Journal articles: 'Silver Diamine Fluoride'

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Wright, John Timothy, and Alex White. "Silver Diamine Fluoride." North Carolina Medical Journal 78, no. 6 (November 2017): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.78.6.394.

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Rodrigues Chibinski, A. C. "Silver diamine fluoride." British Dental Journal 229, no. 6 (September 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2189-z.

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Kaur, Harsimran, Rishika ., Nishita Garg, Lumbini Pathivada, Ramakrishna Yeluri, and Sandeep Singh Mayall. "Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF): The Miracle Fluid." Indian Journal of Dental Education 12, no. 3 (2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.12319.2.

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Rosenblatt, A., T. C. M. Stamford, and R. Niederman. "Silver Diamine Fluoride: A Caries “Silver-Fluoride Bullet”." Journal of Dental Research 88, no. 2 (February 2009): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034508329406.

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Sharwini Baskar, Lakshmi T, and Preetha S. "Awareness Regarding the use of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry- A Survey." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (October 21, 2020): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.3485.

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Dental caries is a complex progression due to dietary sugars, bacterial metabolism involving demineralization, and organic degradation. Caries are more prevalent among young children which are mostly untreated due to dental anxiety, behavioural changes, and mainly due to expensive treatment. So innovative approaches are needed to treat caries, especially in children. Arresting caries without restoration is possible by silver diamine fluoride (SDF) which is inexpensive topical medication. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is used to treat caries and also prevents future caries development. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is also used to treat sensitivity. Before silver diamine fluoride (SDF) silver nitrate and silver varnish were used to treat dental caries. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) consists of silver, fluoride, ammonia, and water. Silver acts as an antimicrobial agent, fluoride as remineralization, and ammonia stabilizes high concentration. The study setting was an online survey. The number of participants involved was 129. A pre-tested questionnaire was circulated. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS software. 41.9% of the population participated have heard of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), but 34% of the population are not aware of what it is used to treat. 37.2% of the population is also not aware of the method of application. From the studies, the participants are not aware of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), its uses, and its effectiveness. Oral education should be conducted to create awareness among people.

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Rajakumari, T. N., G. Thiruvenkadam, D. Vinola, and M. Kruthika. "Silver diamine fluoride – A review." Journal of Academy of Dental Education 6 (December 29, 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jade_3_2020.

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Untreated dental caries remains a challenge in young children and adolescents. Invasive treatments in very young children and children with special health care needs require advanced pharmacological behaviour management strategies. A minimally invasive treatment modality to arrest caries is by application of 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF). Besides its efficacy to arrest decay, SDF is favoured by its inexpensiveness. This review enlightens the evolution, historical background, mechanism of action, clinical considerations, advantages and disadvantages of Silver Diamine Fluoride.

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Goel, Pallavi, Vikram R, Adarsha M S, and Sudhanva M E. "Silver Diamine Fluoride – A “Silver-fluoride Bullet” for Dental Caries." RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences 13, no. 4 (2021): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26715/rjds.13_4_11.

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Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases across the globe, affecting all age groups. Various public health measures like water fluoridation have been started to control the spread of caries, especially among children. But these intervention methods are inaccessible to people in some parts of the world. Thus, a product called Silver Diamine Fluoride was introduced, which can help arrest carious lesions at an early stage. It is a beneficial aid for caries arrest in both primary and permanent teeth. Also, can be used for arresting root caries. Thus, the objective of this review article is to discuss about silver diamine fluoride and its diverse uses from both clinician and public health point of view.

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Hasan, Nabil. "Silver Diamine Fluoride in Primary Teeth." Acta Scientific Dental Scienecs 3, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asds.2019.03.0599.

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Nuvvula, Sivakumar, and Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni. "Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry." Journal of South Asian Association of Pediatric Dentistry 2, no. 2 (2019): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10077-3024.

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Mei, M. L., E. C. M. Lo, and C. H. Chu. "Arresting Dentine Caries with Silver Diamine Fluoride: What’s Behind It?" Journal of Dental Research 97, no. 7 (May 16, 2018): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034518774783.

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Unlike other fluoride-based caries preventive agents, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can simultaneously prevent and arrest coronal and root dentine caries. The profound clinical success of SDF has drawn many clinicians and researchers to study the mechanism of SDF in arresting dentine caries. This critical review discusses how silver and fluoride contribute to caries arrest, in terms of their effects on bacteria as well as on the mineral and organic content of dentine. Silver interacts with bacterial cell membrane and bacterial enzymes, which can inhibit bacterial growth. Silver can also dope into hydroxyapatite and have an antibacterial effect on silver-doped hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, silver is also a strong inhibitor of cathepsins and inhibits dentine collagen degradation. Early studies proposed that silver hardened caries lesions by forming silver phosphate. However, recent studies found that little silver phosphate remained on the arrested dentine lesion. The principal silver precipitate was silver chloride, which could not contribute to the significant hardening of the arrested lesions. On the other hand, fluoride enhances mineral formation by forming fluorohydroxyapatite with reduced solubility. A significant increase in microhardness occurs with an elevated level of calcium and phosphorus but not silver on the surface layer of the arrested dentine caries lesion following SDF treatment. Fluoride also inhibits matrix metalloproteinases activities and therefore inhibits dentine collagen degradation. The combination of silver and fluoride in an alkaline solution has a synergistic effect in arresting dentine caries. The alkaline property of SDF provides an unfavorable environment for collagen enzyme activation. Understanding the mechanisms of SDF in arresting dentine caries helps clinicians to develop appropriate protocols for the use of SDF in clinical care.

