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Journal articles on the topic 'Silver fir'
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1
Kupka, I. "Reaction of Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) plantation to fertilization." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 3 (January 10, 2012): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4547-jfs.
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Silver fir as a domestic species is an important tree in our forests. Unfortunately it has suffered from serious dieback in Central Europe in the last decades. Reintroduction of Silver fir is not an easy task as seedlings and saplings are sensitive to many environmental harmful factors and to game browsing damage especially in early stages after germination. The fertilization of Silver fir saplings could help shorten the sensitive period of the tree species. Silver fir research plots were founded in 1999 to observe an impact of different fertilizers on its height growth. Applications of conventional as well as modern fertilizers confirmed the positive influence on the height growth of the species. Apical dominance ratio was used to evaluate the growth status of saplings.
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Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Kamila Reczyńska, and Karel Boublík. "Variability of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 495–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0281-y.
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AbstractUsing vegetation databases from Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and our own material collected during a field work, we have analysed the variability of species composition of Abies alba-dominated communities in Central Europe. Analysis was performed using a modified TWINSPAN algorithm in the JUICE software. Ecological analysis was performed on the basis of mean Ellenberg indicator values with a MoPeT_v1.0.r script prepared in R software. In general, the findings indicated that there are at least 8 types of Central European silver fir-dominated forests with different patterns in species composition and habitat conditions. These are the oligotrophic subcontinental silver fir forests of the Polish highlands, oligotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forest, hygrophilous silver fir forests, oligo-mesotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forests, mesotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forests, submontane and montane calcicolous silver fir forests of the Alps and the Carpathians, eutrophic silver fir-beech forests and silver fir ravine forests. The main conclusion is that the diversity of species composition of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe is lower than described in current regional synthesis, which was confirmed by ecological analyses.
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Frey, Hans-Ulrich. "Die Verbreitung und die waldbauliche Bedeutung der Weisstanne in den Zwischenalpen. Ein Beitrag für die waldbauliche Praxis | The distribution and silvicultural consequences of silver fir in alpine regions. A contribution to silvicultural practices." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 154, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2003): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2003.0090.
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The areas where silver fir occurs in Switzerland are divided into main, minor or relict areas. In the main areas a wide distribution of silver fir is to be reckoned with. In contrast to traditional systems the emphasis of silver fir distribution lies somewhat lower and more clearly in pre-alpine regions. In the minor areas silver fir has withdrawn to shadowy slopes and is limited to low-lying valleys between the alps. In main valleys where the altitude of the valley bottom is higher than 1000 m.a.s.l. the current presence of silver fir is considered to be a relict of a postglacial warm period, favourable to silver fir, and not the result of human destruction.
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Sopushynskyy, Ivan, Ruslan Maksymchuk, Yaroslav Kopolovets, and Sezgin Ayan. "Intraspecific structural signs of curly silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) growing in the Ukrainian Carpathians." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 7 (July 28, 2020): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-jfs.
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The aim of this paper is to present the intraspecific differentiation of the curly silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) by the wood structure growing in the Ukrainian Carpathians. To find the morphological distinctions by using the silvicultural and biometric methods, 50 silver fir trees with anomalous wavy-relief stemwood formations were investigated. The trees aged from 94 to 132 years were characterised by the diameter at breast height of 32–59 cm. The length of the wave-grained stemwood varied from 6 to 11.5 m. The amplitude of the wood fibre waves varied from 4.4 to 24.1 mm. The smallest values of the amplitude of the wave-grained wood corresponded to the smaller wavelengths. The significant differences in the wood density and annual growth between the silver fir trees with the straight-grained and wave-grained stem wood were determined. The number of annual rings in 1 cm of the curly silver fir was 27.1% lower and 22.7% higher than the same characteristics for the straight-grained stem wood. The obtained linear equation described the relationship between the number of annual rings in 1 cm and the basic wood density of the silver fir with the straight-grained wood. The aesthetic features of the curly silver fir stem wood were discussed in the subject area of a new niche of exclusive wood products.
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Konôpka, Bohdan, Vladimír Šebeň, and Jozef Pajtík. "Bark Browsing and Recovery: A Comparative Study between Douglas Fir and Silver Fir Species in the Western Carpathians." Sustainability 16, no. 6 (March 10, 2024): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16062293.
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The foraging behavior of ruminating ungulates significantly impacts forest ecosystems due to their nutritional requirements. This study focuses on inter-specific comparisons of bark browsing (stripping) between Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Field measurements were conducted at the previously established research demonstration site “Husárik” in the Javorníky Mountains, north-western Slovakia. We measured the sizes of wounds on stems and assessed the dimensions of unrecovered parts of wounds, subsequently calculating areas of recovered bark patches. Then, the total areas of wounds recovered patches, and unrecovered parts were measured. Additionally, the percentages of wound areas, recovered areas, and unrecovered areas were expressed as proportions relative to the total bark surface. Influencing factors such as the position of wounds along the vertical stem profile and stem diameter class were analyzed using two- and three-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. The results demonstrate the susceptibility of both tree species to bark browsing by ruminating ungulates, primarily red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in our study site. Douglas fir exhibited slightly less intense browsing compared to silver fir, while silver fir had a slightly higher recovery rate. Specifically, 17.0% of the bark surface in Douglas fir and 21.5% in silver fir were browsed. The proportions of recovered areas on wounds were 62.5% and 69.6% in Douglas fir and silver fir, respectively. Regarding the vertical stem profile, the most intense browsing occurred at a height of 101–125 cm from the ground level, with rates of 40.7% in Douglas fir and 47.0% in silver fir. Browsing intensity showed negligible variation among diameter classes, which were classified as up to 35 mm, 35–50 mm, and over 50 mm. Our findings suggest that, as an introduced species, Douglas fir is not a suitable substitute for other commercially significant tree species in supporting sustainable forestry in European countries where ruminating ungulates are overabundant.
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Murray, Marshall D., Dean Coble, and Robert O. Curtis. "Height growth of young Pacific silver fir and noble fir established on clearcuts in the Pacific silver fir zone of western Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-170.
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Stem analyses were done on young (20–30 years at breast height) Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) and noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.) trees established after clear-cut harvesting of old stands in the Pacific silver fir zone of western Washington. Early height-growth patterns and heights attained at 20 years breast-height age were compared with existing data and curves derived from old stands, and among plant associations and elevations. Early growth of Pacific silver fir and noble fir on recent clearcuts was more rapid than would be expected on the basis of existing data derived from old trees. We hypothesize that the more rapid growth of recently established stands represents the combined result of several factors, including less competition, possible climatic change, exclusion of poorer sites from the new sample, and bias associated with past shifts in competitive status of the old trees used to construct height-growth curves from stem analyses. Early height growth (to a breast-height age of 20) is strongly associated with elevation and with plant association groupings.
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Pantic, Damjan, Milan Medarevic, Matthias Dees, Dragan Borota, Bojan Tubic, Snezana Obradovic, Biljana Sljukic, Dusko Cukovic, and Marko Marinkovic. "Analysis of the growth characteristics of a 450-year-old silver fir tree." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 1 (2015): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs140919018p.
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The growth characteristics of silver fir are of high importance for selection forest management, and for the current aims laid out in Serbia?s forest management focused on increasing the share of silver firs in Serbia?s growing stock. With the objective of increasing the understanding of the growth characteristics of silver fir, the growth of two silver fir trees felled during forest site production research on Mt. Goc, located in Central Serbia, have been analyzed. Both trees showed significant differences in their growth dynamics over long periods as results of micro-site and micro-stand effects (primarily ambient light regime). The common growth characteristic of the two trees, a 450-year-old tree as the main study object (labeled Tree A) and a 270-year-old Tree B is a long stagnation stage. For Tree A the latent phase, with small interruptions, lasted 410 years; one phase lasted 330 years in continuity, which is the longest period of silver fir stagnation recorded in Europe. Tree B showed a long-lasting stagnation stage that lasted 170 years. The long stagnation stage of Tree A, characterized by an average diameter increment of 1.4 mm/year (average growth ring width of 0.7 mm) and an average height increment of 0.08 m/year, shows the extraordinary silver fir capacity for physiological survival in complete shade. This study adds to the existing knowledge of the shade tolerance of the silver fir. Therefore, the silver fir belongs to the group of extremely shade-tolerant tree species. This characteristic makes silver fir an irreplaceable tree species in the selection forest structure. It offers a wide range of silvicultural flexibility in the management of these forests, and is applicable to silver fir selection Serbia?s forests.
