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1
Remeš, Jiří. "Development and Present State of Close-to-Nature Silviculture." Journal of Landscape Ecology 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2018-0010.
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Abstract Close to nature silviculture is an alternative to a forest management system based on the clear cutting regeneration and cultivation of even-aged coniferous monocultures. The history of close to nature silviculture dates back to the second half of the 19th century, when the first attempts were made in Central Europe for more sophisticated silvicultural practices based on natural small-scale regeneration and management of mixed stands. These activities also affected the Czech lands, where the ideas of close to nature silviculture were successfully developed by the end of the 1960s. For the next twenty years, however, under the influence of central planning, forest management has been inclined towards large-scale clear cutting system. The renaissance of close to nature forest management took place only after 1989. At present, close to nature silviculture being established not only in Central Europe, but also more and more in the boreal part of Europe as well as in North America. Currently, there is a discussion about suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate forests to climate change.
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M. Taufan and Arida Susilowati. "The Study of Silviculture System for Selective Cutting and Line Planting (TPTJ) and Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting (TPTI) Application at PT Intracawood Manufacturing Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan." Journal of Sylva Indonesiana 3, no. 01 (February 21, 2020): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jsi.v3i01.1985.
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Selective Cutting and Line Planting (TPTJ) silvicultural systems and Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting (TPTI) are two of the five silvicultural systems that have been determined by the Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. P.11 / Menhut-II / 2009 juncto P.65 / Menhut-II / 2014 concerning silvicultural systems in the area of timber forest product utilization permits (IUPHHK) in production forests. Three other silvicultural systems based on the regulation are the Gap Logging silviculture system, the Fully Made Rejuvenation System, and the Multi Silviculture System. This study aims to examine the implementation of the TPTJ and TPTI systems in the PT Intracawood Manufacturing (PT Intraca) area, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan. The methodology of this research is through the approach of growth analysis, comparison of stand increment, observation of environmental conditions, interviews and literature study. Based on the field research, it was found that the diameter increments of Shorea leprosula, Shorea dasyphila, and Shorea parvifolia were greater in the TPTJ system compared to TPTI. However, the TPTI silviculture system at PT Intraca is easier to apply in the field than the TPTJ silviculture system. The TPTJ system has become less effective because planting in the TPTJ system has been carried out by making a 3-meter wide track with a length of approximately 1 km in a plot and if there is potential for the wood to become ineffective. In the area of PT Intraca, to improve the effectiveness of the TPTJ system a mosaic system is used where the planting path is made only in areas with less potential and representative for planting. The types of plants planted in the TPTJ system are far superior, perspective, and are faster than the types of plants in the TPTI system. Planting/enrichment in the TPTI system is easier because it does not need to make a planting path. Planting with seedlings from the extraction is only a transfer from the growth of tillers from areas with an excessive potential for tillers.
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Gansner, David A., Martin E. Dale, Owen W. Herrick, David R. Dickson, and David E. Lutz. "Silvicultural Cutting Opportunities in Oak-Hickory Forests." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.2.59.
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Abstract Analysis of cutting opportunities for oak-hickory forests of Pennsylvania reveals a timber bonanza for expanding wood-using plants. The current potential cut from silvicultural thinning, regeneration, and harvest opportunities totals 58 million cords. It amounts to 20 times the current annual harvest of all hardwood volume from the state. On the stump, the conversion value of this material totals $615 million. Moreover, the good housekeeping associated with the silviculture would improve timber productivity and quality. North. J. Appl. For. 4:59-63, June 1987.
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Hara K L, O. "Multiaged silviculture in North America." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 9 (August 4, 2009): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2009-jfs.
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Multiaged silviculture is highly variable across North America but a commonality is the ties to the negative exponential diameter distribution to guide stocking control. These methods have evolved in several regions to include alternative stand structures and new stocking control tools are being developed. A trend in these new developments is integrating disturbance regimes and their effects on stand structure. The result, in some cases, is a movement towards longer cutting cycles and more flexible guidelines for stand structure.
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Lussier, Jean-Martin. "Changing our mental model from growing volume to producing value: The case of uneven-aged hardwood management." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85382-3.
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The selection system is a common management system in uneven-aged tolerant hardwoods stands in Crown forests of eastern Canada. This silvicultural system aims to produce a sustained yield of products and services at the stand level, using frequent partial cuttings that harvest the mature and valuable portion of the forest, while tending the rest of the stand to increase its productivity and value for future cuttings. Current practices involve the use of empirical partial cutting guides to decide the number of trees to both harvest and maintain at each cutting cycle, typically to maximize longterm sawlog and veneer production. This paper demonstrates that by replacing this objective function with the maximization of the net value of the harvest for the whole value chain by using a simple mathematical optimization model, forest management can be greatly improved in terms of profitability. Nevertheless, further developments are needed for improving forest management optimization models in order to better balance short-term profitability and long-term ecological, economic and societal objectives. Key words: Selection system, hardwoods, uneven-aged silviculture, optimization, economic, value chain, profitability, steering treatment
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Ruel, J. C., V. Roy, J. M. Lussier, D. Pothier, P. Meek, and D. Fortin. "Mise au point d'une sylviculture adaptée à la forêt boréale irrégulière." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83367-3.
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The Canadian boreal forest covers a wide territory within which the natural disturbance regime varies widely. The specific dynamics of the eastern portion is responsible for an abundance of stands of irregular structure, which influences ecosystem biodiversity. Partial cuts should therefore play an important role in an adapted silviculture that focuses on maintaining biodiversity. However, the practice of partial cuts in the context of irregular boreal forests still needs to be developed. In this context, an integrated experiment comparing the current harvesting practices (careful logging preserving advance regeneration, cutting leaving small merchantable stems) and two selection cutting methods was put in place. It will enable us to compare the effect of these practices on operational plans, silviculture, wildlife and wood processing. This experiment has already shown that it is possible to operationally maintain a well-developed stand structure after cutting. Both selection cutting approaches have led to increases in harvesting costs but these were kept low. Future monitoring will clarify the effects of these treatments in terms of vegetation and wildlife, and whether gains can be obtained when processing wood from partial cuts. This project is part of the research program of the Industrial Research Chair NSERC-Laval University in silviculture and wildlife. Key words: irregular stands, selection cutting, biodiversity
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Gansner, David A., Thomas W. Birch, Stanford L. Arner, and Stanley J. Zarnoch. "Cutting Disturbance on New England Timberlands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.3.118.
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Abstract Recently completed forest inventories and woodland owner surveys for each of the six New England states have given us insight into contemporary harvesting activities in the region. About half of the private woodland owners have harvested timber from their holdings at some time in the past. Still, timber harvesting continues to be a fairly concentrated activity. Remeasured plot data indicate that only 30% of the timberland had cutting disturbance between the last two inventories. And two-thirds of the cutting took place on one-tenth of the timberland. Economics more than textbook silviculture determines the kind of cutting that takes place. The good housekeeping associated with better silviculture could result in dramatic improvements in production. Even so, New England's woodlands have held their own and appear to be in relatively good shape. Physical supplies of timber reveal a potential opportunity for significant expansion in wood use. North. J. Appl. For. 7:118-120, September 1990.
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Bohn, Kimberly K., Ralph D. Nyland, and Ruth D. Yanai. "Comparing selection system and diameter-limit cutting in uneven-aged northern hardwoods using computer simulation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 5 (May 2011): 963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-027.
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Comparisons of selection system and diameter-limit cutting based on trials in specific settings have often yielded conflicting results. We used a simulation approach to evaluate sawtimber production over three cutting cycles on 10 sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) dominated plots of varying initial forest structure. Treatments on each plot included light, moderate, and heavy intensities of selection system silviculture and diameter-limit cutting. Harvested sawtimber volumes were initially higher on all plots using diameter-limit cutting, but selection system outperformed diameter-limit cutting at later entries on 7 of the 10 plots. Volume differences between cutting types ranged among plots from 0.3 to 26 m3·ha–1, equating to a less than 1% to as much as a twofold difference. Average volumes from selection system at later entries were 20%–40% greater than diameter-limit cutting, due in part to consistent production in large sawtimber (≥46 cm). Yields from real stands could vary from these simulations where mortality losses (not modeled here) differ between treatments as a result of competition or logging damage. Findings suggest that cumulative sawtimber volumes from repeated selection system silviculture could eventually surpass that of diameter-limit cutting, but at a rate depending on initial stand conditions and harvesting intensity.
