Journal articles on the topic 'Silver Reef'

The availability of coral reefs as habitat is closely related to the exsistence of coral fish resources in the waters. Coral fish resources are very important for tourism, as an object sought after by tourist because of their diverse and charming colors and shapes. Reef fish abundance depends on coral cover. This research was conducted in February 2020. The percentage of coral cover was collected using the Under Water Potography Transect (UPT) method and the visual census method for reef fish communities at five research stations located in the area of the Quick Silver’s pontoon, Toyapakeh, Nusa Penida with area of 20.000 . Based on the results, the diversity index in the first data collection ranged from 3.18-3.76, which means the diversity isin the high category. On the other hand, the diversity index in the second data collections tends to decrease in the range of 2.66-3.40, which means that the diversity is in the medium to high category. The uniformity index for the first and second data collection falls into the category of distressed communities. The dominances index on the two data found inj the low category. From this research, it was also found that the percentage of live coral cover in the area of use of the Quick Silver pontoon ranged from 0.08% to 17.32%, which means that all research stations were classified as bad. These results indicate that the presence of reef fish is not only caused by live corals but also by anthropogenic activities of the pontoon, such as manual feeding by visitors. This condition applies to reef fish with omnivore eating behavior, one of which is the Pomacentridae family of the major fish group. These anthropogenic activities can change the composition of reef fish communities and increase abundance.

Abstract The accepted geographic range of a species is related to both opportunity and effort in sampling that range. In deepwater ecosystems where human access is limited, the geographic ranges of many marine species are likely to be underestimated. A chance recording from baited cameras deployed on deep uncharted reef revealed an eastern blue devil fish (Paraplesiops bleekeri) at a depth of 51 m and more than 2 km further down the continental shelf slope than previously observed. This is the first verifiable observation of eastern blue devil fish, a protected and endemic southeastern Australian temperate reef species, at depths greater than the typically accepted depth range of 30 m. Knowledge on the ecology of this and many other reef species is indeed often limited to shallow coastal reefs, which are easily accessible by divers and researchers. Suitable habitat for many reef species appears to exist on deeper offshore reefs but is likely being overlooked due to the logistics of conducting research on these often uncharted habitats. On the basis of our observation at a depth of 51 m and observations by recreational fishers catching eastern blue devil fishes on deep offshore reefs, we suggest that the current depth range of eastern blue devil fish is being underestimated at 30 m. We also observed several common reef species well outside of their accepted depth range. Notably, immaculate damsel (Mecaenichthys immaculatus), red morwong (Cheilodactylus fuscus), mado (Atypichthys strigatus), white-ear (Parma microlepis) and silver sweep (Scorpis lineolata) were abundant and recorded in a number of locations at up to a depth of at least 55 m. This underestimation of depth potentially represents a large area of deep offshore reefs and micro-habitats out on the continental shelf that could contribute to the resilience of eastern blue devil fish to extinction risk and contribute to the resilience of many reef species to climate change

The Silver King mine (also known as Forsyths) operated very intermittently between about 1911 and the late 1940s on Livingstone Creek, near Omeo, in northeastern Victoria. The deposit consists of six thin and discontinuous quartz lodes that are variably mineralised. Assays of up to 410 ounces of silver per ton were obtained but there are only a few recorded production figures. Examination of representative ore samples shows that the main silver-bearing minerals in the primary ore are pyrargyrite, freibergite, andorite and the rare sulphosalt zoubekite, which occur irregularly with pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and sphalerite. Phase assemblage data indicate that crystallisation occurred over an interval from about 450°C to less than 250°C, with the silver-bearing minerals crystallising at the lowest temperatures. The lodes were formed by the emplacement of hydrothermal solutions into fractures within the Ensay Shear Zone during the Early Devonian Bindian Orogeny. There are similarities in mineralisation and timing of emplacement between the Silver King lodes and the quartz-reef-hosted Glen Wills and Sunnyside goldfields 35‒40 km north of Omeo.

Sustainable and ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a priority of Pacific Island countries basing their economy on marine resources. The urgency of management coral reef systems and associated coastal environments, threatened by the effects of climate change, require a detailed habitat mapping of the present status and a future monitoring of changes over time. Here, we present a remote sensing study using free available Sentinel-2 imagery for mapping at large scale the most sensible and high value habitats (corals, seagrasses, mangroves) of Palau Republic (Micronesia, Pacific Ocean), carried out without any sea truth validation. Remote sensing ‘supervised’ and ‘unsupervised’ classification methods applied to 2017 Sentinel-2 imagery with 10 m resolution together with comparisons with free ancillary data on web platform and available scientific literature were used to map mangrove, coral, and seagrass communities in the Palau Archipelago. This paper addresses the challenge of multispectral benthic mapping estimation using commercial software for preprocessing steps (ERDAS ATCOR) and for benthic classification (ENVI) on the base of satellite image analysis. The accuracy of the methods was tested comparing results with reference NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA) habitat maps achieved through Ikonos and Quickbird imagery interpretation and sea-truth validations. Results showed how the proposed approach allowed an overall good classification of marine habitats, namely a good concordance of mangroves cover around Palau Archipelago with previous literature and a good identification of coastal habitats in two sites (barrier reef and coastal reef) with an accuracy of 39.8–56.8%, suitable for survey and monitoring of most sensible habitats in tropical remote islands.

The main purpose of the experiment is to use green synthesis method for silver nanoparticles (SNP) fabrication using phytochemical and functional groups inherent in aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicum for formulation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ Glycerine film. The SNP synthesis reaction is performed under sun condition and change in colour from light brown to dark brown was the initial indication, observed for nanoparticles synthesis. The 95 mL of 0.001 M AgNO3 is mixed with 5 mL of leaf extract and reaction performed under Sun light at alkaline pH 8 was found efficient to produced stable NP. The synthesized SNP are mixed with (10%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200% and 250%), polyethylene glycol (PEG):glycerine (G) in 1:1 ratio to form a film. The UV-spectroscopic analysis confirms absorption at 420-430 nm for synthesized SNP. The FTIR characterization determines alkynes (terminal), 1�, 2� amines, amides, nitriles, alkynes, alkyl halides functional group from O. sanctum (OS) leaf extract and aldehydes, alkynes (terminal), alkyne, alkene, from O. basilicum (OB) leaf extract responsible for reducing and capping silver nitrate to form nanoparticles. The SEM analysis verify that the O. sanctum based nanoparticles are spherical in shape although O. basilicum based nanoparticles have bright contrast coral reef like morphology. The average zeta potential of silver nanoparticles was found to be 27.74 mV and 23.50 mV that are embedded in Ocimum sanctum-SNP/PEG and Ocimum basilicum-SNP/PEG films. Also, the average diameters of SNP in Ocimum sanctum-SNP/PEG and in Ocimum basilicum-SNP/PEG was found to be 463.2 nm and 43.0 nm. These Sun light mediated SNP shows antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureous pathogens.

An ordinary ship and its cargo can tell the story of far-flung global markets, human voyaging, and early industrialization in China that supplied exports to the world. Sometime after 825 CE an Arab dhow set sail from the port of Guangzhou in coastal south China, having unloaded its goods from the Near East, and reloaded with some estimated 70,000 ceramics and other items, on its return voyage to the Abbasid empire. Taking the route that has been called “the maritime silk road,” this hand-sewn ship made of planks fastened with coconut fiber (without any nails) seems to have decided to offload some cargo first in maritime Southeast Asia, perhaps intending to pick up a secondary cargo of spices, resins, and aromatics for which the Indonesian islands were famed. The dhow sank near the island of Belitung, at a reef called Batu Hitam (“Black Rock”). Fifty-five thousand ceramic wares, along with gold and silver ornaments, ingots, mirrors, ewers, vases, jars, cups, incense burners, boxes, flasks, bottles, graters, and the like—and two objects that may have been children’s toys, and a re-soldered gold bracelet sized for a woman’s wrist—were excavated intact in 1998, and are housed at the Asian Civilisations Museum in Singapore. This ninth-century dhow is the only ship of its kind ever recovered, though hand-sewn ships that plied the Indian Ocean are described in travel accounts from as early as the first-century CE. The dhow is a remarkable example of the global ships carrying people, goods, ideas, religion, and culture, which knit the world into relationship along transoceanic routes. Its vast trove of ceramics is the earliest physical evidence attesting the industrial production of ceramics in China for export to foreign markets as early as the Tang Dynasty (618–907). Designs painted on the great majority of the ceramic wares were favored in the export market, not in China. Part of the trove includes prototypes of blue-and-white ceramics for which China would become famous 400 years later: ceramic experiments that feature Iraqi designs attesting global interrelationships in art and the exchange of ideas. The crews of ships such as this one were multiracial, multireligious, and assembled from everywhere: The cargo, knowledges, and stories these diverse, anonymous voyagers helped to transfer across the world transform our understanding of scale, time, and globalism.

Lignocellulosic herbaceous plant is a high-quality kind of biomass resource. In China, large-scale cultivation of lignocellulosic herbaceous plant on marginal land is a crucial method to resolve sustainable supplement of biomass feedstock. In order to analyse its potential, this research conducted large-scale cultivation of four species of lignocellulosic herbaceous plant, switchgrass, silver reed, giant reed and hybrid pennisetum on a contaminated land in Beijing suburb. And a quantitative analysis of their biomass yields and ecological-economic values were performed in the sequential four growing seasons. With high annual biomass yields, 21.37 ton·hm-2, 26.21 ton·hm-2, 44.48 ton·hm-2 and 57.61 ton·hm-2, respectively, these four species of lignocellulosic herbaceous plant had enormous ecological values, including carbon fixation, oxygen release, sulfur dioxide absorption and dust retardment, and considerable economic values, according to standard coal conversion and cellulosic ethanol production. Of these four species, hybrid pennisetum is optimal in ecological value on contaminated land in the future, while giant reed in economic value.

The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems can lead to increased herbivory rates, reducing the standing stock of seaweeds and potentially causing increases in detritus production. However, long-term studies analysing these processes associated with the persistence of tropical herbivores in temperate reefs are lacking. We assessed the seasonal variation in abundances, macrophyte consumption, feeding modes and defecation rates of the range-extending tropical rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens and the temperate silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus and herring cale Olisthops cyanomelas on tropicalized reefs of Western Australia. Rabbitfish overwintered in temperate reefs, consumed more kelp and other macrophytes in all feeding modes, and defecated more during both summer and winter than the temperate herbivores. Herbivory and defecation increased with rabbitfish abundance, but this was dependent on temperature, with higher rates attained by big schools during summer and lower rates in winter. Still, rabbitfish surpassed temperate herbivores, leading to a fivefold acceleration in the transformation of macrophyte standing stock to detritus, a function usually attributed to sea urchins in kelp forests. Our results suggest that further warming and tropicalization will not only increase primary consumption and affect the habitat structure of temperate reefs but also increase detritus production, with the potential to modify energy pathways.