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Radwan, M. A., M. D. Murray, and J. M. Kraft. "Growth and foliar nutrient concentrations of Pacific silver fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-218.
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Nineteen natural stands of Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) were assessed for selected site and tree characteristics. The stands, located throughout western Washington, were 26 to 37 years old; they occurred at various elevations (110–1300 m) and on different soil types, and varied greatly in associated plant species. Site index at 50 years breast-high age ranged from 12 to 24 m. Terminal growth per year during the previous 3 years, needle number per centimetre of twig tissue, needle weight and area, and foliar concentrations of 13 elements varied among the 19 stands. Compared with associated western conifers, silver fir had moderate terminal growth, larger and heavier needles, more needles per centimetre of twig tissue, and lower foliar concentrations of N, S, and Mg. There were many significant correlations among the different variables. The foliar nutrient data obtained provide base-line information for future research in nutrition and fertilization of silver fir. These data and the significant correlations between nutrients and site-stand characteristics suggest that (i) silver fir may be more efficient than some western conifers in use of some nutrients, (ii) productivity of silver fir may be improved by application of certain fertilizers; fertilization may be particularly effective during the seedling stage when growth is typically slow, and (iii) levels of some foliar nutrients may be useful as indicators of site quality for silver fir production.
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Vaněk, Petr, and Oldřich Mauer. "Regeneration of Silver fir (Abies Alba Mill.) on Clear-cut Areas." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 1 (2014): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462010267.
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The paper evaluates the growth of Silver fir plantations on clear-cut areas in the regime of different sheltering and mixing with the European larch. The experiment was carried out on a permanent research plot where Silver fir was planted on an unsheltered open space, on an open space sheltered by the gradually overgrowing European larch, alternating in rows and mixed within the row with the gradually overgrowing European larch. It was also planted in a SW corner of the clear-cut area sheltered on two sides by a mature spruce stand. Results of measurements demonstrated that the conditions of the unsheltered clear-cut area or only partly sheltered clear-cut area have no principal adverse influence on the growth of Silver fir. However, a considerably higher mortality, more severe frost injury and impaired vitality of plants were observed. The most suitable option for the regeneration of Silver fir on a clear-cut area, i.e. the option in which Silver fir individuals would exhibit good growth, low mortality, low frost injury and high vitality (needle length and colour) appeared to be the plantation of Silver fir in mixed rows with the European larch (N-S direction of rows), where the larch starts to overgrow the fir very rapidly, thus providing the necessary shelter. Pure fir groups are then recommended to be planted in marginal stand parts that are sheltered for a greater part of the day by the surrounding stand.
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Ugarković, Damir, Anamarija Jazbec, Ivan Seletković, Ivica Tikvić, Vinko Paulić, Mladen Ognjenović, Mia Marušić, and Nenad Potočić. "Silver Fir Decline in Pure and Mixed Stands at Western Edge of Spread in Croatian Dinarides Depends on Some Stand Structure and Climate Factors." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 6060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116060.
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Silver fir is one of the most threatened conifer species in Croatia, especially at the western edge of its spread in Croatian Dinarides, where the decline in fir trees has resulted in significant ecological and economic issues. The aim of this study was to determine, over an 18-year monitoring period, the relationships of silver fir crown defoliation with climatic factors and structural attributes. We further analyzed the tree retention time in a given defoliation class and transition dynamics between defoliation classes, as well as the survival/mortality of trees. Data on silver fir defoliation were analyzed in two different forest types: in pure silver fir and in mixed silver fir and common beech stands. The climatic factors, primarily vegetation period air temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and dry season water deficit, were correlated with crown defoliation. Regarding the structural attributes, in the mixed stand with predominantly smaller trees, crown defoliation increased with reduced diameter at breast height, crown diameter, social class, and crown illumination. In the pure fir stand, crown defoliation increased with reduced crown diameter, greater crown asymmetry, greater crown illumination, and on trees with a stork’s nest crown. The retention time in defoliation classes differed for research sites. Transition dynamics were different only for trees in the highest defoliation class (dead trees). At the end of the study period, silver fir mortality was higher in the pure fir stand. Increased silver fir defoliation and mortality can be expected in the future, particularly in overmature stands under prolonged drought stress. Permanent forest monitoring could ensure the high-quality data needed for adaptive management of fir stands that could positively influence the structure of these stands and, thus, improve their health status.
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Toromani, Elvin, and Faruk Bojaxhi. "Growth Response of Silver Fir and Bosnian Pine from Kosovo." South-east European forestry 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.10-03.
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POSTOLACHE, Dragos. "Using Bioinformatics Tools for Identification and Characterization of Transcriptome Derived EST-SSRs in Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 74, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12625.
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Bioinformatics tools have been used to evaluate silver fir de novo assembled 454 transcriptome. A total of 3500 EST-SSRs were detected in the 454 transcriptome of silver fir. Most abundant are tri-nucleotide SSRs being followed by tetra- SSRs and di- SSRs. In addition, we determined the density, frequency, average length and average repeat number of EST-SSRs in the 454 transcriptome of silver fir.
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Višnjić, Ćemal, Besim Balić, Velid Halilović, and Fuad Šehić. "VARIATION IN GROWTH AMONG NINE BOSNIAN HERZEGOVINIAN PROVENANCES OF SILVER FIR (Abies alba Mill)." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 49, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2019.v49.i1.21.
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UDK: 630*232:582.475(497.6)
Provenance experiments with forest trees provide valuable information about the growth and adaptability of population, often transferred from remote geographical regions and various climate conditions. This study researches the growth of nine provenances of silver fir from the area of its natural distribution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The experiment was established in the year 1991 in the form of a random block system with 5 repetitions. For planting, we used five-year-old seedlings (2/3), and planting spacing was 2x2 m. Each Silver fir provenance was included with 320 plants. Measurement results in the 28th year of age show the existence of variations between silver fir provenances in characteristics; mean height, mean diameter and average tree volume. Silver fir provenance from Bosanski Petrovac showed the best results. The mean height of this Silver fir provenance at the age of 28 was 9.1 m, while the mean diameter was 11.9 cm. Provenances that show the lowest growth (8.1 m) were from Pale, Olovo-Klis and Konjic. Silver fir provenance from Konjic has the lowest mean diameter (10.7 cm). In all provenances, we have had a culmination of height increment in age between 20 and 25 years. Variation between tested silver fir provenances for examined characteristic “mean height” was larger (four groups of population) compared to examined characteristic “mean diameter” (two groups of population). Volume of mean tree (0.062m3) and assortment (111.33 m3/ha) in Bosanski Petrovac provenance was larger than spreadsheet values for the first yield class for Central Europe conditions. The trial shows that silver fir in Bosnia and Herzegovina is variable on the local level due to specific micro-habitual conditions in which it grows.
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Toromani, Elvin, Mitat Sanxhaku, and Edmond Pasho. "Growth responses to climate and drought in silver fir (Abies alba) along an altitudinal gradient in southern Kosovo." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 9 (September 2011): 1795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-096.