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Cimon-Morin, Jérôme, Jean-Claude Ruel, Marcel Darveau, Jean-Martin Lussier, Philippe Meek, and Vincent Roy. "Essais de jardinage sans martelage dans des peuplements irréguliers de sapin baumier et d’épinette noire." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86498-4.
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It is increasingly accepted that silviculture must now try to maintain complex stands. In this context, selection cutting has been suggested as an option for irregular boreal stands. However, selection cutting in virgin stands could prove difficult to apply at a reasonable cost. In an attempt to reduce harvesting costs, two selection cutting patterns were implemented, avoiding tree marking. The efficacy of this approach was evaluated by comparing the results of plots harvested without tree marking to those with tree marking. To proceed in the absence of tree marking, silvicultural types were defined as well as a rule for the selection of stems to harvest; the final choice of stems to fell was therefore left to the operator upon harvesting. The effects of the different silvicultural and tree marking treatments were examined in relation to their ability to maintain the main structural and functional attributes of irregular boreal stands. A follow-up was conducted with regards to structure, composition, residual stand basal area, abundance of woody debris and mortality. The absence of marking did not affect the performance of selection cutting treatments in terms of basal area, quadratic mean diameter and Shannon index. Tree vigour was not modified by harvesting, both with and without tree marking. Stand composition was not influenced by the absence of marking. Snag abundance was reduced to similar levels regardless of marking. Tree marking did not influence the abundance of downed woody debris. As a consequence, it seems possible to apply a simplified approach of selection cutting, without compromising the success of the treatment in these stands.Key words: black spruce, Picea mariana, balsam fir, Abies balsamea, irregular stand, selection cutting, ecosystem management, forest attributes
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Souza, Deivison Venicio, João Olegário Pereira de Carvalho, Fernanda Da Silva Mendes, Lia De Oliveira Melo, José Natalino Macedo Silva, and Fernando Cristóvam Da Silva Jardim. "GROWTH OF Manilkara huberi AND Manilkara paraensis AFTER LOGGING AND SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PARAGOMINAS, PARÁ, BRAZIL." FLORESTA 44, no. 3 (March 3, 2014): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i3.29423.
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AbstractThe effects of silvicultural treatments and logging on the growth rates of Manilkara huberi and Manilkara paraensis in a terra firme natural forest were evaluated. The study was performed in a Forest Management Unit (FMU) located in the municipality of Paragominas, PA. The experimental area covered 500 ha, where five treatments (100 ha each), with four replications per treatment (25 ha each), were established. The replications were randomly distributed in the 500 ha sample area of the FMU. The growth rate of trees was evaluated in the following treatments: T1 – Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) + classic liberation thinning and climber cutting; T2 – RIL + modified liberation thinning and climber cutting; T3 – RIL + climber cutting; T6 - only RIL; T7 - unlogged forest (control). Manilkara huberi and Manilkara paraensis showed good responses on diameter growth rate to the post-harvesting silvicultural treatments applied. However, considering the growth rate differences between the evaluated periods, one can say that the short time elapsed from the application of silvicultural treatments (four years) to the end of the study period does not allow to make accurate statements about the most appropriate treatment for the species, or about the intensity of the interventions to be applied.Keywords: Diameter increment; post-harvesting silviculture; tree girdling; climber cutting. ResumoCrescimento de Manilkara huberi e Manilkara paraensis após a colheita de madeira e tratamentos silviculturais, paragominas, Pará, Brasil. Foram avaliados os efeitos de tratamentos silviculturais e da colheita de madeira sobre o crescimento diamétrico das espécies Manilkara huberi e Manilkara paraensis em uma floresta natural de terra firme. A pesquisa foi conduzida em uma Unidade de Manejo Florestal (UMF), município de Paragominas, PA. A área experimental correspondeu a 500 ha, onde foram estabelecidos cinco tratamentos (100 ha cada) com quatro repetições (25 ha cada). As repetições foram distribuídas aleatoriamente na amostra de 500 ha na UMF. O crescimento das árvores foi avaliado nos seguintes tratamentos: T1 – exploração de impacto reduzido (EIR) + desbaste de liberação clássico e corte de cipós; T2 – EIR + desbaste de liberação modificado e corte de cipós; T3 – EIR + corte de cipós; T6 – apenas EIR; T7 - floresta não-explorada. Manilkara huberi e Manilkara paraensis mostraram respostas favoráveis, em termos de crescimento em diâmetro, às intervenções silviculturais pós-exploratórias aplicadas. Contudo, considerando as diferenças no incremento das árvores entre os períodos avaliados, pode-se dizer que o curto espaço de tempo decorrido da aplicação dos tratamentos silviculturais (quatro anos) ainda não permite fazer projeções precisas acerca do tratamento mais adequado às espécies, ou mesmo, da intensidade das intervenções a serem aplicadas.Palavras-chave: Incremento diamétrico; silvicultura pós-colheita; anelagem de árvores, corte de cipós.
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Guillemette, François, and Steve Bédard. "Potential for Sugar Maple to Provide High-Quality Sawlog Trees at the Northern Edge of Its Range." Forest Science 65, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz008.
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AbstractThe management of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) at the northern edge of its range is mainly oriented toward timber production, from trees of higher grades. However, both the quality of mature trees in natural stands and how the quality may vary depending on the silvicultural treatment are unknown, especially under northern conditions. The objective of this study was to describe the variation in stem quality of mature maple trees (diameter >33 cm) according to climatic, geographic or soil variables, and to evaluate the effects of a first selection cutting cycle on this quality. Annual temperature (1.7–4.1° C) was the most important variable explaining differences in the proportion of higher-grade trees, with a 16 percent gain associated with every additional increase in degrees Celsius. The practice of a first selection cutting was associated with an 11 percent gain in this proportion. Although the actual proportion of high-quality trees was below 35 percent on the coolest sites, a proper tree selection through silviculture could likely improve this proportion in future decades, whereas the potential effects of climate change are unclear.
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Nyland, Ralph D. "Diameter-Limit Cutting and Silviculture: A Comparison of Long-Term Yields and Values for Uneven-Aged Sugar Maple Stands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.2.111.
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Abstract Computer simulations compared long-term sawtimber yields and values for uneven-aged sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands operated repeatedly by diameter-limit or selection system cutting. Findings show that the annualized sawtimber volume production and annualized revenues from selection system cutting exceed those from diameter-limit cutting. Also, present net worth values for selection system cutting exceed that of diameter-limit cutting at a 4, 6, and 8% interest rate. Findings also indicate that diameter-limit cutting in uneven-aged stands will result in less regular and less frequent yields of volume and value. The only advantage of diameter-limit cutting is the short-term financial gain that comes with removing a high volume during the first entry to a well-stocked uneven-aged stand. For sustained management, selection system cutting will prove superior for both sawtimber volume produced and recovered and its value.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111–116.
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Kurek, Tomasz. "Zastosowanie metod projektowych do zarządzania planem cięć w nadleśnictwach." Zarządzanie ochroną przyrody w lasach XI (June 30, 2018): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1665.
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This article characterises Project Management standards in a ten-year period of the Forest Management Plan. This plan describes all elements of procedure included in obligatory challenges (tasks): silviculture (mowing and intermediate cutting), conservation and harvest (commercial thinning, advanced felling, and final cutting). In this article the forest division model has been created. With this model, the author has shown all of the basic components of Project Management in forestry. By creating milestones, controlling leads, and better planning to carry out the Forest Cutting Plans in critical periods (natural disasters) we can decide how to solve problems and avoid or minimize negative consequences. Project Management enables efficient forest planning in time (ten years) and space (partial cutting).
