Journal articles: 'Silk Road in literature'

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Thees, Hannes. "Towards Local Sustainability of Mega Infrastructure: Reviewing Research on the New Silk Road." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410612.

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The Belt and Road Initiative is the leading project in the regions along the ancient Silk Road. This aims to revive the New Silk Road (NSR) as a transnational space towards an era of new regional integration and globalization. Despite the potential economic effects on a global scale, local sustainability remains questionable. Building upon the central engagement in infrastructure improvements, this article aims to investigate the role of local sustainability in research along the New Silk Road. Starting with 597 scientific articles, this article conducts a systematic literature review on four levels of concretization to characterize the research field of the New Silk Road, and to develop in-depth insights systematically. The results reveal a research focus on economic growth, which is lacking in environmental considerations and especially the socio-cultural dimension of sustainability on a local scale. Future directions in local sustainability should therefore include local stakeholders to build a joint understanding of sustainability by recognizing the characteristics of regionalism upon which manifold local support of mega infrastructure can evolve. Given these findings, the New Silk Road emerges as a field of study that calls for interdisciplinary research on different spatial levels.

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In Uk, Kang, Kim Jihon, and Aigerim Aitbayeva. "Contemporary Status of Archaeological Research on Silk Road in Central Asia and Korea and A.N. Bernshtam’s Researches." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, no. 36 (June 25, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.2.36.8.17.

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This paper proposes three measures for a new archaeological study on the Silk Road. First, a systematic understanding is required for the archaeological achievements on the Silk Road made during the Soviet Era before the 1990s. Nowadays, many scholars in East Asia, including South Korea, rely on literature written mainly in English to study and understand the Silk Road. However, the Silk Road’s archaeological excavations were mostly made before the 1990s, that is, they were not well known in South Korea and the West. Therefore, a systematic understanding of those achievements can be the basis of new international research. Bernshtam’s achievements representing the studies until the 1960s are good examples. They have recently led to the joint publication of an art catalog on South Korea and Kazakhstan’s gold culture. Second, we should move away from the narrow nationalism advocated by nowindependent countries and pursue the research at the international level. The real value of the Silk Road should lie in finding common ground beyond borders and ideology. Thus, it is necessary to understand the research trends in individual countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia. The Asian Archaeology conference held annually by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage of South Korea is one of excellent examples of such an effort. Finally, archaeological research on the Silk Road should move forward not just as an academic pursuit but also as a means of global cultural cooperation. In this regard, active collaboration with international organizations, such as UNESCO, is crucial. As such, if these three aspects are considered together, the international archaeological research on the Silk Road led by South Korea in the new phase of the 21st century will contribute to the Silk Road research in the new era.

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Hanusik, Andrzej, and Anna Woźnica. "Strategic analysis for Poland as a European hub for Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of Economics and Management 43 (2021): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22367/jem.2021.43.05.

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Aim/purpose – This paper aims at determining the role of Poland in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and identifying an alternative course of the trail. However, there are still many variables that can significantly affect the extent of Poland’s participation in BRI. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was based on a literature query and inter- views with six experts of the Polish logistics environment closely connected to the con- cept of the New Silk Road. The interviews and the literature analysis allowed of the authors to define potential scenarios for the course of the New Silk Road. In addition, the SWOT analysis was used to identify the Poland’s role in BRI. Findings – The most important factors that can significantly contribute to Poland’s par- ticipation in BRI are a very convenient geographical location and a strong logistics sec- tor, whereas the main negative factors are the ambivalent attitude of the Polish author i- ties towards the Chinese party and the underdeveloped modern railway infrastructure. The study identified some potential scenarios for the route of the New Silk Road, i.e., Poland as a European hub, transit only, southern road and northern road (ro-ro neigh- bors). The first scenario is the most favorable for Poland – Poland as a European hub. This is due to the current course of the New Silk Road and the location of Poland on the most economically effective transport corridor. Research implications/limitations – The research findings allow for a relatively precise definition of possible scenarios of the BRI Northern Corridor through areas directly related to Poland. The results may contribute to raising knowledge and awareness about BRI, which may provide insights into an academic and social debate on this topic. The upshot is that the results may entail actual activities contributing to increasing the chances of Poland for being a European hub gate for BRI. Originality/value/contribution – Previous publications explored various route alterna- tives of the entire New Silk Road, whereas there was no analysis of the last stage of the transport corridor on which Poland lies. The paper is a response to this research gap. Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative, New Silk Road, Northern Corridor, logistics, inter- national trade. JEL Classification: E27, E61, F15

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Maró, Zalán Márk, Attila Jámbor, and Áron Török. "Possible routes of the chinese new silk road - can the V4 countries benefit?" Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 8, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2019): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.168-174.

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The Ancient Silk Road was created 2100 years ago during the Han Dynasty (I-II century BC) to promote trade between China and Europe. The road was more than 7,000 km long and served as a catalyst for development for many centuries. After the 15th century, the Silk Road – and, at the same time, China's dominant role – lost its significance due to geographical discoveries. The dramatic fall in technology and the cost of transportation has led to the Silk Road being forgotten today. The New Silk Road Initiative (also named ‘One Belt, One Road’ concept) has been China's greatest economic effort ever, with the main objective of stimulating economic development in Asia, Europe and Africa. It consists of two parts: the Belt will rely on major cities along the route that will carry some kind of central economic and commercial functions; while the Road is based on large ports, which together will result in a safe and efficient logistics route.The concept would affect 64% of the world's population (4.4 billion people) and would cover 30% of the world's GDP ($ 21 trillion). In recent years, China's economic growth has slowed down, and Chinese goods have become more and more expensive to rely on their main competitive advantage, the low price. This trend points to the need to examine the possibilities of making the transport of goods more efficient. Asia-Europe rail trade accounts for between 3% and 3.5% of total trade between the continents. It follows that 95-96% of the trade between the two continents is carried out at sea. The exact routes of the New Silk Road Initiative have not yet been fully defined but will consist of several land and sea transport routes. We made a systematic literature review to identify the possible paths of the New Silk Road. The initial search obtained 1.739 entries across all databases, which ended up in 49 relevant publications, but in this study we used only 17 publications due to the specificity of the topicAccording to the majority of the literature, the New Silk Road would consist of three general land routes. The first land route from China to Central Asia and Russia would reach Europe through the Baltic Sea. The second route would run through Central-, West Asia, the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and Central Europe. This route would affect the V4 countries, especially Hungary. The third route would run through Southeast and South Asia to the Indian Ocean. The Maritime Silk Road would start from the coasts of China through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean to Africa and Europe; as well as from the Chinese coastal ports through the South China Sea to the Pacific Ocean.