Recently, I had a delightfully pleasant surprise. I was attending a Human Embryology Conference in Washington, D.C., held at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, a Division of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. I've heard of the AFIP many times, but I had never been there, didn't even know where it was located. AFIP is located on the campus of Walter Reed Army Medical Center, which is bordered by Georgia Avenue. If you're driving, it's near the Maryland state line. If you're taking the Metro, get off at the Silver Springs stop and take a taxi.

<p class="Abstract">Culture crop technology with ameliorant and mulch can fulfill nutrients to improve growth of mustard on post tin mining land. This research aimed to know the effect of various ameliorant and mulch for growth of mustard on post tin mining land. The method used was experimental method with factorial completely randomize design with four replications. First factor was type of ameliorant, consist of compost, and cow manure. The second factor was type of mulch, consist of no mulch, reed mulch, and black silver plastic mulch. The results showed that type of ameliorant significantly affected number of leave, root volume, root wet weight and root dry weight. Type of mulch significantly affected plant height, number of leave, shoot wet weight and root dry weight. Interaction of ameliorant and mulch significantly affected plant height, number of leave, root volume, shoot wet weight, root wet weight and root wet weight. Compost with black silver plastic mulch tended to give better results for growth of mustard on post tin mining land.</p>

AbstractRadiocarbon (14C) is a radionuclide generated mainly through neutron-induced reactions in all types of nuclear reactors. Since most of the 14C released into the environment is in the form of gaseous emissions (CO2 and hydrocarbons), terrestrial plants are the primary indicators of increased 14C levels near nuclear power plants (NPPs). In 2013–2014, we collected samples of silver grasses (including common reed) and pine needles within 3 km of four South Korean NPP centers and measured 14C activities using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at Seoul National University. The highest 14C activities were observed, respectively, in Wolsong>Hanul>Kori>Hanbit [220, 143, 127, and 123% modern carbon (pMC)].

Potential curves for the X1?g+ and D1?u+ states of three diatomic silver isotopomers, 107Ag2, 107Ag109Ag and 109Ag2, were determined from the best available molecular constants by the Rydberg-Klein-Rees method. From these potentials, Franck-Condon factors and band-origin wave numbers were computed, and the reliability of the obtained values was verified by comparison with the observed band strength distribution and the measured band origin positions in a previously recorded D-X spectrum. The ratios of the Franck-Condon factors to those of corresponding isotopic bands were found to be very close to unity, revealing only a very small isotopic effect on the Franck Condon factors of Ag2 D-X bands. The isotopic shifts of the calculated band origins agree well with previously measured displacements of band heads.

In this paper, we report a simple, feasible and low-cost method to fabricate self-standing metallic materials using cellulose-based biomass as sacrificial templates. This process involves the impregnation of metallic precursors to the cellulose fibers of biomass templates and the transformation of the precursors to corresponding metals or metal oxides (as well as the removal of the cellulose framework) at an elevated temperature. The structures of the metallic materials as fabricated take the form of architectures of biomass templates (e.g., chromatography paper, medical absorbent cotton, catkins of reed, seed balls of oriental plane, and petals of peach blossom), and the various kinds of metals and metal oxides fabricated with these templates include silver, gold, anatase, cupric oxide, zinc oxide, etc. We have demonstrated photocatalytic and bactericidal applications of such metallic materials, and they should find more applications in electronics, catalysis, energy storage, biomedicine and so on.

This study aims to identify proper solutions that can improve the sustainability of cyprinids pond aquaculture in terms of nitrogen releases to the environment. Therefore, two experimental variants, based on polyculture, respectively integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) concept were tested, as follows: PCP – polyculture of common carp (CC) + grass carp (GC) + bighead carp (BC) + silver carp (SC); CP-PP – net divided pond with CC monoculture in CP part and CC+GC+BC+SC polyculture in PP part. In order to determine the nitrogen accumulation at the pond level, samples of water, sediments, fish meat and reed were analyzed. The results indicate that the highest nitrogen compounds concentrations in pond water were registered at CP part of CP-PP pond. However, the nitrogen concentration in pond effluents was significant higher in case of CP-PP pond, compared with PCP pond. The nitrogen compounds concentration of sediments registered the highest values in the ponds outlet area. Also, CP-PP pond recorded higher nitrogen concentration in sediments, compared with PCP pond. The CC registered the highest nitrogen compounds concentration in case of PP pond area, followed by CP pond area and PCP pond. Not significant correlation was found between reed and pond water/ fish meat/ sediments in terms of nitrogen compounds concentration. It can be concluded that the CP-PP pond feeding management, together with the tested technical solution (pond dividing) generated better water conditioning performances.

Seismic refraction and CDP reflection profiles were acquired across mud flats of the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah, during the summer of 1983. a combination of weight drops, horizontal hammers, buried explosives, and explosives detonated in air (Poulter method) was used. A 6.4 km refraction and single‐fold reflection profile indicates the presence of a shallow depression (Donner Reed basin) eastb of Donner Reed pass in the Silver Island Mountains. A basin floor ramp of Paleozoic rocks dipping approximately 30 degrees east into the Crater Island graben is interpreted beneath a 4.6 km 12-fold CDP reflection profile obtained by the Poulter method. This ramp extends beneath at least 0.8 km of condolidated Neogene sediments and 0.8 km of younger (largely unconsolidated) sediments. Weight‐drop and horizontal‐hammer profiles for the critical refraction along the Silurian Laketown dolomite yield P-wave and S-wave velocity estimates of 5270 ± 100 and [Formula: see text], respectively. The mud flats, with their laterally uniform finegrained sediments and shallow water table, provided excellent coupling of seismic energy. Air shots of 4.1 to 5.4 kg explosives without a source array gave good penetration to a depth of about 1.6 km. Partial migration before stack facilitated estimation of moveout velocities in the case of layers onlapping against a basin floor ramp, even though the maximum dips were only about 30 degrees. Gravity modeling and seismic ray tracing through intervals of constant velocity bounded by polynomial interfaces aided synergetic interpretation of the reflection, refraction, and gravity data.

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting gold prices in Turkey.Method: Covering the period from 03.2003 to 05. 2016 the study. Factors affecting gold prices of Turkey are analyzed by FMOLS, DOLS and CCR cointegreation tests. Gold prices are dependent variable in the model. CPI, BIST 100, real effective exchange rate, silver prices and petroleum prices are independent variables in the model. In addition to, simple regression model was established due to variables not included in these models.Results: According to the resuts obtained, silver prices and the Dow Jones Index have a positive effect on gold prices while the changes of BIST 100 Index have a negative effect on gold prices. 1 percent increase in the BIST 100 Index decreases the gold prices by 0.23 percent . Morever, 1percent increase in the Dow Jones Index rises the gold prices by 0.13 percent . In addition, 1 percent increase in the silver prices increases the gold prices by 0.63 percent . However, Inflation, Exchange rates and petrolium prices haven’t effect on the gold prices.Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that Investors demand gold for speculation. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de atın fiyatlarını belirleyen faktörlerin analiz edilmesidirGereç ve Yöntem: 2003:03 - 2016:05 dönemini kapsayan bu çalışmada altın fiyatlarını belirleyen faktörler FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR eş bütünleşme testleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, bu modellere dahil edilmeyen değişkenler nedeniyle ilave olarak basit regresyon modeli kurulmuştur. Modelin bağımlı değişkeni altın fiyatlarıdır. Dow Jones Endeksi, enflasyon, BİST 100 endeksi, Reel efektif döviz kuru, gümüş ve petrol fiyatları modelde yer alan bağımsız değişkenlerdir. Bulgular: FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR tahminlerine göre İstanbul Borsası’ndaki değişmeler altın fiyatlarını negatif etkilerken, gümüş fiyatları ve Amerikan borsasındaki değişmeler altın fiyatlarını pozitif etkilemektedir. İstanbul Borsası’ndaki % 1’lik artış, altın fiyatlarını % 0.23 düşürmektedir. Amerikan Borsası’ndaki % 1’lik artış altın fiyatlarını % 0.13 artırmaktadır. Gümüş fiyatlarındaki % 1’lik artış altın fiyatlarını % 0.63 artırmaktadır. Basit regresyon modeli tahminlerine göre İstanbul Borsası, Amerikan Borsası ve gümüş fiyatlarındaki değişmeler altın fiyatlarını etkilerken, diğer değişkenler altın fiyatlarını etkilemez.Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlar Türkiye’de daha çok spekülasyon nedeniyle altın talebinde bulunulduğunu göstermektedir.

Silver-intensification methods described in the literature for the diaminobenzidine (DAB) and diaminobenzidine-nickel (DAB/Ni) endproduct of the peroxidase reaction were compared in model systems after immunoperoxidase and in situ hybridization. First, these methods were compared in immunohistochemical model systems, using the demonstration of glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in paraffin sections of human brain and prostate tissue, respectively. When DAB without Ni was used as substrate, tissue argyrophilia caused considerable background staining. Only when this tissue reactivity was quenched with, e.g., CuSO4 with H2O2 or thioglycolic acid, were the results acceptable. A considerable improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio could be obtained when nickel was included in the substrate mixture. The methods that proved to be best for demonstration of GFAP and PSA made use of acid developer solutions. Subsequently, these methods were compared with other sensitive immunostaining methods for demonstration of the gamma-delta T-cell receptor in frozen lymphoid tissue. In this model a considerable increase in the number of positive cells could be obtained using silver intensification. The different methods using DAB/Ni were also compared for use in DNA in situ hybridization (DISH). In this case two model systems were used: human papilloma virus type 11 (HPV-11) DNA in condyloma tissue (abundant target model) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in a mononucleosis lymph node (low target model). For demonstration of HPV-11, all methods gave more or less satisfactory results, which were best with the acid developer solutions. Moreover, for demonstration of EBV DNA, a signal could be obtained only with these developer solutions. Such a method also proved suitable in double immuno-hybrido stainings for the demonstration of EBV DNA in specific antigen-positive Reed-Sternberg cells in paraffin sections of Hodgkin lymph nodes.

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the increase in the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of a set of five variants of three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock woven fabrics containing silver multifilament yarns arranged in a 3D orthogonal grid. The EMSE enlargement as a factor of increasing the quantity of the conductive material per unit area was investigated. The quantity of the conductive material per unit area in a 3D woven fabric can be enlarged by increasing either the yarn undulation or the number of conductive yarn systems, while the yarn density and yarn fineness are fixed. Thus, the binding depth of the conductive warp was gradually increased for the first four variants in order to increase the yarn undulation. Alternatively, the conductive weft system was doubled for the last variant with the aim of increasing the quantity of the conductive component. It should be noted that changing the weave structure requires less effort and energy while keeping the same threading of warps in the reed compared to altering the warp density. The EMSE was measured in an anechoic chamber and the shielding was satisfactory for all the variants in the frequency range of 1–6 GHz (19–44 dB). The results revealed that increasing only 7% of the waviness degree of the conductive warps led to 17% EMSE improvement due to increasing of the conductive yarns through the thickness of the variants. Moreover, no upward EMSE was detected for the last variant, despite the fact that the conductive weft system was doubled.