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Putra, Ferdiansyah, Indriyanto ., and Melya Riniarti. "Keberhasilan Hidup Setek Pucuk Jabon (Anthocephalus Cadamba) Dengan Pemberian Beberapa Konsentrasi Rootone-F." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 2, no. 2 (May 7, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl2233-40.
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Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) is one types of three possible to develop in plantation forest or public forest to suply log necessity in Indonesia. However, the silviculture information on kadam development is still limited especially in providing nurseries. The objective of this research was to find out survival percentage, shooting ability, and rooting ability of kadam shoot cutting with some concentrations of Rootone-F addmited. This research used completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. Treatments were soaking the bud of kadam shoot cuttings with some of the following Rootone-F concentrations: 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm. Variables to observe were survival percentages, shoot lengths, shoot diameters, root lengths, and leaf numbers. The results showed that Rootone-F addmited with 200 ppm concentration resulted in the best shoot height, root length, and leaf numbers of kadam shoot cuttings compared with concentrations of 1 ppm, 100 ppm, and 300 ppm. The kadam shoot cutting with 200 ppm Rootone-F concentration had 96% survival, 20.47 cm shoot length, 19.60 root length, and 6.18 leafs. The conclusion was that the concentration of 200 ppm Rootone-F gives the best results.
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Ondřej, Schönfelder, Zeidler Aleš, Borůvka Vlastimil, Bílek Lukáš, and Lexa Martin. "Shrinkage of Scots pine wood as an effect of different tree growth rates, a comparison of regeneration methods." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 6 (June 28, 2018): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2018-jfs.
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The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus) is one of the most important commercial tree species in Central Europe, yet we know very little about the variability of its wood properties. The aim of this study is to primarily analyse the impact of different tree growth rates and site characteristics on the shrinkage of Scots pine wood. The investigated forest stands are located at two sites of the Czech Republic that are characteristic for Scots pine silviculture. At each site, sample trees were selected from two stands representing two variants of the silvicultural treatment, i.e. a clear-cutting and shelterwood system with long regeneration period. Wood shrinkage in radial and tangential directions and volumetric shrinkage were determined in accordance with Czech standards. Lower values of shrinkage were found out in forest stands regenerated by the shelterwood method. The wood in the central part of the trunk shows lower shrinkage values than in the basal part in both stands. The unambiguous effect of the horizontal position in the trunk stem was demonstrated in forest stands regenerated by the clear-cutting method, whilst stands regenerated by the shelterwood method showed a more even distribution of shrinkage along the trunk width. Furthermore, it was found that the shrinkage of the Scots pine has a medium dependence on wood density.
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Bassil, Sarita, Ralph D. Nyland, Christel C. Kern, and Laura S. Kenefic. "Dynamics of the diameter distribution after selection cutting in uneven- and even-aged northern hardwood stands: a long-term evaluation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 12 (December 2019): 1525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0204.
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Selection cutting is defined as a tool for uneven-aged silviculture. Dependence on diameter distribution by forestry practitioners for identifying stand conditions has led to misuse of selection-like cuttings in even-aged northern hardwood stands. Our study used several long-term data sets to investigate the temporal stability in numbers of trees per diameter class in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands treated with single-tree selection and in 45-year-old second-growth stands treated with selection-like cuttings. We analyzed data from New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin to determine changes through time in number of trees across 2.5 cm diameter classes, shifts in the shape and scale of the three-parameter Weibull function used to describe the diameter distributions, and dynamics of associated stand attributes. Findings showed that single-tree selection cutting created and sustained stable diameter distributions and uniformity of conditions through consecutive entries in uneven-aged stands. By contrast, these characteristics varied through time in the second-growth stands that had been treated with selection-like cuttings. Analysis also showed that the Weibull shape and scale parameters for stands under selection system migrated towards those of the recommended target diameter distribution in the uneven-aged stands. These parameters diverged from the target with repeated use of selection-like cuttings in the second-growth even-aged stands.
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Baumgartner, Renaud. "Vers une gestion intégrée des pâturages boisés – carte de visite du paysage jurassien | Towards an integrated management of the wooded pastures – typical of the Jura landscape." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0081.
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The wooded pastures arose from the colonisation of the valleys and high plateaux of the Jurassic Arc. They are the product of a mixed exploitation combining agricultural and silvicultural elements, and are dependent for their conservation on a form of management where a balance between cattle grazing and wood cutting is maintained. The abandon of farmland and fewer cattle at pasture in summer, the small returns from logging and the introduction of grants based on surface area of agriculturally used land (SAU) have together completely disturbed this balance. The necessity of an integrated management system which takes into account the interests of agriculture, silviculture, nature, landscape and leisure activities has led to the creation of interdisciplinary commissions on wooded pastures of the Bernese Jura and the Jurassic Arc. An Interreg IIIA project France-Switzerland has enabled the creation of a model integrated management plan. Due to the lack of funds from the Federal Office of Agriculture, the cantonal services promote the development of integrated management plans.
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Hartley, Damon S., and Han-Sup Han. "Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Treatments on Cable Harvesting Productivity and Cost in Western Washington." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.3.204.
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Abstract Increasingly, alternative silvicultural methods have been considered to meet the demand for nontimber values such as visual quality and biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest. The successful implementation of these alternative silviculture treatments requires careful consideration of economics and operational efficiencies in timber harvesting. This study used detailed time study and shift-level data to assess the effect of alternative silvicultural treatments on the production and cost of cable harvesting in western Washington. Four silvicultural treatments were examined: clearcut, two-age, patch cut and thin, and group selection. Silvicultural treatments greatly affected the production and cost of timber harvesting, especially in felling and yarding processes. The average yarding cycle time (3.74 minutes/cycle) in the clearcut unit was shorter than those in other partial cutting treatment units because there were no residual trees to work around and higher harvest volumes per acre, compared with the partial cut units. The average tree size greatly affected yarding cost: the clearcut unit had the second-highest yarding cost ($52.38/thousand board feet [mbf]) because of the smallest piece size (69.6 board feet/piece). Stump-to-truck cost for this study ranged from $70.49/mbf for the patch cut and thin to $120.19/mbf for the group selection. Carriage types and yarding direction also had an impact on yarding productivity.
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Ma, Y., Y. Geng, Y. Huang, Y. Shi, P. A. Niklaus, B. Schmid, and J. S. He. "Effect of clear-cutting silviculture on soil respiration in a subtropical forest of China." Journal of Plant Ecology 6, no. 5 (September 20, 2013): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtt038.
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Maleki, Kobra, Freddy Nguema Allogo, and Benoit Lafleur. "Natural Regeneration Following Partial and Clear-Cut Harvesting in Mature Aspen-Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada." Forests 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070741.
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Over the last three decades, the ecological basis for the generalized use of even-aged silviculture in boreal forests has been increasingly challenged. In boreal mixed-wood landscapes, the diminishing proportion of conifers, to the benefit of intolerant hardwoods, has been a primary concern, coupled with the general rarefication of old-growth conifer-dominated stands. In this context, partial cutting, extended rotations and forest renewal techniques that eliminate or reduce regenerating hardwoods have been proposed as means of regaining greater conifer cover. As a result, experimentation and industrial application of various forms of both variable retention and partial harvesting are occurring across the commercial Canadian boreal forest. In this study, we compared the effects of two harvesting intensities, clearcutting and low-intensity partial cutting (removal of 25–31% of tree basal area), on hardwood and conifer regeneration levels 7–19 years following treatments in aspen (Populus tremuloides)-dominated stands and verified whether regeneration differences existed between micro-sites on and off machinery trails. The abundance of aspen regeneration increased with percent basal area removal and was positively correlated to the abundance of mature aspen prior to harvesting. The abundance of fir (Abies balsamea) regeneration after partial cutting was similar to controls and higher than after clear-cutting and was positively correlated with ground cover of mixed litter (i.e., mixture of needles and leaves) and negatively correlated with ground cover of broadleaf litter. These results suggest that it is possible in boreal mixed-woods to control aspen abundance and promote or maintain conifer regeneration through silvicultural treatments that limit canopy opening and promote mixed forest floor litter.
