl treatment on the CIPs, the morphological observations of MREs with non-corroded and corroded CIPs were investigated via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). In addition, the magnetic properties were examined through the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), while the field-dependent rheological characteristics such as the storage modulus of MRE with the corroded CIPs were also tested and compared with the non-corroded CIPs. The results showed that the corroded CIPs possessed hydrangea-like structures. In the meantime, it was identified that a sudden reduction of up to 114% of the field-dependent MR effect of MRE with the corroded CIPs was observed as a result of the weakened interfacial bonding between the CIPs and the silicon in the outer layers of the CIPs structure.
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Rahman, Nor Azlin Nazira Abd, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nur Azmah Nordin, Ubaidillah, and N. Hapipi. "Magnetorheological Elastomer Silicone-Based Containing Corroded Carbonyl Iron Particles." Key Engineering Materials 772 (July 2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.772.51.
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In this study, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) were synthesized using silicone rubber (SR) as the matrix element interspersed with 70 weight percent of corroded carbonyl iron particles (CIPs). The CIPs were corroded in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 4 hours. The rheological properties related to MR effect were experimentally examined in the absence and presence of magnetic field at various current using a rheometer. The experimental results depicted the MR effect of the MRE with corroded CIPs decreased one-half, 27% as compared to the non-corroded samples, 58%. The correlation between the purity of CIPs and storage modulus of MR elastomer is examined in this study.
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Banerjee, Prithwish, Andrew Clark, Klaus Witte, Louis Crowe, and Brian Caulfield. "Electrical stimulation of unloaded muscles causes cardiovascular exercise by increasing oxygen demand." European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 12, no. 5 (October 2005): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000169188.84184.23.
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Background The development of new strategies to encourage increased levels of physical activity can help to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. A new system of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been developed that attempts to cause an increase in energy expenditure by mimicking the action of shivering in the body. The purpose of this study was to show that this form of EMS is capable of eliciting a cardiovascular exercise response in healthy adults. Design An observational study. Methods Ten healthy volunteers completed a maximal treadmill test and four EMS sessions using a hand-held EMS device that delivered current to the body via five silicone rubber electrodes on each leg. At each session subjects completed 3 min stimulation at each of four stimulation outputs (10, 20, 30 and 40% of maximum output) while cardiopulmonary gas exchange and heart rate (HR) were measured. Physiological responses at increasing levels of stimulation were evaluated. Results Average (±SD) HR and oxygen consumption (VO2) levels of 67 ± 11 bpm and 4.7 ± 1.2 ml/kg per min at rest, respectively, were increased to 186 ± 10 bpm and 44.9 ± 9.8 ml/kg per min at peak exercise intensity on treadmill testing. The electrical stimulation was generally well tolerated by the subjects. Subjects demonstrated statistically significant increases in all physiological variables measured with successive increases in stimulation intensity. Peak HR and VO2 at 40% stimulation intensity were 101 ±12 bpm and 14.9 ± 4.3 ml/kg per min, respectively. Conclusions These results demonstrate that this form of EMS is capable of producing a physiological response consistent with cardiovascular exercise at mild to moderate intensities. It achieves this without producing gross movement of the limbs or loading of the joints. This EMS-induced cardiovascular exercise response could be used to promote increased levels of physical activity in populations unable to participate in voluntary exercise.
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Wulan Sari, Tirta Indah, Muhsin Muhsin, and Hesti Wijayanti. "PENGARUH METODE AKTIVASI PADA KEMAMPUAN KAOLIN SEBAGAI ADSORBEN BESI (Fe) AIR SUMUR GARUDA." Konversi 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v5i2.4768.
