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Hairol, Mohd Izzuddin, Norlaili Arif, Pui Theng Yong, Mariah Asem Shehadeh Saleh Ali, Nik Nor Adlina Nik Idris, and Li Ching Ng. "Evaluation of the Relationships between Corneal Parameters, Ocular Biometry, and Myopia Magnitude." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 10 (2021): 3077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-20.
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Axial length of the eye correlates with the magnitude of myopia. However, there are conflicting reports on the relationship between certain corneal parameters with myopia magnitude. The objective of this study was to compare ocular biometry and corneal parameters between emmetropic and myopic groups. Participants (n=127) were categorized as emmetropia (spherical equivalent, SE, ±0.50D), low myopia (-0.75D≤SE<-6.00D) and high myopia (SE≥-6.00D). The difference in axial length, anterior chamber depth, and vitreous chamber depth between emmetrope, low myope, and high myope were highly significant (one-way ANOVA, all p<0.001) with significant correlations between SE and all these parameters (simple regressions, all p<0.001). However, central corneal thickness, corneal radius of curvature, and corneal asphericity between these groups, and the correlations between the ocular parameters with SE were not significantly different (all p>0.05). Corneal curvature correlated significantly with axial length (p=0.001) but not with myopia magnitude (p=0.91). Rather than myopia magnitude, axial length appears to be more sensitive to detect changes in corneal curvature in myopes. In conclusion, myopic patients’ axial length should be carefully considered for interventions that involve the cornea, such as orthokeratology and refractive surgery.
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OSDOL, W. L. "SIMPLE MYOPIA." Australasian Journal of Optometry 15, no. 2 (2010): 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1932.tb01039.x.
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Omar Khaled Yaseer, Taym Darwish, Najwa Kurdogly, Omar Khaled Yaseer, Taym Darwish, Najwa Kurdogly. "Evaluation of Corneal Higher- Order Aberrations in Adults with Different Refractive Status: تقييم الزّوغانات القرنيّة عالية التّرتيب عند البالغين في مختلف الحالات الانكساريّة". Journal of medical and pharmaceutical sciences 5, № 4 (2021): 19–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.r220921.
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Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the root mean square error (RMS) of corneal higher- order aberrations in Syrian adult population in different refractive status (emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia and simple myopic astigmatism). Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted at Tishreen University Hospital in Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic. A total of 420 patients (840 eyes), ages 18- 40 years, participated in the study. Refraction was measured with an autorefractor keratometer and expressed as a spherical equivalent. Total corneal higher- order aberrations (Coma, Spherical Aberration, Trefoil) were measured using Sirius Corneal Topography at a pupil diameter of 5 mm. Results: RMS of Coma and Spherical aberrations peaked in the hyperopia group (0.18 ± 0.08, 0.11 ± 0.02) respectively. Whereas, Trefoil was higher in the severe myopia and simple myopic astigmatism groups (0.25 ± 0.05, 0.25 ± 0.08) respectively. Conclusions: Among a Syrian population, some types of refractive status were associated with certain types of higher- order aberrations, with a significant increase in trefoil in severe myopia and simple myopic astigmatism.
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Karade, Shruti, Santosh Mulik, Sanjay Durve, Abhishek Shipte, and Sarita Mulik. "Conceptual Study on The Add-On Effect of Bhringaraj Yastimadhu Siddha Taila Pratimarsh Nasya in Simple Myopia." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 20S (2025): 989–95. https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i20s.7556.
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Myopia is a major public health problem pertaining to eye that entails substantial societal, personal, educational, and economical impact. Various surveys in India have found the prevalence of myopia ranging from 6.9% to 19.7%. Myopia progression is irreversible and methods for the correction of myopia are not without complications. Myopia closely resembles Timira involving first and second Patala in terms of symptoms, anatomical structures involved, and the pathogenesis of the disease. The study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the Pratimarsh Nasya procedure with Bhringaraj Yashtimadhu Siddha Taila in fresh and old myopes. The formulation owing to its neuro nourishing, anti-inflammatory and rejuvenating properties may help in stabilising or reducing the progression of myopia when used as an adjunct to standard ophthalmic care.
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Hossain, Khandaker Anowar, Md Abdur Rashid, and AKM Rafiqul Islam. "Amblyopia of refractive origin: a clinical evaluation." Faridpur Medical College Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v9i1.23621.
