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Books on the topic 'Similar signals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Mazur, Allan. Physiology of Face-to-Face Competition. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.24.

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Face-to-face competition for rank in human status hierarchies is similar to “dominance competition” in other primate species, particularly the African apes. Each individual has signs or signals showing that it has or ought to have high or low status. Group members may accept these signs at face value, or one individual may challenge another for high rank. Among apes and humans, such dominance contests are usually nonviolent, often taking the form of an exchange of stressful signals. Eventually, one contestant withdraws or concedes the higher rank, thus lowering the stress level. Serious compet

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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. The evolution and maintenance of Müllerian mimicry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0008.

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Müllerian mimicry arises when unpalatable or otherwise unprofitable species evolve a similar appearance. While Batesian mimicry is widely considered to have evolved in palatable prey as a consequence of selection to deceive predators into believing that they are unpalatable, Müllerian mimicry is believed to have arisen as a consequence of selection to spread the burden of predator education through the adoption of a shared warning signal. Müllerian mimics are therefore considered mutualists, collectively reinforcing the protective value of their shared warning signals. We begin by discussing s

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Hohmann, Andrea G. Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0033.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter, published by Calignano et al. in 1998, focuses on the control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. In the paper, analgesic lipid mediators are shown to be present in peripheral paw tissue where they control the ability of pain signals to ascend to the central nervous system (CNS). Anandamide acts through a peripheral mechanism to suppress inflammatory pain via cannabinoid type 1 receptors. Palmitoylethanolamine, subsequently identified as an endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α‎, produces peripheral antinocic

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Rothblatt, Sheldon. To Bumble or not to Bumble: The Design and Reshaping of Universities in Britain and America Since 1960. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807025.003.0009.

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This chapter reviews the books Reshaping the University, The Rise of the Regulated Market in Higher Education (2014), by David Palfreyman and Ted Tapper; Reengineering the University: How to be Mission Centered, Market Smart and Market Conscious (2016), by William F. Massy; and Designing the New American University (2015), by Michael M. Crow and William B. Dabars. All three texts are concerned with similar issues, but Reshaping the University analyses them within the history of policymaking in Britain, mainly England, since about 1960. The other two books establish ideal-type universities know

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Baloh, Robert W. Breuer Discovers How the Balance Portion of the Inner Ear Works. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0004.

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Josef Breuer presented his initial work on the inner ear to the Imperial Society of Physicians in 1873. His basic premise was that the semicircular canals sense angular movement of the head by movement of the fluid (endolymph) within them. The endolymph moves relative to the walls of the canals because of its inertia. In dissecting the semicircular canals of pigeons, he noted nerve endings contacting cells at the base of the ampulla and microscopic hairs extending from the top of the cells into a gelatinous bulb (the cupula). He hypothesized that movement of the endolymph fluid triggered by an

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Mills, Kenneth. Religion in the Atlantic World. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0025.

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Writing on the diffusion of artistic forms in a transoceanic context, the art historian George Kubler likened an important work of art to a lighthouse emitting ‘signals’, which might be transferred officially, but might also be carried by ‘unexpected bearers’ to be ‘relayed’ to diverse people, including unintended recipients. This article adapts Kubler's model of diffusion and transformation to the transatlantic afterlives of a broader set of European forms and ideas, particularly those relating to religion. It contends that episodes suggesting religious transformation across the Atlantic worl

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Satz, Helmut. The Rules of the Flock. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853398.001.0001.

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Flocks of birds, schools of fish and swarms of locusts display amazing forms of collective motion, while huge numbers of glow worms can emit light signals with almost unbelievable synchronization. These and many other collective phenomena in animal societies take place according to laws very similar to those governing the collective behavior in inanimate nature, such as the magnetization of iron and light radiation of lasers. During recent years, this has led to the study of swarm behavior as a challenging new field of science, in which ideas from the physical world are applied in order to und

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Kislev, Elyakim. Relationships 5.0. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197588253.001.0001.