When analyzing literary fiction, most cultural sociologists still accept the well-established boundaries between the literary and the sociological, thus leaving literature stripped of its aesthetic qualities. Instead, I propose a new approach that focuses on the process of meaning-making as it occurs within the interaction between the reader and the novel in a given socio-historical setting. This allows analysts to capture those aspects of understanding social experience which are usually ‘lost in translation’ between fictional and sociological genres. My major claims are that, first, when referring to social experience, both sociological and literary texts employ aesthetic devices to mediate understanding for the reader. Second, within the literary genre, the understanding of social experience relies much more on the emotional engagement of the reader through a reading process facilitated by these aesthetic devices. Third, to benefit methodologically and epistemologically from the lyrical understanding of social experience mediated by literature, cultural sociologists must be particularly sensitive to the subtlety and ambiguity of meanings mediated by the aesthetic. The methodological advantage gained is the analysis of deeper cultural meanings grounded in, yet also going beyond, an emotionally and existentially experienced social reality, which is intersubjectively shared and filtered by various groups of readers and cultural intermediaries. The epistemological advantage gained by overcoming the assumed inferiority of literature is that cultural sociological research unlocks a whole new area for understanding the meanings of social life, especially its non-discursive dimensions. The research model I propose for a new sociology of literature adopts the landscape of meaning concept developed by Isaac Reed in combination with the aesthetic structuralism of Czech linguist Jan Mukařovský. This model will be demonstrated through an interpretive analysis of the Czech novel Sestra (published in English as City Sister Silver) by Jáchym Topol.

The aim is to improve the beta-radiometric method of quantitative indication of the content of 90Sr and 137Cs in the counters of plant samples. Material and methods. In the Chernobyl exclusion zone (ChEZ) in 2017, 2019, leaves of silver birch, black poplar, common reed, sedge were selected, which were dried, crushed, and used as calculating samples for beta radiometry and spectrometry. For measurements, a combined KRK-1 radiometer and a SEB 01-150 spectrometer beta-radiation energy were used. Results. Currently, in plant samples from the ChEZ, the following are widespread: natural 40K, the concentration of which is usually less than 1 % in relation to the concentration of technogenic radionuclides 90Sr+90Y and 137Cs, therefore, when measuring 90Sr and 137Cs, beta radiation of 40K can be ignored. The measurements were carried out without a spectral filter and using a thin molybdenum filter. Without filter – show the count rate of 90Sr+90Y and 137Cs radiation. The filter transmits 2–3.5 % of the low-energy beta radiation of 90Sr and 137Cs and more than 95 % of the high-energy 90Y. The ratio of the count rate of 90Y pulses with and without filter is 2.14. The 90Sr concentration in the samples was determined from the results of measurements of 90Y, and 137Cs – through the fraction of the counting rate, which remains after deducting 90Sr+90Y. Comparison of the concentration of radionuclides measured by the method of beta-radiometry and spectrometry showed no significant difference between the results obtained by the two methods. Conclusions. The beta radiometry method for 90Sr and 137Cs provides for measuring the counting rate of beta radiation from counting samples without a spectral filter and using a thin molybdenum filter. Based on the research results, a procedure for calculating the concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in counting samples of plant leaves was developed

Ciguatera intoxication is caused by the ingestion of fish associated with coral reefs in the tropical and subtropical ecosystems. This poisoning results in serious gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurological symptomtologies. The source of this toxicity are a number of epiphytic dinoflagellates. The toxin is transmitted up trophic levels in the food chain. Gambierdiscus toxicus was the first dinoflagellate that was linked to the formation of ciguatoxin. Water soluble toxin from G. toxicus referred to as Maitotoxin (MTX) has been partially purified using high pressure liquid chromatography at SIUC. Some reports are available on the physiological and pharmacological actions of MTX, but there is no evidence whether this toxin has any effects on the ultrastructural morphology of liver cells. Preliminary studies on the effect of MTX on liver cells of chick embryo using light microscopy have shown that it causes necrosis and lesions in this organ. The following study was undertaken to determine whether MTX produces any changes in the ultrastructure of liver cel1 cultures of chick embryo when exposed for different time periods using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Fertile chicken eggs were incubated at 101°F for ten days . Their 1ivers were removed aseptically and the cells cultured in medium 199 containing 5% calf serum and 1% antibiotic. After the formation of monolayers, the cells were treated with partially purified MTX at a dosage 568 ng/ml of medium for various time intervals. They were then washed with phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, fixed in buffered 2% formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, rinsed 3x for 1 hr each in the same buffer at room temp. They were then post fixed in 1% OSO4, stained in uranyl acetate, dehydrated in graded ethanol series, infiltrated with ascending Epon : alcohol mixtures until monolayers were in pure Epon in situ. Gold to silver sections were cut using a diamond knife and were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The sections were then studied by TEM operated at 50KV.

Reclaimed water provides a reliable and economical alternative source of irrigation water for landscape use but may have elevated levels of salts that are detrimental to sensitive landscape plants. Landscape professionals must use salt-tolerant plants in regions where reclaimed water is used. Ornamental grasses are commonly used as landscape plants in the Intermountain West of the United States due to low maintenance input, drought tolerance, and unique texture. Six ornamental grass species, including Acorus gramineus (Japanese rush), Andropogon ternarius (silver bluestem), Calamagrostis ×acutiflora (feather reed grass), Carex morrowii (Japanese sedge), Festuca glauca (blue fescue), and Sporobolus heterolepis (prairie dropseed), were evaluated for salinity tolerance. Plants were irrigated every 4 days with a fertilizer solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control) or with a saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1 (EC 5) or 10.0 dS·m–1 (EC 10). At 47 days, most species in EC 5 exhibited good visual quality with averaged visual scores greater than 4.6 (0 = dead, 5 = excellent). In EC 10, most A. gramineus plants died, but C. ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis had no foliar salt damage. At 95 days, C. ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis in EC 5 had good visual quality with averaged visual scores greater than 4.5. Acorus gramineus, A. ternarius, and C. morrowii showed foliar salt damage with averaged visual scores of 2.7, 3.2, and 3.4, respectively. In EC 10, A. gramineus died, and other grass species exhibited moderate to severe foliar salt damage, except C. ×acutiflora, which retained good visual quality. Plant height, leaf area, number of tillers, shoot dry weight, and/or gas exchange parameters also decreased depending on plant species, salinity level, and the duration of exposure to salinity stress. In conclusion, A. gramineus was the most salt-sensitive species, whereas C. ×acutiflora was the most salt-tolerant species. Festuca glauca and S. heterolepis were more tolerant to salinity than A. ternarius and C. morrowii. Calamagrostis ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis appear to be more suitable for landscapes in which reclaimed water is used for irrigation. Plant responses to saline water irrigation in this research could also be applied to landscapes in salt-prone areas and coastal regions with saltwater intrusion into aquifers and landscapes affected by maritime salt spray.

Abstract The main aim of the study was to determine changes in the species composition and structure of natural tree stands in the Białowieża Forest (BF), which occurred in the years 1975-2012, as well as to evaluate their trends, directions and rate. The study was carried out on 121 permanent research plots (50 × 50 m), which represented the most important forest phytocenoses in BF, i.e. fresh pine-whortleberry forest Vaccinio vitisidaeae- Pinetum Sokoł. 1980, fresh mixed spruce-reed grass forest Calamagrostio-Piceetum Sokoł. 1968, oligotrophic form of hornbeam - bastard balm forest Melitti-Carpinetum Sokoł. 1976, different forms of lindenhornbeam forest: Tilio-Carpinetum Tracz. 1962, alder-ash forest Fraxino-Alnetum W. Mat. 1952 and sub-boreal spruce forest on bog moss Sphagno girgenshonii-Piceetum Polak. 1962. On the plots selected, there was measured the diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees, as well as every tree and shrub up to 1.3 m high was counted and described with reference to species. The measurements and observations were regularly repeated every 10-15 years. The results showed that over the last period of nearly 40 years, there has increased a share of common hornbeam Carpinus betulus L. in the structure of forest stands in numerous BF associations. This tree species has expanded into different forest habitats including poor, medium fertile and wetland sites. The results obtained indicate a trend towards formation of linden-hornbeam forests in BF phytocenoses. The most evident changes were recorded in hornbeam - bastard balm forest. In natural conditions of the majority of forest associations analysed, there prevailed hornbeam trees in forest regeneration, except for the stands in fresh mixed pine forest and spruce forest on bog moss. In the latter two cases, hornbeam showed signs of its presence in the last observation period. Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) retreated into oligotrophic forest associations. In the recent decades, spruce populations have been dramatically reduced in the stands in mixed coniferous and different kinds of broadleaved forests. There have also decreased a share of light-demanding tree species, such as Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) in BF tree stands, including their regeneration-layer. Especially, Scots pine regeneration has not been successful. In the short period of time (about 15 years) there has been observed rapid and outsized reduction of ash Fraxinus excelsior L. populations in natural conditions of alder-ash forests. All through the last 10-15 years, there has been also observed increased rate of change in stand species composition. The trend and rate of change in stand species composition point out to a possibility of human intervention towards stimulation of natural regeneration so as to preserve valuable populations of threatened tree species in the Białowieża Forest.

In 2019, the United Nations Environment Assembly requested that the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) define best practices for coral restoration. Guidelines led by the UNEP were prepared by a team of 20 experts in coral reef management, science, and policy to catalog the best-available knowledge in the field and provide realistic recommendations for the use of restoration as a reef management strategy. Here, we provide a synthesis of these guidelines. Specifically, we present (1) a case for the value of coral reef restoration in the face of increasing frequency and intensity of disturbances associated with climate change, (2) a set of recommendations for improving the use of coral reef restoration as a reef management strategy, tailored to goals and current methods. Coral reef restoration can be a useful tool to support resilience, especially at local scales where coral recruitment is limited, and disturbances can be mitigated. While there is limited evidence of long-term, ecologically relevant success of coral reef restoration efforts, ongoing investments in research and development are likely to improve the scale, and cost-efficiency of current methods. We conclude that coral reef restoration should not be seen as a “silver bullet” to address ecological decline and should be applied appropriately, with due diligence, and in concert with other broad reef resilience management strategies.