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Abstrak- Kaolin adalah mineral yang terdapat pada batuan sedimen dikenal dengan nama batu lempung. Kaolin banyak diaplikasikan di industri seperti kertas, keramik, karet, plastik, cat, fibergelas, dan kosmetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode aktivasi terhadap kemampuan kaolin sebagai adsorben. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara pengaktivasian kaolin secara fisika, kimia, dan kimia-fisika. Aktivasi fisika dilakukan dengan pemanasan kaolin pada suhu 700oC di dalam furnace selama 30 menit dan untuk aktivasi kimia dilakukan penambahan HCl 0,25 M pada kaolin disertai pengadukan dengan kecepatan 200 rpm selama 60 menit sedangkan untuk aktivasi kimia-fisika dilakukan penambahan HCl 0,25 M pada kaolin kemudian dilanjutkan pemanasan di dalam furnace pada suhu 700oC. Pengaktivasian kaolin ini untuk menghasilkan adsorben yang mampu menyerap ion besi (Fe) secara optimum. Dari penelitian ini, aktivasi yang optimum diperoleh untuk kaolin dalam mengadsorpsi Fe adalah aktivasi kimia. Adsorben kaolin yang teraktivasi kimia mempunyai daya adsorpsi yang besar terhadap ion Fe yaitu menghasilkan penurunan kandungan ion besi (Fe) menjadi sebesar 0,04 mg/L. Kata kunci: Aktivasi, hydrous alumunium silicate, adsorben, besi Abstract- Kaolin is a mineral found in sedimentary rocks known as clay stone. Kaolin widely applied in industries such as paper, ceramics, rubber, plastics, paint, glassfiber, and cosmetics. This study aimed to determine the effect on the ability of kaolin activation methods as adsorbent. The study was conducted by activation of kaolin in physics, chemistry, and chemistry-physics. Physical activation was done by heating kaolin at 700 ° C in a furnace for 30 minutes and for the chemical activation, the addition of 0.25 M HCl in kaolin with stirring speed of 200 rpm for 60 minutes, while the chemical-physical activation, the addition of 0.25 M HCl to the kaolin and continued warming in furnace at 700 ° C. The kaolin activation was to produce an adsorbent that is able to absorb iron (Fe) optimally. From this study, the optimum activation obtained for kaolin in adsorbing Fe is the chemical activation. Chemical activated kaolin adsorbent having a large adsorption capacity of the ion Fe which resulted in decreased content of iron (Fe) to 0.04 mg / L. Keywords : Activation, hydrous alumunium silicate, adsorbent, iron
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Goel, Aditi, Ashtha Arya, Anshul Arora, Mandeep S. Grewal, and Simran Verma. "Microabrasion - A Conservative Approach for Mild to Moderate Fluorosis – A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 30 (July 26, 2021): 2334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/477.
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The undesirable discoloration or pitting of teeth due to fluorosis or developmental defects like amelogenesis imperfecta or enamel hypoplasia pose a challenge to the clinician to cater to the aesthetic requirements of patients. Fluorosis had been reported way back in 1901. There are treatment options depending upon individual cases as follows: microabrasion / macroabrasion, bleaching, composite restoration, veneers or full crowns. For the aesthetic enhancement of stains associated with mild to moderate fluorosis enamel microabrasion is the preferred treatment. This technique involves removal of entrapped stains by rubbing of slurry containing HCl acid and an abrasive agent on the stained enamel surface. But if the depth of the defect is more then microabrasion can be done in conjunction with bleaching or bonded restorations can be done to achieve optimal aesthetics. Casein phospopeptide - Amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP – ACP) can be topically applied after microabrasion which enhances remineralisation and prevents post-operative sensitivity. The present paper illustrates the management of mild to moderate dental fluorosis by microabrasion to remove stains on the enamel surface followed by remineralisation using CPP - ACP paste. An unaesthetic smile has psychological impact especially on young patients and lowers their confidence.1 Discoloration of the young permanent anterior teeth is mostly seen due to varying developmental defects. This could be due to extrinsic aetiology such as those caused by coffee, tea, red wine and tobacco or due to intrinsic aetiology. The intrinsic stains may be due to pre-eruptive or post-eruptive causes.2 Pre-eruptive causes of intrinsic stains include dentinogenesis imperfecta and fluorosis, whereas post-eruptive causes of intrinsic stains include tetracycline dentine staining or due to injuries.3 The excessive and chronic ingestion of fluoride during amelogenesis leads to fluorosis which can be skeletal or dental depending upon the intake.4,5 Dental fluorosis is