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No longer confined to the sidelines, new interactive technologies like AI therapists, avatar friends, and robot assistants are ready to transform technology’s role from basic tools of convenience to intimate elements of our social and emotional lives. This turn towards human-like technology signals the beginning of a new epoch in human history, a change already facing both excitement and resistance. Blending science, sociology, history, and psychology, this book asks how recent technological developments cause humans to think differently about family lives, love affairs, and emotional needs. I

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Jameson, Leslie. Acute Loss of Intraoperative Evoked Potential Signals. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0069.

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Monitoring of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials has become the standard of care for a large proportion of spine surgeons. Understanding how anesthetic management may affect these evoked potentials is critical to optimizing the ability to detect impending spinal cord or peripheral nerve injury. Similarly, once a nerve injury is detected, knowledge of the various anesthetic and surgical maneuvers possible to avoid permanent injury is essential for the best patient outcomes. This chapter discusses the effects of various anesthetic agents on somatosensory and motor evoked potentials and po

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Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.

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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septi

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Botsford, Louis W., J. Wilson White, and Alan Hastings. Population Dynamics for Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758365.001.0001.

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This book is a quantitative exposition of our current understanding of the dynamics of plant and animal populations, with the goal that readers will be able to understand, and participate in the management of populations in the wild. The book uses mathematical models to establish the basic principles of population behaviour. It begins with a philosophical approach to mathematical models of populations. It then progresses from a description of models with a single variable, abundance, to models that describe changes in the abundance of individuals at each age, then similar models that describe

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Kröber, Hans-Ludwig. Mental illness versus mental disorder: Arguments and forensic implications. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0011.

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Modern psychiatry uses a theoretical concept of ‘disorder’: it describes various impaired functions without distinguishing pathological disorders from non-pathological disorders, or even from disorders similar to an illness. Of course, this usage eliminates neither illnesses nor the subjective experience of being ill, but it has implications for forensic psychiatry and for the assessment of a person’s legal responsibility. Having schizophrenic delusions constitutes a categorically different state from having only wishful illusions or a vivid imagination. In the context of medicine and psychiat

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13

Winston, Jessica. Legal Satire and the Legal Profession in the 1590s. Edited by Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.13.

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This chapter argues that, in the later sixteenth century, satires and negative comments about lawyers offered a means to shape professional decorum. A signal example is John Davies’s Epigrammes (c.1592–5; pub. c.1598–9), which negatively depict lawyers, Inns-of-Court men, and their social milieu. Yet the Epigrammes differ from contemporary legal satire by presenting, in the speaker of the series, a positive ethos for legal men. In developing these points, this chapter argues for one relationship between the legal and literary cultures of the Inns of Court and rereads Davies’s Epigrammes to sho

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Brogaard, Berit. Synesthetic Binding and the Reactivation Model of Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0007.

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Despite the recent surge in research on, and interest in, synesthesia, the mechanism underlying this condition is still unknown. Feedforward mechanisms involving overlapping receptive fields of sensory neurons as well as feedback mechanisms involving a lack of signal disinhibition have been proposed. Here I show that a broad range of studies of developmental synesthesia indicate that the mechanism underlying the phenomenon may in some cases involve the reinstatement of brain activity in sensory or cognitive streams in a way that is similar to what happens during memory retrieval of semanticall

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Lekander, Mats. The Inflamed Feeling. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863441.001.0001.

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What do wanting to stay in bed, feeling sick, and being afraid of strangers have in common? The answer is that these feelings can reflect a drive which evolved in our ancestors to combat the threat of infection to survival. Listening to the body’s message to the brain that you are sick allows you to save energy that can be used for recuperation and recovery. Urges of staying still, noticing pain, feeling sorry for yourself, and focusing inward are thus bodily messages that benefit the immune defense. Similarly, superficial signs of ill health in others, or even the prejudicial idea of a person

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Witzke, Serena S. ‘I knew I had a brother!’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789260.003.0019.

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This chapter first examines the direct structural, narrative, and textual engagement of Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest with New Comic playwright Plautus’ Menaechmi, and then suggests that viewing Wilde’s Earnest as an interpretation of Menaechmi offers a new lens for understanding the bad behaviour of the Plautine twins. Both plays are farces involving two brothers with hidden identities and behaving badly, and both depend upon the revelation of identity through the use of signa (verbal signs) or symboli (physical tokens) of recognition. Wilde’s interest in the consequences of stifled

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Koops, Egbert. Price Setting and Other Attempts to Control the Economy. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.45.