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Qasim, Syed Saad B., Dena Ali, Abdul Samad Khan, Shafiq Ur Rehman, Abid Iqbal, and Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss. "Evidence-Based Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Silver Diamine Fluoride Use in Dentistry." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9917408.

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Background. This bibliometric analysis is aimed at reviewing the research pattern on the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in dentistry using various citation metrics. Methods. A well-curated search was conducted on Elsevier’s Scopus database for the relevant literature on SDF published between 1969 and 2021. Bibliographic information such as information related to citations, bibliographic data, abstracts, keywords, and other relevant information was extracted using different combinations of keywords (“silver diamine fluoride” OR “Silver Diamine Fluorides” OR “Diamine Fluoride” OR “Silver Fluoride”). Analysis and visualization of the selected documents and related data were performed using various tools and software including MS Excel, MS Access, Bibexcel, VOS viewer, Biblioshiny, and Gephi. VOS Viewer was utilized for the Graph Modeling Language (GML) to generate graphical representations of the data. Furthermore, network graphs were generated to assess the various associations between research themes, countries, organizations, authors, journals, and citations. Results. The initial search yielded 662 documents, of which 410 were chosen for analysis. 252 records were deemed irrelevant. The chosen records consisted of journal articles ( n = 351 ), conference papers ( n = 14 ), book chapters ( n = 1 ), and review articles ( n = 44 ). The results showed that there was an upward trend in the research on SDF, and a substantial increase was observed in the citation index after 2014. Researchers from the United States of America, Hong Kong, and Japan were the top contributors, with organizations and authors from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, leading the way in citations and productivity. Conclusion. The bibliometric analysis provides valuable information regarding the total number of publications on SDF and their citation details. It also identifies the leading countries and organizations involved in the research on SDF and provides a comprehensive analysis of the research trends related to SDF.

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Mei, M. L., F. Nudelman, B. Marzec, J. M. Walker, E. C. M. Lo, A. W. Walls, and C. H. Chu. "Formation of Fluorohydroxyapatite with Silver Diamine Fluoride." Journal of Dental Research 96, no. 10 (May 18, 2017): 1122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517709738.

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Khurshid, Zohaib, Juzer Shabbir, Abdullah Khaled Al-Otaibi, Abdulelah Mohammad Alsalem, Abdulmalik Abdullah Alhamdan, Rizwan Jouhar, and Muhammad Adeel Ahmed. "Role of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry." European Dental Research and Biomaterials Journal 1, no. 01 (January 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710140.

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AbstractDental caries is the most prevalent disease in primary, mixed, and permanent dentition. Many preventive and treatment strategies were used in the last decades. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a promising nontoxic material which proves to be a turning point concerning conservative dentistry if the patient and dental practitioners are adequately educated regarding it. Several advantages have been reported related to the use of SDF, including the procedure being pain-free and drill-free, patient- and doctor-friendly caries control strategy, and management of dentinal hypersensitivity.

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Zhang, Jingyang, Sofiya-Roksolana Got, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, Edward Chin-Man Lo, and Chun-Hung Chu. "A Concise Review of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Oral Biofilm." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 3232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073232.

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Studies have shown that silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective agent to arrest and prevent dental caries due to its mineralizing and antibacterial properties. While plenty of studies have investigated the mineralizing properties, there are few papers that have examined its antibacterial effect on oral biofilm. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of silver diamine fluoride on oral biofilm. Method: The keywords used were (silver diamine fluoride OR silver diammine fluoride OR SDF OR silver fluoride OR AgF AND biofilm OR plaque). Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts and then retrieved the full text of the potentially eligible publications. Publications of original research investigating the effect of SDF on oral biofilm were selected for this review. Results: This review included 15 laboratory studies and six clinical studies among the 540 papers identified. The laboratory studies found that SDF could prevent bacterial adhesion to the tooth surface. SDF also inhibited the growth of cariogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Enterococcus faecalis, thus contributing to its success in caries arrest. One clinical study reported a decrease in Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp. in arrested caries after SDF treatment, and another clinical study found that SDF inhibited the growth of periodontitis microbiota, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens. However, three clinical studies reported no significant change in the microbial diversity of the plaque on the tooth after SDF treatment. Moreover, one laboratory study and one clinical research study reported that SDF inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. Conclusion: Not many research studies have investigated the effects of SDF on oral biofilm, although SDF has been used as a caries-arresting agent with antibacterial properties. However, a few publications have reported that SDF prevented bacterial adhesion to the teeth, inhibited the growth of cariogenic and periodontal bacteria, and possessed antifungal properties.

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Ahn, Ji-Hye, Ji-Woong Kim, Young-Mi Yoon, Nan-Young Lee, Sang-Ho Lee, and Myeong-Kwan Jih. "Time-Dependent Anti-Demineralization Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride." Children 7, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7120251.

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This study compared the demineralization resistance of teeth treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to that treated with fluoride varnish. A total of 105 healthy bovine incisors were divided into control, fluoride varnish, and SDF groups. The enamel surface density change was then measured by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at three depths. The demineralized zone volume was measured on 3D micro-CT images to evaluate the total demineralization rate. The enamel surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscope. The enamel density had continuously decreased while demineralization increased in the control and fluoride varnish groups. The enamel density had increased in the SDF group till the 7th day of demineralization treatment and decreased thereafter. However, the decrease in the SDF group was less severe than that in the other groups (p < 0.05). The demineralized enamel volume had increased through treatment and was the highest in the control group, followed by the fluoride varnish and SDF group. The enamel surface morphology was the roughest and most irregular in the control group, followed by the fluoride varnish group and SDF groups.