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This paper deals with the response of silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) growth to climate, mainly drought, presenting data from southern Kosovo, for which only little information is available. Two cores from 55 dominant trees were extracted at two sites representing the limits of the natural distribution of silver fir. We built 80- and 112-year-long chronologies for each site. Comparison of both ring width chronologies showed that they were diverse. Pointer year analysis indicated that high spring temperatures and ample rainfall (1082 mm) influenced positively silver fir growth (wide ring), while low spring temperatures and scarce precipitation had an inverse effect. Bootstrapped response functions confirmed that April and May temperatures of the current growth year influenced positively silver fir growth at the low-elevation site, while the July precipitation of the previous growth year had a negative influence. At the high-elevation site, warm previous December temperatures had a positive influence on silver fir growth. Drought indices indicated two periods (1953–1961 and 1994–2001) with moderate drought. Correlation analysis between silver fir radial growth and drought indices revealed that the impact of drought on radial growth was significant at the time scale of 1.5 months during the summer months.
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Gazol, Antonio, Ester González de Andrés, Michele Colangelo, Cristina Valeriano, and Jesús Julio Camarero. "Pyrenean Silver Fir Forests Retain Legacies of Past Disturbances and Climate Change in Their Growth, Structure and Composition." Forests 14, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040713.
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Recent drought-induced dieback alters forest dynamics, which are also shaped by past management. In western Pyrenean silver fir (Abies alba) stands, dieback concurs in space and time with the legacies of past management, but the impacts on forest growth, structure and composition are unknown. We aim to disentangle how dieback interacts with the legacies of past human use and modulates the recent dynamics of silver fir forests. To this end, we sampled eleven silver fir forests across wide climatic gradients and included declining and non-declining sites. We measured radial growth, structure, composition, understory cover and type and amount of deadwood. Silver fir growth declines in response to late-summer drought. In declining sites, most defoliated stands showed the lowest silver fir density and were those where growth depended more on water availability. Tree death enhanced the cover of dominant understory plants such as Buxus sempervirens. Past management activities leave an imprint in the growth of silver fir, such as releases due to past logging, but also affect the number of stumps and snags and the current tree density. A more extensive monitoring will be required to fully disentangle the multiple influences of past management legacies and current climate change on forest dynamics.
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Klinka, K., Q. Wang, G. J. Kayahara, R. E. Carter, and B. A. Blackwell. "Light-growth response relationships in Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpd)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-239.
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Pacific silver fir and subalpine fir, both typically inhabiting high-elevation forests in northwestern North America, were considered shade-tolerant species, the former more tolerant than the latter. To determine their relative shade tolerance, established advance regeneration was sampled along a light gradient ranging from open areas to inside a forest stand, and analysis of irradiance, growth, and leaf measures was obtained. Relationships between the percentage of above-canopy light (in the photosynthetically active wavelengths) associated with each study tree and its 1991 height increment, 1991 lateral increment, caliper at the base of the 1991 leader, and specific leaf area were examined for individual sites, and sites were grouped according to soil moisture. There were strong, consistent, and similar relationships between irradiance, growth performance, and specific leaf area for both species. As irradiance decreased, growth performance decreased and specific leaf area increased. In spite of ecological differences between the study sites for each species, it was concluded that on fresh sites, Pacific silver fir and subalpine fir are very tolerant of shade. Both are equally well adapted to survive under high shade and snowpack by allocating more resources to caliper and lateral growth than to height growth and by increasing specific leaf area. Key words: shade tolerance, advance regeneration, irradiance, growth performance, specific leaf area, Pacific silver fir, subalpine fir.
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Dinca, Lucian, Mirabela Marin, Vlad Radu, Gabriel Murariu, Romana Drasovean, Romica Cretu, Lucian Georgescu, and Voichița Timiș-Gânsac. "Which Are the Best Site and Stand Conditions for Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Located in the Carpathian Mountains?" Diversity 14, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14070547.
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Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is one of the most valuable and productive tree species across European mountains, that accomplish multiple economic, protective and ecologic functions. Alongside spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), silver fir is a characteristic species for the Romanian Carpathians. Although silver fir tree is recommended for the diversification of forests in order to increase the resistance to climate change, it is very sensitive to climatic excesses, especially those that proceed rapidly. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate both the environmental conditions and stand characteristics of fir from five mountain ranges of the Romanian Carpathians. The study is based on data recorded over a period of 10 years (1990–2000). As such, a total of 77,251 stands that occupy 211,954 hectares have been investigated in regard to silver fir behaviour. MATLAB scripts were used for analysing consistent data volumes as well as the impact of eight factors on the silver fir productivity (altitude, field aspect, field slope, soil type, participation percentage, road distance, structure and consistency). Our analysis has revealed that higher silver fir productivity is found at altitudes of up to 1200 m, on mid and upper slopes, on NW field aspects, on eutric cambisols and dystric cambisols, with a 10–20% participation in stand composition and in relatively-even aged stands with a full consistency. This study offers valuable insights for forest managers that require comprehensive information in adopting effective strategies to enhance forest resilience under climate change.
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Boncina, Andrej, Franc Gaspersic, and Jurij Diaci. "Long-term changes in tree species composition in the Dinaric mountain forests of Slovenia." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79227-2.
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This study utilizes data from long-term research sites in managed fir-beech forests (Hrusica, Leskova dolina and Rog) and a virgin forest remnant (Rajhenav), used as a reference site. Data obtained from old forest management plans and forest inventories were analysed. The results of the study support the hypothesis that two main tree speciessilver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)alternate site dominance. The causes of species dominance alternation include both natural processes and anthropogenic factors, in particular silvicultural practices and the impact of ungulates. More than a hundred years ago, European beech dominated stand volume. The proportion of silver fir increased until 19401970 when a gradual decrease started. All indicators suggest that the proportion of silver fir will decrease further in the coming decades. Key words: tree species composition alternation, diameter distribution, silver fir, European beech, forest history, forest planning, managed forests, virgin forest remnant
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BARBU, Catalina O. "Impact of White Mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis) Infection on Needles and Crown Morphology of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40, no. 2 (November 5, 2012): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4027906.
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White mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit), (Santalales, Viscaceae) is a hemiparasite species and, in Romania, occurs only on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The species affects silver fir stands located mainly at lower elevations on the Eastern border of the silver fir natural distribution area. Along with drought and pollution, white mistletoe infection plays an important role in silver fir decline. The present study tried to quantify the mistletoe impact on crown degradation of silver fir trees, by measuring several parameters such as needle length and needle loss. The data were collected from a pure silver fir stand where more than 70% of trees were affected by mistletoe. The results indicate that both mistletoe infection and branch position into the crown influence the needles length. The reduction in needle length was more evident in the upper and middle part of the crown and smaller in the lower part of the crown, as well as in the “compensation crown†(formed by epicormic branches). The difference between needle lengths increases with the infection degree. In moderately and heavily infected trees, needles are falling in high proportion compared with low infected trees, demonstrating that mistletoe is producing crown degradation significantly reducing the photosynthetic tissue.
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Unuk Nahberger, Tina, Hojka Kraigher, and Tine Grebencs. "Ectomycorrhizal symbionts of silver fir in Slovenia / Ektomikorizni simbionti navadne jelke v Sloveniji." Folia biologica et geologica 65, no. 1 (June 5, 2024): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/fbg0107.
