Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Silver Diamine Fluoride'

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to study the association between Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life as assessed by “The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale” questionnaire. Methods: Parents of healthy children (ASA I and II) ages 1-5 with early childhood caries with reversible pulpitis who had application of SDF filled out a questionnaire at baseline and again after one month. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate the child’s behavior, physical abilities, pain, temperament, and how well the child gets along with others. Results: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to determine if responses to various ECOHIS items and the total scores were different between the two time points. Conclusion: Children with dental caries who had application of SDF reported less dental pain, less eating problems, higher quality of sleep and overall higher quality of life at one-month follow up compared with the baseline.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most prevalent oral disease of children worldwide. Epidemiological studies reported that most of the ECC are left untreated. While young children may not be co-operative enough for conventional restorative treatments, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can be topically applied on tooth surfaces as a cariostatic agent. Previous clinical trials have confirmed that annual application of 38% SDF is effective in arresting dentin caries in preschool children. However, information about the effectiveness of SDF with different combinations of concentration and frequency is still lacking. This information is important for the optimal application of SDF in the future public health programs for caries control. This prospective randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate and compare the effectiveness of 12% and 38% SDF when applied annually or biannually in arresting dentin caries of primary teeth of preschool children for 30 months. The two null hypotheses tested were firstly, there is no difference in effectiveness when SDF is applied at 12% or 38% in arresting dentin caries of preschool children; and secondly, there is no difference in effectiveness when SDF is applied annually or biannually in arresting dentin caries of preschool children. A total of 888 healthy and cooperative K1 children aged 3-4 years with at least one dentin caries surface were recruited and randomized into four treatment groups: Group 1 received annual applications of 12% SDF, Group 2 received biannual applications of 12% SDF, Group 3 received annual applications of 38% SDF, and Group 4 received biannual applications of 38% SDF. Group 3 was assigned as the positive control group. Primary outcome was soft dentin caries surface at baseline that became arrested at the follow-up examinations. Clinical examinations were conducted at the kindergartens every 6 months by the same trained examiner. Parental questionnaires were used to collect the children’s demographic information, oral hygiene related habits, parental satisfaction with children’s dental appearance and dental health at baseline, 18- and 30-month examinations. Adverse effects after treatments including increment of non-vital teeth, complaint about tooth or gingival discomfort, gingival discoloration, and black staining over arrested surfaces were also recorded. A total of 798 children with 3,268 caries surfaces were examined at 30-month follow-up. The dropout rates of the four groups were similar. The respective proportions of arrested surfaces in Group 1 to Group 4 were 48.7%, 54.0%, 60.6%, and 66.9%, respectively (p < 0.001). The two null hypotheses were rejected. Both concentration and frequency were significantly related to treatment effectiveness, but no significant interaction between these two factors was found. The effect size of concentration was much greater than frequency. Other than a higher proportion of black staining in groups receiving 38% SDF treatments, there were no significant differences in adverse effects among the children in the four treatment groups. To conclude, SDF is more effective in arresting dentin caries in primary teeth of preschool children at 38% than 12%, and when applied biannually than annually. Clinical significant improvement in effectiveness can be achieved by increasing its concentration.
published_or_final_version
Dentistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

A COMPARISON OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF SILVER DIAMINE FLUORIDE AND SILVER NITRATE: AN IN VITRO STUDY By: Nicholas L Luke, D.D.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, May 2018 Thesis Advisor: William O. Dahlke Jr., D.M.D. Pediatric Dentistry, Department Chair Purpose: To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of SDF and SN/NaF. Methods: Three bacterial species were combined to create an in vitro biofilm. Treatment was completed with SN, SN/NaF, SDF, SDF½ or untreated (control). Results: The untreated group demonstrated significantly higher growth than all other treatment groups across the study. On the BHI-plates (1-day), there were significant differences between all treatments except SDF and SDF½. On the BHI-plates (3-days), SN/NaF was not significantly different from SDF or SDF½. On the L-MRS-plates (1-day), both SN treatment groups yielded significantly higher growth than the SDF groups. On the L-MRS-plates (3-days), SN yielded significantly higher growth than SN/NaF, SDF, and SDF½. Conclusion: SDF is more effective than SN/NaF, with the exception of BHI-plates (3-days) only and SN/NaF is more effective than SN on primarily S. mutans and L. acidophilus. There is evidence of a possible antimicrobial tolerance of oral bacteria to silver.

A comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and silver nitrate on various cariogenic bacteria: an ex vivo study By: Reham AlNajjar, D.D.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2019 Thesis Advisor: William Dahlke, D.M.D., Associate Professor and Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry Purpose: The use of silver-based antimicrobials is an emerging method for the treatment of dental caries. In this study, the authors compare the efficacy of the two most prominent silver- based therapeutics, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver nitrate (AgNO3), on cariogenic and non-cariogenic multispecies biofilms. Currently there is a lack of studies comparing the efficacy of SDF to AgNO3. Methods: Plaque samples from anterior and posterior tooth sites from children presenting both with early childhood caries and caries-free children were collected, pooled, and utilized to create four ex vivo biofilm systems in artificial saliva. SDF and AgNO3 were administered to these biofilms and bacterial survival was quantified and compared to untreated controls. Results: Each of the four pooled sample types was applied to plates coated in artificial saliva + 1% sucrose. Both SDF and AgNO3 were very effective against plaque derived biofilms when compared to untreated biofilms (P0.05) in the potency of each compound. Conclusions: SDF and AgNO3 significantly inhibit ex vivo cariogenic and non-cariogenic biofilms at similar levels.

Oral Biology
M.S.
Objectives: Silver diamine fluoride is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for intraoral human treatment of tooth hypersensitivity, and it has also been employed world-wide as an emerging method to arrest tooth decay. A 38% silver diamine fluoride formulation, comprised of 25% silver, 5% fluoride, and 8% ammonia as a solvent, is commercially available in the United States. One of the main mechanisms underlying the dental caries arrest potential of silver diamine fluoride is the silver component, which exerts pronounced antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. Interestingly, studies initiated in the late 1990s demonstrated marked susceptibility of periodontal bacterial pathogens to silver nitrate. However, efforts to develop silver-based, slow-release biodegradable wafers for subgingival placement into periodontal pockets were not commercially successful. At present, no commercial products are available which employ silver ions to combat periodontal bacterial pathogens in periodontal disease treatment. It is not known whether the 38% silver diamine fluoride product commercially available in the United States possesses antimicrobial activity against periodontal bacterial pathogens, and potentially, have application in periodontal therapeutic regimens. As a result, the objective of this study was to test the in vitro antimicrobial effects of silver diamine fluoride on freshly-isolated red and orange complex periodontal pathogens from severe human periodontitis lesions. Methods: Paper point subgingival biofilm samples from 24 adults with severe periodontitis that were to be discarded after microbiological analysis at the Temple University School of Dentistry Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory were secondarily employed in this study. Dilution aliquots from each subgingival specimen were mixed with either 38% or 19% silver diamine fluoride, inoculated onto enriched Brucella blood agar plates, and incubated anaerobically for 7 days at 37°C. Bacterial species growing subsequent to the silver diamine fluoride exposure were considered to be resistant to that concentration of silver diamine fluoride. Total viable counts in silver diamine fluoride-exposed subgingival specimens were quantitated, and established phenotypic criteria employed to identify the following red and orange complex periodontal pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum group species, and Streptococcus constellatus. Other cultivable isolates recovered from silver diamine fluoride-exposed subgingival specimens were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and Bruker MALDI Biotyper analytic software. Subgingival sample dilution aliquots not exposed to silver diamine fluoride were similarly processed as controls for comparison with silver diamine fluoride-exposed specimens Paired t-tests compared mean total subgingival viable counts, and mean total subgingival proportions of the evaluated anaerobic red and orange complex periodontal pathogens per patient, between subgingival biofilm samples exposed and not exposed in vitro to 38% or 19% silver diamine fluoride, with a P-value of < 0.05 required for statistical significance. Results: Subgingival specimens exposed in vitro to either 38% or 19% silver diamine fluoride yielded significantly lower total subgingival viable counts per patient than those not exposed to silver diamine fluoride (P < 0.001, paired t-test), with no statistically significant differences found between 38% and 19% silver diamine fluoride exposures (P = 0.370, paired t-test). All evaluated red and orange complex periodontal pathogens were suppressed below detection levels in 21 (87.5%) of subgingival samples after in vitro exposure to 38% silver diamine fluoride. Three other patient specimens treated with 38% silver diamine fluoride each had persistence of P. micra. Similarly, 21 (87.5%) of subgingival specimens also were culture-negative for red and orange complex periodontal pathogens after 19% silver diamine fluoride exposure, with two other patient samples showing persistence of P. micra, and a third sample persistence of S. constellatus. Total subgingival proportions of red and orange complex periodontal pathogens averaged 0.6% per patient in subgingival specimens exposed in vitro to 38% silver diamine fluoride, and 0.5% per patient in those exposed to 19% silver diamine fluoride, which were both significantly lower than 25.9% mean proportions detected in subgingival biofilms not exposed to silver diamine fluoride (P < 0.0001, paired t-test). No statistically significant differences were found between 38% and 19% silver diamine fluoride relative to suppression of total red and orange complex periodontal pathogen proportions (P = 0.345, paired t-test). Various Streptococcus species, particularly Streptococcus oralis, were the most frequently recovered microorganisms in subgingival biofilm specimens after exposure to both 38% and 19% silver diamine fluoride, indicative of their in vitro resistance to silver diamine fluoride. Conclusions: Silver diamine fluoride demonstrated substantial antimicrobial activity against fresh clinical isolates of red and orange complex periodontal pathogens, and total viable counts, in subgingival biofilm specimens from severe periodontitis patients, with no statistically significant differences found between silver diamine fluoride concentrations of 38% and 19%. The dramatic in vitro suppression of red and orange complex periodontal pathogens in subgingival biofilm specimens by silver diamine fluoride, along with its selection of silver diamine fluoride-resistant species of Streptococcus that are associated with periodontal health, suggests a new therapeutic use for silver diamine fluoride in the management of human periodontal infections.