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Patel, Jilen, Robert P. Anthonappa, and Nigel M. King. "Silver Diamine Fluoride: a critical review and treatment recommendations." Dental Update 46, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2019.46.7.626.

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Over the last decade there has been a renewed interest in the use of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) as an adjunctive modality in the management of caries among high-risk populations. This review presents the current evidence behind the use of SDF and recommendations for its use in caries management dental practice. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Silver diamine fluoride is an effective, evidence-based modality that can contribute towards arresting carious lesions among high-risk children and disadvantaged populations.

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Crystal, Yasmi O., Sasan Rabieh, Malvin N. Janal, Sarunphorn Rasamimari, and Timothy G. Bromage. "Silver and fluoride content and short-term stability of 38% silver diamine fluoride." Journal of the American Dental Association 150, no. 2 (February 2019): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2018.10.016.

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Yu, Ollie Yiru, May Lei Mei, Irene Shuping Zhao, Quan-Li Li, Edward Chi-Man Lo, and Chun-Hung Chu. "Remineralisation of enamel with silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride." Dental Materials 34, no. 12 (December 2018): e344-e352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2018.10.007.

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Zhang, J., D. Sardana, K. Y. Li, K. C. M. Leung, and E. C. M. Lo. "Topical Fluoride to Prevent Root Caries: Systematic Review with Network Meta-analysis." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520906384.

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The aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to summarize the direct and indirect clinical evidence on the effectiveness of professionally applied and self-applied topical fluorides in preventing dental root caries. Controlled clinical trials with any follow-up duration were included. MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched. Two reviewers independently carried out the selection of studies, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessments, and assessment of the certainty in the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Fixed effects model and frequentist approach were used in the network meta-analyses. Nine clinical trials involving 4,030 participants were included. Five professionally applied and 7 self-applied topical fluoride agents or combinations were included in the meta-analyses. Compared to control group, 38% silver diamine fluoride solution, 5% sodium fluoride varnish, and 1.2% acidulated phosphate fluoride reduced root caries increment after 2 y (ranging from 0.59 to 0.85 mean decayed or filled root [DF-root]). Fluoride mouth rinse and fluoride toothpaste, used alone or in combination, reduced root caries increment after 1 y (ranging from 0.29 to 1.90 mean DF-root). Among the professionally applied topical fluorides reviewed, an annually applied 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution combined with oral health education is most likely to be the most effective in preventing dental root caries. Among the reviewed self-applied topical fluoride methods, daily use of a 0.2% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse is most likely to be the most effective, followed by 1100 ppm to 1500 ppm fluoride toothpaste plus 0.05% NaF mouth rinse, and 1100 ppm to 1500 ppm fluoride toothpaste.

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Crystal, Yasmi O. "Silver diamine fluoride (SDF): its role in caries management." Dental Update 46, no. 11 (December 2, 2019): 1016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2019.46.11.1016.

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Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) combines the antibacterial properties of silver and the remineralizing actions of fluoride in an alkaline solution that creates an unfavourable environment for collagen degradation. Clinical trials have proven the efficacy of SDF as a caries-arresting agent in primary teeth and root caries in the elderly. It is minimally invasive, inexpensive, safe and easy to apply, but a sign of arrest is the dark discoloration of the lesions where it is applied. SDF provides clinicians with a valuable additional tool in their armamentarium for caries management that aims to stop the disease process at the tooth surface, when traditional restorative therapy is not the best option, and when aesthetic results are not a concern. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) provides clinicians with an additional valuable option for arresting dental caries as part of a comprehensive caries management plan when traditional restorative therapy is not the best option.

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Brignardello-Petersen, Romina. "37% silver diamine fluoride is more effective than 12% silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries in the primary dentition." Journal of the American Dental Association 148, no. 12 (December 2017): e205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.09.033.

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Chen, K. F., P. Milgrom, and Y. S. Lin. "Silver Diamine Fluoride in Children Using Physiologically Based PK Modeling." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 8 (May 6, 2020): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520917368.

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Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is used topically to prevent or arrest dental caries and has been tested clinically in toddlers to elderly adults. Following SDF application, small quantities of silver can be swallowed and absorbed. To monitor silver concentrations, pharmacokinetic studies can be performed. However, pharmacokinetic studies are time-consuming, resource intensive, and challenging to perform in young children. The objective of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict silver disposition in children. The PBPK model for silver was developed using Simcyp software (version 17.0) based on information obtained from literature sources. The predictive performance of the model was assessed by comparing the predicted PK profiles and parameters with the observed data from published rat and human data following intravenous or oral silver administration. The predicted silver concentrations were within 2-fold of observed blood and tissue silver concentrations in rats and within the 95% confidence interval of observed plasma silver concentrations in healthy human adults. The PBPK model was applied to the pediatric population by accounting for developmental physiological changes. For a given SDF dose, the simulated peak silver concentrations were 5.2-, 4.3-, 2.7-, and 1.3-fold higher in children aged 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 5 to 10, and 12 to 17 y, respectively, compared to adults. As silver is reportedly excreted in the bile, the half-life of silver was comparable in all ages and plasma and tissue silver concentrations were predicted to return to baseline levels within 2 wk after SDF application. The simulation in children suggests that conventional SDF application to teeth to prevent or arrest dental caries results in plasma and tissue silver concentrations lower than toxic concentrations. PBPK modeling offers a novel approach to studying dental exposures in younger children, where pharmacokinetic studies would be difficult to conduct.