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Szmyt, Janusz, Władysław Barzdajn, Wojciech Kowalkowski, and Robert Korzeniewicz. "Moderate Diversity in Forest Structure and Its Low Dynamics Are Favored by Uneven-Aged Silviculture—The Lesson from Medium-Term Experiment." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010057.
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For several decades, there has been growing interest in highly diversified forests as a result of their management using the so-called uneven-aged silviculture. Such management and forests resulting from its application fulfil the purpose of forest ecosystem protection without significant limitation of the other forest functions and services. The usefulness of such silvicultural system depends largely on the species composition of the stand. In Poland, this system has been used primarily in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)-dominated forests with an admixture of other shade-tolerant tree species and rather small admixture of light-demanding species. In our study, we analyzed the structure of fir-dominated uneven-aged forest consisting of a certain mix of eight tree species with different light-requirements, in which uneven-aged silviculture was performed for over two decades. The analysis of stand structure concerned three aspects of the forest structure: species diversity, spatial pattern of tree distribution, and tree size diversity. On the basis of three stand inventories, we captured the mid-term dynamics of the stand structure under moderate human pressure conditions. The results showed that the stand was characterized by high growing stock, with stable growth over the entire period. The silver fir was the dominant tree species, but the Scots pine and pedunculate oak also played an important role. However, the silver fir was abundant in the ingrowth class, whereas the pine and oak were absent or very rare in this stand strata. Noteworthy is the increasing importance of the European hornbeam, which is particularly evident in the ingrowth class; its abundance was twice that of the silver fir. The results clearly demonstrated that within 24 years, the share of light-demanding tree species in the forest clearly decreased, while that of shade-tolerant species clearly increased. Structural parameters showed a moderate tree-size diversity, despite the high species richness of the forest. This was mainly the result of selection cuttings, which clearly decreased tree-size variability after the second period of study. However, selection cuttings did not favor regeneration establishment, especially that of light-demanding tree species, whose role in the stand is assumed to be only minor in the future. The relatively high level of volume growth indicated that cutting intensity may be increased. More intense selection cuttings would also improve the stand structure by providing better light conditions for potential regeneration of different tree species, also light-adapted ones.
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Haeussler, Sybille, Yves Bergeron, Suzanne Brais, and Brian D. Harvey. "Natural dynamics-based silviculture for maintaining plant biodiversity in Populus tremuloides-dominated boreal forests of eastern CanadaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 12 (December 2007): 1158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-108.
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Southern boreal forests dominated by trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) are notable for the biological richness of their plant communities. We used 12 plant community and plant functional group indicators to test the hypothesis that natural dynamics-based silvicultural systems better maintain biodiversity in aspen plant communities than conventional clear-cutting. Using CA ordination, box-and-whisker diagrams, and ANOVA, we compared the range of variability of our 12 bioindicators among five experimental stand types of the sylviculture et aménagement forestier écosystémiques (SAFE) project: mature (78 years) uncut; mature 1/3 partial-cut; mature 2/3 partial-cut; young (3 years) unburned clear-cut; young burned clear-cut; and three closely matched aspen stand types of northwest Quebec and northeast Ontario: old (105 years) uncut; young unburned clear-cut; young wildfire. Burned clearcuts partially emulated wildfires by reducing tall shrub abundance and regenerating post-fire specialists, but snags were lacking. The dual disturbance also retarded aspen regrowth and caused a 7-fold increase in non-native plants. Partial-cuts retained most attributes of mature uncut stands, but after 3 years showed little evidence of accelerating development of old stand characteristics. We concluded that SAFE natural dynamics-based silviculture better recreated the range of variability of naturally disturbed aspen plant communities than conventional clear-cutting. Improvements, including alternative burn prescriptions and snag or green tree retention in clearcuts, are nontheless warranted.
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Bogdanowicz, Monika, Anna Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska, Anna Świercz, and Marcin Kiedrzyński. "The dynamics of stiff clubmoss Lycopodium annotinum L. patches in clumps of trees left on the clear-cutting in pine forest Leucobryo-Pinetum." Folia Forestalia Polonica 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0002.
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Abstract Clumps of trees left on the clear-cuttings have an important role in protecting populations of endangered plant species against destruction during silviculture activities. The aim of this study is to describe the changes in the area of the Lycopodium annotinum patches. The area of L. annotinum patch in clump of trees, have been significantly reduced during 5 years after clear-cut. In the first year of the observations, the studied population occupied an area of 69.8 m2 whereas in 2012, it was only 37.5 m2. Most of the shoots were withered away on the south side of the clump. The probable reason was too strong insolation. Shoots that survived were located in the north part of the clump – shielded by young trees and shrubs layer. At this time, the control patch of L. annotinum located inside the forest increased its area. Before the clear-cuttings, the annual growth of vertical shoots of clubmoss was higher in the patch located in future tree clump. After the clear-cutting, growth of shoots in this patch was shorter than in patch located all the time inside the forests. The most effective growth was observed in the third studied patch located in the clear-cutting border. The explanation for this phenomenon could be the higher humidity of habitat on this site. Clumps of trees left after the clear-cutting contribute to the protection of endangered populations, but do not eliminate the significant microhabitat changes. The clubmoss patches located in moist habitats are more likely to survive even if they are partially exposed to the sunlight.
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Williams, J. "Planning and executing a commercial stand improvement experiment in pine mixedwoods." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70382-4.
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This paper describes the background, objectives, and establishment of an operational scale experiment in commercial stand improvement cutting in two storied pine mixedwoods. Details of the planning process are described including pre-study inventory, sampling, and treatment planning. Techniques of treatment and damage assessment are described along with observations of immediate results. The experiment was established in 1971 and 20 year results are now available elsewhere. Key words: Silviculture, white pine, pine mixedwood, commercial stand improvement, logging damage, stand tending
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Lundmark, Hanna, Torbjörn Josefsson, and Lars Östlund. "The history of clear-cutting in northern Sweden – Driving forces and myths in boreal silviculture." Forest Ecology and Management 307 (November 2013): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.003.
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Bédard, Steve, and Zoran Majcen. "Growth following single-tree selection cutting in Québec northern hardwoods." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79898-5.
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Eight experimental blocks were established in the southern part of Québec to determine the growth response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) dominated stands after single tree selection cutting. Each block contained eight control plots (no cut) and eight cut plots. The intensity of removal varied between 21% and 32% and residual basal area was between 18.2 and 21 m2/ha. Ten year net annual basal area growth rates in cut plots (0.35 ± 0.04 m2/ha) were significantly higher (p = 0.0022) than in control plots (0.14 ± 0.06 m2/ha). The treatment particularly favoured diameter growth of stems between 10 and 30 cm in dbh, whose crowns were released by removing neighbouring trees. These results show that if the same net growth rate is maintained in the next decade most of the cut plots will reach their pre-cut basal area in about 20 years after cutting. Key words: northern hardwoods, selection cutting, uneven aged silviculture, basal area growth, diameter growth
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Harvey, B. D., and S. Brais. "Partial cutting as an analogue to stem exclusion and dieback in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) dominated boreal mixedwoods: implications for deadwood dynamicsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum IUFRO 1.05 Uneven-Aged Silvicultural Research Group Conference on Natural Disturbance-Based Silviculture: Managing for Complexity." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 9 (September 2007): 1525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-090.
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In the winter of 1998–1999, two partial harvesting treatments that removed 33% (1/3) and 61% (2/3) of stand basal area were applied to even-aged trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands and compared with unharvested control stands. Stands in the 1/3 treatment were low thinned, while stands in the 2/3 removal were crown thinned. Coarse woody debris dynamics were assessed during the following 6 years by means of permanent sampling plots and downed wood inventories. Between 1999 and 2004, tree mortality was, respectively, 18%, 17%, and 32% in control stands and 1/3 and 2/3 harvesting treatments. Although total snag density was similar between controls and partial cutting treatments, total snag basal area was significantly higher in controls in 2004. Between 1999 and 2004, net change in aspen snag density was positive for controls and negative for both partial cutting treatments. Partial cutting also exacerbated mortality of small-diameter white birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.). Downed wood volume increased by 35 m3·ha–1 in controls and by 25 m3·ha–1 in the 2/3 harvesting treatment, while it decreased by 7 m3·ha–1 in the 1/3 harvesting treatment. Coarse woody debris goals can be established in silviculture prescriptions; type, timing, and intensity of partial cutting are crucial to the outcome.