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Amblyopia is defined as unilateral or bilateral decrease in visual acuity without any organic ocular lesion. It generally develops during the first decade of life when the visual system is vulnerable to deprivation. Unilateral amblyopia is more common than bilateral and the amblyopic eye is called lazy eye. This study was carried out in Faridpur Medical College & Hospital (FMCH) and Diabetic Association Medical College & Hospital (DAMCH) Faridpur, in the department of Ophthalmology from January - 2010 to December 2012 with a view to establish that anisometropic (Refractive) amblyopia is more in patients with astigmatism with the rule of both hypermetropic & myopic types also astigmatism against the rule in hypermetropic patients but simple myopia is not associated with amblyopia. Clinically diagnosed 110 patients of amblyopia of refractive origin were selected. Age of the patients was 6 to 15 years with male & female ratio 1.2:1. There was no pathology in the eyes except refractive error. Refraction done all the cases and found the following results: 26 cases (23.63%) of simple myopic astigmatism with the rule, 19 cases (17.27%) of compound myopic astigmatism with the rule, 10 cases (9.09%) of simple hypermetropia, 38 cases (34.54%) of simple hypermertopic astigmatism with the rule and 17 cases (15.45%) of compound hypermetropic astigmatism againt the rule. No case of simple myopia was associated with amblyopia. Amblyopia was more in patients with astigmatism with the rule of both hypermetropic and myopic types and also astigmatism against the rule in hypermetropic patients but simple myopia was not associated with amblyopia.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2014;9(1): 35-36
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PC, Maneesha, Smitha, Indrajeet Singhvi, Dipak Sahu, and Ujashkumar A. Shah. "Clinical Efficacy of Padabhyanga in Simple Myopia - A Pre-Test & Post-Test Study." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 15, no. 1 (2024): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v15i1.4153.
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Around 253 million people worldwide live with some form of visual impairment. The leading causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors (e.g., myopia) and untreated cataracts. Padabhyanga (foot massage) is known to promote Nidrakara (good sleep), Drishtiprasadana (improve vision), Shramahara (relieve fatigue), Deha Sukhakara (comfort to the body), and induce Pada Supthinut (sound sleep). There are two Pruthu Siras (large veins) in the central part of the foot that are directly connected to the eyes. Protecting the feet through Abhyanga (oil massage) and Dhavana (cleaning practices) is important for the overall well-being and protection of the eyes. Aim: To develop a simple and cost-effective remedy for simple myopia. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of Padaabhyanga with Moorchita Tila Taila (special sesame oil) in simple myopia. Method: Padaabhyanga with 20ml Moorchita Tila Taila at 400C on both feet for 14 days of 20 minutes duration. Results: A significant improvement in eyesight and eye-related problems in myopic disorder. Conclusion: This trial may provide evidence of the efficacy of the treatment in myopic syndrome.
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Usman, Aiyna, Eman Arif, Rubeena Gul, and Aziza Alam. "PROGRESSION OF MYOPIA IN MEDICAL STUDENTS OF KHYBER MEDICAL COLLEGE, PESHAWAR." Journal of Medical Sciences 31, no. 3 (2023): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52764/jms.23.31.3.6.
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Objectives: To assess the progression of myopia in the medical students of Khyber Medical College (KMC), Peshawar, Pakistan. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Khyber Medical College from May to June 2022. Data was collected after obtaining approval from the Ethical Board. Responses from 203 students were collected. An online questionnaire was designed using Google Forms and was shared through the official WhatsApp groups of all five years of KMC via a simple random sampling technique was used. The progression of myopia was estimated by analyzing the increase in the dioptre number among myopic students. Various factors such as screen time, study hours, and family history were also taken into account. The responses were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Results: Out of the 203 collected samples, 59.61% of the students were myopic, and among those myopic students, 53.39% noticed an increase in their dioptre number after admission to medical college. Additionally, various factors such as screen time, study hours, and family history were also considered. 50.4% of the myopic students reported their screen time to be 4-6 hours. Similarly, 64.4% of the myopic students had 1-3 hours as their reading time. Moreover, 75.2% of the myopic students had a positive family history of myopia. Conclusion: Myopia is highly prevalent among medical students at Khyber Medical College. The study revealed a significant number of myopic students experiencing progression of myopia after admission to medical college. Keywords: Myopia, dioptre, screen time, study hours
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Anbar, Mohamed, Engy Mohamed Mostafa, Ashraf Mostafa Elhawary, Islam Awny, Mahmoud Mohamed Farouk, and Amr Mounir. "Evaluation of Corneal Higher-Order Aberrations by Scheimpflug–Placido Topography in Patients with Different Refractive Errors: A Retrospective Observational Study." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5640356.