This paper looks at two recordings connected with the strangely disquieting tract of fifteen or so square miles separating the northern shores of Botany Bay from the Pacific Ocean, in Sydney’s south-east. In 1964 the Atlantics, a band composed mainly of young migrant Australians produced a reverb-drenched guitar instrumental called “Bombora”. The name - an Aboriginal word referring to a type of submerged rocky reef, over which large ocean waves occasionally and unexpectedly break - had immediate meaning to Sydney’s surfer subculture. But for the population of the Botany Bay area, the term had a more local meaning, referring to one specific reef where, over the years, many boat fishermen, often migrants unused to the local conditions, had been killed. In the 1988 recording, “Malabar mansion,” singer Mac Silver prepares himself for the horrors of a night in Long Bay Jail, (located nearby on that same peninsula). At that time a commission of inquiry was investigating the deaths in custody of large numbers of young Aboriginal prisoners, and Silver’s recording had powerful political and emotional resonances. “Bombora” is a frenzied, almost operatic piece, and many listeners hear a bouzouki and folk dance influence in Theo Penglis’s lead guitar. The chaotic textures, high pitch and fast pace might be heard as a musical analogue of hyperventilation and a racing heart beat-bodily markers of the state where excitation becomes terror, leading to a moment of transcendence, a kind of sonic sublime. “Malabar Mansion”, on the other hand is almost anti-sublime: quiet, literal, weary, precise in its delineation of the psychic and physical perils, and disarmingly specific in describing the elsewhere for which the singer longs. The peninsula whence these songs come has long been an uneasy presence in the city’s imaginary, a combined badlands and seaside idyll. Over the past century suburban homes have shared the snake-infested sandhills, heath, swamp with a leprosarium, a prison, a cemetery, a crematorium, a rubbish dump, a sewerage works, a power station, a rifle range, an army depot, tanneries, refineries, a migrant hostel, a shipping terminal and a sprawling post war housing project. Although rarely visited by tourists, the area has some of the most hauntingly beautiful coastline in the Sydney district, and is home to native flora and fauna long since lost to the rest of Sydney. Neither “Bombora” nor “Malabar mansion” simply “sounds like” the places they are meant to evoke, but both, I will argue, are thoroughly determined by moods, physical ecologies and insoluble contradictions of place.

Kawasan pesisir Padang merupakan salah satu kawasan andalan yang menjadi prioritas untuk dikembangkan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Kawasan pesisir Pariaman - Padang merupakan daerah pantai abrasi, disusun oleh endapan alluvial berupa kerikil, pasir, dan lempung membentuk pantai lurus dan landai. Kawasan pesisir Padang – Bungus Teluk Kabung berupa pantai teluk, stabil, disusun oleh batuan volkanik membentuk bentang alam perbukitan dan pantai terjal. Abrasi terjadi di daerah telitian sebagai dampak perubahan iklim global dan aktivitas manusia (anthropogenic) seperti dampak kerusakan terumbu karang terutama terjadi di kawasan pantai Pariaman - Padang. Di Padang – Bungus Teluk Kabung sedimentasi terjadi akibat dampak perubahan rona lingkungan di kawasan hulu sungai (hinterland) yang membawa sedimen ke perairan. Mangrove dengan luasan kecil terdapat di kawasan Padang – Bungus Teluk Kabung,. Terumbu karang masih banyak dijumpai di kawasan Bungus Teluk Kabung dan sekitarnya dalam kondisi 50% rusak akibat pemboman dan perubahan kondisi air laut yang disebabkan oleh pencemaran dari limbah kapal, industri dan rumah tangga. Kandungan Logam berat Hg sebagai zat pencemar yang terdapat pada sedimen perairan Bungus Teluk Kabung mencapai 3500 ppb di atas baku mutu sedimen (410 ppb). Kandungan logam lainnya yang punya nilai ekonomis yang terdapat di daerah telitian yaitu emas, Au (4ppb – 22ppb) dan perak, Ag (1ppm – 2ppm). Kata kunci: lingkungan pantai, pencemaran, logam berat, mineral ekonomis, Pariaman, Padang, Bungus Teluk Kabung The coastal area of Padang is one of the target coastal areas that have been prioritised to be developed by the West Sumatra Government. The coastal area of Pariaman – Padang is an erosion coast of alluvial deposits consisted of gravel, sand, and clay which form straight and gentle slope beaches. The coastal area of Padang – Bungus Kabung Bay is a stable embayment coast consisted of volcanic rocks which form undulated hilly land and cliff. Erosion occurred at the research area as impact of the global climate changes and human activities (anthropogenic) for example impact of coastal reef destruction at the area of Pariaman – Padang. At the coastal area of Padang – Bungus Kabung Bay sedimentation occurred as impact of change environments in the hinterland, which transport sediment loads to the coast. Mangroves of small square areas are distributed at the coastal area of Padang – Bungus Teluk Kabung. While coral reef distributed in large area at the coast of Bungus Kabung Bay and adjacent area in 50% condition impacted from explosion and change of sea water quality due to waste disposal from boats, industries, and houses. Heavy metal content of mercury (Hg) as a toxic element in sediment of Bungus Kabung Bay reach 3500 ppb over the sediment quality standard (410 ppb). Economic native metals found at the research area are gold, Au (4ppb – 22 ppb), and silver, Ag (1ppm – 2ppm). Key words: coastal environments, pollution, heavy metals, valuable minerals, Pariaman, Padang, Bungus Teluk Kabung

A dolomite hosted strata-bound high-grade (19-25%) zinc-lead sulphide deposit occurs, between 4,000 m and 5,100 m over an area of 5 km2 in the ~ 7 km wide MCT zone of the Ganesh Himal area of central Nepal. The host crystalline milky white sugary dolomite occurs in a repeated sequence of garnet-mica schist, quartzite, calc-schist and concordant amphibolite of older Lesser Himalayan sequence (Upper Nawakot Group), all showing ductile deformation. The rocks along with the ore have undergone at least three phases of deformation. A series of overturned, steep northerly dipping and NE to ENE plunging anticlines and synclines form the dominating structure, characterised by disharmonic shape of the dolomite host rock because of apparent squeezing out from limbs into the axial regions. Compared to their strike lengths, the ore bodies and the host rock bodies have long extension along the plunge direction. The ore has a very simple composition of sphalerite-galena-pyrite with a little pyrrhotite, magnetite and chalcopyrite. Chemically, it consists mainly of zinc along with iron, lead, silver and very low silica, silicates and alumina. Concentrations of trace and rare elements are very low. Ore body types vary from dissemination and bands to massive sulphide lenses, arranged en echelon parallel to the schistosity/ bedding. The rocks of the area were subjected to almandine-amphibolite facies of metamorphism, to 750±150 MPa pressure and 500 °C to 750 °C temperature conditions. The latest thermal event was as young as ~12 Ma. The lead isotope data are interpreted to establish an age of 875 to 785 Ma for the Ganesh Himal deposits, while sulphur isotope data imply an age greater than 650 Ma. The Ganesh Himal deposit appears to be Vindhyan equivalent in the Himalaya, showing highest metal values as on date. Only two out of six occurrences in the area have been explored so far. The ore reserve estimates stand at 2.4 million tonnes with 14.66% zinc, 3.01 % lead, and 23.5 g/t silver. Taking into account all the occurrences the Ganesh Himal basin might have had 861,000 tonnes zinc and 182,000 tonnes lead at the minimum. The lithologic sequence represents a shallow marine facies of deposition. The δ34 S values for Ganesh Himal sulphides indicate that the sulphur was probably produced by biogenic reduction of contemporaneous seawater sulphate. The lead isotope ratios of Ganesh Himal deposit fall on a single-stage growth curve, on which also fall many big deposits of the world, indicating that the Ganesh Himal zinc-lead deposit has high potential. The primary control of the mineralisation is stratigraphic, the present ore body configuration being controlled by south vergent folding related with the metamorphism and thrusting along the MCT. Pyrite framboids and geochemical characters of ore indicate that the mineralisation is syngenetic sedimentary, and it may have been deposited in association with a bioherm or reef in an anoxic environment. The source of metal ions is not clear yet, but the contemporaneous basic rock bodies providing the metal ions could be a possibility.

Dawes, P.R. 2004: Explanatory notes to the Geological map of Greenland, 1:500 000, Humboldt Gletscher, Sheet 6. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Map Series 1, 48 pp. + map. These explanatory notes cover the map region bounded by latitudes 78°N and 81°N and longitudes 56°W and 74°W, with geology shown on the land areas between Nares Strait - the seaway between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, Canada - and the Inland Ice. The bedrock geology is composed of Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic provinces that continue across Nares Strait into Canada. Map units and mineral occurrences are described in general terms and are proceeded by sections on physical environment, logistics, data sources and geoscientific research. The notes are aimed at the practical user and a guide for further reading.The bedrock is composed of three provinces separated by unconformities, each representing a hiatus of c. 500 Ma during which basic dykes were emplaced. The Palaeoproterozoic Inglefield mobile belt, forming the crystalline shield, is an E-W-trending belt of deposition and orogeny characterised by polyphase magmatism, deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Clastic deposition, with magmatism at c. 1985 Ma, are the oldest events recorded, followed by the accumulation of the Etah Group (carbonate, pelitic and psammitic sediments with supposedly coeval mafic and ultramafic rocks) between 1980 and 1950 Ma ago. These rocks were intruded 1950 to 1915 Ma ago by the Etah meta-igneous complex, that records polyphase plutonism (intermediate to felsic, with some basic and magnetite-rich rocks), followed by deformation and partial melting producing granites 1785 to 1740 Ma ago. The Mesoproterozoic Thule Basin, defined by the unmetamorphosed and little deformed Thule Supergroup, records sedimentation and basaltic volcanism at least as old as 1270 Ma. The faulted, north-eastern basin margin shown on the map preserves the passage from the basinal sequence to a relatively thin platform succession invaded by basic sills. The Palaeozoic Franklinian Basin is represented by a homoclinal Cambrian to Silurian shelf carbonate succession and a major Silurian reef complex, with coeval siliciclastic slope deposits. The map region includes the classical area for Franklinian stratigraphy, now composed of 29 formations and four groups - Ryder Gletscher, Morris Bugt, Washington Land and Peary Land Groups.The only younger units preserved in the map region are widespread Quaternary deposits, an isolated outcrop of coarse-grained fluvial deposits (Bjørnehiet Formation) and non-carbonised wood erratics of Neogene age.Five mineral occurrence types are shown on the map: in lithologies of the Inglefield mobile belt, sulphide-graphite rust zones, a magnetite deposit and copper-gold mineralisation and in the Franklinian Basin, commercially drilled, zinc-lead-silver and zinc-lead-barium mineralisations. The basic ingredients of a petroleum model exist in the Franklinian Basin but prospectivity is low.