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Larouche, Catherine, Jean-Claude Ruel, and Jean-Martin Lussier. "Factors affecting northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) seedling establishment and early growth in mixedwood stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 3 (March 2011): 568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-233.
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Regeneration of northern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) is often deficient after harvesting in mixedwood stands growing on mesic sites even where browsing pressure is low. We compared the effectiveness of silviculture treatments on early regeneration of white-cedar after single-tree selection cutting (25% of basal area removed), shelterwood seed cut (50% of basal area removed), and group selection cutting (gaps of 625 m2) in three yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) – softwood uneven-aged stands in Quebec, Canada. Three years after harvesting, the combination of factors that maximized abundance of white-cedar seedlings was single-tree selection cutting with artificial seeding on exposed mineral seedbeds (68.8% of plots with the presence of white-cedar). Early growth of planted white-cedar seedlings (40 cm tall) and biomass production were proportional to light availability, i.e., best under group selection cutting (mean height increment = 14.8 cm/year, mean root collar diameter increment = 3.0 mm/year). Browsing pressure has regional impacts depending on herbivore occupancy of the area. Our study was conducted near the northern limit of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman, 1780)), and deer were locally absent, while snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) did not have a consistent effect on seedling abundance and early survival, limiting height growth only during the first year following planting.
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Sendak, Paul E., John C. Brissette, and Robert M. Frank. "Silviculture affects composition, growth, and yield in mixed northern conifers: 40-year results from the Penobscot Experimental Forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-140.
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This long-term experiment in Maine, U.S.A., was designed to provide information on the best silvicultural practices for managing stands of mixed northern conifers in northeastern U.S.A. We evaluated growth and yield and changes in species composition, quality, and structure during the first 40 years of the experiment. Replicated treatments include the selection system, uniform shelterwood, unregulated harvesting, and diameter-limit cutting. The new cohort established under three-stage shelterwood was subsequently left untreated or precommercially thinned. Between-treatment differences in net volume growth were not significant (α = 0.10), though gross volume growth differed significantly for managed vs. unmanaged, selection vs. shelterwood, and shelterwood vs. diameter-limit treatments. A three-stage shelterwood method with precommercial thinning 10 years following final overstory removal resulted in good control of hardwoods and hemlock and a dramatic increase in spruce and fir. The selection system on a 5-year cutting cycle resulted in increased hemlock, spruce, and fir, with a decrease in hardwood species. If the primary goal were production, even-aged management would most likely be preferred. We recommend a two-stage shelterwood method as applied in this experiment with some modification to improve species composition and stand quality. Stand quality (proportion of stand volume in cull trees) and species composition was influenced by treatment.
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Da Cunha, Ulisses Silva, Sebastião Do Amaral Machado, Afonso Figueiredo Filho, and Joberto Veloso De Freitas. "DIAMETER STRUCTURE AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL FREQUENCY OF A “TERRA FIRME” AMAZON FOREST, BEFORE AND AFTER SELECTIVE CUTTING." FLORESTA 42, no. 2 (May 14, 2012): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v42i2.21463.
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This article aims to characterize horizontal and diameter structure of a managed forest using graphic expression techniques. Data for this research is result of complete forest inventory (census) carried out from a block of 800 hectares, before and after selective cutting, inside Tapajós National Forest, located in the Municipality of Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil. The analysis revealed that, in relation to horizontal structure, intense cutting resulted in changes of different levels mainly to phytosociological frequency of some species, such as, Manilkara huberi, Carapa guianensis and Tabebuia serratifolia. The diameter structure of some species, such as Sextonia rubra and Dipteryx odorata, revealed changes after selective cutting under technically acceptable rates, because the stock levels of some diameter classes surpassed the limits of balance observed for polycyclic systems with silviculture based on natural regeneration. The inclusion of graphics in the harvest operating plan for the 10 most important species listed in forest management, that is, before and after selective cutting, would lead to the desirable structure maintenance.Keywords: Diameter distribution; cutting cycle; forest management; Amazonian forest; graphic techniques. ResumoEstrutura diamétrica e frequência fitossociológica de uma Floresta de Terra Firme da Amazônia brasileira antes e depois do corte seletivo. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi caracterizar a estrutura horizontal e diamétrica de uma floresta manejada usando técnicas de expressão gráfica. Os dados provieram de um inventário florestal sob completa enumeração (censo) efetuado em um bloco de 800 hectares, antes e depois de um corte seletivo dentro da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, localizada no município de Belterra, Pará. As análises mostraram que a intensidade de corte utilizada promoveu diferentes níveis de alteração na estrutura horizontal, com mudanças mais significantes nas taxas de frequência fitossociológica de algumas espécies, tais como Manilkara huberi, Carapa guianensis e Tabebuia serratifolia. A estrutura diamétrica de algumas espécies, tais como Sextonia rubra e Dipterix odorata, apresentou alterações após o corte seletivo acima de taxas tecnicamente aceitáveis, porque o nível de estoque de algumas classes de diâmetro ultrapassou limites de balanço observado para sistemas policíclicos com silvicultura baseada na regeneração natural. A inclusão de gráficos no plano de operação de colheita para as 10 espécies mais importantes listadas no manejo, isto é, antes e depois do corte seletivo, induziria à estrutura desejada a ser mantida.Palavras-chave: Distribuição de diâmetro; ciclo de corte; manejo florestal; Floresta Amazônica; técnicas gráficas.
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Masaki, Takashi, Michio Oguro, Naoko Yamashita, Tatsuya Otani, and Hajime Utsugi. "Reforestation following harvesting of conifer plantations in Japan: Current issues from silvicultural and ecological perspectives." REFORESTA, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.3.11.35.
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Following the Second World War, the number of Cupressaceae plantations in Japan increased, in accordance with government policy for the restoration of timber resources and conservation of soil and water. Currently, these even-aged plantations occupy approximately 44% of the forested area and 24% of the national land area of Japan. Although many of these plantations have become available as timber resources, there are several silviculture-related problems associated with reforestation following clear-cutting of these plantations. The abundant annual precipitation in Japan allows for dominance by competitive vegetation, which makes natural regeneration difficult and increases the cost of silvicultural operations during and after the planting of seedlings. Because the number of seedling producers has decreased, there has been little incentive to keep seedling production techniques up to date. Additionally, damage to planted seedlings by the overabundant sika deer (Cervus nippon) population has increased dramatically in the last dozen years or so. To determine how to overcome these difficulties, various studies are underway in Japan. For example, seedling studies have examined the relationship between seedling size and competitive ability with other species in reforested areas, and have led to the development of lower-cost systems to produce customized Cupressaceae seedlings, as well as measures to minimize transplanting damage to seedlings. Previous studies have shown that no-weeding operations might lower the risk of sika deer browsing seedlings, although this silvicultural countermeasure may potentially reduce seedling growth. Studies have also examined the types of physical protection against sika deer browsing that are most efficient. We must combine these findings into a unified silvicultural system for successful restoration via lower-cost plantations.
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Fortin, Mathieu, Jean Bégin, and Louis Bélanger. "Les coupes partielles : une alternative à la coupe à blanc dans les peuplements mixtes de sapin baumier et d'épinette rouge en termes de rendement." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79948-5.