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Patel, J., D. Foster, M. Smirk, B. Turton, and R. Anthonappa. "Acidity, fluoride and silver ion concentrations in silver diamine fluoride solutions: a pilot study." Australian Dental Journal 66, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adj.12822.

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El-kwatehy, Wahdan M. A., and Rabab I. Salama. "Fluoride Release and Its Enamel Uptake from Different Fluoride Releasing Products." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20211036.

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Background: Professionally applied topical fluorides varnishes are used effectively to prevent dental caries. Aim of the Work: The current study was designed to assess the rate of fluoride release from four fluoride products over 6 months' time period and determine the fluoride uptake by enamel. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was conducted on 60 extracted first premolars teeth classified randomly into four equal groups (15 teeth per group) according to the type of varnish used. The fluoride release was measured with Orion™ Fluoride Electrodes after one week, one month, three and six months and recorded as ppm. The fluoride uptake with enamel was evaluated under electron microscope after varnish application and 6 months later. Repeated ANOVA was used for comparison in each group for different time and one way ANOVA test for inter group comparison. Post hoc Tukey test and t test were used for paired group comparison. Results: There were statistically significant differences regarding fluoride release among the four tested varnishes over the study follow up period (p less than 0.000 for all comparisons). The highest fluoride release occurs after application and gradually decreased with time. The total cumulative mean of fluoride released was higher among Enamel Seal and Varnish XT (51.85 and 51.57 ppm) followed by silver diamine fluoride (49.46 ppm) and FluoroDip (43.58 ppm). The enamel surfaces after varnishes application were smooth and nearly the same for the four applied varnishes but after 6 months all enamel surfaces appear porous with focal holes more observed in Enamel Seal and FluoroDip groups. Conclusion: All tested fluoride varnish were releasing fluoride but each one has its own pattern. The sustainability of fluoride release from varnish XT and SDF was better than Enamel seal and FluoroDip varnishes. Key words: Fluoride release, Enamel seal varnish, Varnish XT, Silver diamine fluoride, FluoroDip varnish, Scanning Electron Microscope.

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Mei, May Lei, Irene Shuping Zhao, Leticia Ito, Edward Chin-Man Lo, and Chun-Hung Chu. "Prevention of secondary caries by silver diamine fluoride." International Dental Journal 66, no. 2 (April 2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/idj.12207.

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Shah, Shalin, Vijay Bhaskar, Karthik Venkatraghavan, Prashant Choudhary, Ganesh M., and Krishna Trivedi. "Silver Diamine Fluoride: A Review and Current Applications." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2229411220140106.

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Crystal, Yasmi O., and Richard Niederman. "Evidence-Based Dentistry Update on Silver Diamine Fluoride." Dental Clinics of North America 63, no. 1 (January 2019): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2018.08.011.

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Gold, Jaana. "Silver Diamine Fluoride Arrests Caries in Primary Teeth." Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2017.12.007.

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Widianti, T. A., A. Bahar, D. A. Maharani, E. C. Tumen, and I. Yavuz. "Effect of silver diamine fluoride application on fluoride concentration in saliva." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1073 (August 2018): 052001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/5/052001.

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Sulyanto, R. M., M. Kang, S. Srirangapatanam, M. Berger, F. Candamo, Y. Wang, J. R. Dickson, M. W. Ng, and S. P. Ho. "Biomineralization of Dental Tissues Treated with Silver Diamine Fluoride." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 10 (July 29, 2021): 1099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345211026838.

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Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a dental biomaterial used to arrest dental caries. To better understand SDF’s mechanism of action, we examined the localization of silver within the tissues of SDF-treated teeth. Carious primary teeth fixed within 2 min of SDF application (SDF-minutes, n = 3), at 3 wk after SDF application in vivo (SDF-weeks, n = 4), and at 2 y after multiple SDF applications in vivo (SDF-multiple, n = 1) were investigated in this study. Carious primary teeth without SDF application (no-SDF, n = 3) served as controls. Mineral density and structural analyses were performed via micro–X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analyses were performed through X-ray fluorescence microprobe and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic techniques. SDF-treated teeth revealed higher X-ray–attenuated surface and subsurface regions within carious lesions, and similar regions were not present in no-SDF teeth. Regions of higher mineral density correlated with regions of silver abundance in SDF-treated teeth. The SDF penetration depth was approximated to 0.5 ± 0.02 mm and 0.6 ± 0.05 mm (mean ± SD) for SDF-minutes and SDF-weeks specimens, respectively. A higher percentage of dentin tubular occlusion by silver or calcium phosphate particles was observed in primary teeth treated with SDF-weeks as compared with SDF-minutes. Elemental analysis also revealed zinc abundance in carious lesions and around the pulp chamber. SDF-weeks teeth had significantly increased tertiary dentin than SDF-minutes and no-SDF teeth. These results suggest that SDF treatment on primary teeth affected by caries promotes pathologic biomineralization by altering their physicochemical properties, occluding dentin tubules, and increasing tertiary dentin volume. These seemingly serendipitous effects collectively contribute to the cariostatic activity of SDF.

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Garg, S., A. Sadr, and DCN Chan. "Potassium Iodide Reversal of Silver Diamine Fluoride Staining: A Case Report." Operative Dentistry 44, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/17-266-s.