characterized by white opaque flecks on teeth or yellow to brown discolorations with pitting on the enamel surface.6,7 The enamel microabrasion is an effective and non-invasive procedure for removing the stains limited to outer enamel layer.7,8 It uses a rubber cup along with abrasive materials and chemical solutions.9,10 Currently, many products are commercially available for enamel microabrasion such as Prema Compound (Premier Dental Products, Norristown, PA, USA) containing 15 % HCl and Opalustre (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) containing 6.6 % HCl and silicon carbide.7 (Table 1) Since these products are expensive, the prototype paste containing 18 % HCl and pumice, as described by Croll in 1986 is most commonly used in clinical practice.8
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Adrover, Alessandra, Patrizia Paolicelli, Stefania Petralito, Laura Di Muzio, Jordan Trilli, Stefania Cesa, Ingunn Tho, and Maria Antonietta Casadei. "Gellan Gum/Laponite Beads for the Modified Release of Drugs: Experimental and Modeling Study of Gastrointestinal Release." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040187.
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In this study, gellan gum (GG), a natural polysaccharide, was used to fabricate spherical porous beads suitable as sustained drug delivery systems for oral administration. GG was cross-linked with calcium ions to prepare polymeric beads. Rheological studies and preliminary experiments of beads preparation allowed to identify the GG and the CaCl2 concentrations suitable for obtaining stable and spherical particles. GG beads were formed, through ionotropic gelation technique, with and without the presence of the synthetic clay laponite. The resultant beads were analyzed for dimensions (before and after freeze-drying), morphological aspects and ability to swell in different media miming biological fluids, namely SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid, HCl 0.1 M) and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid, phosphate buffer, 0.044 M, pH 7.4). The swelling degree was lower in SGF than in SIF and further reduced in the presence of laponite. The GG and GG-layered silicate composite beads were loaded with two model drugs having different molecular weight, namely theophylline and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and subjected to in-vitro release studies in SGF and SIF. The presence of laponite in the bead formulation increased the drug entrapment efficiency and slowed-down the release kinetics of both drugs in the gastric environment. A moving-boundary swelling model with “diffuse” glassy-rubbery interface was proposed in order to describe the swelling behavior of porous freeze-dried beads. Consistently with the swelling model adopted, two moving-boundary drug release models were developed to interpret release data from highly porous beads of different drugs: drug molecules, e.g., theophylline, that exhibit a typical Fickian behavior of release curves and drugs, such as vitamin B12, whose release curves are affected by the physical/chemical interaction of the drug with the polymer/clay complex. Theoretical results support the experimental observations, thus confirming that laponite may be an effective additive for fabricating sustained drug delivery systems.
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Field, Rex J., Jeanne Cambray, Joachim Floess, and Stephane Rouanet. "State of Dispersion of Reinforcing Silica in a Silicone Elastomer, as Investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy." MRS Proceedings 661 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-661-kk9.6.
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ABSTRACTCommercial silicone rubbers typically contain submicron particles dispersed within them, the particles being responsible for the mechanical properties required for commercial success. Fumed silica has long been used for the reinforcement of higher-perfomance silicone rubber compositions, but high-porosity aerogels can function as well. The object of the work here was to compare the state of dispersion of some high-porosity aerogels with that of a fumed silica.Model silicone HCR (“heat-cured rubber”) compositions were prepared, and their mechanical properties characterized. Thin sections of the rubbers were then examined by TEM.Much of the fumed silica had been dispersed to give sub-micron sized features, although a number of larger features were present. The hydrophobic aerogel, in contrast, had been dispersed to give even finer features in the rubber, with very few super-micron fragments. The state of dispersion of the hydrophilic aerogel was quite different, showing many poorly-broken down large fragments up to 5 µm or more in diameter. The visual appearance of the compound reflected this poorer state of dispersion.