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Purpose. To report the characteristics of anterior and posterior corneal high-order aberrations in patients with different refractive errors.Setting. This study was conducted at Sohag Refractive Center, Sohag, Egypt.Design. This is a retrospective observational study.Methods. This study evaluated 750 patients (750 eyes) who were seeking refractive surgery. The eyes were stratified into five groups (150 eyes/group) based on refractive error: mild-to-moderate myopia, high myopia, hyperopia, simple myopic astigmatism, and simple hypermetropic astigmatism. All patients were subjected to comprehensive ophthalmological examination including corneal topography and corneal aberrometry using the Scheimpflug–Placido topography (Sirius, CSO, Italy).Results. Coma aberration was statistically significant when compared in all five groups (P=0.01). It was highest in the hypermetropia group (0.26 ± 0.12 μm) but lower in the moderate myopia, high myopia, myopic astigmatism, and hypermetropic astigmatism groups. Spherical aberration was lowest in the hypermetropia group and significantly different from that in the other groups. Trefoil was statistically insignificant when all groups were compared (P=0.062) but was highest in the myopic astigmatism group (0.24 ± 0.25 μm). Total RMS peaked in the hypermetropia group (0.99 ± 0.70).Conclusions. In normal corneas and regular refractive errors, the cornea-induced high-order aberration was minimal, and all types of refractive errors were associated with certain types of high-order aberrations, with a significant increase in spherical aberration in the hypermetropia group.
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Thatte, Shreya, Ashima Monga, and Haritima Sharma. "A Clinical Study to Assess Pattern of Contrast Sensitivity Functions in Patients with Myopia." BOHR International Journal of Current Research in Optometry and Ophthalmology 1, no. 1 (2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcroo.018.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has posed a global threat to public health. In terms of affecting the systemic health, it has also created an impact on the ocular health of people. The scenario of work from home, long hours of online classes for students, has led to increase in incidences of refractive error. From affecting visual acuity, it has also posed increased risk of increasing the degree of myopia. Even in these cases a patient may have a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 but he or she may not be satisfied due to improper contrast sensitivity. This study was done to compare contrast sensitivity functions in myopic patients by assessing and comparing various parameters such as demographic factors, age, sex and profession. We included 500 myopic patients with a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6, without any retinal pathology. Contrast sensitivity functions were compared with astigmatism, degree and duration of myopia and with duration of use of spectacles. All three age groups showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity but majority consisted of the under-30 age group with 233 cases (46.6%). Females being in majority (78.1%) had mild decrease in contrast sensitivity. We recorded the profession of each patient and observed that there was mild decline in contrast sensitivity in all professions, and 79.2% of the total students showed mild decrease in contrast sensitivity, which can be attributed to long hours of screen time in lockdown phase. Low myopia of less than 3D had mild decline in contrast sensitivity (88.4%), whereas severe decline in contrast sensitivity was seen in high myopics (11.9%), which was directly co-related with degree of myopia. Astigmatism also showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity, which was 78.5% in compound myopic astigmatism and 88.5% in simple myopic astigmatism. We found severe decline in contrast sensitivity only in 2.4% of myopic patients with a duration of less than 12 months. The rest of the patients had mild decline in contrast sensitivity. This validates that contrast sensitivity has an impact on all parameters of the study such as age, gender, profession, duration, degree of myopia and astigmatism.