NOTE: This Map Description was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this series, for example: Dawes, P. R. (2004). Explanatory notes to the Geological map of Greenland, 1:500 000, Humboldt Gletscher, Sheet 6. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Map Series 1, 48 pp. + map. https://doi.org/10.34194/geusm.v1.4615 _______________ These explanatory notes cover the map region bounded by latitudes 78°N and 81°N and longitudes 56°W and 74°W, with geology shown on the land areas between Nares Strait - the seaway between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, Canada - and the Inland Ice. The bedrock geology is composed of Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic provinces that continue across Nares Strait into Canada. Map units and mineral occurrences are described in general terms and are proceeded by sections on physical environment, logistics, data sources and geoscientific research. The notes are aimed at the practical user and a guide for further reading. The bedrock is composed of three provinces separated by unconformities, each representing a hiatus of c. 500 Ma during which basic dykes were emplaced. The Palaeoproterozoic Inglefield mobile belt, forming the crystalline shield, is an E-W-trending belt of deposition and orogeny characterised by polyphase magmatism, deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Clastic deposition, with magmatism at c. 1985 Ma, are the oldest events recorded, followed by the accumulation of the Etah Group (carbonate, pelitic and psammitic sediments with supposedly coeval mafic and ultramafic rocks) between 1980 and 1950 Ma ago. These rocks were intruded 1950 to 1915 Ma ago by the Etah meta-igneous complex, that records polyphase plutonism (intermediate to felsic, with some basic and magnetite-rich rocks), followed by deformation and partial melting producing granites 1785 to 1740 Ma ago. The Mesoproterozoic Thule Basin, defined by the unmetamorphosed and little deformed Thule Supergroup, records sedimentation and basaltic volcanism at least as old as 1270 Ma. The faulted, north-eastern basin margin shown on the map preserves the passage from the basinal sequence to a relatively thin platform succession invaded by basic sills. The Palaeozoic Franklinian Basin is represented by a homoclinal Cambrian to Silurian shelf carbonate succession and a major Silurian reef complex, with coeval siliciclastic slope deposits. The map region includes the classical area for Franklinian stratigraphy, now composed of 29 formations and four groups - Ryder Gletscher, Morris Bugt, Washington Land and Peary Land Groups. The only younger units preserved in the map region are widespread Quaternary deposits, an isolated outcrop of coarse-grained fluvial deposits (Bjørnehiet Formation) and non-carbonised wood erratics of Neogene age. Five mineral occurrence types are shown on the map: in lithologies of the Inglefield mobile belt, sulphide-graphite rust zones, a magnetite deposit and copper-gold mineralisation and in the Franklinian Basin, commercially drilled, zinc-lead-silver and zinc-lead-barium mineralisations. The basic ingredients of a petroleum model exist in the Franklinian Basin but prospectivity is low.

AbstractWhite button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Higher Basidiomycota, is a very important nutritional and medicinal species which is used for recycling agrowastes including wheat straw, reed plant wastes, waste paper, oat straw, waste tea leaves, some water plants and others. A. bisporus has many usages in human dietary and pharmaceutical fields due to its composition of essential amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, low calories, crude fibers, trace elements and vitamins. Recently synthesized nanoparticles from A. bisporus were used to treat cancer, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. The goal of this review is to highlight recent data about recycling wastes for Agaricus production and applications of A. bisporus as a reducing agent in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Organically produced foods are currently highly desirable, but it can also be used for ecofriendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles.

Aims: Production of chili (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus; Solanaceae) in rain-fed regions of Nepal during the winter is constrained by the limited availability of soil moisture. Mulching has been a proven tool to conserve soil moisture and enhance yield. A field study was conducted in the winter of 2019 to identify the most suitable mulch that enhances the yield and yield attributing parameters of chili. Study Design: Seven treatments with three replications were evaluated under the randomized complete block design. Among the treatments, rice straw (5 kg/plot) and water reed (5 kg/plot) were used as natural mulches. While, plastic mulches: transparent (25 µ), silver (25 µ), black (25 µ), and black thick (50 µ) (double thickness) were used as synthetic mulches. Only soil with no mulch was the control. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Bangau, Dang, Nepal from November 2019 to May 2020. Methodology: We measured soil temperature at 10 cm depth using soil thermometer, and calculated soil moisture through oven dry method. Similarly, weight of ten fresh and ten dry fruits was recorded from each plot using an electronic scale. Number of fruits per plant was also counted. All the data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated following a post hoc test. Results: The highest soil moisture (18.38%), number of fruits per plant (24.91), fruit fresh weight per ten fruits (59.86 g), and fruit dry weight per ten fruits (14.65 g) were recorded in black thick plastic mulched plots. Furthermore, the lowest fresh weed weight (95.30 g) was also measured in black thick plastic mulched plots. Whereas, the highest soil temperature (18.92°C) was recorded in transparent plastic mulched plots. Conclusion: This study concludes black thick plastic as the most effective among the treatments tested in this study in enhancing yield and yield attributing parameters of chili.

В результате процессов, сопровождавших Великое переселение народов, аланы, попав в Западную Европу, были ассимилированы, оставив во Франции, Северной Италии, Испании, Англии несколько сотен топонимов, связанных с ними. Следы пребывания алан на Западе впервые были обобщены В.А. Кузнецовым и В.К. Пудовиным. Появление труда американского ученого Б. Бахраха «Аланы на Западе» сняли скептицизм по отношению к роли алан в истории народов Западной Европы. О роли алан в исторических событиях Западной Европы раннего и зрелого Средневековья было отчетливо заявлено в трудах В.Б. Ковалевской, Франко Кардини, Говарда Рида, Скотта Литлтона, Линды Малкор. Особенно замечательна объемная работа Агусти Алемани «Аланы в древних и средневековых письменных источниках». У алан было заимствовано устройство конного войска, а вместе с этим, вероятно, и экипировка всадника, важной деталью которой был воинский пояс. Пряжка со щитком такого пояса служила у алан маркером статуса: в зависимости от того, из какого материала она была изготовлена (золото, серебро, бронза), она указывала на место в социальной иерархии. Трехлепестковый орнамент в результате модификаций вполне мог стать основой или прообразом особого знака-символа – так называемой «королевской лилии». Схему трансформации трехлепесткового узора в лилию можно проиллюстрировать рисунками пряжек. Надо полагать, что аланы оставили свой след не только в топонимике, организации конного войска, но и в орнаментике, фольклоре, антропонимике и других проявлениях культуры, которые необходимо тщательно исследовать. As a result of the processes that accompanied the Great Migration of Nations, the Alans, having fallen into Western Europe, were assimilated, leaving several hundred place names associated with them in France, Northern Italy, Spain, and England. The traces of the Alans' stay in the West were first generalized by V.A. Kuznetsov and V.K. Pudovin. The appearance of the work of the American scientist B.S. Bachrach "Alans in the West" removed skepticism regarding the role of the Alans in the history of the peoples of Western Europe. The role of the Alans in the historical events of Western Europe of the early and mature Middle Ages was clearly stated in the works of V.B. Kovalevskaya, Franco Cardini, Howard Reed, Scott Littleton, Linda Malkor. Particularly remarkable is the voluminous work of Agusti Alemany "Alans in ancient and medieval written sources." The Alans borrowed the device of the horse army, and with it, probably, the equipment of the horseman, an important detail of which was the military belt. The buckle with the shield of such a belt served as a status marker for the Alans: depending on what material it was made of (gold, silver, and bronze) it indicated a place in the social hierarchy. As a result of modifications, the three-petal ornament could very well become the basis or prototype of a special sign-symbol – the so-called “royal lily”. The transformation pattern of a three-petal pattern into a lily can be illustrated with buckle patterns. It must be assumed that the Alans left their mark not only in toponymy, organization of the cavalry army, but also in ornamentation, folklore, anthroponymy and other cultural manifestations, which must be carefully studied.