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Karimyan, Maedeh. "The educational-mystical role of intermediate centers (Ribat) along the Silk Road from China to Iran El rol educativo-místico de los centros intermedios (Ribats) a lo largo de la Ruta de la Seda de China a Irán." Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 5, no. 24 (June 30, 2020): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v5i24.659.

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The silk road path to the northern part from China to Europe and from southern paths to lateral paths of Iran- Mesopotamia to Antioch and Mediterranean, had been the place of construction the historical monuments and works such as castles, towers, mills, graves, and intercity Ribats. Sufi Ribats as the mystical orientation and educational centers had a special place in the Silk Road, these intermediate buildings are buildings that functioned militarily in the first centuries of Islam (8th, 9th, and 10th centuries AD), and over time have been used to mean monasteries. The architectural style of the Ribats was similar to that of a military castle, and most of them consisted of a rectangular building with four watchtowers. Examining the Ribats of the Silk Road, it will become clear that the architectural form and plan of the Ribats are very similar to those of religious schools and Caravanserais. The Sufi historians and researchers have recorded many reports over these Ribats, have investigated the introduction, application, and position of Ribats in detail and have left fairly invaluable information to the futures. In this regard, the historical books and Sufi educational books and mystical literature are endowed with reports over intra-city and intercity Ribats built mainly on the way of main paths, particularly the main path of the Silk Road and its lateral ways. In this article, these Ribats have been described in detail as well as their role on the Silk Road.

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Blestri Jasuma, Nanda, and Arie Kusuma Paksi. "China's Digital Silk Road: The Loss for Indonesia." Nation State: Journal of International Studies 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.v4i1.513.

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One of China’s great projects in the current digital era, namely the Digital Silk Road (DSR) project, merits an examination from a Gramscian lens. While liberals are talking about how this project can beneficially the partner’s country, Gramsci’s thought can provide the other perspective in understanding how this project can give unexpected costs for the partner country. As the biggest market in Southeast Asia’s country, Indonesia is worth the attention related to this issue as this country has become one of the strategic partners of China’s DSR. However, DSR is offering both economic benefits and multi-faceted costs simultaneously for Indonesia. Hence, this study argues that the DSR project, in Gramsci lens, is giving a push for China to spread its hegemony and take over the domination in the Indonesian economy. This study is supported by the qualitative research method with the data is collected through secondary data and literature review.

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Chin, Tamara T. "The Afro-Asian Silk Road: Chinese Experiments in Postcolonial Premodernity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 136, no. 1 (January 2021): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812920000061.

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AbstractThis essay approaches the Silk Road as a modern narrative of China's connected past, rather than as a historical fact. The Chinese termSilk Road(sichou zhi lu; 丝绸之路) first gained currency after the 1955 Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung as part of the lexicon of anticolonial solidarity. During the Cold War, China's Afro-Asian Silk Road, different from the West's Europe-Asia Silk Road, prompted new interest in the linguistic dimension of connected history. Language contact traditionally held limited significance in European and Chinese philology because linguistic divisions were understood in terms of nation or language family. For Afro-Asian scholars and writers, however, precolonial language contact became a portent of postcolonial exchange. They shifted attention from genetic word roots to historical routes (e.g., loanwords). Within a longer history of what I call “contact philology,” China's short-lived collaborations refashioned the Orient as Afro-Asia and presented an (unfinished) critique of the tropes with which we narrate the connected past.

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Schweickard, Wolfgang. "Venez. seda ardass / seda ardasina." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0047.

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Abstract The terms seda ardass and seda ardasina ‘variety of silk’ frequently appear in the letters of the Venetian merchant Andrea Berengo written in 1555/1556. The etymon is not Persian ārdan ‘raw silk’, but the name of the city of Ağdaş / Aġdaš (with the nisba adjective aġdašī) in central Azerbaijan which was located on the Silk Road and is still known in modern times for its silk production.

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Alon, Ilan, Shan Chen, and Marco Mandolfo. "Supply chain – marketing integration." Business Process Management Journal 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-04-2018-0106.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss China’s New Silk Road initiative as an opportunity for European small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to export to Chinese market. It offers research propositions on redefining the business process of European SMEs and Chinese importers in light of the initiative.Design/methodology/approachSMEs’ export barriers, particularly in SCM and marketing, are identified through literature review. Then they are discussed in accordance with the measures that New Silk Road proposed.FindingsLogistic infrastructure development under the New Silk Road significantly lowers the supply chain barrier. Marketing remains a challenge for European SMEs to export to China. This paper argues that the European SMEs and the Chinese importers should create closer collaboration, expand their relationship beyond SCM, and integrate their marketing efforts for mutual benefits.Research limitations/implicationsSeveral future research areas are proposed in this paper. The authors invite researchers and practitioners to deepen the discussion with empirical evidence.Practical implicationsThe New Silk Road has already become a high stake project for many countries involved. Many measures are yet to be defined and the stakeholders, including industries and businesses, should have an influence on their definition. This paper provides the authors’ viewpoints on how businesses should act in this initiative.Originality/valueDespite being an important topic of the world’s economy in the recent years, the New Silk Road initiative has rarely been studied in management research, possibly due to lack of evidence. As its development significantly sped up since 2017, it is high time that the research community starts to contribute to the knowledge building in this project. This paper is among the firsts to call for and to propose avenues for future research efforts.