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SUMMARYThis article describes the clinical protocol of using potassium iodide (KI) to reverse staining caused by silver diamine fluoride (SDF). SDF contains silver, fluoride, and ammonia. It has been used to arrest dental caries mainly in pediatric applications. The major drawback of SDF application is the dark staining of both teeth and restorative materials. Hence, its use on adult dentition is limited. Improving the esthetic outcome by stain reduction would greatly enhance the opportunity for SDF's universal use. This case demonstrates how KI can effectively reverse the staining.

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Duffin, Steven R., and Marcus L. Duffin. "Use of Fluoride and Silver Ion Compounds in Three International School Based Oral Health Programs – A Case Report." Journal of Public Health International 3, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-20-3541.

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Untreated dental caries in children is one of the most common diseases and largest public health problems in the world. A novel caries management program, using 50% silver nitrate, 38% silver diamine fluoride, and 5% sodium fluoride varnish, was developed at Shoreview Dental, LLC, a private dental practice in Oregon USA, and then introduced into schools in Ecuador, Ghana, and Bolivia. Cavitated carious lesions were treated with 50% silver nitrate, followed by covering with 5% sodium fluoride varnish, three times over two weeks for 165 children in Ecuador at initial assessment, 3 months, and 6 months. This protocol was repeated for 271 children in Ghana at initial assessment and 12 months. In Bolivia, 130 children were treated with 38% silver diamine fluoride, followed by covering with 5% sodium fluoride varnish, once per visit at initial assessment, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. The percentage of children with active cavitated carious lesions at initial evaluation was 92.7% (Ecuador), 55.4% (Ghana), and 92.3% (Bolivia). The final arrest rate of treated surfaces was 98.8% (Ecuador), 67.6% (Ghana), and 90.2% (Bolivia). Effectiveness of cavitated caries lesion arrest is increased when it is thoroughly cleaned and dried before the treatment protocol. Further optimization is obtained when this protocol is repeated multiple times.

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Chu, C. H., E. C. M. Lo, and H. C. Lin. "Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish in Arresting Dentin Caries in Chinese Pre-school Children." Journal of Dental Research 81, no. 11 (November 2002): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0810767.

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Untreated dental caries in Chinese pre-school children is common. This prospective controlled clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of topical fluoride applications in arresting dentin caries. Three hundred seventy-five children, aged 3-5 years, with carious upper anterior teeth were divided into five groups. Children in the first and second groups received annual applications of silver diamine fluoride solution (44,800 ppm F). Sodium fluoride varnish (22,600 ppm F) was applied every three months to the lesions of children in the third and fourth groups. For children in the first and third groups, soft carious tissues were removed prior to fluoride application. The fifth group was the control. Three hundred eight children were followed for 30 months. The respective mean numbers of arrested carious tooth surfaces in the five groups were 2.5, 2.8, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.3 (p < 0.001). Silver diamine fluoride was found to be effective in arresting dentin caries in primary anterior teeth in pre-school children.

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Espíndola-Castro, LF, A. Rosenblatt, A. Galembeck, and GQM Monteiro. "Dentin Staining Caused by Nano-silver Fluoride: A Comparative Study." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-109-l.

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Clinical Relevance The new formulations of nano-silver fluoride caused less dentin staining than the already available commercial agents 35% silver fluoride and silver diamine fluoride at 30% and 38%. SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the dentin staining potential of nano-silver fluoride (NSF 600 and 1500 ppm) compared with the following commercially available cariostatic agents: Advantage Arrest (Elevate Oral Care, West Palm Beach, FL, USA), Riva Star (SDI, Victoria, Australia), and Cariestop (Biodinâmica, Paraná, Brazil). Seventy-five extracted human molars were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction, and the occlusal enamel was removed for exposure of coronary dentin. The samples were divided among the five agents tested (n=15). The dentin staining (ΔE/ΔL) was analyzed with a digital spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) at three different time points (before application, after two weeks, and after four weeks). Photographic images were also performed. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests compared the mean ΔE and ΔL values between groups. The NSF 600 and 1500 ppm resulted in the smallest color change (ΔE=1.02 and 1.53) and dentin staining after four weeks (ΔL=−0.76 and −1.2). The new formulations differed significantly from the commercial cariostatic agents (p<0.001). NSF might be an alternative to silver diamine fluoride since it does not compromise esthetics.

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Peng, Jing-Yuan, Michael George Botelho, Jukka Pekka Matinlinna, Hao-Bo Pan, Edwin Kukk, and Kam-Jung Low. "Interaction of storage medium and silver diamine fluoride on demineralized dentin." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 2 (February 2021): 030006052098533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520985336.

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Objective The effects of saliva on demineralized dentin and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) were investigated in vitro. Methods Dentin samples stored in deionized water (DIW), buffer solution (BS), basal medium mucin (BMM), and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) were demineralized for 3 days and immersed in the same storage media. SDF as a 38 mass% solution was applied to the dentin samples for 3 minutes after they had been replaced in their respective medium. Surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results Scanning electron microscopy showed various surface deposits and coatings, including occlusion of dentinal tubules. DIW resulted in the thinnest coating, whereas BMM resulted in the thickest. EDX and XPS showed the formation of metallic silver and silver compounds in all four media, with the greatest formation in BS. XRD indicated that the main product was silver chloride except in DIW. Sulphur was found in BMM and UWS. EDX and XPS detected fluoride and XRD detected calcium fluoride and fluorohydroxyapatite in BS, BMM, and UWS. Conclusion The interaction between SDF and demineralized dentin was dependent upon the storage medium. BMM provided an outcome most similar to human saliva.