Alex Abou-Chebl, MD Michael Abraham, MD Joseph E. Acker, III, EMT-P, MPH Robert Adams, MD, MS, FAHA Eric Adelman, MD Opeolu Adeoye, MD DeAnna L. Adkins, PhD Maria Aguilar, MD Absar Ahmed, MD Naveed Akhtar, MD Rufus Akinyemi, MBBS, MSc, MWACP, FMCP(Nig) Karen C. Albright, DO, MPH Felipe Albuquerque, MD Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD Abdulnasser Alhajeri, MD Latisha Ali, MD Nabil J. Alkayed, MD, PhD, FAHA Amer Alshekhlee, MD, MSc Irfan Altafullah, MD Arun Paul Amar, MD Pierre Amarenco, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, MD, FAANS, FACS, FAHA Catherine Amlie-Lefond, MD Aaron M. Anderson, MD David C. Anderson, MD, FAHA Sameer A. Ansari, MD, PhD Ken Arai, PhD Agnieszka Ardelt, MD, PhD Juan Arenillas, MD PhD William Armstead, PhD, FAHA Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells, MD, MPH Negar Asdaghi, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy D. Ashley, APRN,BC, CEN,CCRN,CNRN Stephen Ashwal, MD Andrew Asimos, MD Rand Askalan, MD, PhD Kjell Asplund, MD Richard P. Atkinson, MD, FAHA Issam A. Awad, MD, MSc, FACS, MA (hon) Hakan Ay, MD, FAHA Michael Ayad, MD, PhD Cenk Ayata, MD Aamir Badruddin, MD Hee Joon Bae, MD, PhD Mark Bain, MD Tamilyn Bakas, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN Frank Barone, BA, DPhil Andrew Barreto, MD William G. Barsan, MD, FACEP, FAHA Nicolas G. Bazan, MD, PhD Kyra Becker, MD, FAHA Ludmila Belayev, MD Rodney Bell, MD Andrei B. Belousov, PhD Susan L. Benedict, MD Larry Benowitz, PhD Rohit Bhatia, MBBS, MD, DM, DNB Pratik Bhattacharya, MD MPh James A. Bibb, PhD Jose Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA Randie Black Schaffer, MD, MA Kristine Blackham, MD Bernadette Boden-Albala, DrPH Cesar Borlongan, MA, PhD Susana M. Bowling, MD Monique M. B. Breteler, MD, PhD Jonathan Brisman, MD Allan L. Brook, MD, FSIR Robert D. Brown, MD, MPH Devin L. Brown, MD, MS Ketan R. Bulsara, MD James Burke, MD Cheryl Bushnell, MD, MHSc, FAHA Ken Butcher, MD, PhD, FRCPC Livia Candelise, MD S Thomas Carmichael, MD, PhD Bob S. Carter, MD, PhD Angel Chamorro, MD, PhD Pak H. Chan, PhD, FAHA Seemant Chaturvedi, MD, FAHA, FAAN Peng Roc Chen, MD Jun Chen, MD Eric Cheng, MD, MS Huimahn Alex Choi, MD Sherry Chou, MD, MMSc Michael Chow, MD, FRCS(C), MPH Marilyn Cipolla, PhD, MS, FAHA Kevin Cockroft, MD, MSc, FACS Domingos Coiteiro, MD Alexander Coon, MD Robert Cooney, MD Shelagh B. Coutts, BSc, MB.ChB., MD, FRCPC, FRCP(Glasg.) Elizabeth Crago, RN, MSN Steven C. Cramer, MD Carolyn Cronin, MD, PhD Dewitte T. Cross, MD Salvador Cruz-Flores, MD, FAHA Brett L. Cucchiara, MD, FAHA Guilherme Dabus, MD M Ziad Darkhabani, MD Stephen M. Davis, MD, FRCP, Edin FRACP, FAHA Deidre De Silva, MBBS, MRCP Amir R. Dehdashti, MD Gregory J. del Zoppo, MD, MS, FAHA Bart M. Demaerschalk, MD, MSc, FRCPC Andrew M. Demchuk, MD Andrew J. DeNardo, MD Laurent Derex, MD, PhD Gabrielle deVeber, MD Helen Dewey, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP, FAFRM(RACP) Mandip Dhamoon, MD, MPH Orlando Diaz, MD Martin Dichgans, MD Rick M. Dijkhuizen, PhD Michael Diringer, MD Jodi Dodds, MD Eamon Dolan, MD, MRCPI Amish Doshi, MD Dariush Dowlatshahi, MD, PhD, FRCPC Alexander Dressel, MD Carole Dufouil, MD Dylan Edwards, PhD Mitchell Elkind, MD, MS, FAAN Matthias Endres, MD Joey English, MD, PhD Conrado J. Estol, MD, PhD Mustapha Ezzeddine, MD, FAHA Susan C. Fagan, PharmD, FAHA Pierre B. Fayad, MD, FAHA Wende Fedder, RN, MBA, FAHA Valery Feigin, MD, PhD Johanna Fifi, MD Jessica Filosa, PhD David Fiorella, MD, PhD Urs Fischer, MD, MSc Matthew L. Flaherty, MD Christian Foerch, MD Gregg C. Fonarow, MD, FAHA Andria Ford, MD Christine Fox, MD, MAS Isabel Fragata, MD Justin Fraser, MD Don Frei, MD Gary H. Friday, MD, MPH, FAAN, FAHA Neil Friedman, MBChB Michael Froehler, MD, PhD Chirag D. Gandhi, MD Hannah Gardener, ScD Madeline Geraghty, MD Daniel P. Gibson, MD Glen Gillen, EdD, OTR James Kyle Goddard, III, MD Daniel A. Godoy, MD, FCCM Joshua Goldstein, MD, PhD, FAHA Nicole R. Gonzales, MD Hector Gonzalez, PhD Marlis Gonzalez-Fernandez, MD, PhD Philip B. Gorelick, MD, MPH, FAHA Matthew Gounis, PhD Prasanthi Govindarajan, MD Manu Goyal, MD, MSc Glenn D. Graham, MD, PhD Armin J. Grau, MD, PhD Joel Greenberg, PhD, FAHA Steven M. Greenberg, MD, PhD, FAHA David M. Greer, MD, MA, FCCM James C. Grotta, MD, FAHA Jaime Grutzendler, MD Rishi Gupta, MD Andrew Gyorke, MD Mary N. Haan, MPH, DrPH Roman Haberl, MD Maree Hackett, PhD Elliot Clark Haley, MD, FAHA Hen Hallevi, MD Edith Hamel, PhD Graeme J. Hankey, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FRCP, FRACP Amer Haque, MD Richard L. Harvey, MD Don Heck, MD Cathy M. Helgason, MD Thomas Hemmen, MD, PhD Dirk M. Hermann, MD Marta Hernandez, MD Paco Herson, PhD Michael D. Hill, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy K. Hills, PhD, MBA Robin C. Hilsabeck, PhD, ABPP-CN Judith A. Hinchey, MD, MS, FAHA Robert G. Holloway, MD, MPH William Holloway, MD Sherril K. Hopper, RN Jonathan Hosey, MD, FAAN George Howard, DPH, FAHA Virginia J. Howard, PhD, FAHA David Huang, MD, PhD Daniel Huddle, DO Richard L. Hughes, MD, FAHA, FAAN Lynn Hundley, RN, MSN, ARNP, CCRN, CNRN, CCNS Patricia D. Hurn, PhD, FAHA Muhammad Shazam Hussain, MD, FRCPC Costantino Iadecola, MD Rebecca N. Ichord, MD M. Arfan Ikram, MD Kachi Illoh, MD Pascal Jabbour, MD Bharathi D. Jagadeesan, MD Vivek Jain, MD Dara G. Jamieson, MD, FAHA Brian T. Jankowitz, MD Edward C. Jauch, MD, MS, FAHA, FACEP David Jeck, MD Sayona John, MD Karen C. Johnston, MD, FAHA S Claiborne Johnston, MD, FAHA Jukka Jolkkonen, PhD Stephen C. Jones, PhD, SM, BSc Theresa Jones, PhD Anne Joutel, MD, PhD Tudor G. Jovin, MD Mouhammed R. Kabbani, MD Yasha Kadkhodayan, MD Mary A. Kalafut, MD, FAHA Amit Kansara, MD Moira Kapral, MD, MS Navaz P. Karanjia, MD Wendy Kartje, MD, PhD Carlos S. Kase, MD, FAHA Scott E. Kasner, MD, MS, FAHA Markku Kaste, MD, PhD, FESO, FAHA Prasad Katakam, MD, PhD Zvonimir S. Katusic, MD Irene Katzan, MD, MS, FAHA James E. Kelly, MD Michael Kelly, MD, PhD, FRCSC Peter J. Kelly, MD, MS, FRCPI, ABPN (Dip) Margaret Kelly-Hayes, EdD, RN, FAAN David M. Kent, MD Thomas A. Kent, MD Walter Kernan, MD Salomeh Keyhani, MD, MPH Alexander Khalessi, MD, MS Nadia Khan, MD, FRCPC, MSc Naim Naji Khoury, MD, MS Chelsea Kidwell, MD, FAHA Anthony Kim, MD Howard S. Kirshner, MD, FAHA Adam Kirton, MD, MSc, FRCPC Brett M. Kissela, MD Takanari Kitazono, MD, PhD Steven Kittner, MD, MPH Jeffrey Kleim, PhD Dawn Kleindorfer, MD, FAHA N. Jennifer Klinedinst, PhD, MPH, MSN, RN William Knight, MD Adam Kobayashi, MD, PhD Sebastian Koch, MD Raymond C. Koehler, PhD, FAHA Ines P. Koerner, MD, PhD Martin Köhrmann, MD Anneli Kolk, PhD, MD John B. Kostis, MD Tobias Kurth, MD, ScD Peter Kvamme, MD Eduardo Labat, MD, DABR Daniel T. Lackland, BA, DPH, FAHA Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, MD, PhD Joseph C. LaManna, PhD Catherine E. Lang, PT, PhD Maarten G. Lansberg, MD, PhD, MS Giuseppe Lanzino, MD Paul A. Lapchak, PhD, FAHA Sean Lavine, MD Ronald M. Lazar, PhD Marc Lazzaro, MD Jin-Moo Lee, MD, PhD Meng Lee, MD Ting-Yim Lee, PhD Erica Leifheit-Limson, PhD Enrique Leira, MD, FAHA Deborah Levine, MD, MPh Joshua M. Levine, MD Steven R. Levine, MD Christopher Lewandowski, MD Daniel J. Licht, MD Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH David S. Liebeskind, MD, FAHA Shao-Pow Lin, MD, PhD Weili Lin, PhD Ute Lindauer, PhD Italo Linfante, MD Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, FAHA Alice Liskay, RN, BSN, MPA, CCRC Warren Lo, MD W. T. Longstreth, MD, MPH, FAHA George A. Lopez, MD, PhD David Loy, MD, PhD Andreas R. Luft, MD Helmi Lutsep, MD, FAHA William Mack, MD Mark MacKay, MBBS, FRACP Jennifer Juhl Majersik, MD Marc D. Malkoff, MD, FAHA Randolph S. Marshall, MD John H. Martin, PhD Alexander Mason, MD Masayasu Matsumoto, MD, PhD Elizabeth Mayeda, MPH William G. Mayhan, PhD Avi Mazumdar, MD Louise D. McCullough, MD, PhD Erin McDonough, MD Lisa Merck, MD, MPH James F. Meschia, MD, FAHA Steven R. Messe, MD Joseph Mettenburg, MD,PhD William Meurer, MD BA Brett C. Meyer, MD Robert Mikulik, MD, PhD James M. Milburn, MD Kazuo Minematsu, MD, PhD J Mocco, MD, MS Yousef Mohammad, MD MSc FAAN Mahendranath Moharir, MD, MSc, FRACP Carlos A. Molina, MD Joan Montaner, MD PhD Majaz Moonis, MD, MRCP Christopher J. Moran, MD Henry Moyle, MD, PhD Susanne Muehlschlegel, MD, MPH Susanne Muehlschlegel, MD, MPH Yuichi Murayama, MD Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, DACLAM, FAHA Fadi Nahab, MD Andrew M. Naidech, MD, MPh Ashish Nanda, MD Sandra Narayanan, MD William Neil, MD Edwin Nemoto, PhD, FAHA Lauren M. Nentwich, MD Perry P. Ng, MD Al C. Ngai, PhD Andrew D. Nguyen, MD, PhD Thanh Nguyen, MD, FRCPC Mai Nguyen-Huynh, MD, MAS Raul G. Nogueira, MD Bo Norrving, MD Robin Novakovic, MD Thaddeus Nowak, PhD David Nyenhuis, PhD Michelle C. Odden, PhD Michael O'Dell, MD Christopher S. Ogilvy, MD Jamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, PhD Jean Marc Olivot, MD, PhD Brian O'Neil, MD, FACEP Bruce Ovbiagele, MD, MSc, FAHA Shahram Oveisgharan, MD Mayowa Owolabi, MBBS,MWACP,FMCP Aditya S. Pandey, MD Dhruvil J. Pandya, MD Nancy D. Papesh, BSN, RN, CFRN, EMT-B Helena Parfenova, PhD Min S. Park, MD Matthew S. Parsons, MD Aman B. Patel, MD Srinivas Peddi, MD Joanne Penko, MS, MPH Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon, PhD, FAHA Paola Pergami, MD, PhD Michael Phipps, MD Anna M. Planas, PhD Octavio Pontes-Neto, MD Shyam Prabhakaran, MD, MS Kameshwar Prasad, MD, DM, MMSc, FRCP, FAMS Charles Prestigiacomo, MD, FAANS, FACS G. Lee Pride, MD Janet Prvu Bettger, ScD, FAHA Volker Puetz, MD, PhD Svetlana Pundik, MD Terence Quinn, MD, MRCP, MBChb (hons), BSc (hons) Alejandro Rabinstein, MD Mubeen Rafay, MB.BS, FCPS, MSc Preeti Raghavan, MD Venkatakrishna Rajajee, MD Kumar Rajamani, MD Peter A. Rasmussen, MD Kumar Reddy, MD Michael J. Reding, MD Bruce R. Reed, PhD Mathew J. Reeves, BVSc, PhD, FAHA Martin Reis, MD Marc Ribo, MD, PhD David Rodriguez-Luna, MD, PhD Charles Romero, MD Jonathan Rosand, MD Gary A. Rosenberg, MD Michael Ross, MD, FACEP Natalia S. Rost, MD, MA Elliot J. Roth, MD, FAHA Christianne L. Roumie, MD, MPH Marilyn M. Rymer, MD, FAHA Ralph L. Sacco, MS, MD, FAAN, FAHA Edgar A. Samaniego, MD, MS Navdeep Sangha, BS, MD Nerses Sanossian, MD Lauren Sansing, MD, MSTR Gustavo Saposnik, MD, MSc, FAHA Eric Sauvageau, MD Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sean I. Savitz, MD, FAHA Judith D. Schaechter, PhD Lee H. Schwamm, MD, FAHA Phillip Scott, MD, FAHA Magdy Selim, MD, PhD, FAHA Warren R. Selman, MD, FAHA Souvik Sen, MD, MS, MPH, FAHA Frank Sharp, MD, FAHA, FAAN George Shaw, MD, PhD Kevin N. Sheth, MD Vilaas Shetty, MD Joshua Shimony, MD, PhD Yukito Shinohara, MD, PhD Ashfaq Shuaib, MD, FAHA Lori A. Shutter, MD Cathy A. Sila, MD, FAAN Gisele S. Silva, MD Brian Silver, MD Daniel E. Singer, MD Robert Singer, MD Aneesh B. Singhal, MD Lesli Skolarus, MD Eric E. Smith, MD Sabrina E. Smith, MD, PhD Christopher Sobey, PhD, FAHA J David Spence, MD Christian Stapf, MD Joel Stein, MD Michael F. Stiefel, MD, PhD Sophia Sundararajan, MD, PhD David Tanne, MD Robert W. Tarr, MD Turgut Tatlisumak, MD, PhD, FAHA, FESO Charles H. Tegeler, MD Mohamed S. Teleb, MD Fernando Testai, MD, PhD Ajith Thomas, MD Stephen Thomas, MD, MPH Bradford B. Thompson, MD Amanda Thrift, PhD, PGDipBiostat David Tong, MD Michel Torbey, MD, MPH, FCCM, FAHA Emmanuel Touze, MD, PhD Amytis Towfighi, MD Richard J. Traystman, PhD, FAHA Margaret F. Tremwel, MD, PhD, FAHA Brian Trimble, MD Georgios Tsivgoulis, MD Tanya Turan, MD, FAHA Aquilla S. Turk, DO Michael Tymianski, MD, PhD, FRCSC Philippa Tyrrell, MB, MD, FRCP Shinichiro Uchiyama, MD, FAHA Luis Vaca, MD Renee Van Stavern, MD Susan J. Vannucci, PhD Dale Vaslow, MD, PHD Zena Vexler, PhD Barbara Vickrey, MD, MPH Ryan Viets, MD Anand Viswanathan, MD, PhD Salina Waddy, MD Kenneth R. Wagner, PhD Lawrence R. Wechsler, MD Ling Wei, MD Theodore Wein, MD, FRCPC, FAHA Babu Welch, MD David Werring, PhD Justin Whisenant, MD Christine Anne Wijman, MD, PhD Michael Wilder, MD Joshua Willey, MD, MS David Williams, MB, BAO, BCh, PhD, Dip.Med.Tox, FRCPE, FRCPI Linda Williams, MD Olajide Williams, MD, MS Dianna Willis, PhD John A. Wilson, MD, FACS Jeffrey James Wing, MPH Carolee J. Winstein, PhD, PT, FAPTA Max Wintermark, MD Charles Wira, MD Robert J. Wityk, MD, FAHA Thomas J. Wolfe, MD Lawrence Wong, MD Daniel Woo, MD, MS Clinton Wright, MD, MS Guohua Xi, MD Ying Xian, MD, PhD Dileep R. Yavagal, MD Midori A. Yenari, MD, FAHA William L. Young, MD Darin Zahuranec, MD Allyson Zazulia, MD, FAHA Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri, PhD John H. Zhang, MD, PhD Justin Zivin, MD, PhD, FAHA Richard Zorowitz, MD, FAHA Maria Cristina Zurru, MD