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Xu, Bowen. "Understanding Education on China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A Cultural Political Economy Approach." Beijing International Review of Education 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902539-03010005.

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Abstract The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (bri) is a state-driven development campaign that promote economic integration and infrastructure building across Eurasia and beyond, aiming to reconnect countries and revive the prosperity of the historical Silk Road region. Since its inception in 2013, there has been a growing literature surrounding the initiative, yet the studies of education within the bri context remain relatively under-researched. This paper aims to explore such connection by undertaking the task through a combination of policy review, semi-structured interviews, and empirical fieldwork data. It adopts a Cultural Political Economy theoretical framework to analyzes how education policy and practice has been positioned, constructed, and coordinated in relation to the wider cultural political economy in assisting the bri planning and development. Against the background of China’s resurgence as a global power and its ambition in reinvigorating the Silk Road, I argue that the strategic positioning of education into the bri represents a constructive force in imagining, empowering, and materializing the New Silk Road Project. This reveals education and its multifaced properties in promoting cultural outreach, fulfilling political obligation, and accelerating economic growth in line with the overall bri building.

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Kobzeva, O. P., A. Iý Baltabaeva, I. Shakırov, and A. J. Maldybek. "Perıodızatsııa ı aktýalnye napravlenııa ızýchenııa ıstorıı Velıkogo Shelkovogo pýtı [Periodization and Actual Directions of Studying the History of the Great Silk Road]." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 3, no. 117 (October 10, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-0686.003.

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Central Asia is the «heart» of the Great Silk Road. In this regard, in a wide range of urgent problems facing the science of Kazakhstan today, the study of the history of the Great Silk Road, its periodization, historiography, and the problems of scientific research on the Great Silk Road in the 19th–21st centuries is of particular importance, since without this it is impossible solving urgent issues related to the revival of its cultural, spiritual and economic potential in the new millennium. The constant increase in the importance of Central Asia as a link in the relations between China, East Asian states, Russia and Europe requires a new understanding of the history of relations between the states of the Great Silk Road. To study the History of the great silk road and research devoted to it, it is important to have the widest possible coverage of foreign literature in order to generalize and systematize all known sources, analyze and critically understand scientific achievements, and identify «white spots” in the science of this phenomenon. Центральная Азия является «сердцем» Великого Шелкового пути. В связи с этим в широком спектре актуальных проблем, стоящих сегодня перед наукой Казахстана, особое место занимает изучение истории Великого Шелкового пути, его периодизации, историографии, проблематики научных исследований на этом пути в XIX–XXI вв., так как без этого невозможно решение актуальных вопросов, связанных с возрождением его культурного, духовного и экономического потенциала в новом тысячелетии. Постоянное повышение значимости Центральной Азии как связующего звена между Китаем, государствами Восточной Азии, Россией и Европой требует нового осмысления истории взаимоотношений государств Великого Шелкового пути. Для изучения истории Великого Шелкового пути и посвященных ему исследований важен максимально широкий охват зарубежной литературы с целью обобщения и систематизации всех известных источников, проведения анализа и критического осмысления научных достижений и выявления «белых пятен» в науке о данном феномене.

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Liang, Yaoshen. "From Text to Field: Study on the Intercultural Communication of Music in Collection of Chinese Works and Translations by Matteo Ricci from the Perspective of Maritime Silk Road." Review of Educational Theory 3, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v3i2.1790.

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In this paper, with Collection of Chinese Works by Matteo Ricci written by Zhu Weizheng and A summary Interpretation of Chinese literature of Matteo Ricci in Ming and Qing Dynasties written by Tang Kaijian as major research texts and historical basis, as well as intercultural communication as the major research method, the aesthetic adaptation of native music of traditional Chinese music, etiquette, sacrifice and religious customs under the description of Matteo Ricci is discussed and interpreted from the perspective of the spread of musical culture of the Maritime Silk Road, four stages of field investigation are planned, and related musical activities and local musical phenomena appearing in his literature have an on-site visit. In this way, the vital position and historical significance of Matteo Ricci’s cultural missionary activities in the music communication on the Maritime Silk Road are obtained.

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Rybina, Liza. "The impact of ethnocentrism and its antecedents on cultural heritage tourism along the Silk Road." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(1).2021.31.

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The Great Silk Road offers a high potential for the cultural and heritage tourism development as more travelers are interested in the past and culture of the others. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between patriotism, cultural openness, ethnocentrism and outcomes of tourism in the context of the Central Asia. The study uses a quantitative approach. A survey method was applied to collect data from 146 local residents living in the heritage tourism areas. The analysis included descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The obtained results demonstrate that patriotism had a significant positive impact on ethnocentrism of local residents, while cultural openness had a negative impact on ethnocentrism. The ethnocentric attitudes of residents were significantly related to the positive and negative outcomes of tourism. Recommendations are provided for addressing problems related to cultural differences and regional cooperation for better understanding, tolerance, and social interactions between people living in the countries of Central Asia. This study contributes to the academic literature by integrating ethnocentrism and its antecedents with positive and negative outcomes of cultural tourism. It is of value to tourism practitioners and local policy makers in the Silk Road countries.

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Laamann. "Three Recent Publications Relevant to Silk Road Central Asia." Central Asiatic Journal 63, no. 1-2 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/centasiaj.63.1-2.0323.