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ML, Cannon, Duchaj S, Patel R, and Kabat B. "Temporal Exposure of Dermal Fibroblasts to Silver Diamine Fluoride and Fluorine NMR Quantitation." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 45, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-45.6.6.

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Objective: Silver diamine fluoride has been advocated as a caries arresting material for Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and has received considerable public attention as the “silver bullet”. However, cytotoxicity tests on the current concentrations of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) to soft tissue have not been thoroughly assessed and analyzed at selected time intervals. The level of fluoride that is present within human cells has yet to be quantified. Preliminary SDF toxicity studies in our lab determined exposures of Dermal Fibroblasts to 0.03% SDF for 18 hours resulted in 100% cytotoxicity and complete monolayer loss. Endpoint titration of SDF determined that morphologic cytotoxic effects were ameliorated at input SDF levels lower than 0.002%. Because of the small culture sample volumes, we were unable to effectively assay fluoride concentrations using commercially available assays. In this study we attempted to assess fluoride levels in culture supernatants in a temporal fashion using quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Study design: Dermal Fibroblast (DF) cells were grown in 24 well cluster plates fitted with 0.4 micron TranswellTM inserts to confluency in 0.9mL of DF culture media. Then the DF cells were challenged with 0.1 mL of SDF in sterile water in the Transwell chamber to achieve a final concentration of 0.03% SDF. Cultures were reincubated for 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. At the selected time points Transwell inserts were removed. SDF culture media was removed and replaced with fresh media and allowed to re-incubate up to 8 hours. Harvested SDF culture media was centrifuged at 15,000 x g to remove any resulting SDF precipitates and supernatants were harvested and stored at −70°C for fluoride assay. After 8 hours, media was aspirated from all wells and DF cells were fixed and then stained with methylene blue and assessed for cytotoxicity. Harvested supernatants were assessed for fluoride content. While SDF is soluble in pure water, it precipitates instantly in the presence of other media constituents and 0.85% saline. Transwells inserts capture the precipitate but allow soluble SDF and constituents pass through to the cell monolayer. NMR was used to assess SDF (fluoride) prepared in water, in DF media or in normal saline at the same concentrations used in the DF cell studies. The 19F NMR spectra were acquired at 25 °C on an Agilent DD2 500 MHz spectrometer equipped with a 5mm HFX z gradient probe operating at 470.3 MHz for fluorine. For quantitative measurements, all spectra were collected with 64 scans and a delay of 5 seconds. The spectrum width is 220 ppm with offset at resonance of −110 ppm. The processing and analyzing were done by MNOVA. The dataset consists 45371 complex points and is zero-filled to the size of 128k points after applying 5Hz exponential line broadening. The 19F chemical shift was referenced indirectly based on proton chemical shift, which was referenced with respect to the water proton signal of 4.75 ppm at 25°C. Results: Visible DF cell morphology changes begin to appear as early as 1 hour exposure to 0.03% SDF in Transwells and continue with degradation of cell morphology through 8 hours exposure at which point 100% of the cell monolayer is lost. The 8 hour image shows complete cell loss which is consistent with earlier studies using 24 hour exposures at 0.03% concentration. Note that the actual concentration of SDF affecting cell viability is shown in this study to be far lower than the 0.03% input because of the aggregate precipitation captured with the Transwell inserts. In this study, our NMR fluoride assessments showed that only 6–12 % of the input SDF fluoride reaches the lower cell chamber. Conclusions: Considering that the SDF reagent is applied orally at ~40%, these results warrant more refined testing to identify true lower limit of toxicity end points of SDF. SDF should be utilized only by trained professionals and never contact soft tissue. NMR may be utilized to determine relative amounts of fluoride both in cell culture media and within fluoride exposed cells.

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Sari, D. L., A. Bahar, H. A. Gunawan, M. Adiatman, A. Rahardjo, D. A. Maharani, I. R. Toptanci, and I. Yavuz. "Fluoride concentration in urine after silver diamine fluoride application on tooth enamel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 884 (August 2017): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/884/1/012054.

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Ahsana Asif and Deepa Gurunathan. "Parental Acceptance of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment for Children." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 6432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3436.

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The present study aimed to assess the parental acceptance of silver diamine fluoride and to determine whether the acceptability level differs depending on the demographic factors and the location of dental caries. Demographic data and the opinion about the staining effect of SDF treatment on primary teeth were obtained through questionnaire from parents of 60 children aged between 2-5 years with ECC in Chennai, India. The opinion was obtained after showing clinical photographs of SDF treatment. Of the 60 participants, male parents with low socioeconomic status, tend to accept the SDF treatment more. To our knowledge, this is the first study to check for the parental acceptance and perception of silver fluoride treatment in Indian populations. The results show that parent's gender, child's gender, socioeconomic status, level of education, number of children in the family plays an essential role in the acceptance of SDF treatment by the parents. Parents with high socioeconomic status accept SDF treatment to avoid treatment under general anesthesia. A significant difference between male and female and the anterior and posterior teeth (P < 0.05) was observed in acceptance ratings of SDF treatment. Though parents have a concern with the discoloration associated with SDF treatment, most of them prefer SDF treatment over treatment under general anesthesia.