0. IntroductionIf we follow the line of much literature surrounding airports and urban mobility, the emphasis often falls on the fact that these spaces are designed to handle the mega-scale and super-human pace of mass transit. Airports have rightly been associated with velocity, as zones of rapid movement managed by enormous processing systems that guide bodies and things in transit (Pascoe; Pearman; Koolhaas; Gordon; Fuller & Harley). Yet this emphasis tends to ignore the spectrum of tempos and flows that are at play in airport terminals — from stillness to the much exalted hyper-rapidity of mobilized publics in the go-go world of commercial aviation.In this photo essay I'd like to pull a different thread and ask whether it's possible to think of aeromobility in terms of “uneven, differential mobility” (Bissell 280). What would it mean to consider waiting and stillness as forms of bodily engagement operating over a number of different scales and temporalities of movement and anticipation, without privileging speed over stillness? Instead of thinking mobility and stillness as diametrically opposed, can we instead conceive of them as occupying a number of different spatio-temporal registers in a dynamic range of mobility? The following is a provisional "visual ethnography" constructed from photographs of air terminal light boxes I have taken over the last five years (in Amsterdam, London, Chicago, Frankfurt, and Miami). Arranged into a "taxonomy of differentiality", each of these images comes from a slightly different angle, mode or directionality. Each view of these still images displayed in billboard-scale light-emitting devices suggests that there are multiple dimensions of visuality and bodily experience at play in these image-objects. The airport is characterized by an abundance of what appears to be empty space. This may be due to the sheer scale of mass transport, but it also arises from a system of active and non-active zones located throughout contemporary terminals. This photo series emphasises the "emptiness" of these overlooked left-over spaces that result from demands of circulation and construction.1. We Move the WorldTo many travellers, airport gate lounges and their surrounding facilities are loaded with a variety of contradictory associations and affects. Their open warehouse banality and hard industrial sterility tune our bodies to the vast technical and commercial systems that are imbricated through almost every aspect of contemporary everyday life.Here at the departure gate the traveller's body comes to a moment's rest. They are granted a short respite from the anxious routines of check in, body scans, security, information processing, passport scanning, itineraries, boarding procedures and wayfaring the terminal. The landside processing system deposits them at this penultimate point before final propulsion into the invisible airways that pipe them into their destination. We hear the broadcasting of boarding times, check-in times, name's of people that break them away from stillness, forcing people to move, to re-arrange themselves, or to hurry up. Along the way the passenger encounters a variety of techno-spatial experiences that sit at odds with the overriding discourse of velocity, speed and efficiency that lie at the centre of our social understanding of air travel. The airline's phantasmagorical projections of itself as guarantor and enabler of mass mobilities coincides uncomfortably with the passenger's own wish-fulfilment of escape and freedom.In this we can agree with the designer Bruce Mau when he suggests that these projection systems, comprised of "openings of every sort — in schedules, in urban space, on clothes, in events, on objects, in sightlines — are all inscribed with the logic of the market” (Mau 7). The advertising slogans and images everywhere communicate the dual concept that the aviation industry can deliver the world to us on time while simultaneously porting us to any part of the world still willing to accept Diners, VISA or American Express. At each point along the way these openings exhort us to stop, to wait in line, to sit still or to be patient. The weird geographies depicted by the light boxes appear like interpenetrating holes in space and time. These travel portals are strangely still, and only activated by the impending promise of movement.Be still and relax. Your destination is on its way. 2. Attentive AttentionAlongside the panoramic widescreen windows that frame the choreography of the tarmac and flight paths outside, appear luminous advertising light boxes. Snapped tightly to grid and locked into strategic sightlines and thoroughfares, these wall pieces are filled with a rotating menu of contemporary airport haiku and ersatz Swiss graphic design.Mechanically conditioned air pumped out of massive tubes creates the atmosphere for a very particular amalgam of daylight, tungsten, and fluorescent light waves. Low-oxygen-emitting indoor plants are no match for the diesel-powered plant rooms that maintain the constant flow of air to every nook and cranny of this massive processing machine. As Rem Koolhaas puts it, "air conditioning has launched the endless building. If architecture separates buildings, air conditioning unites them" (Koolhaas). In Koolhaas's lingo, these are complex "junkspaces" unifying, colliding and coalescing a number of different circulatory systems, temporalities and mobilities.Gillian Fuller reminds us there is a lot of stopping and going and stopping in the global circulatory system typified by air-terminal-space.From the packing of clothes in fixed containers to strapping your belt – tight and low – stillness and all its requisite activities, technologies and behaviours are fundamental to the ‘flow’ architectures that organize the motion of the globalizing multitudes of today (Fuller, "Store" 63). It is precisely this functional stillness organised around the protocols of store and forward that typifies digital systems, the packet switching of network cultures and the junkspace of airports alike.In these zones of transparency where everything is on view, the illuminated windows so proudly brought to us by J C Decaux flash forward to some idealized moment in the future. In this anticipatory moment, the passenger's every fantasy of in-flight service is attended to. The ultimate in attentiveness (think dimmed lights, soft pillows and comfy blankets), this still image is captured from an improbable future suspended behind the plywood and steel seating available in the moment —more reminiscent of park benches in public parks than the silver-service imagined for the discerning traveller.3. We Know ChicagoSelf-motion is itself a demonstration against the earth-binding weight of gravity. If we climb or fly, our defiance is greater (Appleyard 180).The commercial universe of phones, cameras, computer network software, financial instruments, and an array of fancy new gadgets floating in the middle of semi-forgotten transit spaces constitutes a singular interconnected commercial organism. The immense singularity of these claims to knowledge and power loom solemnly before us asserting their rights in the Esperanto of "exclusive rollover minutes", "nationwide long distance", "no roaming charges" and insider local knowledge. The connective tissue that joins one part of the terminal to a commercial centre in downtown Chicago is peeled away, revealing techno-veins and tendrils reaching to the sky. It's a graphic view that offers none of the spectacular openness and flights of fancy associated with the transit lounges located on the departure piers and satellites. Along these circulatory ribbons we experience the still photography and the designer's arrangement of type to attract the eye and lure the body. The blobby diagonals of the telco's logo blend seamlessly with the skyscraper's ribbons of steel, structural exoskeleton and wireless telecommunication cloud.In this plastinated anatomy, the various layers of commercially available techno-space stretch out before the traveller. Here we have no access to the two-way vistas made possible by the gigantic transparent tube structures of the contemporary air terminal. Waiting within the less travelled zones of the circulatory system we find ourselves suspended within the animating system itself. In these arteries and capillaries the flow is spread out and comes close to a halt in the figure of the graphic logo. We know Chicago is connected to us.In the digital logic of packet switching and network effects, there is no reason to privilege the go over the stop, the moving over the waiting. These light box portals do not mirror our bodies, almost at a complete standstill now. Instead they echo the commercial product world that they seek to transfuse us into. What emerges is a new kind of relational aesthetics that speaks to the complex corporeal, temporal, and architectural dimensions of stillness and movement in transit zones: like "a game, whose forms, patterns and functions develop and evolve according to periods and social contexts” (Bourriaud 11). 4. Machine in the CaféIs there a possible line of investigation suggested by the fact that sound waves become visible on the fuselage of jet planes just before they break the sound barrier? Does this suggest that the various human senses are translatable one into the other at various intensities (McLuhan 180)?Here, the technological imaginary contrasts itself with the techno alfresco dining area enclosed safely behind plate glass. Inside the cafes and bars, the best businesses in the world roll out their biggest guns to demonstrate the power, speed and scale of their network coverage (Remmele). The glass windows and light boxes "have the power to arrest a crowd around a commodity, corralling them in chic bars overlooking the runway as they wait for their call, but also guiding them where to go next" (Fuller, "Welcome" 164). The big bulbous plane sits plump in its hangar — no sound barriers broken here. It reassures us that our vehicle is somewhere there in the network, resting at its STOP before its GO. Peeking through the glass wall and sharing a meal with us, this interpenetrative transparency simultaneously joins and separates two planar dimensions — machinic perfection on one hand, organic growth and death on the other (Rowe and Slutsky; Fuller, "Welcome").Bruce Mau is typical in suggesting that the commanding problem of the twentieth century was speed, represented by the infamous image of a US Navy Hornet fighter breaking the sound barrier in a puff of smoke and cloud. It has worked its way into every aspect of the design experience, manufacturing, computation and transport.But speed masks more than it reveals. The most pressing problem facing designers and citizens alike is growth — from the unsustainable logic of infinite growth in GDP to the relentless application of Moore's Law to the digital networks and devices that define contemporary society in the first world. The shift of emphasis from speed to growth as a time-based event with breaking points and moments of rupture has generated new possibilities. "Growth is nonlinear and unpredictable ... Few of us are ready to admit that growth is constantly shadowed by its constitutive opposite, that is equal partners with death” (Mau 497).If speed in part represents a flight from death (Virilio), growth invokes its biological necessity. In his classic study of the persistence of the pastoral imagination in technological America, The Machine in the Garden, Leo Marx charted the urge to idealize rural environments at the advent of an urban industrialised America. The very idea of "the flight from the city" can be understood as a response to the onslaught of technological society and it's deathly shadow. Against the murderous capacity of technological society stood the pastoral ideal, "incorporated in a powerful metaphor of contradiction — a way of ordering meaning and value that clarifies our situation today" (Marx 4). 