Temple University--Theses

Este ensaio clínico randomizado, cego e controlado com placebo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a eficácia do diamino fluoreto de prata (DFP) a 30% no tratamento não operatório de lesões de cárie em superfícies proximais de molares decíduos e compará-la a eficácia do infiltrante resinoso e a do controle do biofilme interproximal pelo uso do fio dental. Além disso, também avaliou a custo-eficácia e o desconforto dos tratamentos e a satisfação dos participantes quanto ao tratamento recebido. Para isso, foram selecionadas 141 crianças entre 3 e 10 anos de idade, que apresentavam pelo menos uma superfície proximal com lesão de cárie clinicamente em esmalte. A alocação dos participantes foi aleatória, de acordo com o tratamento: DFP a 30%, infiltrante resinoso de cárie e orientação para o uso diário do fio dental (controle). Todos os participantes receberam o tratamento ativo para os quais foram alocados e também o placebo dos tratamentos realizados nos outros grupos. Os custos dos materiais utilizados nos tratamentos foram registrados. Ao final da consulta de tratamento, foi aplicada aos participantes a Escala Facial de Wong-Baker para avaliação do desconforto. Os responsáveis pelos participantes, que concluíram o seguimento da pesquisa, responderam a um questionário de satisfação sobre o tratamento recebido. As crianças foram examinadas após 1 mês para avaliação de higiene bucal e também de presença de biofilme nas superfícies tratadas. Após 6, 12 e 24 meses, foram realizados exames visual e tátil para verificar a progressão das lesões tratadas, além de exame radiográfico aos 12 e 24 meses. Para avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos, consideraram-se como desfechos: (I) qualquer progressão clínica da lesão tratada e (II) progressão para cavidade em dentina. A progressão radiográfica foi utilizada como um desfecho secundário e para comparar com o padrão clínico de progressão das lesões. Análises de regressão foram realizadas para verificar se os grupos de tratamento influenciaram os desfechos testados após 12 e 24 meses de seguimento (análise por protocolo - Poisson multinível e análise de sobrevida). Valores pontuais de custo-eficácia dos tratamentos foram calculados e, para comparar a custo-eficácia da implementação do uso do DFP em relação às outras opções testadas foi utilizada a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. Análises de regressão de Poisson foram utilizadas para verificar a associação entre o desconforto e variáveis explicativas. A satisfação dos participantes e seus responsáveis foi explorada descritivamente. Um total de 316 superfícies proximais foram incluídas, sendo a maioria classificada como escore 2 do ICDAS (Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie) associadas à ausência de imagem radiográfica (46,8%). As perdas de seguimento foram de 15% e 24% aos 12 e 24 meses, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre o grupo de tratamento e a progressão das lesões aos 12 e 24 meses, tanta pela análise por protocolo como pela análise de sobrevida. A taxa de progressão clínica das lesões para cavidade em dentina foi de 2,5% aos 12 meses e de 5,6% aos 24 meses. As lesões que não apresentavam imagem radiográfica inicial não progrediram para o 1/3 médio de dentina ou mais. A condição clínica inicial das lesões foi associada à progressão das lesões em todas as análises. Já o risco de cárie foi associado à progressão das lesões aos 24 meses e também na análise de sobrevida. O tratamento com infiltrante resinoso apresentou o custo mais elevado, fazendo com que o tratamento com DFP apresentasse melhor relação custo-eficácia do que este primeiro. Os participantes tratados com o DFP e os que receberam orientação para o uso do fio dental relataram menor desconforto do que os tratados com o infiltrante resinoso. Os responsáveis se mostraram satisfeitos com o tratamento recebido, independentemente do grupo ao qual foram alocados. Conclui-se que o tratamento com DFP é tão eficaz quanto o infiltrante resinoso e a orientação para o uso do fio dental no controle das lesões iniciais em proximal de molares decíduos. No entanto, causa menor desconforto e apresenta custo-eficácia superior ao infiltrante resinoso, devendo ser preferível para superfícies proximais de molares decíduos, em situações nas quais o tratamento dessas lesões possa ser necessário, como por exemplo, pacientes com experiência de cárie.
This randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 30% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a non-operative treatment of the approximal surfaces of primary molars and to compare it with the efficacy of resin infiltration and the mechanical control of the interproximal biofilm by flossing. We also evaluated the cost-efficacy and the discomfort of the treatments as well as the parent\'s satisfaction regarding treatments. One hundred forty-one, 3-to-10-year-old, children were included. They must present at least one caries lesion clinically into enamel sited on an approximal surface of primary molar. Participants were randomly allocated to the following groups according to active treatment to be received: 30% SDF, caries resin infiltration, flossing orientation (control). All participants received the active treatment, in which they were allocated and they also received the placebo treatment corresponding to the other groups. Costs of materials used in the treatment were registered. In the end of treatment session, the Wong-Baker faces scale was applied to evaluate participants\' reported discomfort. Children were examined after 1 month to evaluation of the oral hygiene and the presence of the biofilm on the treated surfaces. After 6, 12 and 24 months, visual and tactile examinations were performed to verify the lesions progression. Radiography was taken at 12- and 24-month follow-ups. To evaluate the efficacy of non-operative treatments, two outcomes were considered: (I) any clinical progression and (II) progression to cavity into dentine. The radiographic progression was used as a secondary outcome and to evaluate with clinical standard of lesions progression. Regression analyses were used to verify if the treatment influenced on these outcomes after 12 and 24 months (per-protocol analyses - multilevel Poisson and survival analysis). Cost-efficacy ratios were calculated for the treatments. To compare the cost-efficacy of implementing the use of DFP versus other options tested, the incremental cost-efficacy ratio was used. Poisson regression analyses were used to verify the association between discomfort and explanatory variables. The parents\' satisfaction about the treatments were explored descriptively. A total of 316 approximal surfaces were included. The majority of them were classified as ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) score 2 associated with absence of radiographic image. The dropout in the study was 15% and 24% at 12-month and 24-month follow-up, respectively. There was no association between treatment groups and lesions progression at 12 and 24 months, both for the per-protocol analysis and by survival analysis. The rate of clinical lesions progression to cavity into dentine was 2.5% at 12 months and 5.6% at 24 months. Lesions without initial radiographic image did not progress into the middle of the dentine or more. Baseline clinical condition of caries lesions was associated with lesions progression in all analyses. The caries risk was also associated to caries progression in 24-month analyses and in the survival analyses. The treatment with resin infiltration was costlier. Consequently, the treatment with SDF was more cost-effective than resin infiltration. The participants allocated to SDF and control groups reported less discomfort than those who was allocated to the resin infitrant group. The parents were satisfied with the treatment received during the study, independently of the group to which their children had been allocated. It is possible to conclude that the SDF is as efficacious as the resin infiltration and flossing orientation to control initial lesions in the approximal surfaces of primary molars. However, SDF causes less discomfort and presents superior cost-efficacy relationship than resin infiltration and could be preferable to treat approximal caries in primary molars in those situations in which the treatment could be necessary, for example, depending on patients\' caries experience.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia)
IPEN/D-MPLO
Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate surface microhardness changes in early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) longitudinally. The utilization of silver nitrate and potassium fluoride test groups served as additional controls to assist in evaluating if the remineralization effects were due to the silver or fluoride component in SDF. Hypotheses: 1. SDF treatment will result in increased surface microhardness of early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions compared to all other tested interventions. 2. Specimen storage for 2-weeks in artificial saliva will result in greater surface rehardening in lesions treated with SDF compared to other tested interventions. Design: This laboratory study had 5 intervention groups (SDF, silver nitrate (AgNO3), potassium fluoride (KF), 5.0-percent sodium fluoride varnish (FV), deionized water (DI)) × 2-time intervals after intervention (immediate & delayed pH-cycling), resulting in 10 groups (n = 18). Early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions were created in bovine enamel and extent of demineralization was determined using Vickers surface microhardness (VHNlesion). Intervention treatments were applied. Half the specimens from each group underwent immediate 5-day pH-cycling and half were stored in an incubator with artificial saliva for two weeks before undergoing 5-day pH-cycling. After pH-cycling, lesion hardness was evaluated using VHNpost. Specimens were then exposed to a second demineralization challenge and lesion softening was evaluated using VHNsecdem. Surface rehardening was calculated: ΔVHN =VHNpost - VHNlesion. Surface softening was calculated: ΔVHNsecdem =VHNsecdem – VHNpost. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Immediately cycled, SDF had significantly (p < .0001) greater remineralization than DI, AgNO3, and FV. All delayed cycling groups had significantly (p < .0001) greater remineralization than FV. Significantly greater remineralization was noted in delayed AgNO3 (p < .0001), DI (p = .0003), and FV (p = .0006) compared to immediately cycled. After the second demineralization challenge, FV had significantly less surface softening than AgNO3 (p = 0.0002), DI (p = 0.0003), KF (p = 0.0225), and SDF (p = 0.0388) intervention groups. No significant difference was found between the pH-cycle timings. Conclusion: Based on our findings, FV maybe better suitable than SDF to treat early, incipient, non-cavitated white-spot, enamel caries lesions. Longitudinally, SDF exhibited greater remineralization than both FV and DI groups, though not statistically significant. However, upon a second demineralization challenge, FV significantly outperformed SDF in preventing surface softening.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Dental caries continues to be one of the most prevalent preventable diseases worldwide. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a topical solution comprised of silver, ammonia and fluoride. It is a safe, effective, efficient, noninvasive and cost-effective method in caries management. However, there is little clinical evidence supporting the use of SDF (or SDF followed by application of potassium iodide[KI] to mitigate staining) as anti-caries agents on sound enamel and early enamel carious lesions. In this dissertation, I studied the mechanism behind SDF’s ability to prevent coronal caries which has not been studied yet. In the first and second aims, I investigated the effectiveness of SDF, SDF+KI, fluoride (potassium fluoride [KF]) and silver (silver nitrate [AgNO3]) controls to SDF and deionized water (DIW) in preventing enamel demineralization and enhancing remineralization using chemical, biofilm and pH-cycling models. In both chemical demineralization and pH-cycling models there were no statistically significant differences between SDF and SDF+KI in preventing coronal caries. In the biofilm model, however, SDF+KI was significantly less effective in preventing demineralization than SDF. In the third aim, I investigated the efficacy of SDF, SDF+KI, KF, AgNO3, and DIW on the remineralization of active subclinical enamel carious lesions. Here, SDF+KI was significantly more effective in promoting remineralization than SDF. I calculated changes in color, and the results show applying KI after SDF significantly reduced the dark staining caused by SDF. In conclusion: SDF and SDF+KI appear to be effective options in preventing and in the treatment of primary coronal caries. Further clinical research is required to confirm the present findings.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study to evaluate the effect of sodium thiosulfate with SDF on shear bond strength and Microtensile bond strength for composite and biodentine Activa restorative materials, microhardness of dentin and color stability of dentin surface. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-three extracted human permanent molar teeth were used in this study. For Specimens were distributed into eight groups (n=10) for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and Shear bond strength (SBS) testing. (1) Control: Dentin rinsed with deionized water and restored with Composite restoration. (2) SDF: Dentin treated with 38% SDF and restored with Composite restoration. (3) SDF-KI: Dentin treated with SDF and KI and restored with Composite restoration. (4) Na2S2O3: Dentin treated with SDF and Na2S2O3 and restored with Composite restoration. (5) Control: Dentin rinsed with deionized water and restored with Activa restoration. (6) SDF: Dentin treated with 38% SDF and restored with Activa restoration. (7) SDF-KI: Dentin treated with SDF and KI and restored with Activa restoration. (8) Na2S2O3: Dentin treated with SDF and Na2S2O3 and restored with Activa restoration. MTBS beams were prepared from each specimen after 24 hours and tested with Microtensile tester. Meanwhile, SBS specimens were stored for 24 hours after placement of restorative materials than tested with a universal testing machine (Instron 5566A). In addition, the type of failure was recorded. For micro-hardness test, Specimens were distributed into 3 groups (n=3). (1) SDF: Dentin treated with 38% SDF. (2) SDF-KI: Dentin treated with SDF and KI. (3) Na2S2O3: Dentin treated with SDF and Na2S2O3. The Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) was obtained in three phases for each specimen. (1) Sound dentin: After exposed the dentin surface. (2) demineralized dentin: After immersed the specimens into the demineralized solution for three days. (3) Treated dentin: After one week of application of dentin treatment agent to demineralized dentin surface. For dentin color assessment, Specimens were distributed into 4 groups (n=4). The color of dentin was assessed by using Vita EasyShade and the readings were taken at different time points for each specimen: T0= Pre-treatment; T1= after dentin treatment by one day; T7= after dentin treatment by one week; and T14= after dentin treatment by two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: • The microhardness of demineralized dentin improves after the application of SDF, SDF/Na2S2O3, and SDF/KI. Unaccompanied SDF application permitted significantly higher microhardness values than SDF/KI and SDF/Na2S2O3 application. • Application of SDF and SDF/KI negatively impact the bond strength of composite and Activa Biodentine restorative materials to sound dentin. Meanwhile, the application of Na2S2O3 immediately after SDF application improved the bond strength of composite and active restorative materials to sound dentin. • SDF/KI and SDF/Na2S2O3 can significantly reduce the staining effect of SDF on sound dentin.