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Ectomycorrhizal symbionts of silver fir have been in Slovenia rarely analyzed and identified, thereby little is known about their diversity and distribution across Slovenia. The aim of this study was to identify ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of silver fir in silver fir natural distribution area in Slovenia. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were identified based on morphological and anatomical descriptions and by ITS DNA barcoding. Altogether we identified 86 different ectomycorrhizal symbionts of silver fir, many of them were in symbiosis with silver fir, in our study identified for the first-time. The most abundant ECM fungal taxa were assigned to Russula, Tomentella and Lactarius genus. Izvleček Ektomikorizni simbionti navadne jelke v Sloveniji, so do sedaj bili le redko predmet raziskav, zato je poznavanje njihove pestrosti in razširjenosti v Sloveniji pomanjkljivo. Namen raziskave je bil identificirati glivne vrste, ki tvorijo ektomikorizno simbiozo z navadno jelko na naravnem območju razširjenosti navadne jelke v Sloveniji. Ektomikorizne simbionte smo identificirali s pomočjo morfološko-anatomskih značilnosti ter ITS DNK barkod. Skupaj smo identificirali 86 različnih ektomikoriznih glivnih vrst, pri čemer smo veliko vrst v ektomikorizni simbiozi z navadno jelko v naši študiji identificirali prvič. Med številčnejše ektomikorizne glive so se uvrstile glive iz rodov Russula, Tomentella in Lactarius. Ključne besede: navadna jelka, ektomikorizni simbionti, ITS barkoda, Slovenija
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Sarvaš, M. "Changes in cold hardiness of silver fir and larch bare-rooted seedlings during autumn and spring." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 5 (January 11, 2012): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4620-jfs.
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The objective of this study was to obtain information about changes in cold hardiness of larch and silver fir seedlings during autumn and spring by help of measurements of electrolyte leakage from shoots (SEL) and root system (REL). The values of electrolyte leakage from the untreated (control) root system of silver fir decreased during autumn (from 28% on September 25 to 24% on November 27). Minimum values were reached on March 26. A decrease in electrolyte leakage was found for silver fir shoots (SEL) (the maximum was detected on October 2 – 12% and minimum on November 27 – 7%). Contrary to REL, SEL increased in March. The rate of electrolyte leakage from treated (after artificial frost) roots and shoots decreased during autumn (REL and SEL minimum on November 27). The change in the rate of electrolyte leakage from untreated larch roots was similar to that from silver fir roots during autumn. The values continually decreased from 26% (on September 25) to 12% (on November 27). The course of electrolyte leakage from the treated root system was similar for both species. The differences between electrolyte leakage from larch shoots (treated und untreated ones) were statistically significant, but without any clear tendency during autumn.
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Zhong, H., and T. D. Schowalter. "Conifer bole utilization by wood-boring beetles in western Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-145.
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We studied wood excavation by scolytid and cerambycid beetles in decomposing boles of four conifer species during the first two years on the ground in western Oregon. Colonization density and gallery volumes were measured in experimental boles (0.5 m diameter × 5 m length) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes), and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn). Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) colonized boles only during the 1st year and were essentially restricted to Douglas-fir and western hemlock (removing 0.2% of the sapwood volume). Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) colonized boles only in the 1st year, primarily in Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir (removing 7–8% of the phloem surface area). Wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) excavated an additional 2.3% of the phloem surface area of Pacific silver fir in the 1st year and continued to excavate all species except Douglas-fir during the 2nd year. Consequences for the decomposition process are discussed.
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Vitasse, Yann, Martine Rebetez, Sabine Augustin, and Peter Brang. "Quel avenir pour le sapin blanc en Suisse sous les effets des changements climatiques?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 169, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2018.0131.
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What future for silver fir in Switzerland under ongoing climate change? Foresters in many countries are currently seeking for the most suitable forest species or provenances for facing the future climate, which will be much warmer than today with more extreme summer droughts. While it is clear that some tree species will increasingly suffer from climate warming, the fate of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) remains very uncertain because contradictory results have been published about the suitability of this species to cope with climate warming. On the one hand, species distribution models predict a strong decline of its climatic niche in the future. On the other hand, paleoecological studies reveal that this species was widely distributed under much warmer and probably drier climate, suggesting a high potential to face future climate warming. This literature survey shows that this species could actually grow under warmer conditions provided that precipitation remains sufficient, which seems to be the case for most regions of Switzerland according to climatic model predictions for the end of the century. In addition, dendroecological studies have shown a higher resistance and resilience of silver fir to drought compared to Norway spruce, suggesting that silver fir could be promoted by foresters. Nowadays, the greatest threat to silver fir is undoubtedly the browsing pressure by ungulates which can jeopardize its regeneration and must therefore be properly regulated to increase the proportion of silver fir in Swiss mixed forests.
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Vilém, Podrázský, Vacek Zdeněk, Kupka Ivo, Vacek Stanislav, Třeštík Michal, and Cukor Jan. "Effects of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) on the humus forms in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) stands." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 6 (June 28, 2018): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/19/2018-jfs.
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The effects of silver fir (Abies alba Miller) on the soil compared to Norway spruce (Picea abies (Linnaeus) H. Karsten) were evaluated. Altitude of the study site is 790 m a.s.l., mild slope of 10° facing SW, forest site is spruce-beech on acid soil. The forest floor and top soil horizons (L + F1, F2 + H, Ah) were sampled in 4 replications beneath unmixed Norway spruce and silver fir groups. Comparing the soil-forming effects of both species, few significant differences were found in the Ah horizon – contents of total C, N, exchangeable Al and plant available Ca were higher beneath spruce. The soil improving role of silver fir compared to spruce was confirmed at the studied locality.
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Töchterle, Paul, Fengli Yang, Stephanie Rehschuh, Romy Rehschuh, Nadine K. Ruehr, Heinz Rennenberg, and Michael Dannenmann. "Hydraulic Water Redistribution by Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Occurring under Severe Soil Drought." Forests 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020162.
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Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from wet- to dry-soil zones is suggested as an important process in the resilience of forest ecosystems to drought stress in semiarid and tropical climates. Scenarios of future climate change predict an increase of severe drought conditions in temperate climate regions. This implies the need for adaptations of locally managed forest systems, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) monocultures, for instance, through the admixing of deep-rooting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). We designed a stable-isotope-based split-root experiment under controlled conditions to test whether silver fir seedlings could perform HR and therefore reduce drought stress in neighboring beech seedlings. Our results showed that HR by silver fir does occur, but with a delayed onset of three weeks after isotopic labelling with 2H2O (δ2H ≈ +6000‰), and at low rates. On average, 0.2% of added ²H excess could be recovered via HR. Fir roots released water under dry-soil conditions that caused some European beech seedlings to permanently wilt. On the basis of these results, we concluded that HR by silver fir does occur, but the potential for mitigating drought stress in beech is limited. Admixing silver fir into beech stands as a climate change adaptation strategy needs to be assessed in field studies with sufficient monitoring time.
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Gérardin, Pauline, David Hentges, Philippe Gérardin, Pierre Vinchelin, Stéphane Dumarçay, Coralie Audoin, and Christine Gérardin-Charbonnier. "Knotwood and Branchwood Polyphenolic Extractives of Silver Fir, Spruce and Douglas Fir and Their Antioxidant, Antifungal and Antibacterial Properties." Molecules 28, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 6391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176391.
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The extractive contents of three softwood species largely used in the wood industry, namely Abies alba (Silver fir), Picea abies (spruce) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), have been determined quantitatively for knots and at different points chosen along their branches, before analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The results indicated that branchwood samples located in close proximity to the stem present high contents of extractives similar to those recorded for the knots. HPLC analysis showed quite similar chemical compositions, indicating that first cm of the branches could be considered as an additional source of knotwood. The antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of knot’s extractives have been investigated with the dual objective of better understanding the role of high levels of secondary metabolites present in the knot and evaluating their potential for biorefinery applications. The antioxidant activity study showed that crude extracts of Douglas fir knotwood presented higher radical scavenging activity levels than the extracts of Silver fir and spruce, which presented more or less the same activities. Silver fir and spruce knotwood extracts presented higher antibacterial activity levels than the Douglas fir knotwood extracts did, while Douglas fir knotwood extracts presented more fungal growth inhibition than the spruce and fir knotwood extracts did. The structure–activity relationships indicate that radical scavenging and antifungal activities are associated with a higher relative quantity of flavonoids in the crude extracts, while higher relative quantities of lignans are associated with antibacterial activity.