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Prices in the Roman economy were generally set by the operation of free market forces. Occasional government interventions in the form of price ceilings occurred in times of crisis, to stabilise volatile or politically important markets, or to signal moral policies. The mechanism of price formation was generally understood, but price shocks were expected to be curbed. In a similar vein, the valuation techniques developed by the Roman jurists were based on “true” prices rather than pure market prices. Even so, party autonomy in price setting was the norm. The grain market was guided to some ext

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Wunderlich, J., K. Olejník, L. P. Zârbo, V. P. Amin, J. Sinova, and T. Jungwirth. Spin-injection Hall effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the Spin-injection Hall effect (SiHE), another member of the spin-dependent Hall effects that is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect (AHE), the spin Hall effect (SHE), and the inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE). The microscopic origins responsible for the appearance of spin-dependent Hall effects are due to the spin-orbit (SO) coupling-related asymmetrical deflections of spin carriers. Depending on the relative strength of the SO coupling compared to the energy-level broadening of the quasi-particle states due to disorder scattering, scattering-related extrinsic me

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Higham, Philip A., Katarzyna Zawadzka, and Maciej Hanczakowski. Internal Mapping and Its Impact on Measures of Absolute and Relative Metacognitive Accuracy. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.15.

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Research in decision making and metacognition has long investigated the calibration of subjective probabilities. To assess calibration, mean ratings on a percentage scale (e.g., subjective likelihood of recalling an item) are typically compared directly to performance percentages (e.g., actual likelihood of recall). Means that are similar versus discrepant are believed to indicate good versus poor calibration, respectively. This chapter argues that this process is incomplete: it examines only the mapping between the overt scale values and objective performance (mapping 2), while ignoring the p

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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Types of Awards. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0003.

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Awards serve to honour and motivate performance that goes ‘beyond the call of duty’ and thus indicates extra-role behaviours. Recipients may be persons, organizations, or even cities. Awards establish a special relationship between the recipient and the donor. Confirmatory awards are given based on clearly defined and observable achievements. They are similar to bonus pay. In contrast, discretionary award givers enjoy leeway in deciding whom to honour. This type of award acknowledges laudable behaviour ex post and is not a reward individuals normally expect to receive. Discretionary awards all

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Dourish, Paul. Protocols, Packets, and Proximity. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039362.003.0008.

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This chapter analyzes the materialities of Internet protocols, focusing on the relationship between content and conduit, which involves both the compression and modulation of signals. Network protocols are shaped by material constraints. Similarly, the centrality of routing to the Internet can be understood materially in terms of the arrangement of network nodes, the cost of routing, the structure of networks, the size of routing tables, and the dynamics of connectivity. Critically, this materiality cuts across apparently different domains of concern—from the practice of network operations to

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Vété-Congolo, Hanétha. Caribbean French-African Creole and African Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0017.

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The Euro-enslavement enterprise in America expanded the European geography temporarily, and, more lastingly, its culturo-linguistic and philosophical influence. The deportation of millions of Africans within that enterprise similarly extended the African presence in this part of the world, especially in the Caribbean. Africans deported by the French Empire spoke languages of the West Atlantic Mande, Kwa, or Voltaic groups. They arrived in their new and final location with their languages. However, no African language wholly survived the ordeal of enslavement in the Caribbean. This signals lang

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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Breast cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001.

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Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and fo

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Devlin, R. K. Influenza. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400670053.

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This volume covers a common infectious disease that afflicts millions every year—the flu—but one that has the potential of being at the center of a new pandemic, similar to the one that killed millions during 1918. Influenza examines all aspects of this disease, including: • The influenza virus and how it leads to infection in humans. • The definition of epidemics and pandemics, and a description of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. • The clinical signs and symptoms of influenza, and how it impacts special populations, such as the elderly and HIV-infected patients • The treatment and prevention

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Mason, Laura. Thermidor and the Myth of Rupture. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.030.