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Ptak, Roderich. "Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800." Archipel, no. 88 (October 10, 2014): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archipel.530.

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Maddox, Alexia. "Disrupting the ethnographic imaginarium." Journal of Digital Social Research 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23.

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This paper is a contemplation of a digital ethnography with the community surrounding Silk Road, the first widely used cryptomarket for drugs on the Dark Web. To position the study within the broader field of illegal anthropology, it provides links between the existing literature on the study of cryptomarkets with relevant anthropological scholarship. A theory of piracy is interrogated for its explanatory capacity of the digital pirates of the Dark Web. The start of the study unexpectedly coincided with the FBI seizure of Silk Road in October 2013. The field site disappearance provoked a practice-based and conceptual rewiring. The paper unpacks how the ‘hydra effect’ introduced to conceptualise resilient innovation within cryptomarkets can also apply to the multiplicity of identities linked to research practice. This effect also raises how the knowledge production within digital ethnographic practice may be reconfigured through notions of opportunism, replication, obsolescence, regeneration, iteration, adaptation and proliferation.

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Chen, Zhiming. "An Analysis of the Embodiment of Chinese Tea Culture in English Language and Literature Translation." Lifelong Education 9, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i5.1248.

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China’s tea culture has a long history. From the Silk Road to the Ancient Tea-Horse Road, the unique charm of tea has affected all parts of the world. With the increasing frequency of trade exchanges between China and the West in recent years, tea culture has also had a profound impact on the literary field of trade areas. influences. This article first analyzes the differences between Chinese and Western tea cultures, and then discusses the principles that China's tea culture should follow in the process of English translation, so as to allow China's tea culture to be more accurately spread to English-speaking countries, and to further promote the world's multicultural exchanges. , Let more people understand the tea culture of our country and experience the cultural charm of it.

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Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka. "Notes on the early history of paper in Central Asia based on material evidence." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 14, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2020.628.

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The cultural background of the proliferation of early paper in Central Asia and its use outside China has rarely been explored. Since written sources are inconclusive regarding the origins and spread of papermaking, archaeological and material evidence assumes increased importance. The preserved manuscripts found along the Silk Road have been used as a key source in the study of religion, literature and the cultural history of Central Asia. They have, however, rarely been viewed as artefacts in their own right, with their own specific form and produced by a specific technology. Paper is one of the most important physical aspects of a manuscript and at the same time bears witness to early papermaking technologies. As an introduction to the volume Asian paper as writing support, this article outlines the early history and technology of papermaking as revealed by the oldest manuscripts in existence, those found along the Silk Road.

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Zhong, Heng, Yu Mei Cui, and Dan Mao. "East End of “Silk Road”—“Shoso-in” of Japan." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.420.

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“Shoso-in” is located behind the Hall of Great Buddha of Todaiji Temple in Nara city of Japan and it is known to the world with its storage of cultural relics of successive dynasties, most of which are valuables handed down from Japan’s royalty, nobility and Buddhist assembly in Nara and Heian periods of Japan. At that time, Japan's central government, princedoms, regional governments, including many large monasteries, had the establishment of “official warehouse”, which served as the main storehouse for storing rice expropriated by the state as well as silk, iron products and other property and the various storerooms were divided into different blocks to form “Shoso-in”. Today, only the Shoso-in of Todaiji Temple stands the test of the long history and others have disappeared. Since the 8th year of Meiji Period, Shoso-in broke away from Todaiji Temple and is under state administration and Japan government ordered to permanently conserve the “treasures” inside. Since then, Japan Shoso-in become an authentic independent “museum”. Shoso-in in Japan is greatly favored by the world, firstly because that it boasts a history of more than 1200 years and is blessed with a great variety of collections, most of which are donated by royalties; secondly because that since the 30th year of Showa when Shoso-in in Japan is relocated from old treasure-house to the newly-structured treasure-house, the cultural relics are better protected. According to the literatures, the collections conserved in Shoso-in almost stand intact and this is rare in the history of world conservation, facilitating the investigation and repair work of researchers.

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Khin, Aye Aye, Fong Yi Chiun, and Lim Chee Seong. "Identifying the Factors of the Successful Implementation of Belt and Road Initiative on Small–Medium Enterprises in Malaysia." China Report 55, no. 4 (November 2019): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875231.

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This article is a conceptual review of identifying the factors of the successful implementation of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on small-medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. China’s president Xi Jin Ping has launched the China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative or BRI in 2013. BRI focusses on the connectivity and cooperation between Asian, European and African continents economically and strategically through massive infrastructure developments, trades and investments. BRI is specified to two international trade connections: land-based ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ and sea-based ‘21st Century Maritime Silk Road’. Malaysia is one of the Southeast Asia countries that actively participated in BRI. According to the World Bank, SMEs are almost 98.5 per cent of business establishments in Malaysia, which undoubtedly indicates how important SMEs are in Malaysia. As such, that is the question to ponder of how BRI could connect and associate with the enhancement and development of Malaysia’s SMEs. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the factors of the successful implementation of BRI on SMEs in Malaysia. Based on this study’s literature reviews, it would be suggested that new business and investment opportunity creations, connectivity and cooperation enhancement, trade and export boosting, geographic location and enhancement of e-commerce were the most critical factors in the successful implementation of BRI on SMEs in Malaysia.

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Miao, Yan. "Translation and Dissemination of Chinese Dietary Culture with the Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.16.

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Based on ancient Silk Road, China President Xi Jinping has proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, which is related to the dietary culture closely. Dietary culture translation is a necessary way to disseminate culture, becoming more and more important. Proper translations will show foreigners profound cultural connotation about China dietary. The author will adopt the methods of literature review and comparative, and point out translation difficulties and strategies for the cultural communication and transmission in the paper. The paper is divided into four parts. Firstly, the author will introduce the Belt and Road Initiative and China dietary culture. Secondly, the author will point out its status and difficulties under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative. Thirdly, the author will put forward some translation strategies about Chinese dietetic culture. Finally, the author will summarize the passage and the limitations of paper.