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Yang, Fengli, Ruth-Kristina Magh, Mladen Ivanković, Miran Lanšćak, Simon Haberstroh, Baoguo Du, Michael Dannenmann, Heinz Rennenberg, and Cornelia Herschbach. "Foliar P nutrition of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) depends on the season but remains unaffected by co-cultivation with silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)." European Journal of Forest Research 139, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 853–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01289-1.
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Abstract Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and silver fir (Abies alba) are often cultivated in mixed stands and, hence, compete for water and nutrients. Besides nitrogen (N), also phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient for growth and development. Beech trees in Central Europe grow on both P-poor and P-rich soils, thereby showing similar growth and low variation in foliar P. The central aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that variations in foliar P contents of beech are driven by seasonal changes rather than by the competition with silver fir. It was further hypothesized that P contents in silver fir needles depend on needle age and forest site. To test these hypotheses, P contents and P fractions, i.e. organic-bound P (Porg) and inorganic phosphate P (Pi), were measured in the foliage of beech trees from pure beech and mixed beech/silver fir plots as well as in needles of silver fir of the mixed plots. The forest sites investigated are located in Central Europe in the Black Forest, Germany, and in Croatia near the south-eastern distribution limit of beech and are all poor in plant-available soil P. The analyses showed that the main driver of P contents and P fractions in beech leaves at all forest sites is the season and that competition with silver fir had no effect. Hence, the present results demonstrate the high plasticity of beech trees to adapt to both poor plant-available soil P and competition with silver fir. Total P contents of silver fir needles were higher at the Croatian site compared to the Black Forest sites and originated from higher foliar Pi contents. One third of the P present in current-year needles in late summer was remobilized and exported until the needles reached the age of 1 year. The difference in P contents between current-year and 1-year-old needles can be seen as the amount of P resorbed from 1-year-old needles in summer during the generation of new needles to support the P demand of current-year needles for growth and development.
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Mátyás, Csaba, František Beran, Jaroslav Dostál, Jiří Čáp, Martin Fulín, Monika Vejpustková, Gregor Božič, Pál Balázs, and Josef Frýdl. "Surprising Drought Tolerance of Fir (Abies) Species between Past Climatic Adaptation and Future Projections Reveals New Chances for Adaptive Forest Management." Forests 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070821.
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Research Highlights: Data of advanced-age provenance tests were reanalyzed applying a new approach, to directly estimate the growth of populations at their original sites under individually generated future climates. The results revealed the high resilience potential of fir species. Background and Objectives: The growth and survival of silver fir under future climatic scenarios are insufficiently investigated at the xeric limits. The selective signature of past climate determining the current and projected growth was investigated to analyze the prospects of adaptive silviculture and assisted transfer of silver fir populations, and the introduction of non-autochthonous species. Materials and Methods: Hargreaves’ climatic moisture deficit was selected to model height responses of adult populations. Climatic transfer distance was used to assess the relative drought stress of populations at the test site, relating these to the past conditions to which the populations had adapted. ClimateEU and ClimateWNA pathway RCP8.5 data served to determine individually past, current, and future moisture deficit conditions. Besides silver fir, other fir species from South Europe and the American Northwest were also tested. Results: Drought tolerance profiles explained the responses of transferred provenances and predicted their future performance and survival. Silver fir displayed significant within-species differentiation regarding drought stress response. Applying the assumed drought tolerance limit of 100 mm relative moisture deficit, most of the tested silver fir populations seem to survive their projected climate at their origin until the end of the century. Survival is likely also for transferred Balkan fir species and for grand fir populations, but not for the Mediterranean species. Conclusions: The projections are less dramatic than provided by usual inventory assessments, considering also the resilience of populations. The method fills the existing gap between experimentally determined adaptive response and the predictions needed for management decisions. It also underscores the unique potential of provenance tests.
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Zeidler, Aleš, Vlastimil Borůvka, Jiří Remeš, and Karel Pulkrab. "Heat-Treated Wood from Grand Fir Provides the Same Quality Compared to Silver Fir." Forests 13, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101542.
Full textAbstract:
Grand fir (Abies grandis/Dougl. ex D. Don/Lindl.) represents the North American species that has the potential to replace and complement to some extent several commercial European species, in particular, Norway spruce and silver fir. This is not only due to its high production potential but also because of its favorable effect on the soil compared to spruce or pine. We tested sample trees from these tree species growing in the same location for physical and mechanical wood properties and evaluated the effect of the thermal treatment (180 °C and 200 °C) on their wood. Wood density, swelling, surface properties, strength, and stiffness were the properties used to find the differences among species. Grand fir obtained higher values for density and compressive strength compared to silver fir. For the remaining properties, these tree species are comparable, except for toughness, which was significantly lower for grand fir. Grand fir wood was even comparable with Norway spruce in the case of density and compressive strength. The thermal treatment resulted in a decrease in density, swelling, wettability, modulus of rupture, and toughness while increasing compressive strength. The effect of the thermal treatment was similar for all tested species. From this perspective, grand fir represents a potential substitute for the timber of endangered European commercial conifers.
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Podlaski, Rafał. "Patterns between crown characteristics and radial increment in trees are similar during recovery and normal growth: a long-term example from old-growth forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 9 (September 2019): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0423.
Full textAbstract:
Crown traits and competition attributes have an important effect on tree radial increment. Relationships among these elements are modeled using the distributions of the crown characteristics in a given calendar year, but these patterns can differ over time. The suitability of the patterns during recovery and normal growth was investigated using silver fir, Abies alba Mill., in old-growth forests. Generalized additive models (GAMs) for silver fir in the older (OG, trees aged 136–300 years) and younger (YG, trees aged 45–135 years) generations were developed. To test the validity of these GAMs, field data sets representing silver fir recovery and normal growth were used. For silver fir in OG, crown transparency had the largest effect on tree growth, explaining more than 25% of the variance. For silver fir in YG, relative crown length had the largest effect on tree growth, explaining more than 15% of the variance. The absolute relative prediction errors, AREmin and AREmax, were less than 0.03 and 1.50 mm, respectively. The developed GAMs are suitable during recovery and normal growth, but the GAMs were fitted to a relatively small area, neglecting climatic gradients and different disturbance types. This type of investigation should be continued on a larger scale.
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Bošeľa, M., R. Petráš, and Š. Šmelko. "Site classification vs. wood production: a case study based on Silver fir growth dynamics in the Western Carpathians." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 10 (October 17, 2011): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/34/2011-jfs.
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We analysed wood production on an example of Silver fir growth ability within site units defined in the site classification that is currently used in the Western Carpathians. It has arisen as a very important issue, since the site units have been widely used in forestry practice and, moreover, it represents one of the input variables of growth model. Research plots established for development of a yield model for Silver fir in the sixties were used. The Korf growth equation was used to model the Silver fir growth, since it showed the best fit to the data compared to other equations. The test of residual variance of the growth models and the test of regression coefficients of the growth models were employed to investigate the differences in top-height growth of Silver fir occurring on different sites. Results showed a very high variability of the top height development within the site units. Nevertheless, two main groups of sites being different from each other were recognized. But, significant differences in the height growth of fir between site units were found mainly in mature stands starting at the age of 60, which could be due to different soil depth and nutrient regime. Lastly, discussions about the approaches to site classifications all over the world showed many alternatives used to develop a classification scheme with different and in many cases unknown precision, and thus there is a need for the objectivity of classification.
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Popovic, Vladan, Aleksandar Lucic, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Branislav Cvjetkovic, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, and Danijela Ristic. "Assessment of genetic diversity of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Serbia using SSR markers." Genetika 49, no. 3 (2017): 979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1703979p.