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The defeat of Maximilien Robespierre on 9 Thermidor year II initiated a realignment of political forces within and beyond the National Convention, which is traditionally known as the Thermidorian Reaction (July 1794–October 1795). That moment did not, however, signal the fundamental rupture that the Thermidorians claimed. Although the National Convention repealed restrictive legislation and abandoned the promise of political and social democracy, it also sustained revolutionary government and the Montagnard commitment to strengthen the Convention by challenging extra-legislative competitors. S

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Dionisi-Vici, Carlo, Diego Martinelli, Enrico Bertini, and Claude Bachmann. HHH Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0020.

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Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle characterized by impaired transport of ornithine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. As seen in other urea cycle defects, in the acute phase the disease is characterized by intermittent episodes of hyperammonemia accompanied by vomiting, lethargy, and coma, with or without signs of acute liver failure. The disease course is characterized by a pyramidal tract dysfunction associated with myoclonic seizures and cerebellar symptoms. Most patients reaching adulthood manifest v

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Pavoni, Riccardo. The Myth of the Customary Nature of the United Nations Convention on State Immunity: Does the End Justify the Means? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0015.

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According to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the not-yet-in-force 2004 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (UNCSI) codifies the customary law of State immunity. This chapter challenges that unqualified view,which signals a superficial reading of the UNCSI process, background, and norms. A primary illustration is offered by Article 11 on the employment exception to State immunity which, taken as a whole, is simply not validated by uniform State practice. Nonetheless, the ECtHR has consistently relied on that UNCSI provision. The chapter does not l

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Garipzanov, Ildar. Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815013.001.0001.

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This book presents a cultural history of graphic signs such as the sign of the cross, christograms, monograms, and other graphic devices, examining how they were employed to relate to and interact with the supernatural world, and to represent and communicate secular and divine authority in the late antique Mediterranean and early medieval Europe. It analyses its graphic visual material with reference to specific historical contexts and to relevant late antique and early medieval texts as a complementary way of looking at the cultural, religious, and socio-political transition from the late Gra

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Nishime, Leilani. Aliens. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the visual exclusion of multiracial Asians. It also looks at television and film's overt use of multiracial tropes to signal utopic/dystopic futures. The science-fiction television series Battlestar Galactica follows the logic of post-race, wherein racial differences are acknowledged but then ignored. The show's narrative hinges upon the survival of a child, Hera, the bi-species and multiracial child of the cyborg Athena (Korean American actress Grace Park) and the human Helo (Euro-American actor Tahmoh Penikett). Hera's representation resonates with images of the multira

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Erlinge, David, and Göran Olivecrona. Diagnosis and management of non-STEMI coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0146.

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Acute coronary syndromes are classified as ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI) or unstable angina. Most patients with NSTEMI present with a history of chest pain that has subsided spontaneously before or soon after arrival at the emergency room, but with positive cardiac markers (usually troponin T or I) indicative of myocardial infarction. NSTEMI has a risk of recurrent myocardial infarction of 15–20% and a 15% chance of 1-year mortality. Patients with non-STE-acute coronary syndromes are at similar risk as a STEMI patient at 1 year. The strongest objective

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Haunton, Victoria, Aung Sett, Amit Mistri, and Martin Fotherby. Stroke. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0227.

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The World Health Organization defines stroke as ‘a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting greater than 24 hours (or leading to death) with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin’. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is defined as a rapid presentation of neurological deficit with complete recovery within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. However, the 24-hour cut-off is arbitrary, has no biological basis, and is of limited use clinically. A shorter duration is now regarded as more appropria

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Wortham, Robert H., and Joanna J. Bryson. Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0033.

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From a traditional engineering perspective, communication is about effecting control over a distance, and its primary concern is the reliability of transmission. This chapter reviews communication in nature, describing its evolution from the perspective of the selfish gene. Communication in nature is ubiquitous and generally honest, and arises as much from collaboration as manipulation. We show that context and relevance allow effective communication with little information transfer, particularly between organisms with similar capacities and goals. Human language differs fundamentally from the

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Suri, Ajay, and Jean R. McEwan. Anti-anginal agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0037.