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A non-linear model is proposed to describe the growth evolution in mixedwood stands composed of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) following a diameter-limit cutting. All softwood stems having a stump diameter equal to or greater than 18 cm were removed during this cutting. The model approach considers the entire stand where the volumes of the two main species, balsam fir and red spruce, were individually modeled. The model was also calibrated for two forest sites identified using Heimburger (1941) forest sites plant index: Cornus and Oxalis-Cornus. On average, the rotation periods suggested by the model range from 25 to 30 years with yields of 4.0 m3ha–1 ear–1 of merchantable volume. In the Cornus forest site, the diameter-limit cutting enables maximization of the yield while maintaining red spruce dominance. In the Oxalis-Cornus forest site, the volume removal has been too important and residual stands were under optimal growth conditions. Furthermore, the cutting has favoured balsam fir instead of red spruce. A reduction of volume removal and an integral protection of red spruce stems having a diameter less than 35 cm at breast height would enable maximization of the yield and maintain the species proportions. Under the Quebec forest context, the selection method would constitute an adequate operation in stand management of forest sites corresponding to Oxalis-Cornus, while cutting with retention of small merchantable stems would be applicable to stands corresponding to the Cornus site. Key words: red spruce, balsam fir, mixedwood stands, productivity, modelling, partial cutting, yield, composition, silviculture
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Sedmáková, Denisa, Milan Saniga, Ján Pittner, Jaroslav Vencurik, and Robert Sedmák. "Interaction between stem damage, crown vitality and growth performance of European yew in Central–East Europe." Geochronometria 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geochr-2020-0029.
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Abstract As long-lived, slow-growing tree species, European yew (Taxus baccata L.) has considerable potential for dendrochronological use. The increasing probability of decline and the worsening of yew health status endanger the species diversity of temperate forests. In 2015–2017, we sampled adult yew populations with scattered occurrence in limestone beech forests (Fagetum dealpinum), in which yew trees exhibit the top growth performance. Altogether, 150 trees were sampled (294 cores) at four localities. By using the general linear model, we investigated the interactions between stem and crown status, sex and growth performance of yew trees. Based on the previous results and innovative measures of competition and canopy closure, we explored the promotion of silviculture care for female over the male trees and formulated exact release cutting rules. The results demonstrate divergent growth trends between male and female trees and the pronounced negative effects of crown and stem damage on growth performance of European yew. Expected decreases in radial growth of damaged female trees in comparison with male ones is less confirmed. Despite this, making silvicultural treatments for females as a priority is recommendable. Our findings can improve the effectiveness of forest management and restoration activities in European temperate forests, where yew adults are threatened by the higher degree of shading and herbivory pressure.
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Munsell, John F., René H. Germain, Valerie A. Luzadis, and Eddie Bevilacqua. "Owner Intentions, Previous Harvests, and Future Timber Yield on Fifty Working Nonindustrial Private Forestlands in New York State." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/26.2.45.
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Abstract Harvesting on nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) has increased dramatically in recent years, and projections suggest the trend will continue. Working NIPFs in New York State are not immune to this pressure. Managing these stands to supply a sustained yield of high-quality sawtimber into the future is necessary if working NIPFs are to avoid significant timber stock depletion. In large part, this outcome depends on the intentions of owners and productive potential of their stands. Combining these aspects helps assess whether and how sustained-yield management can be achieved. To demonstrate, we present a case study that used <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2-2264">Ajzen's (2005)</xref> theory of planned behavior to explain sustained-yield management intentions and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8-2264">Fajvan et al.'s (1998)</xref> silviculture classification chart to describe potential yield on 50 recently harvested NIPFs in New York. Predictors of an owner's intention were modeled, and intentions and silviculture classifications were cross-tabulated. Nearly all owners plan to manage for a sustained yield of sawtimber, but previous cutting will force most to regenerate or convert to uneven-age management to achieve this goal.
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Brockway, Dale G., Edward F. Loewenstein, and Kenneth W. Outcalt. "Proportional basal area method for implementing selection silviculture systems in longleaf pine forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 8 (August 2014): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0510.
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Proportional basal area (Pro-B) was developed as an accurate, easy-to-use method for making uneven-aged silviculture a practical management option. Following less than 3 h of training, forest staff from a range of professional backgrounds used Pro-B in an operational-scale field study to apply single-tree selection and group selection systems in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands. Field crews achieved precision levels often within 3%–5% of the 11.5 m2·ha−1 target residual basal area. By aggregating many diameter classes into only three diameter-class groups, Pro-B improves efficiency by requiring tree markers to remember only three fractions, while making a single pass through the stand. Trees of large size, specific species and with good form, broad crowns and cavities can be retained, while adjusting spacing to release residuals. Systematic quantification of marking trees for removal enables different individuals to obtain similar results. Early observations revealed encouraging levels of pine regeneration and stand development, along with continuing good volume growth rates of 3% per year. Although less certain until one or more cutting cycles are completed, these early tests indicate that a stable mature forest structure should develop, which is characterized by the presence of large trees and natural regeneration.
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Zwickel, Fred C., and James F. Bendell. "Blue Grouse—Effects on, and Influences of, a Changing Forest." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61185-2.
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Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) may increase spectacularly in lowland Pacific coast forest that has been logged by clear-cutting. Locally, they may be used heavily by hunters, and more subtly, by nonconsumptive recreationsists. They can be sufficiently abundant to affect the survival of young conifers, the distribution of seeds and, perhaps, nutrient cycling. Blue grouse can represent a major component of the faunal biomass on a given area.Local populations of blue grouse change mainly as a result of forest management practices on lowland breeding ranges. Logging at higher elevations probably will not produce grouse in equivalent densities, and the implications of increased logging on winter range (at even higher elevations) are unknown.Current logging and silvicultural practices have both positive and negative effects on blue grouse. Newly logged lowlands are colonized rapidly by "surplus" grouse from nearby, established populations. They may persist in variable, but unpredictable, densities until forest canopy approaches 75% coverage. Populations decline due to non replacement of adults that die. Although clear-cutting often results in short-term, and occasionally large, increases in numbers, these persist for only about 25% or less of a planned rotation period. The productive period for occupancy by grouse may be shortened by early planting, planting everywhere, fertilization with urea, and by large, even-aged plantations. The productive period may be extended by delayed planting, a wider spacing within plantations, not planting sites of low timber productivity and, perhaps, by intensive thinning throughout the forest rotation, or cutting in small patches.An important key to continuous maintenance of breeding populations of blue grouse appears to be the presence of a well-developed and diverse understory. Alternatives to present clear-cutting practices that would leave a more open tree canopy would probably provide continuous production of grouse and many other species, albeit at a lower density than sometimes results from present programs. Experimental forests that can be manipulated in conjunction with long-term studies of the effects of these manipulations on wildlife are needed if we are to integrate forest - wildlife management practices fully. Keywords: blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus, populations, clear-cut logging, silviculture, forest succession.
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Kelty, Matthew J., and Petya K. Entcheva. "Response of Suppressed White Pine Saplings to Release During Shelterwood Cutting." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/10.4.166.
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Abstract The need for herbicide control of hardwood understories is widely recognized for successful regeneration of white pine, because of the slow height growth of pine seedlings; however, it is often not carried out in the low-investment silviculture frequently practiced in New England. This study examined the ability of suppressed white pine saplings to respond to release following a shelterwood establishment cut where no hardwood control was done. Measurements of regeneration were made 11 yr after cutting in a mature pine-oak stand on a till soil in central Massachusetts. Pine seedlings established after the cut were surpassed in height by hardwood seedling and sprout growth. Older suppressed pine saplings which predated the establishment cut (10 to 38 yr old at the time of the cut, with mean heights of 0.4 to 2.0 m) quickly responded to release and grew to mean heights of 3.8 to 5.1 m 11 yr after cutting; these were within 1.5 m of the height of the tallest hardwoods. Retention of older pine saplings during shelterwood establishment cutting may provide a way of maintaining a white pine component in newly regenerated stands, particularly where herbicide control of hardwood competition is not planned. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):166-169.
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Della-Bianca, Lino, and Donald E. Beck. "Selection Management in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.3.191.
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Abstract A woodland tract of southern Appalachian cove hardwoods and mixed oak has been managed under the selection system of silviculture since 1946. Simply cutting in all commercial diameter classes (i.e., 6.0 inches and larger), as was the practice during the first 24 years, failed to develop enough desirable saplings and poles to maintain the system. After 1970, herbicide treatment of undesirable, tolerant understory species in openings created by removal of large trees or groups of trees has improved the status of desirable saplings. Although long-term costs of management and yields are uncertain, the study suggests that creation of larger openings and treatment of undesirable understory species offers at least a chance for success with the selection system in southern Appalachian hardwoods.