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The paper presents the results of the analysis of genetic variability of eight populations of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Serbia obtained using SSR markers. The genomic DNA was isolated from tissue of needles of all eight populations. Due to the costly and lengthy process a small number of the SSR markers for Abies alba have been developed, so in this study were used the microsatellite markers of related species. The obtained results indicate a low level of the genetic variability between natural populations of silver fir. The total number of alleles detected with nine SSR markers in eight studied populations of silver fir is 28. The range of alleles varies from two for NFF15 to six for SF78 with an average of 3.1 alleles per locus. The mean value of genetic similarity between populations is 0.92. The smallest genetic similarity between pairs of populations is 0.82 (Dubocica Bare and Stara Planina; Dubocica Bare and Tara) and the greatest genetic similarity is 1 (Zlatar and Stara Planina, Zlatar and Tara, Stara Planina and Tara). A basic insight into the level of genetic diversity of natural populations of silver fir in Serbia, which are located in a relatively small area, has been given using a set of SSR markers. The obtained results can be used in the future strategy for the management and regeneration of silver fir forests.
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Novotný, R., D. Černý, and V. Šrámek. "Nutrition of silver fir (Abies alba Mill) growing at the upper limit of its occurrence in the Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape Area." Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 9 (September 30, 2010): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2009-jfs.
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In the second half of 20<sup>th</sup> century silver fir regeneration has been observed throughout all of the Europe, including the Czech Republic. The Bohemian Forest – Šumava Mts. is one of the regions where the silver fir percentage in forest stands is supposed to be increased from the present 2% to nearly 12%. During the period 2006–2007, in the Czech part of the Bohemian Forest, samples of silver fir were taken mainly in the upper altitudinal limit of silver fir occurrence. In the present paper the results of performed analyses are compared with similar surveys conducted in the other European regions. Samples from the Bohemian Forest, in contrast to other results, differ in higher phosphorus content and lower contents of calcium and manganese. Nitrogen content is slightly higher. Our values for the other elements (magnesium, potassium, zinc, sulphur) are comparable to those reported in Poland and Slovakia. In Germany, aside from the above mentioned differences, higher magnesium content was also found within the locality sampled.
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Martin, Fulín, Novotný Petr, Podrázský Vilém, Beran František, Dostál Jaroslav, and Jehlička Jan. "Evaluation of the provenance plot “Hrubá Skála” (Northern Bohemia) with grand fir at the age of 36 years." Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 2 (February 28, 2017): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2016-jfs.
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The article aims to evaluate the research provenance plot established in 1980 in locality No. 214 – Hrubá Skála (in the north of the Czech Republic), where nine provenances of grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley) provided in the framework of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations project, and one provenance of grand fir, Norway spruce, silver fir and Douglas-fir from a standard commercial source are tested. We present the results of tree height, stem DBH, stem volume production and health status after 36 years. The results correspond with similar experiments in the Czech Republic and abroad and suggest that grand fir provenances from Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) and the Washington (USA) State coastal region show the best production features, while the Oregon Cascades, Idaho and Montana provenances grow more slowly. Comparison with other tree species indicates that the production of grand fir at the investigated age exceeds the production of both Norway spruce and silver fir, and equalizes or gently exceeds even Douglas-fir.
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Mejnartowicz, Leon. "Cisovka - the relic population of Abies alba and its relationship to man-made silver-fir stands in Białowieża primeval forest." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 3-4 (2014): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.049.
Full textAbstract:
In Białowieża Primeval Forest, in 1823 Stanisław Górski discovered on the Cisovka Hag, a relic population of European silver-fir (<em>Abies alba</em> Mill.). This population is isolated and most away, 120 km to the North-East, from the border of European-silver-fir distribution. Besides the natural population Cisovka, there are also man-made silver fir stands and clumps in the Polish and Belorussian part of Białowieża Primeval Forest. In the Polish part there are four such artificial stands. If the seed-producing silver-fir stands really originated from the Cisovka population, then they are a very valuable part of the declining population and an easy accessible seed source. However, if these populations were introduced to the Białowieża Primeval Forest, then they are a potential source of dangerous genetic pollution of the Cisovka population. The relationship of the genetic structure of the Cisovka population to man-made silver-fir-stands in Białowieża Forest was investigated with the help of 17 loci of 1 1 enzyme systems. Genetic diversity of Cisovka population is characterized by the smallest mean number of alleles per locus (<em>Mal</em>= 1.353, includes all loci studied and per polimorphic locus <em>Malp</em> = 2.00). In Cisovka population there is very low-grade of polimorphic loci (<em>Pp</em> = 11.765 with the mean 37.255 for all studied populations). Expected heterozygosity, He = 0.079 revealed very low-grade of genetic diversity in the population. The observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.123) was similar to this characterictic in other populations. A dendrogram based on Neis genetic distance coefficient (D) among 9 silver-fir populations was constructed. Cisovka in the UPGMA dendrogram is a distinct population separated from other ones by a very great genetic distance (D = 0.06). Also two man-made silver-fir (B I and 132) stands are separated from others. Only populations B3 and B4 are combined into one subgroup linked to the population Tomaszów Lubelski. Basing on the received results one should decide that all the four studied artificial stands were introduced to Białowieża Primeval Forest from beyond of this geographical regions. There is some reason to assume (on the GDH2 allele frequency) that man-made silver-stands in compartments 453Aa and 498Cg are of eastern provenance. It is rather certain that these stands are not of offspring of Cisovka populations.
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MORAR, Irina M., Alina M. TRUTA, Roxana L. STOIAN-DOD, Catalina DAN, Florin IORAS, Monica BOSCAIU, and Adriana F. SESTRAS. "Responses of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from different geographical locations to low temperature stress." Nova Geodesia 3, no. 4 (November 6, 2023): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/ng34136.
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Climate change has exacerbated difficulties for both the environment and humans in recent years, with major consequences on the resilience and ecological diversity of forests, including those of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Because cold stress is an important challenge to silver fir seedling growth, particularly in the early phases of development, the goal of this study was to find potential genetic resources with appropriate responses to the action of low temperatures. Thus, traits of interest were studied in the early stage of seedlings from seven different Romanian provenances. Soil electrical conductivity, root weight, and total seedling weight were found to be related to seedling growth and biomass elements. The results revealed substantial differences depending on geographical origin. Garda Seaca provenance had the highest seedlings tolerance. Exposure to varying low temperatures revealed minor variations between seedlings from the control and those treated to −20 °C, which might be explained by the current temperatures in Romania’s silver fir producing area. However, exposing to −40 °C all seedlings showed deterioration. Soil electroconductivity reduced as exposure temperature decreased, emphasizing the link between cold stress and soil effects on fir seedling growth. Some Romanian provenances could be useful for future silver fir breeding or afforestation and reforestation operations.
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Popovic, Vladan, Aleksandar Lucic, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Jelena Milovanovic, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, and Danijela Ristic. "Application of SSR markers for assessment of genetic differentiation of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) originating from Javor mountain." Genetika 51, no. 3 (2019): 1103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1903103p.
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The process of plant breeding and conservation of gene pool among other things depends on the knowledge of the level of genetic differentiation. The aim of research in this paper was to determine the genetic differentiation of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations of regular type and atypical genotypes with pyramidal crown that can be found on Javor mountain, at the site Ogorijevac. The genetic differentiation of silver fir was determined using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Nine SSR pairs of primers gave 29 alleles, while the average number of alleles was 3.2. The primer NFH15 gave the smallest number of alleles (two), while the primer SF78 gave the greatest number of alleles (five). Dice coefficient of the genetic similarity was used to obtain a dendrogram by UPMGA analysis using NTSYSpc statistical program. The genetic similarity recorded among the individuals P1 and P2 was the largest (0.89), while the populations VI and individual P2 showed the lowest similarity (0.61). Based on the cluster analysis it can be concluded that the studied populations and genotypes of silver fir with different types of crown are clearly differentiated. The basic insight into the level of the genetic diversity of the natural populations of silver fir with the various types of crown has been provided using selected SSR markers. The obtained results can be used for creating further strategy for the conservation of the available gene pool and the regeneration of silver fir forests in Serbia.