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Thatte, Shreya, Ashima Monga, and Haritima Sharma. "A Clinical Study to Assess Pattern of Contrast Sensitivity Functions in Patients with Myopia." BOHR International Journal of Current Research in Optometry and Ophthalmology 1, no. 1 (2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcroo.2022.18.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has posed a global threat to public health. In terms of affecting the systemic health, it has also created an impact on the ocular health of people. The scenario of work from home, long hours of online classes for students, has led to increase in incidences of refractive error. From affecting visual acuity, it has also posed increased risk of increasing the degree of myopia. Even in these cases a patient may have a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 but he or she may not be satisfied due to improper contrast sensitivity. This study was done to compare contrast sensitivity functions in myopic patients by assessing and comparing various parameters such as demographic factors, age, sex and profession. We included 500 myopic patients with a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6, without any retinal pathology. Contrast sensitivity functions were compared with astigmatism, degree and duration of myopia and with duration of use of spectacles. All three age groups showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity but majority consisted of the under-30 age group with 233 cases (46.6%). Females being in majority (78.1%) had mild decrease in contrast sensitivity. We recorded the profession of each patient and observed that there was mild decline in contrast sensitivity in all professions, and 79.2% of the total students showed mild decrease in contrast sensitivity, which can be attributed to long hours of screen time in lockdown phase. Low myopia of less than 3D had mild decline in contrast sensitivity (88.4%), whereas severe decline in contrast sensitivity was seen in high myopics (11.9%), which was directly co-related with degree of myopia. Astigmatism also showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity, which was 78.5% in compound myopic astigmatism and 88.5% in simple myopic astigmatism. We found severe decline in contrast sensitivity only in 2.4% of myopic patients with a duration of less than 12 months. The rest of the patients had mild decline in contrast sensitivity. This validates that contrast sensitivity has an impact on all parameters of the study such as age, gender, profession, duration, degree of myopia and astigmatism
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Hun, Amari V., and Shivani B. Jariwala. "Assessment of stereoacuity (3D vision) using TNO random dot stereo acuity chart in medical undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 9, no. 4 (2023): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2023.107.
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The study aimed to estimate the level of stereoacuity in medical undergraduate students, factors associated with reduced stereoacuity, and time taken to interpret plates. Cross-sectional study was done at the Medical College of South Gujarat from April 2021 to June 2022, enrolling 400 consenting students. Detailed ocular history was taken; best corrected visual acuity was assessed for distance and near after cycloplegic refraction for cases with subnormal visual acuity and power of glasses documented. Level of Stereopsis was assessed using TNO random dot stereoacuity chart and time taken to read plates 1 and 5 was recorded. Data were entered and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Out of 400 students, 64.25% had a refractive error. Simple myopia was most prevalent refractive error (43.25%), followed by compound myopic astigmatism (19.5%). Seven students had anisometropic amblyopia and two had strabismic amblyopia. 19.75% cases had subnormal stereopsis. Among them, 10.25% cases had simple myopia, 7.25% had high compound myopic astigmatism, 1.75% had anisometropic amblyopia and 0.5% cases had strabismic amblyopia. Average time taken by emmetrope to read plate 1 and plate 5 was 13.93 ± 14.03 and 19.03 ± 20.66 respectively and for cases with refractive errors, time taken was 17.59 ± 13.95 and 27.83 ± 20.77 respectively. This was statistically significant (P &#60;0.05). Most of the students had good stereoacuity as they were already wearing refractive correction. Commonest cause of subnormal stereopsis ware simple myopia, compound myopic astigmatism and amblyopia. Time taken to read the plates is more for refractive error as compared to emmetropes.
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Dyatmika, Kadek Dwipa, Nurmawanti Nurmawanti, and Rini Kusumawar Dhany. "Relationship between Education, Sex, and Age with Refractive Errors at DR. Wahidin Soedirohusodo General Hospital." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 8, no. 1 (2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v8i1.479.
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The prevalence of refractive error and its relationship with education, age and sex at DR. Wahidin Soedirohusodo general hospital have not been comprehensively assessed. The aim of this study was to examined the distribution and risk factor of refractive errors at DR. Wahidin Soedirohusodo general hospital. Methods of this study used population based cross-sectional study. Respondents were interviewed and underwent standardised clinical eye examinations. Refractive error was determined by an automatic refraction device. Refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as spherical equivalent of -0.50/+0.50 diopter (D) or worse, respectively; astigmatism was defined as cylindrical error >0.50 D. Total of 1760 patients with refractive error from January 2016 to January 2018 with 700 or 39,8% males and 1060 or 60.2% females. Based on the cross-tabulation output, it is known that the respondents with the most elementary level of education experienced mild hypermetropy (10.2%), the junior high school education experienced mild myopia (6.8%), high school and bachelor education experienced mild myopia (8%). Age 6-15 years experienced the most myopia compositus astigmatism (5.7%), 16-25 years mild myopia (10.2%), 26-35 years mild myopia (4.5%), 36-45 years mild myopia (10.2%), 46-55 years mild hypermetropia (10.2%) and 56-65 years mild hypermetropia (5.7%). Kruskal Wallis test it is known that the sig value obtained = 0,000 indicates that there are differences in refractive abnormalities based on education and age. Chi square sig value obtained is 0.021, indicating that there is a relationship between sex and refractive errors. Multivariate analysis revealed female subjects inhibited the risk of mild myopic by 0.157 times the male subjects and simple myopia astigmatism by 0.082 times the male subjects. The relationship of myopia, astigmatism and hypermetropia with age and education is not significant. The risk factor of mild myopia and simple myopia astigmatism decrease in female than male. These findings may help clinicians to better understand the patterns of refractive error and planning for preschool vision-screening programs.