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Lõhmus, Asko. "Silviculture as a disturbance regime: the effects of clear-cutting, planting and thinning on polypore communities in mixed forests." Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 2011): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-011-0256-7.
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Block, R. M. A., J. D. Knight, N. W. H. Booth, and K. C. J. Van Rees. "Nursery stock type, nitrogen fertilization and shoot pruning effects on the growth of juvenile hybrid poplar in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08092.
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Increased demand for wood from the forest-products and bio-energy industries in Canada has generated interest in large-scale hybrid poplar production for the prairie-boreal transition region. Because of the harsh climate and short growing season, this region of Canada poses significant challenges for establishment and production of hybrid poplar plantations and currently little silviculture information specific to this region is available. Trials were established at two sites with different prior land use histories: a former alfalfa field and a mixed-grass pasture. Cutting (Ct), rooted cutting (RCt) and rooted plug (RPg) nursery stock of hybrid poplar [P. deltoides × (P. laurifolia × P. nigra) var. Walker] were established with two fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha-1) and pruned and unpruned treatments. Despite the alfalfa site having higher amounts of available N than the pasture site and tree growth being superior at the alfalfa site, foliar N concentrations indicated an N deficiency at the alfalfa site in 2003. The difference in growth between sites was attributed to a higher degree of weed competition at the pasture site. Survival of saplings was affected by the nursery stocks. The presence of roots on the initial stock was key to early survival with approximately 92% of rooted stocks surviving over winter the first year of planting, and only 41% of unrooted cuttings surviving the same period. The short growing seasons (115 to 127 frost-free days) provided enough time for RCt to recover from pruning and produce stem volumes larger than unpruned trees. For reasons unknown, RPg did not fully recover from pruning and stem volumes in 2003 and 2004 were lower than unpruned trees. Although expectations of rates of growth of hybrid poplar are lower in the prairie-boreal transition region of Canada compared with regions of North America with more moderate climates, establishment of plantations can be realized with aggressive weed control and selection of rooted stock materials. Key words: Cuttings, rooted cuttings, rooted plugs, cultural practices, Walker
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Aubry, Yves, André Desrochers, and Gilles Seutin. "Response of Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) to boreal silviculture and forest stand edges: a radio-tracking study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-011.
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Society and regulatory regimes require that biodiversity conservation, and especially the protection of threatened species, be integrated into land-use planning and management. Bicknell’s Thrush ( Catharus bicknelli (Ridgway, 1882)) is an at-risk species breeding in montane balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.) dominated areas of northeastern North America. We monitored 34 individual Bicknell’s Thrushes by radio telemetry in southern Quebec to examine the size, location, and habitat composition of their home ranges in areas where clear-cutting and precommercial thinning occurred. Home ranges of Bicknell’s Thrush comprised more dense balsam fir stands and fewer thinned stands than available. Within home ranges, thrushes were found more frequently in unthinned balsam fir stands than in thinned stands, and they did not avoid edges. In fact, they were found disproportionately near edges of recently thinned stands. We conclude that Bicknell’s Thrushes may coexist with forest management practices that maintain a landscape mosaic dominated by dense balsam fir patches interspersed with thinned stands.
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Rahman, MM, W. Parvin, N. Sultana, and SAM Tarek. "Conservation of bamboo species in a mini urban ecosystem of Bangladesh." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 3, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v3i2.36026.
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A bambusetum conserving all bamboo species of Bangladesh was established at Bangladesh Forest Research Institute campus, Chittagong. The Silviculture Genetics Division conducted the research study. The purpose of the study was to collect, centralize and conserved all bamboo species of Bangladesh in a setum. The planted propagules of various species include offsets, part-clump, branch cutting, seed and seedling and tissue culture plantlets. So far 33 species of bamboos have been collected from different parts of the country as well as introduced from China and Thailand. The total land area of the bambusetum is approximately 2.0 hectares. It is the only bamboo germplasm centre of the country, which includes all bamboo species. It serves as a bamboo information center for the scientists, academicians, students and visitors as well.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2017, 3(2): 35-42
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Soucy, Michel, Jean-Martin Lussier, and Luc Lavoie. "Long-term effects of thinning on growth and yield of an upland black spruce stand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 9 (September 2012): 1669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-107.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge of the long-term effects of silviculture treatments is crucial to forest management. The long-term effects of thinning, a common and widely used silviculture treatment, is little documented for upland black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) stands. We revisited a partial cutting experiment installed in 1961 in a 65-year-old unmanaged upland black spruce stand. The aim was to document the long-term effects of thinning on tree and stand growth and to complete previously published results of the first 15 years of response to thinning by determining its influence in terms of merchantable volume. Free thinning was applied following three intensities: 0%, 25%, and 50% of total basal area removal. The retrospective analysis of growth rings showed that the response over the first 15 years was less significant when determined in net merchantable volume instead of net total volume. Heavily thinned plots, nonetheless, showed a net stand merchantable volume increment 33% greater than that of the unthinned plots. In the longer term, a spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) outbreak affected the site; nevertheless, the heavily thinned plots maintained a superior tree growth rate and did not show senescence mortality like the other plots, allowing stand volume to catch up to that of the unthinned plots after 33 years. Results suggested that thinning upland black spruce stands may be useful in mitigating reductions in volume production associated with growing stands to longer rotations as called for by certain ecosystem-based management approaches.
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Maynard, Doug G., and Dan A. MacIsaac. "Soil nutrient and vegetation response to patch clear-cutting of an aspen forest near Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-027.
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Alternate silviculture systems, such as small patch clearcuts, may become important in the development of sustainable forest management strategies in aspen forests. A study was initiated in a 64-yr-old trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stand in Meadow Lake Provincial Park, Saskatchewan to determine changes in nutrient dynamics and secondary succession following patch clear-cutting. One hectare replicated patch cuts were logged in the winter of 1993–1994. There was no site preparation following harvest. Annual vegetation, regeneration and soil and plant nutrient data were collected annually, 1 yr prior to, and 3 yr following harvest. Aspen regeneration was 48 375 stems ha−1 2 yr after treatment. Stand (alpha) diversity of the understory was not affected by harvesting, although annual species turnover (beta diversity) increased slightly after harvest. There was an increase in aspen foliar nitrogen (N) for 2 yr following harvest. Soil nutrient concentrations did not differ between patch cut and unharvested plots except total potassium (18% lower in the LFH of the harvested treatments 3 yr after harvesting). Small patch cuts with the litter horizon kept intact may be appropriate for aspen-dominated stands in the boreal mixed wood to minimize ecological disturbance while maintaining aesthetics within a park setting. Key words: Ammonium, aspen regeneration, diversity, nitrate, plant community structure, soil productivity
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Nowakowska, Justyna Anna, Tadeusz Zachara, and Agata Konecka. "Genetic variability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) natural regeneration compared with their maternal stands." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0005.
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Abstract The genetic variability and biodiversity of tree populations ensure the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. New research tools based on molecular DNA markers enable precise characterisation of forest genetic resources, i.e. detection of different allele frequencies in mature trees and progeny populations. The paper describes the genetic structure of mature stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Oława Forest District and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in Jawor Forest District and stands of their respective progeny. In the Scots pine stand, there was a slight increase (0.6%) in heterozygosity level and a larger increase (4.9%) in the inbreeding coefficient of progeny trees. In the Norway spruce stand, despite a small reduction (0.9%) in heterozygosity, a similar increase (4.6%) in the inbreeding coefficient of progeny was revealed. In both stands, allele richness and the partition probability of basic clustering were high. Both pine and spruce adults and progeny trees were characterised by high levels of genetic similarity (96% and 79%, respectively). Gene flow between the mature and progeny populations was high (Nm > 1) for both Scots pine and Norway spruce. Conservation of the gene pool within forest tree stands requires an increase in the proportion of natural regeneration. To estimate the extent to which genes are transmitted between adult trees and their progeny, more studies are needed, especially taking into account the influence of silviculture measures, like selective tree cutting, on the genetic variability of the younger generation. These results confirm that the gene pool was conserved when transmitted between the stands studied, as well as highlight the usefulness of such a study for silvicultural purposes
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Rocha, Silma L., Harry C. Evans, Vanessa L. Jorge, Lucimar A. O. Cardoso, Fernanda S. T. Pereira, Fabiano B. Rocha, Robert W. Barreto, Adam G. Hart, and Simon L. Elliot. "Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 160628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160628.