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Lukovic, Jelena, Ivana Potocnik, Emil Rekanovic, Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic, Biljana Todorovic, Miroslav Kostic, and Zlatan Radulovic. "Toxicity of plant essential oils to Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) barr, the causal agent of chestnut blight." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 34, no. 2 (2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1902089l.
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Twenty-two essential oil samples from Germany and Albania were assayed to test their inhibitory and fungicidal activity against Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr., the major causal agent of chestnut blight on chestnut trees, using the fumigant macrodilution method. Test concentrations of the oils in air phase were: 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 ?l ml-1, and minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations were determined. The strongest activity was shown by two samples of mint oil from Germany and Albania, and black pine at the concentration of 0.02 ?l ml-1 of air for both test isolates (M1 and 4S). The tested plant essential oils also included: eucalyptus, sage, silver fir and cade. Only three samples of EOs (mint (2) and black pine) were lethal to both isolates. Sage and silver fir oils were more toxic to the M1 isolate, while cade and eucalyptus oils were more toxic to the 4S isolate. Fifteen oils: mint (2), black pine, cade, eucalyptus, silver fir, sage, pine (4), oregano, lavender, and rosemary (2), inhibited the growth of Cryphonectria parasitica, and seven oils (two samples of mint, eucaliptus, black pine, sage, silver fir and cade) showed fungicidal effects on the pathogen.
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Yang, Fengli, Baoguo Du, Tim Burzlaff, Shourav Dutta, Michael Dannenmann, Xueying Quan, Daniel Maurer, and Heinz Rennenberg. "Memory Effects of Water Deprivation in European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Seedlings Grown in Mixed Cultivation." Forests 13, no. 10 (October 16, 2022): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101704.
Full textAbstract:
Very limited information is available on the drought tolerance of European beech and silver fir in mixed cultivation, both for mature forests and natural regeneration. Particularly, little information is available regarding the significance on memory effects of drought exposure. Therefore, drought memory was analyzed in seedlings of these species grown in mixed cultivation in the present study. The results showed that previous-year drought hardening mediated enhanced biomass accumulation of beech leaves and root in the subsequent year, but did not impact fir growth. Total carbon (C) content was decreased by drought hardening in both the leaves and roots of beech and previous-year needles and roots of fir, in beech probably as a consequence of increased growth. Previous-year drought hardening had no significant effect on relative water contents, total nitrogen (N), or soluble protein contents in leaves and roots of beech and fir, but resulted in decreased total amino acid contents of beech leaves and fir needles. It further reduced structural N in current-year fir needles and decreased C/N ratios in roots of both beech and silver fir seedlings. Generally, the number of interspecific neighbors had no considerable effect on biomass or total C or N contents, as well as N partitioning in leaves and roots of beech and fir seedlings. The present study highlights that drought hardening induces memory effects in European beech and silver fir seedlings in their mixture in the subsequent year of growth, but these memory effects are stronger in beech than in fir.
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Erickson, Heather E., R. L. Edmonds, and C. E. Peterson. "Decomposition of logging residues in Douglas-fir, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, and ponderosa pine ecosystems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-147.
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Logging residue decomposition rates were determined in four conifer forest ecosystems in the State of Washington, U.S.A. (coastal western hemlock, Puget lowland Douglas-fir, high-elevation Pacific silver fir, and eastern Cascade ponderosa pine), by examining wood density changes in a series of south-facing harvest areas with residues of different ages. Decomposition rates were determined for two diameter classes (1–2 and 8–12 cm) and two vertical locations (on and >20 cm above the soil surface). Pacific silver fir and ponderosa pine ecosystems had the lowest k values (0.005 and 0.010 year−1, respectively) followed by Douglas-fir (range, 0.004–0.037 year−1) and western hemlock (range, 0.010–0.030 year−1). Small-diameter residues decomposed at rates significantly slower than large-diameter residues in Douglas-fir and western hemlock ecosystems; this relationship was also implied in the other ecosystems. In all four ecosystems, dry season moisture contents were lower in smaller-diameter residues. Moisture levels associated with small-diameter residues were too low for significant decomposition to occur during the dry summer period and probably contributed to the slow annual decay rates. Residues located above the soil surface decomposed significantly slower than residues on the soil surface only in the Douglas-fir ecosystem. Dry season residue moisture, rather than initial lignin concentration, appeared to be the dominant factor determining residue decomposition rates on exposed harvested areas.
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Dale, Virginia H., Miles Hemstrom, and Jerry Franklin. "Modeling the long-term effects of disturbances on forest succession, Olympic Peninsula, Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-010.
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A model of forest development has been adapted for the Pacific Northwest. The regeneration, growth, and death of individual trees are tracked for simulated 0.2 ha plots and tree attributes are aggregated to provide stand measures. The model includes the influence of temperature, soil moisture, light tolerance, and competition on tree growth. Long-term simulations for Douglas-fir dominated forests on the western Olympic Peninsula show that the stand is eventually dominated by western hemlock with silver fir being codominant. Even after 1200 years of subsequent stand development, silver fir fails to replace western hemlock indicating that this is a self-replicating and stable community. Fire, windthrows, insect disturbance, and clear-cut logging followed by replanting are incorporated into the model as single-event disturbances to a 500-year-old forest. For those cases where large Douglas-fir survive the disturbance, stand biomass and leaf area patterns are not significantly impacted until the death of the last large Douglas-fir. The projections were all carried out to the time when the forest is dominated by western hemlock and silver fir. At that time, the differential effect of the earlier disturbance is not apparent from the forest composition, biomass, or leaf area patterns except for the insect disturbance. Following the removal of all Douglas-fir by an insect, leaf area fluctuates regularly with a period of 600 years.
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Ballian, Dalibor. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF FORESTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 40, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2010.v40.i2.145.
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UDK 582.475:575.2(497.6)
582.916.16:575.2(497.6)
This paper presents research of genetic variability of forest trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three species have been analyzed (Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)) using different methods. The most detailed analyses have been performed on Silver fir. All applied methods have demonstrated high degree of genetic diversity.
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Ważny, Rafał, and Stefan Kowalski. "Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of silver-fir seedlings regenerating in fir stands and larch forecrops." Trees 31, no. 3 (January 21, 2017): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-016-1518-y.
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Kuzmina, E. Yu, and V. Yu Neshataeva. "To the bryophyte flora of Abies gracilis fir grove (Kronotsky Reserve, Kamchatka)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 45 (2011): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2011.45.318.
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The first list of bryophyte species found in the unique Silver Fir (Abies gracilis) Grove (the Kronotsky State Reserve, Eastern Kamchatka) was compiled on the basis of herbarium collections and formerly published data. As a result, 27 species of bryophytes were revealed. 14 species of mosses and 3 species of liverworts were found in the Grove for the first time. The bryophyte species composition of the silver fir community was analysed and compared to the species composition of Ajan spruce forests and stone birch forests of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
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Bischof, Tabea, Jean-Jacques Thormann, Karin Gysin Zbinden, and Andrea D. Kupferschmid. "Positive Beispiele der Wald-Wild-Situation bei der Weisstannenverjüngung." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 170, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2019.0142.