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Angina is chest pain resulting from the lack of blood supply to heart muscle most commonly due to obstructive atherosclerotic. Intensive care unit patients are subject to various stresses that will increase the demand on the heart and are in a pro-thrombotic state. Patients in an intensive treatment unit may be sedated and so cardiac ischaemia may be detected by electrocardiogram, haemodynamic monitoring, and echocardiographic imaging of function. These signs may indicate critical coronary perfusion heralding a myocardial infarction and are alleviated by anti-anginal drugs. Beta-blockers and c

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Baerg, Nicole. Crafting Consensus. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499488.001.0001.

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In the early 2000s, the US monetary policy committee, as well as other central banks around the world, began using “forward guidance,” or changes in their statement language, to signal policy changes. Underlying this shift toward clearer communication was the idea that more comprehensible monetary policy would lead to better economic performance and lower inflation. The first three chapters of this book argue that, rather than being a lofty goal set by altruistically motivated policy makers, transparency depends on the configuration of committee members’ preferences. Monetary policy committees

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Miklitsch, Robert. I Died a Million Times. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043611.001.0001.

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The Age of Affluence. Ike and Mamie. The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit. In the United States, the 1950s have been memorialized as the Pax Americana. A similar stereotypical view has characterized the 1950s crime film. While the big-shot gangster dominated the headlines in the 1930s and the private eye graced the 1940s, both the gangster picture and film noir were declared DOA in the 1950s. There is, of course, another, less than perfect picture of the ’50s in which the tropes associated with the decade are rather darker. Commies. Aliens from outer space. The bomb. I Died a Million Times argues

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Arft, Justin. Arete and the Odyssey's Poetics of Interrogation. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847805.001.0001.

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Abstract Arete and the Odyssey’s Poetics of Interrogation explores how the enigmatic Phaeacian queen, Arete, is at the heart of an epic-scale “poetics of interrogation” used throughout the Odyssey to negotiate Odysseus’ kleos (epic renown). Arete’s interrogation of Odysseus has been especially problematic in scholarship, but diachronic and synchronic analysis of similar interrogations across Indo-European, Orphic, and Greek epigrammatic corpora shows that the “stranger’s interrogation” is a formula that demands performance and negotiation of status. Within the Odyssey, this interrogation is pa

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Lister, Matthew. Contract, Treaty, and Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922542.003.0015.

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It is a common charge that treaties, perhaps especially recent treaties relating to economic activity, provide unreasonable restrictions on the sovereignty of the state parties. When a tribunal judging a dispute on an economic treaty tells a state that it may no longer make decisions such as to accept or reject genetically modified foods, allow internet gambling, or produce generic drugs, the citizens of the state may rightfully think they have lost important aspects of sovereignty to bodies that do not have legitimate authority to govern. This, in turn, makes negotiating treaties, despite the

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O’Dwyer, Michael, and David Watson. Pathophysiology and management of thyroid disorders in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0263.

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Although overt thyroid disease as a primary admission diagnosis to an intensive care unit is uncommon, failure to recognize and adequately manage this condition can have fatal consequences. Hyperthyroidism is usually manifested by signs and symptoms of an exaggerated sympathomimetic response. In its most severe forms, a thyroid storm will necessitate a multimodal treatment. Although robust evidence is lacking, radiographic contrast dyes containing iodine are becoming popular as a first-line treatment. Hypothyroidism can similarly present as a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the elderly. Ma

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Wittman, Donald A. Ex Ante vs. Ex Post. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.40.

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Sometimes the sequence of events is important for establishing rights and obligations, and sometimes it is not. For example, if a nuisance was there before the neighbouring residences arrived, the nuisance is sometimes allowed to continue in the same location under the doctrine of coming to the nuisance. When and why should the doctrine be (or not be) upheld? While many concepts in law and economics do not explicitly have a time dimension, once we start thinking about ex ante versus ex post, a large number of seemingly unrelated areas of the law involve similar issues of sequence. When new reg

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Hare, Brian, and Vanessa Woods. Cognitive comparisons of genus Pan support bonobo self-domestication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0015.

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The self-domestication hypothesis (SDH) suggests bonobo psychology evolved due to selection against aggression and in favour of prosociality. This hypothesis was formulated based on similarities between bonobos and domesticated animals. This chapter reviews the first generation of quantitative research that supports the predictions of the SDH. Similar to domestic animals, bonobos are prosocial towards strangers, more flexible with cooperative problems, more responsive to social cues and show expanded windows of development relative to their closest relatives, chimpanzees. A preliminary compari

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Buchman, Tim, and Michael Sterling. Staffing models in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0002.