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"Improvement of Electrical Insulation in Silicone Rubber by Adding Al2O3." VOLUME-8 ISSUE-10, AUGUST 2019, REGULAR ISSUE 8, no. 10 (August 10, 2019): 4695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i8814.0881019.
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Polymer Nano composite in recent time has shown high improvement in mechanical, chemical and electrical properties. Granting all these, the use of polymer nano-composites has only recently begun starting explorer. In recent times, polymer materials has shown remarkable improvement in electrical insulation because of their numerous advantages in out-door insulation systems because of their negligible weight, better pollution performance, low cost, good dielectric properties with easy processing. In polymer materials, silicone rubber is one of the lead polymer currently used and has high ending properties like high voltage insulator, thermal stability, excellent UV resistance and hydrophobicity. Therefore, Silicone rubber with fillers can overcome few drawbacks such as low strength and insulating properties.Oxides with different properties can help silicone rubber to enhance its properties. Oxides such as alumina, zirconia are being widely used in silicone rubber. Alumina which has strong thermal conductive and compressive strength with good electrical is used in silicone rubber. Here Silicone rubber nano composites are prepared by incorporating Al2O3 nano partic les. Electrical, Chemical properties like NaCl, HCl, and corrosion tests were conducted to know the performance of silicone rubber insulation at pollutant conditions. Dielectric tests were also done to know whether Al2O3 has made any effect with silicone rubber. Tensile strength and Hardness test were carried out to determine mechanical strength of the rubber.
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Allan, Ian John, Branislav Vrana, Jasperien de Weert, Alfhild Kringstad, Anders Ruus, Guttorm Christensen, Petr Terentjev, and Norman Whitaker Green. "Passive sampling and benchmarking to rank HOC levels in the aquatic environment." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (May 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90457-3.
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AbstractThe identification and prioritisation of water bodies presenting elevated levels of anthropogenic chemicals is a key aspect of environmental monitoring programmes. Albeit this is challenging owing to geographical scales, choice of indicator aquatic species used for chemical monitoring, and inherent need for an understanding of contaminant fate and distribution in the environment. Here, we propose an innovative methodology for identifying and ranking water bodies according to their levels of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in water. This is based on a unique passive sampling dataset acquired over a 10-year period with silicone rubber exposures in surface water bodies across Europe. We show with these data that, far from point sources of contamination, levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) in water approach equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations near the air/water surface. This results in a relatively constant ratio of their concentrations in the water phase. This, in turn, allows us to (i) identify sites of contamination with either of the two chemicals when the HCB/PeCB ratio deviates from theory and (ii) define benchmark levels of other HOCs in surface water against those of HCB and/or PeCB. For two polychlorinated biphenyls (congener 28 and 52) used as model chemicals, differences in contamination levels between the more contaminated and pristine sites are wider than differences in HCB and PeCB concentrations endorsing the benchmarking procedure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Silicone rubber HCR"
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Grard, Anthony. "Etude de primaires pour l'adhésion d'assemblages métal-élastomère silicone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL0021.
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L’usage d’élastomères silicones (HCRs) en tant qu’amortisseurs ou joints est croissant dans les domaines de l’aéronautique et du spatial en raison de leur stabilité aux facteurs environnementaux (UV, température, ozone). Les HCRs sont souvent assemblés à une partie métallique via l’emploi de primaires à base d’organosilanes et/ou d’additifs polysiloxanes. Néanmoins, le rôle des composés des primaires n’est pas totalement compris. Ce travail vise à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes d’adhérisation d’un HCR sur un substrat d’alliage métallique via l’utilisation de primairesThe use of silicone rubbers (HCRs) as dampers or seals is growing in aeronautic and space fields because of their stability to environmental parameters (UV, temperature, ozone). Usually, HCRs are assembled to a metal part via the use of organosilanes based primers and/or polysiloxane additives. However, the role of primer compounds is not well understood. This work aims to improve the understanding of adhesion mechanisms between a HCR and a metal via the use of primers