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Punhagui, Marília Franco, Jaqueline Costa Favaro, Beatriz Brandão Sacarpelli, Ricardo Danil Guiraldo, Murilo Baena Lopes, and Sandrine Bittencourt Berger. "Treatment of Dental Caries with Diamine Silver Fluoride: Literature Review." Journal of Health Sciences 20, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2018v20n3p152-157.

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AbstractBrazilian health care programs recommend the use of cariostatic solutions of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) or sodium fluoride varnishes for children 0 to 3 years old with high or moderate caries activity for the control of caries lesions. SDF is a safe, economical, efficient and non-invasive coadjuvant agent, exerting an antibacterial action capable of reducing superficial mineral loss of the enamel and can be used in the treatment of deciduous and permanent teeth. The objective of this literature review was to gather current information on describing the mechanism of SDF action’ and its clinical application in young children in caries prevention and paralysis. The PubMed / Medline and Cochrane Library databases were accessed by identifying the relevant studies published in English from 1960 to May 2017. The search strategy employed the keywords: “Silver diamine fluoride” and “Children “or “Infant” and “Caries prevention”. Data extraction was performed in: 19 in vitro studies; 10 review articles and 8 in vivo studies. It was possible to conclude that SDF is almost twice as effective compared to fluoride varnish in caries paralysis. However, the contact time of the solution and the optimal frequency of application of the SDF are still undefined, inducing new projects and clinical studies in the search for an adequate clinical protocol of this cariostatic.Keywords: Preventive Dentistry. Children. Dental Caries.Resumo Os programas de assistência à saúde brasileiros recomendam para o controle das lesões de cárie a utilização de soluções cariostáticas de diamino fluoreto de prata - DFP ou vernizes de fluoreto de sódio para crianças de 0 a 3 anos com atividade de cárie alta ou moderada. O DFP é agente coadjuvante seguro, econômico, eficiente e não invasivo, exercendo ação antibacteriana capaz de reduzir a perda mineral superficial do esmalte e, pode ser utilizado no tratamento de dentes decíduos e permanentes. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi reunir informações atuais sobre descrever o mecanismo de ação do DFP e sua aplicação clínica em crianças de pouca idade na prevenção e paralisação da cárie. As bases de dados PubMed/Medline e Cochane Library foram acessadas identificando os estudos relevantes publicados em inglês, no período de 1960 a maio de 2017. A estratégia de busca empregou as palavras-chave: “Silver diamine fluoride” and “Children” or “Infant” and “Caries prevention”. A extração dos dados foi realizada em: 19 estudos in vitro; 10 artigos de revisão e 8 estudos in vivo. Foi possível concluir que o DFP apresenta-se quase duas vezes tão eficaz comparado ao verniz fluoretado na paralização de cárie. Porém, o tempo de contato da solução e a frequência ótima de aplicação do DFP ainda estão indefinidos, suscitando novos projetos e estudos clínicos na busca de adequado protocolo clínico deste cariostático.Palavra-chave: Odontologia Preventiva. Criança. Carie Dentária.

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Lendrawati, Lendrawati. "PENGGUNAAN SILVER DIAMINA FLUORIDA (SDF) 38% SEBAGAI Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT) PADA ANAK-ANAK." Majalah Kedokteran Andalas 35, no. 2 (August 29, 2011): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22338/mka.v35.i2.p98-105.2011.

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AbstrakKaries merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi yang banyak diderita oleh anak-anak seluruh dunia terutama negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Kerusakan gigi pada anak-anak terjadi lebih cepat dibandingkan orang dewasa karena gigi yang baru erupsi masih dalam proses maturasi dan proses mineralisasi belum sempurna. Tubuli dentin anak anak yang masih lebar menyebabkan pembentukan jaringan sklerotik tidak sempurna dan buffer saliva masih kurang sehingga aktivitas proteolitik menjadi lebih banyak di dalam mulut. Fluor merupakan zat mineral yang digunakan sebagai bahan yang efektif mencegah terjadinya karies gigi dapat membuat lapisan email tahan terhadap kerusakan yang disebabkan pelarutan email oleh zat asam. Strategi pencegahan karies lebih efektif sejak diperkenalkannya silver diamina fluoride (SDF) yang merupakan cairan tidak berwarna mengandung ion fluoride yang digunakan untuk memacu terjadinya proses remineralisasi hidoksiapatit mineral gigi. Penggunaan SDF ini merupakan metoda Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT). SDF menggabungkan efek penguatan gigi dari natrium fluoride (NaF) dan efek nitrat perak.Konsentrasi efektif solusi SDF 38% (44.800 ion fluoride ppm) digunakan untuk menghambat perkembangan karies pada gigi sulung anak-anak, terutama anak-anak yang sulit untuk dilakukan perawatan. SDF sederhana, mudah dalam mengaplikasikan dan biaya pemakaian lebih murah. SDF merupakan bahan yang tepat untuk digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan gigi masyarakat terutama pada anak-anak.Kata Kunci : karies gigi, silver diamine fluoride, Arresting Caries Treatment, topikalAbstractDental caries is a health problem that affects many children all over the world, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Tooth decay in children occurs more rapidly than adults because the new tooth eruption is still in the process of maturation and mineralization process is not perfect. Dentin tubules of children is still wide lead sclerotic tissue formation was not perfect and still less saliva buffer so that a more proteolytic activity in the mouth. Fluor is a mineral substance that used as an ingredient that effectively prevent the occurrence of dental caries and can make enamel resistant to decay caused by acid dissolution email. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA99Strategy of caries prevention is more effective since the introduction of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) which is a colorless liquid containing fluoride ions are used to induce the process of remineralization mineral of tooth that is hidoksiapatit. SDF is a method of Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT). That combines the strengthening tooth effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and the effect of nitrate perak. Used of 38% concentration of SDF solution (44,800 ppm fluoride ion) are effective to inhibit the development of caries in primary teeth of children, especially children who are difficult to be treated. SDF use is simple, easy to apply and use costs cheaper. SDF is a good material to be used in the public dental health problems, especially in children.Key word : dental caries, silver diamine fluoride, Arresting Caries Treatment, topical