5. Windows at 35,000 FeetIf waiting and stillness are active forms of bodily engagement, we need to consider the different layers of motion and anticipation embedded in the apprehension of these luminous black-box windows. In The Virtual Window, Anne Friedberg notes that the Old Norse derivation of the word window “emphasizes the etymological root of the eye, open to the wind. The window aperture provides ventilation for the eye” (103).The virtual windows we are considering here evoke notions of view and shelter, open air and sealed protection, both separation from and connection to the outside. These windows to nowhere allow two distinct visual/spatial dimensions to interface, immediately making the visual field more complex and fragmented. Always simultaneously operating on at least two distinct fields, windows-within-windows provide a specialized mode of spatial and temporal navigation. As Gyorgy Kepes suggested in the 1940s, the transparency of windows "implies more than an optical characteristic; it implies a broader spatial order. Transparency means a simultaneous perception of different spatial locations" (Kepes 77).The first windows in the world were openings in walls, without glass and designed to allow air and light to fill the architectural structure. Shutters were fitted to control air flow, moderate light and to enclose the space completely. It was not until the emergence of glass technologies (especially in Holland, home of plate glass for the display of commercial products) that shielding and protection also allowed for unhindered views (by way of transparent glass). This gives rise to the thesis that windows are part of a longstanding architectural/technological system that moderates the dual functions of transparency and separation. With windows, multi-dimensional planes and temporalities can exist in the same time and space — hence a singular point of experience is layered with many other dimensions. Transparency and luminosity "ceases to be that which is perfectly clear and becomes instead that which is clearly ambiguous" (Rowe and Slutsky 45). The light box air-portals necessitate a constant fluctuation and remediation that is at once multi-planar, transparent and "hard to read". They are informatic.From holes in the wall to power lunch at 35,000 feet, windows shape the manner in which light, information, sights, smells, temperature and so on are modulated in society. "By allowing the outside in and the inside out, [they] enable cosmos and construction to innocently, transparently, converge" (Fuller, "Welcome" 163). Laptop, phone, PDA and light box point to the differential mobilities within a matrix that traverses multiple modes of transparency and separation, rest and flight, stillness and speed.6. Can You Feel It?Increasingly the whole world has come to smell alike: gasoline, detergents, plumbing, and junk foods coalesce into the catholic smog of our age (Illich 47).In these forlorn corners of mobile consumption, the dynamic of circulation simultaneously slows and opens out. The surfaces of inscription implore us to see them at precisely the moment we feel unseen, unguided and off-camera. Can you see it, can you feel it, can you imagine the unimaginable, all available to us on demand? Expectation and anticipation give us something to look forward to, but we're not sure we want what's on offer.Air travel radicalizes the separation of the air traveller from ground at one instance and from the atmosphere at another. Air, light, temperature and smell are all screened out or technologically created by the terminal plant and infrastructure. The closer the traveller moves towards stillness, the greater the engagement with senses that may have been ignored by the primacy of the visual in so much of this circulatory space. Smell, hunger, tiredness, cold and hardness cannot be screened out.In this sense, the airplanes we board are terminal extensions, flying air-conditioned towers or groundscrapers jet-propelled into highways of the air. Floating above the horizon, immersed in a set of logistically ordained trajectories and pressurized bubbles, we look out the window and don't see much at all. Whatever we do see, it's probably on the screen in front of us which disconnects us from one space-time-velocity at the same time that it plugs us into another set of relations. As Koolhaas says, junkspace is "held together not by structure, but by skin, like a bubble" (Koolhaas). In these distended bubbles, the traveler momentarily occupies an uncommon transit space where stillness is privileged and velocity is minimized. The traveler's body itself is "engaged in and enacting a whole kaleidoscope of different everyday practices and forms" during the course of this less-harried navigation (Bissell 282).7. Elevator MusicsThe imaginary wheel of the kaleidoscope spins to reveal a waiting body-double occupying the projected territory of what appears to be a fashionable Miami. She's just beyond our reach, but beside her lies a portal to another dimension of the terminal's vascular system.Elevators and the networks of shafts and vents that house them, are to our buildings like veins and arteries to the body — conduits that permeate and structure the spaces of our lives while still remaining separate from the fixity of the happenings around them (Garfinkel 175). The terminal space contains a number of apparent cul-de-sacs and escape routes. Though there's no background music piped in here, another soundtrack can be heard. The Muzak corporation may douse the interior of the elevator with its own proprietary aural cologne, but at this juncture the soundscape is more "open". This functional shifting of sound from figure to ground encourages peripheral hearing, providing "an illusion of distended time", sonically separated from the continuous hum of "generators, ventilation systems and low-frequency electrical lighting" (Lanza 43).There is another dimension to this acoustic realm: “The mobile ecouteur contracts the flows of information that are supposed to keep bodies usefully and efficiently moving around ... and that turn them into functions of information flows — the speedy courier, the networking executive on a mobile phone, the scanning eyes of the consumer” (Munster 18).An elevator is a grave says an old inspector's maxim, and according to others, a mechanism to cross from one world to another. Even the quintessential near death experience with its movement down a long illuminated tunnel, Garfinkel reminds us, “is not unlike the sensation of movement we experience, or imagine, in a long swift elevator ride” (Garfinkel 191).8. States of SuspensionThe suspended figure on the screen occupies an impossible pose in an impossible space: half falling, half resting, an anti-angel for today's weary air traveller. But it's the same impossible space revealed by the airport and bundled up in the experience of flight. After all, the dimension this figures exists in — witness the amount of activity in his suspension — is almost like a black hole with the surrounding universe collapsing into it. The figure is crammed into the light box uncomfortably like passengers in the plane, and yet occupies a position that does not exist in the Cartesian universe.We return to the glossy language of advertising, its promise of the external world of places and products delivered to us by the image and the network of travel. (Remmele) Here we can go beyond Virilio's vanishing point, that radical reversibility where inside and outside coincide. Since everybody has already reached their destination, for Virilio it has become completely pointless to leave: "the inertia that undermines your corporeity also undermines the GLOBAL and the LOCAL; but also, just as much, the MOBILE and the IMMOBILE” (Virilio 123; emphasis in original).In this clinical corner of stainless steel, glass bricks and exit signs hangs an animated suspension that articulates the convergence of a multitude of differentials in one image. Fallen into the weirdest geometry in the world, it's as if the passenger exists in a non-place free of all traces. Flows and conglomerates follow one another, accumulating in the edges, awaiting their moment to be sent off on another trajectory, occupying so many spatio-temporal registers in a dynamic range of mobility.ReferencesAppleyard, Donald. "Motion, Sequence and the City." The Nature and Art of Motion. Ed. Gyorgy Kepes. New York: George Braziller, 1965. Adey, Peter. "If Mobility Is Everything Then It Is Nothing: Towards a Relational Politics of (Im)mobilities." Mobilities 1.1 (2006): 75–95. Bissell, David. “Animating Suspension: Waiting for Mobilities.” Mobilities 2.2 (2007): 277-298.Bourriaud, Nicolas. Relational Aesthetics. Trans. Simon Pleasance and Fronza Woods. Paris: Les Presses du Reel, 2002. Classen, Constance. “The Deodorized City: Battling Urban Stench in the Nineteenth Century.” Sense of the City: An Alternate Approach to Urbanism. Ed. Mirko Zardini. Baden: Lars Muller Publishers, 2005. 292-322. Friedberg, Anne. The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microsoft. Cambridge: MIT P, 2006. Fuller, Gillian, and Ross Harley. Aviopolis: A Book about Airports. London: Black Dog Publishing, 2005. Fuller, Gillian. "Welcome to Windows: Motion Aesthetics at the Airport." Ed. Mark Salter. Politics at the Airport. Minnesota: U of Minnesota P, 2008. –––. "Store Forward: Architectures of a Future Tense". Ed. John Urry, Saolo Cwerner, Sven Kesselring. Air Time Spaces: Theory and Method in Aeromobilities Research. London: Routledge, 2008. 63-75.Garfinkel, Susan. “Elevator Stories: Vertical Imagination and the Spaces of Possibility.” Up Down Across: Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Sidewalks. Ed. Alisa Goetz. London: Merrell, 2003. 173-196. Gordon, Alastair. Naked Airport: A Cultural History of the World's Most Revolutionary Structure. New York: Metropolitan, 2004.Illich, Ivan. H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness: Reflections on the Historicity of Stuff. Dallas: Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, 1985. Kepes, Gyorgy. Language of Vision. New York: Dover Publications, 1995 (1944). Koolhass, Rem. "Junkspace." Content. 6 Mar. 2009 ‹http://www.btgjapan.org/catalysts/rem.html›.Lanza, Joseph. "The Sound of Cottage Cheese (Why Background Music Is the Real World Beat!)." Performing Arts Journal 13.3 (Sep. 1991): 42-53. McLuhan, Marshall. “Is It Natural That One Medium Should Appropriate and Exploit Another.” McLuhan: Hot and Cool. Ed. Gerald Emanuel Stearn. Middlesex: Penguin, 1967. 172-182. Marx, Leo. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. London: Oxford U P, 1964. Mau, Bruce. Life Style. Ed. Kyo Maclear with Bart Testa. London: Phaidon, 2000. Munster, Anna. Materializing New Media: Embodiment in Information Aesthetics. New England: Dartmouth, 2006. Pascoe, David. Airspaces. London: Reaktion, 2001. Pearman, Hugh. Airports: A Century of Architecture. New York: Abrams, 2004. Remmele, Mathias. “An Invitation to Fly: Poster Art in the Service of Civilian Air Travel.” Airworld: Design and Architecture for Air Travel. Ed. Alexander von Vegesack and Jochen Eisenbrand. Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, 2004. 230-262. Rowe, Colin, and Robert Slutsky. Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal. Perspecta 8 (1963): 45-54. Virilio, Paul. City of Panic. Trans. Julie Rose. Oxford: Berg, 2005.