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Positive examples of forest-ungulate situations focusing on silver fir regeneration Roe deer, chamois and red deer browse on the apical shoots of young trees, and particularly selected are those of the European silver fir. Because of this selective feeding of ungulates, the silver fir is unable to sustain its population density relative to other tree species. However, due to locally functioning forest-ungulate situations, there have been areas of improved silver fir regeneration during the last few years. In this study, twenty different sites exhibiting such improvement have been analysed. Eighteen sites were situated in thirteen different Swiss cantons, as well as one each in Germany and Austria. With the aid of interviews with experts such as local foresters, gamekeepers, hunters and representatives of the cantonal departments of hunting and forestry, the importance of sixty-six potential influencing factors on a locally improved forest-ungulate system has been investigated. Frequency analysis has shown that the density of roe deer, the availability of light and the presence of lynx are the most important of these factors. But also the density of chamois, the increased focus on a natural regeneration and the form of management have been frequently mentioned as central factors. Changes in communication between the hunting and forestry sides have been considered most often as central or important. Positive examples could be examined in all regions of Switzerland – in cantons with patent hunting and hunting districts as well as in areas with different densities and compositions of wild ungulates. It does not seem that a single influencing factor, but rather a combination of different factors was decisive for improved silver fir regeneration.
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Edmonds, Robert L., Ted B. Thomas, and Kathleen P. Maybury. "Tree population dynamics, growth, and mortality in old-growth forests in the western Olympic Mountains, Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-069.
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Tree population dynamics, growth, and mortality were determined in old-growth forested watersheds in the Hoh River valley, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: West Twin Creek (elevation 180–850 m) and Hoh Lake (elevation 1250–1525 m). Principal tree species at West Twin Creek are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forb.), western red cedar (Thujaplicata D. Don), and Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). At Hoh Lake they are Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock (Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carr.), and Alaska cedar (Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (D. Don) Spach). In 1985 stem densities for trees >5 cm DBH averaged 476 and 489 ha−1 in the upper and lower West Twin Creek watershed, respectively, and 508 ha−1 at Hoh Lake watershed. Stem densities at both sites declined 3–5% from 1985 to 1990. Western hemlock and Pacific silver fir were the dominant species at West Twin Creek and Hoh Lake, respectively. From 1985 to 1990 the annual mortality rate was 0.8% at West Twin Creek and 0.9% at Hoh Lake. Pacific silver fir had the highest mortality rate. No Douglas-fir or western red cedar trees died. The primary causes of mortality were as follows: suppression–unknown, diseases, insects, and windthrow. In 1985 basal areas were 77, 87, and 94 m2•ha−1 in the lower and upper West Twin Creek watershed and Hoh Lake watershed, respectively. There was a 5% increase and a 1% decrease in basal area from 1985 to 1990 in the lower and upper West Twin Creek watershed, respectively, and a 4% decrease at Hoh Lake. Western red cedar, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock increased in basal area, while the other species declined.
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Niemtur, Stanisław, Elżbieta Chomicz, and Mariusz Kapsa. "Occurrence of the silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) butt rot in protected areas." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 4 (March 4, 2015): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0031.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyse butt rot incidences in silver fir stands of selected nature reserves and national parks. The study included 11 stands in Carpathian forests and for comparison 4 stands outside the Carpathians. To identify butt rot in fir trees, we used the non-invasive method of acoustic tomography. We tested 30 randomly selected fir trees in each of the 15 stands using Picus Sonic tomography to determine butt rot occurrence and to assess the proportion (%) of healthy wood in cross-sections of the tree trunk. The results indicate significant differences in the frequency of butt rot in silver fir at the individual level as well as the population level. This variability in frequency was not dependent on geographical location of the investigated stands
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García-García, Isabel, Belén Méndez-Cea, Ester González de Andrés, Antonio Gazol, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, David Manso-Martínez, Jose Luis Horreo, J. Julio Camarero, Juan Carlos Linares, and Francisco Javier Gallego. "Climate and Soil Microsite Conditions Determine Local Adaptation in Declining Silver Fir Forests." Plants 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2023): 2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142607.
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Ongoing climatic change is threatening the survival of drought-sensitive tree species, such as silver fir (Abies alba). Drought-induced dieback had been previously explored in this conifer, although the role played by tree-level genetic diversity and its relationship with growth patterns and soil microsite conditions remained elusive. We used double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to describe different genetic characteristics of five silver fir forests in the Spanish Pyrenees, including declining and non-declining trees. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to investigate the relationships between genetics, dieback, intraspecific trait variation (functional dendrophenotypic traits and leaf traits), local bioclimatic conditions, and rhizosphere soil properties. While there were no noticeable genetic differences between declining and non-declining trees, genome–environment associations with selection signatures were abundant, suggesting a strong influence of climate, soil physicochemical properties, and soil microbial diversity on local adaptation. These results provide novel insights into how genetics and diverse environmental factors are interrelated and highlight the need to incorporate genetic data into silver fir forest dieback studies to gain a better understanding of local adaptation.
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Ugarković, Damir, Nenad Potočić, Marko Orešković, Krešimir Popić, Mladen Ognjenović, Ivica Tikvić, and Ivan Seletković. "Relationship of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) mortality in the area of Fužine with climatic and structural parameters." Šumarski list 145, no. 7-8 (August 31, 2021): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.145.7-8.1.
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Tree dieback is a complex process involving negative impact of various abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. Climate change, comprising all those effects, is generally considered as the largest threat to forest ecosystems in Europe. Although the scale of climate change impacts on forests is not yet fully understood, especially on the regional or species level, significant damage seems to be caused by weather extremes, such as drought and strong winds. With the expected increase in the number, length, and/or intensity of extreme weather events in Croatia, research into the causes of tree mortality is both important and timely. Silver fir is the most damaged and endangered conifer tree species in Croatia. The dieback of silver fir can be attributed to various factors, therefore the goals of this research were to determine the mortality of silver fir trees (by number and volume) for various causes of mortality, among which the climatic and structural parameters were of most interest. The twenty-year data for tree mortality in pure silver fir stands in the area of Fužine (Gorski kotar, Croatia) were collected and analysed. The largest number and volume of dead trees was caused by complex (multiple causes) dieback in the overstorey (0,75 N/ha, 2,35 m<sup>3</sup>/ha), and the smallest (0,17 N/ha, 0,02 m<sup>3</sup>/ha) by dieback of supressed trees. No significant differences were determined regarding the timing of tree death for different causes of mortality. Climatic parameters (drought, air temperature, PET) and structural parameters of the stands (tree DBH, social position, crown diameter, shading, physiological maturity) as well as plot inclination were found to be the factors of a significant influence on the mortality of silver fir trees.
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Braga, Cosmin Ion, Vlad Emil Crisan, Ion Catalin Petritan, Virgil Scarlatescu, Diana Vasile, Gabriel Lazar, and Any Mary Petritan. "Short-Term Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Stand Structure, Soil Properties, and Vegetation Diversity in a Former Virgin Mixed Forest." Forests 14, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040742.
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Despite the sharply growing interest in the disturbances occurring in primary forests, little is known about the response of European virgin forests to anthropogenic disturbance. The present study investigated the effect of the first silvicultural interventions that took place nine years earlier in a former virgin forest (FVF). Changes in the stand structure, environmental characteristics, and diversity of ground vegetation were studied in comparison with a nearby virgin forest (VF), both consisting of a mixture of European beech and silver fir. While the tree density did not differ significantly between the two forests, the number of large trees, the basal area, and the stand volume were significantly reduced in the FVF. The deadwood volume was twice as great in the VF as in the FVF and was found in both forests, particularly from silver fir. Despite significantly better light conditions in the FVF, natural regeneration was not significantly higher than in the VF. However, a slight improvement in the proportion of silver fir and other tree species into total regeneration was reported. The soil temperature was significantly higher in the FVF, independent of the measurement season, while the soil moisture showed a higher value in the VF only in spring. The FVF is characterized by a greater soil CO2 emission, which is especially significant in summer and fall. The diversity of the ground vegetation did not yet react significantly to the silvicultural intervention. These preliminary findings are important in drawing suitable forest management practices that need to be applied in mixed beech–silver fir stands, especially in terms of maintaining species diversity. However, the short time frame since the intervention obliges further research on this VF–FVF pair over the next 10–20 years, at least regarding silver fir dynamics.