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Three decades ago a critical care provider surplus was forecast. Projections changed at the turn of the century when the Committee on Manpower of Pulmonary and Critical Care Societies (COMPACCS) report was issued. Demographers, statisticians, and clinicians used population, patient, hospital, and provider data to forecast that the supply for critical care physicians would not keep pace with demand, and that the shortfall would be around 22% by 2020, climbing to 35% by 2030. In 2006, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) similarly forecast a significant shortage of intensivist

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Noris, Marina, and Tim Goodship. The patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0174.

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The patient who presents with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and evidence of acute kidney injury presents a diagnostic and management challenge. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are two of the conditions that frequently present with this triad. They are characterized by low platelet count with normal or near-normal coagulation tests, anaemia, and signs of intravascular red cell fragmentation on blood films, and high LDH levels.HUS associated with shiga-like toxins produced usually by E.coli (typically O157 strains) may occu

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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Amen Sibtain. Colorectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0015_update_001.

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Breast cancer reviews the epidemiology and aetiology of this malignancy, with particular attention to the genetics underlying familial breast cancer, its pathology along with its receptors, oestrogen receptor (ER), the growth factor receptor HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the bearing these have on treatment and prognosis. The benefits of breast cancer screening in the population and families at higher risk are discussed. Presenting symptoms and signs are followed by investigation including examination, bilateral mammography, and core biopsy of suspicious lesions. Manage

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Upton, Bryn. Hollywood and the End of the Cold War. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881815394.

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From the late 1940s until the early 1990s, the Cold War was perhaps the most critical and defining aspect of American culture, influencing television, music, and movies, among other forms of popular entertainment. Films in particular were at the center of the battle for the hearts and minds of the American public. Throughout this period, the Cold War influenced what movies got produced, how such movies were made, and how audiences understood the films they watched. In the post–Cold War era, some genres of film suffered from the shift in our national narratives, while others were quickly reimag

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Polèse, Mario. The Wealth and Poverty of Cities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.001.0001.

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Much has been written about cities as engines of growth and prosperity. Cities have been centers of civilization since the beginning of history. A rich nation without cities is an impossibility. Yet, as this book explains, the central foundations of wealth and economic well-being are rooted in the attributes of nations and actions of national governments. If the nation does not work, nor will its cities. This book looks at the economy of cities through the lens of “The Ten Pillars of Urban Success,” covering a full range of policy concerns from top (i.e., sound macroeconomic management) to bot

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Garrod, Raphaële. François Rabelais and the Renaissance Physiology of Invention. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866691.001.0001.

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Abstract François Rabelais and the Renaissance Physiology of Invention explores the medical poetics of inventive, embodied thinking or ingenuity instantiated in episodes from Rabelais’s Gargantua and, mostly, his Quart livre. It unsettles established dichotomies in Rabelaisian scholarship between Rabelais’s ‘lowly’ laugher and ‘high’ erudite message and reassesses the Rabelaisian grotesque by highlighting its debts to grotesque ornament, this marginal yet omnipresent Renaissance visual art. Bodily functions are a trademark of Rabelais’s poetics. Scholarship has read them as signs of carnivales

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Gross, Wolfgang L., and Julia U. Holle. Clinical features of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0131.

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The primary ANCA-associated vasculitides are granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's, GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome, CSS). They predominantly affect small (and medium-sized) vessels and share a variable association with ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody) directed against neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3, mainly in GPA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, mainly in MPA and CSS). Crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis and alveolar haemorrhage due to pulmonary capillaritis represent classical (vasculitic) orga

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Wójcik-Gładysz, Anna. Ghrelin – hormone with many faces. Central regulation and therapy. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_awg_2020.

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Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that

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Szewczyk, Janusz. Rola zaburzeń w kształtowaniu struktury i dynamiki naturalnych lasów bukowo-jodłowo-świerkowych w Karpatach Zachodnich. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-35-9.

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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecol

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