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Botelho, Michael G., Yali Lou, and Brain W. Darvell. "Antibacterial Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Cariogenic Organisms." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 19, no. 5 (2018): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2304.

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Crystal, YO, B. Kreider, and VH Raveis. "Parental Expressed Concerns about Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) Treatment." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 43, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-43.3.2.

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Background: The staining associated with its caries arrest may be a deterrent for the use of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF). This study aims to elucidate the concerns that inform parents' perceptions and acceptance of SDF as a treatment option for their child. Study Design: We analyzed qualitative data obtained through an investigation in which parents attending a pediatric dental appointment participated in a survey, which included an open-ended question to evaluate their opinions about SDF staining. Thematic analysis of the comments, offered by the subsample of participants who replied to this question (n=43), yielded insights about perception of SDF therapy. Results: Most parents who provided comments were mothers (83.7%), college graduates (72.1%), primarily white (48.8%) or Hispanic (27.9%). Six themes emerged from the thematic analysis of the parents' responses: Esthetic Concerns, Psychosocial Concerns, SDF Treatment Process, Risks and Side Effects, Situational Benefits, and Dental Treatment Process. While many of the parents' comments are related to appearance, other topics that merit consideration when discussing SDF treatment were mentioned. Conclusions: Although parents are concerned about the esthetic impact of SDF, they understand the risks of alternative treatments and welcome information that will allow them to make an informed decision. Location of the cavities and visibility of the staining appear to heavily influence the decision to accept or reject this therapy.

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Alharbi, Doaa Makki, and Waad Mosaad Almugren. "An overview of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry." Saudi Journal of Oral and Dental Research 05, no. 01 (January 15, 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjodr.2020.v05i01.002.

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Seo, Meekyung, Ji-Soo Song, Teo Jeon Shin, Hong-Keun Hyun, Jung-Wook Kim, Ki-Taeg Jang, Sang-Hoon Lee, and Young-Jae Kim. "The Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Salivary Biofilm." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 47, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2020.47.4.406.

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Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective and efficient agent for arresting dental caries. It can be useful in treating children with behavioral or medical limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of SDF by using salivary biofilm. Pellicle-like saliva coated structure was prepared by using unstimulated saliva. For developing cariogenic biofilm, Streptococcus mutans was added to the mixture of pooled saliva and inoculated into a saliva coated glass or chamber. SDF was applied to cariogenic biofilm to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of SDF. As time passed, total bacteria and S. mutans were reduced after application of SDF (p < 0.000). Confocal laser scanning microscope also showed the increment of the ratio of dead cell. As a result of experiment using enamel and dentin of primary teeth, it was confirmed that the growth of cariogenic biofilm was inhibited when the SDF was treated (p = 0.029 each).This study showed excellent anti-microbial effect of SDF. And anti-caries effect in clinical practice can be expected.

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Lou, Y. L., M. G. Botelho, and B. W. Darvell. "Reaction of silver diamine fluoride with hydroxyapatite and protein." Journal of Dentistry 39, no. 9 (September 2011): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.06.008.

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Yee, R., C. Holmgren, J. Mulder, D. Lama, D. Walker, and W. van Palenstein Helderman. "Efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride for Arresting Caries Treatment." Journal of Dental Research 88, no. 7 (July 2009): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034509338671.

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Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT) has been proposed to manage untreated dental caries in children. This prospective randomized clinical trial investigated the caries-arresting effectiveness of a single spot application of: (1) 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with tannic acid as a reducing agent; (2) 38% SDF alone; (3) 12% SDF alone; and (4) no SDF application in primary teeth of 976 Nepalese schoolchildren. The a priori null hypothesis was that the different treatments have no effect in arresting active cavitated caries. Only the single application of 38% SDF with or without tannic acid was effective in arresting caries after 6 months (4.5 and 4.2 mean number of arrested surfaces; p < 0.001), after 1 year (4.1 and 3.4; p < 0.001), and after 2 years (2.2 and 2.1; p < 0.01). Tannic acid conferred no additional benefit. ACT with 38% SDF provides an alternative when restorative treatment for primary teeth is not an option.

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Burgess, J. O., and P. M. Vaghela. "Silver Diamine Fluoride: A Successful Anticarious Solution with Limits." Advances in Dental Research 29, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517740123.

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Richards, Derek. "The effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries." Evidence-Based Dentistry 18, no. 3 (October 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401250.

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Crystal, Yasmi O., Malvin N. Janal, Dylan S. Hamilton, and Richard Niederman. "Parental perceptions and acceptance of silver diamine fluoride staining." Journal of the American Dental Association 148, no. 7 (July 2017): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.03.013.

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Milgrom, P. "Omissions make silver diamine fluoride paper impossible to interpret." Australian Dental Journal 66, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adj.12832.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Silver Diamine Fluoride'

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