Em Medicina Dentária a abordagem da terapêutica da doença cárie continua a ser um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública devido ao seu impacto na qualidade de vida das pessoas. São utilizados procedimentos minimamente invasivos para a prevenção das lesões de cárie, que são procedimentos de máxima preservação da estrutura dentária. O uso de agentes cariostáticos e remineralizantes, têm revelado ser eficazes na prevenção e tratamento da cárie dentária. Dentro das terapêuticas existentes mais atuais, o Fluoreto de Diamina de Prata foi considerado de alta eficácia, sendo uma técnica rápida, simples e de baixo custo. A presente revisão sistemática tem como objetivo abordar e atualizar alguns métodos de prevenção de cárie dentária. Para a sua realização foram utilizadas as bases de dados: PubMed, SciELO e pesquisa manual em revistas e em artigos. A aplicação do composto de fluoreto diamina de prata é uma forma alternativa às formas convencionais de aplicação de flúor, e que tem demonstrado eficácia como agente cariostático.
In Dentistry, the approach to treating caries disease continues to be one of the biggest public health problems due to its impact on people's quality of life. Minimally invasive procedures are used to prevent caries lesions, which are procedures for maximum preservation of the tooth structure. The use of cariostatic and remineralizing agents has been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Among the existing therapies, we have the Silver Diamine Fluide, which was considered to be highly effective, being a fast, simple and low-cost technique. This systematic review aims to address and update some methods of preventing tooth decay. For its realization, the following databases were used: PubMed, SciELO and manual search in journals and articles. The application of the silver diamine fluoride compound is an alternative to conventional forms of fluoride application, and it has been shown to be effective as a cariostatic agent.

A prevenção e a abordagem terapêutica da doença da cárie continuam a ser um dos maiores desafios da medicina dentária sendo considerada um problema de saúde pública devido ao seu impacto na qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os procedimentos dentários minimamente invasivos levam a que haja a necessidade de medidas capazes de remineralizar as lesões precoces de cárie. Pretendeu-se com esta dissertação efectuar uma revisão da informação publicada sobre as novas estratégias preventivas de cárie dentária. Por essa razão foi feita uma pesquisa da literatura nas bases Pubmed/Medline ,B-on e Scielo. A aplicação do composto de fluoreto diamina de prata emerge como uma forma alternativa às formas convencionais de aplicação de flúor, e que tem demonstrado eficácia como agente cariostático. As novas estratégias preventivas incluem a aplicação de agentes não fluoretados com função biomimética e regeneradora de esmalte, mas são necessários mais estudos para comprovar o seu efeito clínico.
The prevention and therapeutic aprouch of the disease of dental caries continue to be one of the biggest challenges of dentistry , being considered a public health problem due to its impact in the quality of life in the population. It is imperative to the minimal invasive procedures to have measures capable of early remineralization of the dental caries. The goal of this dissertation was to revise the published information about the new prevention strategies of the dental caries, for this a search in the literature was made in the database Pubmed, Medline, B-on and Scielo. The aplication of silver diamine fluoride emerges has na alternative to the conventional fluoride aplication and shows effectiveness as a cariostatic agent. The new preventive strategies includes the aplication of non fluoride agents with biomimetic and regenerative funtion of enamel , but it is necessary more clinic studies to prove its effectiveness.

A cárie precoce de infância é uma doença que afeta os dentes nas crianças em idade pré-escolar. É definida pela presença de pelo menos uma lesão cariosa (cavitada ou não), de um dente ausente ou obturado. Ela representa um verdadeiro problema em Odontopediatria devido à sua rápida progressão, às suas repercussões dentárias, afetação do estado geral do paciente, e também pela dificuldade que muitas vezes representa o atendimento de crianças muito jovens. O diamino fluoreto de prata tem sido sugerido como tratamento paliativo deste problema de saúde pública. Diferentes estudos indicam que o diamino fluoreto de prata tem um efeito preventivo face às cáries precoce de infância, e é utilizado como tratamento alternativo na prevenção e cessação de cárie dentária. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, nas bases de dados como Pubmed, Sage Journals, Trip Database e Research Gate, de artigos publicados entre 2014 e 2020, em inglês. A presente revisão narrativa da literatura tem como objetivo avaliar a evidência científica mais recente sobre a eficácia da utilização de diamino fluoreto de prata na dentição decídua e nos primeiros molares permanentes.
Early Childhood Caries(ECC) is a disease that affects teeth in pre-school children. It is defined by the presence of at least one carious lesion (cavitary or not), an absent or restored tooth. It represents a real problem in paediatric dentistry because of its rapid progression, its repercussions on the teeth, on the general condition of the patient and also the difficulty of taking care of young children. We have seen the emergence of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) to overcome this public health problem. Studies have suggested that SDF has a preventive effect against ECC, and is now used as an alternative treatment to prevent and arrest caries. A literature search was performed, in the databases such as Pubmed, Sage Journals, Trip Database and Research Gate, of articles published between 2014 and 2020, in English. The present narrative review of the literature aims to assess the most recent scientific evidence concerning the effectiveness of SDF on primary dentition and permanent first molars.

Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska opisuje badania związków srebra wykonane metodami spektroskopowymi. Główny nacisk został położony na związki srebra dwuwartościowego: fluorek srebra(II) AgF2, siarczan(VI) srebra(II) wraz ze swoim monohydratem, tetrafluoroboran fluorosrebra(II) (AgF)BF4, fluorosrebrzan(II) cezu CsAgF3, rubidu RbAgF3, oraz wysokotemperaturowa forma fluorosrebrzanu(II) potasu, HT-KAgF3 Ponadto zbadane zostały inne związki srebra: fluorek srebra(I) oraz tlenek srebra(I,III) AgO. Wszystkie związki zostały zbadane za pomocą spektroskopii fourierowskiej w zakresie dalekiej podczerwieni. Część związków zbadana została za pomocą spektroskopii ramanowskiej, spektroskopii absorpcyjnej w zakresie średniej i bliskiej podczerwieni, jak również za pomocą spektroskopii elektronowej z zakresu światła widzialnego i ultrafioletu oraz za pomocą nieelastycznego rozpraszania neutronów. Trzy związki, AgO, AgF i AgF2 zostały zbadane metodą spektroskopii Ramana pod zwiększonym ciśnieniem. Głównym celem pracy było zrozumienie struktury oscylacyjnej badanych związków, jak też wniknięcie w naturę ich przemian strukturalnych pod wysokim ciśnieniem (dla wybranych układów). Drugim celem było oszacowanie stałej nadwymiany magnetycznej dla dwuwymiarowego AgF2 z użyciem spektroskopii Ramana, a dla jednowymiarowego AgFBF4 z użyciem spektroskopii absorpcyjnej w zakresie NIR. Celem ubocznym, który wyniknął w trakcie prowadzenia prac badawczych, było zrozumienie rozkładu fotochemicznego AgF2 i AgSO4. Badania nad fluorkiem srebra(I) pod wysokim ciśnieniem wykazały obecność większej liczby pasm ramanowskich niż przewidywana z obliczeń teorii grup (brak pasm); część z nich prawodpodobnie pochodzi od centrów barwnych lub od nadtonu aktywnego w podczerwieni drgania normalnego T1u. Badania nad fluorkiem srebra(II) wykazały jego wysoką fotoczułość. Produkt indukowanego światłem laserowym fotorozkładu został zbadany w zakresie od ciśnienia atmosferycznego do 47 GPa. Wydaje się, ze rozkład fotochemiczny prowadzi do pochodnej zawierającej aniony Ag(II)F42–, zapewne Ag(I)2Ag(II)F4, który jest pierwszym znanym fluorkiem srebra o mieszanej wartościowości Ag(I)/Ag(II). Wyznaczono zależność ciśnieniową charakterystycznego pasma ramanowskiego tej nowej fazy do ciśnienia 47 GPa. Ponadto dzięki zastosowaniu spektroskopii rozproszenia ramanowskiego oraz nieelastycznego rozpraszania neutronów z powodzeniem zidentyfikowano i zarejestrowano po raz pierwszy przejścia bimagnonowe w dwuwymiarowym antyferromagnetyku, AgF2, i wyznaczono wartość wewnątrzwarstwowej stałej nadwymiany magnetycznej, J, dla tego związku. Duża wartość J=70 meV plasuje ten związek jako jedyny, poza warstwowymi tlenkami miedzi(II), wykazujący tak silną nadwymianę magnetyczną w dwóch wymiarach. Fluoroboran fluorosrebra(II) został scharakteryzowany za pomocą spektroskopii rozproszenia ramanowskiego, nieelastycznego rozproszenia neutronów, spektroskopii fourierowskiej w podczerwieni oraz spektroskopii odbiciowej w zakresie średniej podczerwieni. Charakterystyczne pasmo absorpcyjne w zakresie bliskiej podczerwieni pozwolilo na oszacowanie wewnątrzłańcuchowej stałej nadwymiany magnetycznej dla tego związku na około 270 meV, co przekracza najwyższą znaną do tej pory wartość zmierzoną dla Sr2CuO3 (240 meV). Badania nad tlenkiem srebra(I,III) prowadzone w zakresie wysokich ciśnień wykazały brak indukowanego ciśnieniem rozkładu lub komproporcjonacji tego związku do nie mniej niż 74 GPa. Ponadto, z uwagi na dobrą zgodność pozycji pasm ramanowskich z obliczeniami teoretycznymi dokonanymi na modelach wysokociśnieniowych faz AgO udało się wykazać istnienie dwóch strukturalnych przejść fazowych w przedziale ciśnienia od 0 do 74 GPa. W trakcie badań przeprowadzonych na trzech fluorosrebrzanach(II) metali alkalicznych: HT-KAgF3, CsAgF3 i RbAgF3 wykazano bardzo duże podobieństwo widm spektroskopii fourierowskiej w zakresie dalekiej podczerwieni tych związków mimo wyraźnych różnic strukturalnych.