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Barrett, T. H. "Uygur Buddhist Literature. By Johan Elverskog. (Silk Road Studies, I) pp. xii, 154. Turnhout, Brepols, 1997." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 9, no. 1 (April 1999): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300016175.

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Ahmed, Zohair, Maria L. Rossi, Sherri Yong, Daniel K. Martin, Saqib Walayat, Michael Cashman, Steven Tsoraides, and Sonu Dhillon. "Behçet's disease departs the ‘Silk Road’: a case report and brief review of literature with geographical comparison." Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 30362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.30362.

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Mitterauer, Michael. "Shroud and Portrait of a Medieval Ruler." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.10.

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The research is concerning two unusual evidences of the late Medieval art, which could be seen in the Museum of the cathedral St. Stephan in Vienna. Both of them are related to Herzog Rudolf IV of Austria (1358 - 1365). One artefact in the museum is his silk gold woven shroud elaborated with especial mastership from Chinese silk in Tabriz, a city in present Iran. Especially important for this fabric is that thanks to the interwoven name of the ruler it could be dated precisely. The road of this Near East fabric to Europe and to the tomb of the Herzog in Vienna could be reconstructed. Rudolf IV died suddenly during the visit to his relative Bernabo Visconti in Milano who was one of the richest men in Europe by that time. Probably the fabric was brought across the Silk Road to Constantinople and further across the sea to Genova and to the city of silk Lucca and then to Milano. Such gold woven fabrics from the Islamic world could be found not rarely in the European ruler’s tombs. The second unusual object in the cathedral museum is a portrait of the Herzog. So far this portrait was attributed to a Prague artist. But it could be proved that it originated from Upper Italy and probably was painted by an artist from Verona who was associated to the society around the great humanist Francesco Petrarca. This portrait rises the question about the emergence of early ruler's portraits in Eu-rope and in this aspect is also related to achievements of the „Palaeologus Renaissance“ art in South – East Europe. The two objects are considered as expression forms of the ruler’s funeral culture of the late Medieval age. In the context formed by the comparative approach new possibilities for analysis are created which cross over the traditional methodology of History of Art.

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Putri, Hertria, and Wilmar Salim. "The Maritime Silk Road’s potential effects on outer island development: The Natuna Islands, Indonesia." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.136.

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The development of peripheral or outer islands is not widely discussed in the literature on national economic development. As peripheral and remote areas, outer islands and archipelagos are often ignored because they are deemed unimportant to a country’s economic growth. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to open channels of trade and connectivity, may influence island development and alter relationships between outer islands and their associated mainlands. The Natuna Islands are a remote outer archipelago of Indonesia’s Riau Islands Province but now find themselves on the path of China’s 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR), a key element of the BRI. This paper uses outcome mapping to explore how the MSR may have positive and negative impacts on Natuna’s island community. Improved communication, infrastructure, and barrier-free trade will enhance the archipelago’s territorial capital, yet it is important that the island community approaches these developments with care. Community participation and community capacity building are needed to prevent negative developmental trajectories that cause social and environmental harm.

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Şenel, E., E. Demir, and R. M. Alkan. "Bibliometric analysis on global Behçet disease publications during 1980-2014: is there a Silk Road in the literature?" Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 31, no. 3 (August 22, 2016): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13897.

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Dien, Albert, and Victor Xiong. "Turfan and Dunhuang Projects The Silk Road Project Reuniting Turfan's Scattered Treasures (Turfan Project)." Early Medieval China 1997, no. 1 (June 1997): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/152991097788220488.

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Kovács, Szilvia, and Márton Vér. "Mongols and the Silk Roads: an Overview." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00009.

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Archer, Matthew. "Benjamin in China, or the Silk Market Project: On the changing nature of the commodity." Semiotica 2015, no. 205 (June 1, 2015): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0001.

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AbstractThe nature of the commodity is changing in the face of the digitalization and financialization of capital and wealth. Using a counterfeit Louis Vuitton bag from Beijing’s Silk Road Market as a metaphor for the commodity in general, this paper applies theoretical insights from Walter Benjamin, Guy Debord, Jean Baudrillard, and others, to explore the role of perception and representation in new modes of value ascription. I also examine commodification in contemporary capitalism as an object-sign process, concluding with a brief discussion of the ways the “counterfeit” metaphor connects to other economic processes and theories.

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Kulgildinova, T. A., M. H. Zhubanova, G. D. Aytbaeva, G. M. Tusupbekova, and G. Abdikerimova. "Some problems of formation of the tourism industry at the Kazakh sectors of the Silk Routes." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 8 (December 31, 2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i8.4547.

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The aim of this study is to review some problems of formation of the tourism industry at the Kazakh sectors of the Silk Routes. The study conducted a literature review method. The conclusion has appeared that among the most promising projects of the XXI century the international program for the revival of the Silk Road on the right holds a special place in its historical and universal scale. Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, in the city of Turkestan, and Tamgaly petroglyphs (Almaty region) are included in the list of World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. This is a clear proof that our ancestors left a rich heritage and recognised worldwide. We have a unique of its kind, the only post-Soviet state program ‘Cultural Heritage’ in the country. Thanks to her, we have restored dozens of landmarks. Kazakhstan is rich in historical monuments of the country and some objects of archeology are a thousand year old. Not surprisingly, we go to the historians from many countries. Keywords: Tourism, industry, study, research, formation.

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Yue, Y., L. A. Pezzetti, and L. Wang. "A STUDY ON THE SPATIAL INTERPRETATION STRATEGY OF CHANG'AN CITY SITE OF TANG DYNASTY: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL ROUTES INTERPRETATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-909-2021.