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Interactions between leaf-cutting ants, their fungal symbiont ( Leucoagaricus ) and the endophytic fungi within the vegetation they carry into their colonies are still poorly understood. If endophytes antagonistic to Leucoagaricus were found in plant material being carried by these ants, then this might indicate a potential mechanism for plants to defend themselves from leaf-cutter attack. In addition, it could offer possibilities for the management of these important Neotropical pests. Here, we show that, for Atta sexdens rubropilosa , there was a significantly greater incidence of Trichoderma species in the vegetation removed from the nests—and deposited around the entrances—than in that being transported into the nests. In a no-choice test, Trichoderma- infested rice was taken into the nest, with deleterious effects on both the fungal gardens and ant survival. The endophytic ability of selected strains of Trichoderma was also confirmed, following their inoculation and subsequent reisolation from seedlings of eucalyptus. These results indicate that endophytic fungi which pose a threat to ant fungal gardens through their antagonistic traits, such as Trichoderma , have the potential to act as bodyguards of their plant hosts and thus might be employed in a Trojan-horse strategy to mitigate the negative impact of leaf-cutting ants in both agriculture and silviculture in the Neotropics. We posit that the ants would detect and evict such ‘malign’ endophytes—artificially inoculated into vulnerable crops—during the quality-control process within the nest, and, moreover, that the foraging ants may then be deterred from further harvesting of ‘ Trichoderma -enriched’ plants.
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Sharma, Ajay, Daniel K. Brethauer, Justin McKeithen, Kimberly K. Bohn, and Jason G. Vogel. "Prescribed Burn Effects on Natural Regeneration in Pine Flatwoods: Implications for Uneven-Aged Stand Conversion from a Florida Study." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030328.
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Uneven-aged silvicultural approaches are increasingly utilized as efficient management strategies for economic and ecological sustainability of forest resources, including in the southeastern United States where there is interest in converting intensively managed pine plantations to uneven-aged stands. However, success of stand conversion and perpetuation of an uneven-aged forest stand depends on obtaining adequate regeneration of the desired species and its ability to develop into merchantable size classes. In fire-maintained ecosystems, regeneration dynamics can be challenging for species such as slash pine that are not tolerant of fire in the seedling stage. In this study, we examined the survival of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englm.) regeneration (seedlings and saplings) following prescribed burns in (1) a harvest-created gap (0.4 ha; 70 m diameter) and (2) a mature stand with abundant advanced regeneration at two mesic-hydric flatwoods sites in northwest Florida, USA. We characterized the prescribed burns at the two sites and quantified survival of regeneration of different size classes (<1 m, 1–2 m, 2–3 m, >3 m) at 10 months after the burn. Within the gap, the greatest survival of regeneration was observed at the center (12.5% survival) in comparison to the other positions in the gap (1.92% to 7.14% survival), with all seedlings <3m height killed by the burn. In the stand with advance regeneration, survival ranged between 0% and 50% at different positions, with all regeneration smaller than 2 m killed by fire. Overall, we observed 6.36% and 23.2% survival in the harvest-created gap and the stand with advance regeneration, respectively. Despite these low percent survival values, post-burn slash pine regeneration (seedlings/saplings) density equaled 725 and 4800 per hectare, respectively. Our modeling projections suggest that this level of post-burn regeneration density may be adequate for stand conversion and sustainable uneven-aged silvicultural management of slash pine. These results suggest that seedling size is the preeminent control on slash pine survival after prescribed burn. However, long-term monitoring of stand dynamics following future prescribed burns and cutting cycle harvests will help confirm if slash pine can be sustainably managed using uneven-aged silviculture.
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Pamoengkas, Prijanto, and Ahmad Iyyannanda Fatir Assifa. "POTENSI PERMUDAAN SEMAI PADA HUTAN YANG DIKELOLA DENGAN SISTEM SILVIKULTUR TPTJ DI KALIMANTAN TENGAH Entitled Potential for Nature Seedling Regeneration in The Forest that Managed by Silviculture System of TPTJ in Central Kalimantan." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.9.2.127-133.
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Forest management activity wich applied selective cutting with line planting (TPTJ) caused disturbed on forest, especially due to the process of making the planting lines. Natural forest gives respond to disturbance by recovery of its vegetation. This research aimed to measure the potential seedlings by vegetation recovery process in logged over area and determine both of the diversity and evenness of communities. The result showed that the composition of the seedlings at the begining of a recovery in the cropping were not only pioneer, but also kinds of Dipterocarpaceae and non-Dipterocarpaceae. The entire lines is dominated by the pioneers types, such as: Macaranga gigantea, Ganua glaberrima, Aporosa apriniana and Polyalthia rumphii. The family with the most number of types found namely: Phyllanthaceae, Myrtaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. The value of diversity index all of community belongs to moderate ( 2 < H’ < 3) and value equity (e’) belongs to high. The entire community of between the lines have low IS value wich its IS < 50% that means tampering with the seedling in each line has a significant different due to the forest examined was divided into several blocks of high fells.Keywords : climax, diversity, equity, pioneer, selective cutting with line planting
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Saunders, Mike R., and Robert G. Wagner. "Long-term spatial and structural dynamics in Acadian mixedwood stands managed under various silvicultural systems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 3 (March 2008): 498–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-155.
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Using inventory data from a long-term silviculture experiment in east-central Maine, spatial models were developed to analyze 28 years (1974–2002) of stand structural dynamics. Differences in spatial pattern, species mingling, height differentiation, and relative stand complexity index (rSCI) were compared among five treatments: commercial clear-cutting, fixed diameter-limit, 5 year single-tree selection, three-stage shelterwood (both with and without precommercial thinning), and unharvested natural areas. Regardless of treatment, regeneration events (whether induced by natural breakup of the overstory or by harvesting) increased aggregation in spatial pattern and reduced species mingling, more so in the commercial clearcut and fixed diameter-limit treatments where hardwood densities were highest. Regular spatial patterns were rare. Height differentiation values for individual trees and stand-level mean rSCI were generally highest in untreated natural areas and 5 year selection treatments, intermediate in commercial clearcut and fixed diameter-limit treatments, and lowest in three-stage shelterwood treatments. After a brief adjustment period, precommercial thinning in a shelterwood treated stand generally increased species mingling, height differentiation, and rSCI. Two untreated natural areas exhibited divergent pathways of structural development. Dynamics in uneven-aged selection treatments more closely resembled that of the untreated natural areas than did the shelterwood, commercial clearcut, or fixed diameter-limit treatments.
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Uotila, Anneli, Juha-Pekka Hotanen, and Jari Kouki. "Succession of understory vegetation in managed and seminatural Scots pine forests in eastern Finland and Russian Karelia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1422–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-063.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to compare the understory vegetation in chronosequences representing seminatural and managed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests on dryish heaths of the Vaccinium type. The data represent the middle boreal vegetation zone and were collected in eastern Finland and the Dvina area of Karelia, on both sides of the border between Finland and the Russian Federation. Species diversity and the coverage of the various life-form groups (ground lichens, mosses, liverworts, grasses, herbs, dwarf shrubs, and tree seedlings) were used to analyse the properties of the ground vegetation over the succession from open forest land to closed forest communities. The clearest differences in diversity between the seminatural forests mainly influenced by fire and managed forests occurred in the early stages of succession. Forest management appeared to increase the species richness at the beginning of succession. The seminatural stands were rich in Cladonia lichens and dwarf shrubs up until tree canopy closure; however, the abundance of mosses was lower in the seminatural stands. Forest management favoured an abundance of grasses, notably Deschampsia flexuosa, which was common after clear-cutting. The use of prescribed burning in silviculture could result in more natural vegetation succession dynamics in managed stands.