This doctoral dissertation describes research on silver compounds carried out with a range of spectroscopic methods. The main focus of the thesis was on divalent silver compounds: AgF2, AgSO4, AgSO4∙H2O, (AgF)BF4, CsAgF3, RbAgF3, and high-temperature form of KAgF3. In addition, other silver compounds were investigated, particularly AgF and silver(I, III) oxide AgO. All compounds were studied by FT-FIR spectroscopy, some were also investigated with Raman spectroscopy (at ambient or high pressure), MIR, NIR, as well as UV and visible absorption spectroscopy and by inelastic neutron scattering. The main scope of the work was to get insight into vibrational structure of the studied compounds as well as understand their pressure-induced phase transitions. The second goal was to determine magnetic superexchange constants for 2D AgF2 from Raman scattering spectra, and for 1D AgFBF4 from NIR-absorption spectra. The auxiliary task, dictated by the course of the experimental work, was to understand photochemical decomposition of AgF2 and AgSO4. The spectroscopic measurements of AgIISO4 prepared using the new electrosynthesis method in concentrated H2SO4 showed its similarity with the product of chemical synthesis developed earlier, albeit substantial differences in reactivity to water vapor were also found. In addition, the laser-induced decomposition of AgIISO4 was observed and it was shown that the decomposition product is dependent on the wavelength of the laser used. A similar photosensitivity was observed in AgIISO4∙H2O. The hydrate was also studied spectroscopically from far-infrared to UV, which allowed determination of the orbital splitting parameters as well as has provided the supplementary evidence for the presence of water molecules in its crystal structure. Research on AgF at high pressure showed the presence of several Raman bands in contrast with predictions of group theory (no Raman-active bands), some of them probably originating from color centers or overtone of the IR-active fundamental. Research on AgF2 proved its high photosensitivity to laser light. Laser-induced photodecomposition product has been studied in the range from atmospheric pressure up to 47 GPa. The decomposition product seems to contain Ag(II)F42– anion, notably Ag(I)2Ag(II)F4, which is the first mixed-valence Ag(I)/Ag(II) fluoride known. Pressure dependence of the characteristic Raman band for this phase was measured up to 47 GPa. In addition, using Raman scattering spectroscopy and inelastic neutron scattering, I have successfully identified and measured for the first time the bimagnon transitions in 2D antiferromagnet, AgF2, and determined the value of the intra-sheet magnetic superexchange constant, J. The large value of J=70 meV sets this compound second only to lamellar oxocuprates(II). (AgF)BF4 has been characterized by Raman scattering, inelastic neutron scattering, IR absorption and reflection spectroscopy. The characteristic band appearing in the NIR absorption spectra enabled estimation of the intra-chain magnetic superexchange constant for this compound to be about 270 meV. This value surpasses the largest known superexchange constant ever measured (240 meV for Sr2CuO3). Research on AgO conducted under a high pressure showed no pressure-induced decomposition or comproportionation of this compound to no less than 74 GPa. Due to the good agreement of the experimental Raman band positions with those derived from the theoretical calculations made on the AgO high-pressure models, it was possible to demonstrate the existence of two structural phase transitions in the pressure range from 0 to 74 GPa. The research carried out on three alkali metal fluoroargentates: CsAgF3, RbAgF3, and high-temperature form of KAgF3 has shown that despite clear structural differences between them, the Fourier transmission spectra in the far infrared range of all compounds show substantial similarity.

Presented Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the development of analytical methods applicable for determination of selected xenobiotic compounds and for monitoring DNA damage they can induce. The main attention has been paid to the development and testing of non-toxic electrode materials for preparation of miniaturized electrochemical devices and novel electrochemical DNA biosensors. 2-Aminofluoren-9-one (2-AFN) was selected as a model environmental pollutant, which belongs to the group of hazardous genotoxic substances. Its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects may represent a risk to living and working environment. 2-AFN has one oxo group, where the cathodic reduction occurs, and one amino group, where the anodic oxidation occurs. The voltammetric behavior of 2-AFN in the negative potential region was investigated at a mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) representing a non-toxic and more mechanically robust alternative to mercury electrodes. This working electrode was subsequently used for the development of a newly designed miniaturized electrode system (MES), which has many benefits as the possibility of simple field measurements, easy portability, and the measurement in sample volume 100 µL. Moreover, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used for further investigation of...