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Abstract. Chang'an is the starting point of "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor", which was listed as World Heritage in 2014. Based on the practice and exploration of presentation of the Chang'an City Site of Tang Dynasty in Xi'an, this paper presents a discussion of how to combine the interpretation of cultural routes with the interpretation and presentation of the urban traces under a modern city. Under the pressure of urban development and renewal, it explores the interpretation strategies based on cultural routes, trying to solve the contradictions between the needs of potential heritage conservation and urban development. Moreover, the paper explores contradictions between meanings and values arising among approaches to heritage sites in relation to the urban role as a starting point of the Silk Road. Focusing on the need to actively integrate potential underground ruins into the development plan of the city, the paper extends the notion of "setting" to include the historic urban context and their structuring components. Integrating archaeological and literature materials and based on the heritage value of Chang'an City of Tang Dynasty in the cultural route, the paper attempts to sort out the relationship of inheritance and continuity between the underground city and the modern city patterns. It is argued that such kind of sorting is a key task for spatial interpretation. Furthermore, the spatial interpretation-based strategy for potential sites is recommended as the tool to explore the guiding principles of urban cultural heritage interpretation and land use co-development.

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Alekberova, Z. S., P. S. Ovcharov, T. A. Lisitsyna, A. V. Volkov, and T. V. Popkova. "Behçet’s disease: Intracardiac thrombosis (a description of two cases and a review of literature)." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, no. 5 (May 15, 2017): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh201789579-82.

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Behçet’s disease (BD) is systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology, which is more common in the countries located along the Great Silk Road. The disease is diagnosed if a patient has 4 key diagnostic signs: aphthous stomatitis, genital sores, and eye and skin lesions. Vascular diseases referred to as minor criteria for BD are characterized by the formation of aneurysms and thrombosis, predominantly in the venous bed. In venous disorders, a blood clot can form in any vessel, including caval, cerebral, pulmonary, and other veins. The paper describes two clinical cases of BD with intracardiac thrombosis. In one case, a 24-year-old male patient with a documented diagnosis of BD, echocardiography revealed a left ventricular spontaneous echo contrast phenomenon that disappeared due to immunosuppressive therapy. The other case was a 34-year-old female patient, in whom the diagnosis was based on the international disease criteria: aphthous stomatitis, skin lesions (pseudopustulosis, erythema nodosum), and genital sores. Computed tomographic angiography showed a 3.7×2.2-cm mass (thrombus) in the right atrium. In addition, blood clots were present in the hepatic and inferior vena cava. No abnormalities in the coagulation system were found in both cases.

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Sun, Degang. "China and the Islamic World: How the New Silk Road is Transforming Global Politics By Robert R. Bianchi." Journal of Islamic Studies 32, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/etab026.

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Safran, Linda. "Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China’s Silk Road ed. by Neville Agnew, Marcia Reed, and Tevvy Ball." Common Knowledge 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-7899952.

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Green, Nile. "From the Silk Road to the Railroad (and Back): The Means and Meanings of the Iranian Encounter with China." Iranian Studies 48, no. 2 (November 19, 2013): 165–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.855047.

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Zhan, Xiaoya, Ai-Jia Mu, Liang Chen, Qun Zhang, Yong Wu, Wanglin Hu, and Hui-Yuan Yeh. "Differential diagnosis of the cranial perforations on the Early Iron Age along the Ancient Silk Road in Xinjiang, China." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 12 (October 28, 2019): 6829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00942-0.

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Abstract Bioarcheologists and pathologists favor trauma on the skeletons since it could reflect the human activities and interpersonal relationship in the past. In this paper, we present the pattern of two cranial perforations found on an adult male buried in the Xiaoshankou Cemetery, which was part of the Silk Road region, dating back to the early Iron Age. The specimen of interest presents two perforations on his skull, with one perforation located on the anterior part of the left parietal bone, while the other is on the occipital bone near to the lambda. The morphology of the perforations indicates perimortem traumatic lesions, probably produced by a sharp force weapon, possibly arrowhead, through one shot. The interpretation of the penetrating lesions on this cranium offers new perspectives when diagnosing perforations on the skulls in the Xinjiang region. Meanwhile, this study adds literature to the patterns of violence in Xinjiang region as well.

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Hansen, Valerie. "NEW WORK ON THE SOGDIANS, THE MOST IMPORTANT TRADERS ON THE SILK ROAD, A.D. 500-1000." T'oung Pao 89, no. 1 (2003): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853203322691347.

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Kim, Olha, Stanislav Naumenko, Nataliia Rudaya, Nataliia Siekina, and Kateryna Zhukova. "TEACHING CHINESE PHONETICS TO NON-PHILOLOGY STUDENTS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 20, 2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4979.

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China has been promoting the project of the “New Silk Road” (NSR) not just as a revival of the ancient trade road or a transport route between East and West. On a larger scale it is the redesigning of the entire commercial and economic model of the Middle East and Central Asia. Thus we have no time to wait until all the people involved in the project will graduate from the universities’ foreign language departments. We are well aware that we need short term language programs intended for non-philologist learners. One of the aspects that is compulsory for the beginner is the phonetics of the Chinese language. The article discusses the basic modern requirements for the content and form of teaching the phonetics of the Chinese language. The methods like synthesis, comparative analysis and literature review were used to outline the requirements for teaching phonetics of the Chinese language in short term language programs and in higher education. As a result of the study the textbook aimed at forming the correct pronunciation for beginners is introduced. While compiling the textbook the descriptive method and the method of comparison were used.

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Ma and 馬. "Buddhist and Christian Relay Posts on the Silk Road (9^th–12^th cc.)." Central Asiatic Journal 63, no. 1-2 (2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/centasiaj.63.1-2.0239.

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Song, Yunmi. "Truth-Seeking Biographical Literature Set in the Silk Road and India : Focusing on Da-Ci-En-Zhuan (大慈恩傳) I-V." Journal of East-West Comparative Literature 42 (December 31, 2017): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.29324/jewcl.2017.12.42.99.

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Hosseini Nia, Mehdi, Karim Hajizadeh, Habib Shahbazi Shiran, and Reza Rezalou. "Analysis of Ardabil's Business and Communication Routes in Survival and Prosperity Based on Historical Texts and Archaeological Data." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2020.1.05.

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In the early Islamic centuries, Ardabil is considered to be the oldest and the first city in the Azerbaijani province due to its regional biodiversity in geographical texts. The present study investigates the communication routes to the peripheral points in the Islamic period and their role in the survival of the city based on historical literature and archeological data. The importance and safety of roads and communication routes were two important components that influenced each other, making Ardabil a city in the center of commercial and trading routes in the North-West. This situation can be seen and prosecuted during the Islamic period from the beginning of Islam to the late Islamic centuries. The research method is historical-analytical and the data were collected through the study of historical and geographical literature and the use of the archaeological reports of the area. The main question of this article is: “What effect did the communication routes have had on the survival of the Islamic period until the end of the Safavid period?” The results show that in the early centuries, the city's communication routes were significantly prosperous. The description of the roads and the importance of the buildings and the cities inside them are described together. In this period, roads have played a leading role in the survival and prosperity of the city. In the Middle Ages, this city became a trivial city in the region as the capital, trade and communication routes changed. During the Safavid period, the city was once again restored to its former prosperity due to the importance of the tomb complex of Sheikh Safiad-din Ardabili to the kings of the dynasty as well as the conversion of the city to the site of the Silk Road. During this period, numerous routes were created and led to the orientalists and tourists’ travelling to this ciy

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Inusa, Yaktor Joshua, Doris Hooi Chyee Toe, and Kum Weng Yong. "Defining the Building Blocks and the Priority Areas for Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v8.n2.671.

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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a China’s endeavour to globally connect the countries along two major routes. This paper examines the keywords defining the building blocks and priority areas under the BRI and their relationship in order to foster a practical understanding of the BRI for enhancing regional cooperation and connectivity along the routes. The methodology employed was a systematic literature review involving four stages. Firstly, a broad search in the Scopus database (2016-2020) using BRI or similar terms returned n=1,710 articles which were further limited using the keywords: building blocks, priority areas, policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and people-to-people exchange. Other keywords considered were community and Silk Road. The articles were then screened and assessed resulting in 155 articles reviewed in this study. The review reveals that while the building blocks are the aim motivating the BRI, hence the spirit behind it, the five priority areas provide practical methods through which China and other countries along the Belt and Road routes will focus their collective development. The relationship between the two aspects owes to the fact that people are involved at all spheres of the initiative bringing about emphasis on the people-to-people exchange which is a core part of social dimension in sustainable development. In contribution, this paper presents a unique perspective for looking at the BRI for a focused discussion of its cooperative framework which could serve as a foundation for further research in various sectors

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Chan, Emily, Zhe Huang, Holly Lam, Carol Wong, and Qiang Zou. "Health Vulnerability Index for Disaster Risk Reduction: Application in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030380.

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Despite the importance of health vulnerability in disaster risk assessment, most of the existing disaster vulnerability indicators only emphasize economic and social vulnerability. Important underlying health risks such as non-communicable disease are not included in vulnerability measures. A three-phase methodology approach was used to construct a disaster risk model that includes a number of key health indicators which might be missing in global disaster risk analysis. This study describes the development of an integrated health vulnerability index and explains how the proposed vulnerability index may be incorporated into an all-hazard based disaster risk index in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, region. Relevant indicators were identified and reviewed in the published literature in PubMed/Medline. A two-stage dimension reduction statistical method was used to determine the weightings of relevant dimensions to the construction of the overall vulnerability index. The proposed final health vulnerability index included nine indicators, including the proportion of the population below 15 and above 65 years, under-five mortality ratio, maternal mortality ratio, tuberculosis prevalence, age-standardized raised blood pressure, physician ratio, hospital bed ratio, and coverage of the measles-containing-vaccine first-dose (MCV1) and diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) vaccines. This proposed index, which has a better reflection of the health vulnerability in communities, may serve as a policy and implementation tool to facilitate the capacity-building of Health-Emergency Disaster Risk management (Health-EDRM).

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Shan, Xuemei. "“一带一路”倡议背景下中国新疆高校外语教育发展路径探索." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-187-194.

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The most important competition of the 21st century is that of talents. How to make higher education and the cultivation of talents contribute to the long-term national development agenda and the construction of a community of a shared future for mankind is a significant task and mission of higher education in China. The Belt and Road Initiative is one of the means to share the Chinese experiences, Chinese wisdom and bonus of reform and opening-up. Construction of the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the implementation of the Open Up West Program call for talents to contribute to the regional development. It has brought both opportunities and challenges to foreign language education in universities and colleges in Xinjiang. The cultivation of talents in foreign language education must integrate into the scope of internationalization in national higher education and meet its expectations of talents by focusing on fostering character and civic virtue, maintaining and serving regional social stability and long-term security and pursuing development in the long run. The tripartite route of development is as follows. Firstly, it is expected to design and carry out the tasks and agenda in line with China’s Ministry of Education’s concern of internationalization in higher education. Secondly, it is vital to focus on important aspects with a deep awareness of opportunities and challenges of internationalization. Thirdly, it is of practical significance to explore various potentials of development through Sino-Russian cooperation in faculty training and development, cultivation of talents, scientific research and cultural exchange with the help of platforms of cooperation in operation. With the joint efforts of both parties, there is hope that the cultivation of talents in foreign language education will bolster mutual capabilities in serving the Belt and Road Initiative.

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Fui Tom, Ngui Min. "Strategy to Build a Transshipment Port as a Catalyst to Achieving Critical Mass for Sabah’s Economic Growth." International Business Research 12, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n7p141.

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Digital transformation has led to a new era of port development at an unprecedented pace. China represents a large percentage of total global trades, navigating the maritime silk-road to various global and regional ports. In Malaysia, the lack of concrete justifications for the issue of transhipment port strategy leads to a debatable framework. Hence, the aim of the paper is to critically discuss the strategy to build a transhipment port as a catalyst to achieving critical mass for economic growth in Sabah. The study draws heavily on existing literature on the theoretical evidence and the possible factors that shape strategy to build transshipment port in Sabah. Based on reviewed literature, various resultant strategies adopted to stand for their interest are discussed. In this way, this paper provides not only theoretical insights, but also strategically guides managers of organisations in Sabah, government, and businesses values towards building a transshipment port in Sabah to effectively retire cabotage policy to reduce cost, enhance port throughput, develop hinterland for critical mass, enhance ports-economic clusters connectivity, eliminate capacity bottleneck, unlock natural resources export potential, align port service towards regional port users’ needs and to give regional port powers a run for their money.

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Jumanazarov, Sanjar, Alisher Kamilov, and Kiattipoom Kiatkawsin. "Impact of Samarkand’s Destination Attributes on International Tourists’ Revisit and Word-of-Mouth Intention." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 5154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125154.

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Samarkand, Uzbekistan is a relatively unknown but emerging tourism destination. The city was once a major trading hub along the Great Silk Road. The once great city of Samarkand was hidden from the world tourism market, only to emerge after the country gained its independence in 1991. Since then, the artistically beautiful and historically-rich monuments have been attracting tourists from around the world. However, Samarkand has not been gaining much research attention at the same rate as international tourist arrivals. Thus, this study aims to comprehensively assess the city’s destination attributes and their impact on international visitor loyalty behaviors. The literature review process identified 16 destination attribute dimensions. Additionally, cognitive and affective evaluation, satisfaction, revisit intention, and word-of-mouth intention were identified and added to form the study model. A total of 223 international tourist samples were collected in Samarkand to validate the proposed model. The findings revealed 10 attributes to be consistently rated by the samples. Subsequently, the attributes were significantly influencing all subsequent hypothesized relationships. Both theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

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Lin, Biyue, Shoukat Iqbal Khattak, and Bei Zhao. "To Relocate Or Not to Relocate: A Logit Regression Model of Factors Influencing Corporate Headquarter Relocation Decision in China." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032678.

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China’s 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Project (involving USD1 trillion) is one of the most ambitious projects in human history. Although this trans-continental project presents tremendous development opportunities for businesses and cities within and outside China, there is nascent progress in some cities, for example, Quanzhou. With limited development prospects, enterprises are considering partial or total relocation to central cities to overcome bottlenecks and exploit future opportunities. Past relocation literature offers limited and contrasting insight into enterprise relocation’s antecedents and outcomes, especially for China. This article has attempted to fill this gap by exploring the factors affecting relocation decisions in Quanzhou using a sample of 441 employee self-reports. The logit regression model indicated that employees and cadre groups consider four factors before headquarter relocation, including preferential policies and industry environment (e.g., subsidies and tax), management resources (e.g., standardized management), intelligence and software resources (e.g., brand awareness), and international communication and market space (e.g., market openness). The intelligence and software resources were the least prioritized relocation factors among all four factors. The article presents important policy implications based on current results.

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Yoichi, Isahaya. "From Alamut to Dadu: Jamāl al-Dīn’s Armillary Sphere on the Mongol Silk Roads." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00003.

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This article aims to shed light on a hitherto unknown transmission route of the astral sciences from Alamut to Dadu (Beijing). I argue that the huntianyi 渾天儀, an armillary sphere, which Jamāl al-Dīn dedicated to Qubilai in 1267, was designed in Alamut – the main stronghold of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs – on the grounds that the instrument was set to Alamut’s latitude. After its fall in 1256, the armillary sphere traversed the Mongol Silk Roads. The Dastūr al-munajjimīn, an Arabic work of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs, functions as the missing link in this West-to-East transmission.

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Teale, Tamara M. "The Silko Road from Chiapas or Why Native Americans Cannot Be Marxists." MELUS 23, no. 4 (1998): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/467833.

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Amiri, Mohammad Sadegh, Mohammad Ehsan Taghavizadeh Yazdi, and Mostafa Rahnama. "Medicinal plants and phytotherapy in Iran: Glorious history, current status and future prospects." Plant Science Today 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.926.

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This study is an endeavour to analyse the status of medicinal plants research in Iran. Because of its exceptional phytogeography, Iran has a unique and diverse flora. It is estimated that, 8167 species of vascular plants are present in Iran of which about 2075 have medicinal importance. Situated at the heart of the Silk Road, Iran enjoys a mix of cultures providing a rich backbone for the development of traditional herbal medicine practices. Notwithstanding the brilliant history in traditional medicine and success of investigation to produce herbal medicines, attempts in recent decades, face many challenges. Many text and paper about these concerns were never translated in English. Strong need was felt to record such data of medicinal plants of Iran, their conservation status and related information. The scattered literature over medicinal plants of Iran were collected, analysed and presented in this review, highlighting not only their therapeutic potential but also concerns about product authenticity, quality, safety and efficacy. This will provide ways for future scientific research in this area. Awareness of critical issues in traditional medicinal herbs can play a pivotal role in the discovery and development of plant based drugs and to sustain consumer confidence.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Silk Road in literature'

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