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Akhter, Waseem, Erum Yousafzai, Afia Matloob Rana, and Shakaib Anwar. "Refractive Errors: Prevalence and Pattern among Rural Population of Islamabad, Pakistan." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 9, no. 2 (2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v9i2.326.
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Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of correctable visual loss worldwide. Decreased vision due to refractive error can be easily corrected with the help of spectacles, contact lenses and refractive surgery. However, there are 42% of uncorrected refractive errors all over the world. The present study aimed to evaluate different kinds of refractive errors, its prevalence and pattern in patients from rural areas who visited our hospital in the last five years.
 Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,138 patients, who visited eye OPD at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad during a period of five years i.e. from September, 2013 to September, 2018. Patients having only refractive error with an age of five years and above were included in the study. All patients had objective refraction with automated refractometer followed by subjective refraction. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used for comparing groups with a P-value of <0.05 considered as statistically significant.
 Results: Compound myopic astigmatism was the most common error found in our study population (n=575; 26.9%). The second most frequent complaint was simple myopia (n=501; 23.4%) followed by presbyopia (n=441; 20.6%) and mixed astigmatism (n=235; 11%). Patients with more than one refractive error included 178 (8.3%) with mixed astigmatism and presbyopia and 78 (3.6%) with simple myopia and presbyopia. Compound myopic astigmatism was more prevalent in younger ages compared to older age groups (46.4% vs 19.9%) (P <0.001). Mixed astigmatism (12.4% vs 8.9%), simple myopia (23.8% vs 22.9%) and presbyopia (21.3% vs 19.5%) were slightly greater in females than males (P=0.07), respectively.
 Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia is significantly higher among female population and young individuals. Mixed astigmatism combined with presbyopia is more common among elderly population.
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Sneha, Sarkar, Purwar Tanmay, Bhattacharyya Riddhi, De Anibrata, Samsuzzaman Md, and Goswami Pramit. "A Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors of Refractive Errors among Undergraduate Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Hospital of West Bengal." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 10 (2024): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14030456.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Refractive error among the young students is becoming a major problem worldwide. Uncorrected refractive error can have huge social, psychological, economic, and developmental implications. The study aimed to estimate prevalence of diagnosed refractive errors among the undergraduate medical students of Burdwan Medical College, Purba Bardhaman district and risk factors associated with it. <strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students of Burdwan Medical College of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal, during period from April 2022 to May 2022. A calculated sample of 294 students were selected by complete enumeration and interviewed with a predesigned, pretested questionnaire. <strong>Results:</strong> Out of 294 study participants 170 (57.8%) were suffering from Refractive errors. As per categorization of refractive error, 66.5% had simple myopia, 28.8% had myopia with astigmatism, 3.5% had simple hypermetropia and 1.2% had hypermetropia with astigmatism. Among the 162 Myopic subjects most 111 (68.5%) had Low (0 to -3) degree of Myopia in Right eye and 110 (67.9%) had the same in the left eye. 42 (26%) and 41 (25.4%) had Moderate degree of Myopia in right and left eye respectively. 8 (4.9%) and 10 (6.1%) had High degree of Myopia in right and left eye respectively. 0.6% of the participants did not have any power in either right eye or left eye. No statically significant difference of physical activity on a daily basis (for more than 5 times per week) and presence of Myopia was found. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prevalence of Refractive errors among the under graduate medical students was 57.8% in eastern India.
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Almosa, Ashwag A., and Samah M. Fawzy. "Effect of Mitomycin C on Myopic versus Astigmatic Photorefractive Keratectomy." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2841408.
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Purpose. Long-term mitomycin C (MMC) effects on photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) were compared in simple myopic and astigmatic patients. Methods. In this observational cohort study, subjects were selected based on preoperative and postoperative data collected from medical records; they were divided into simple myopia with/without MMC and myopic astigmatism with/without MMC groups. Haze, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), subjective refraction, and K-reading were evaluated at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups.Results. One hundred fifty-nine eyes of 80 subjects (34 women and 46 men; mean age, 26.81 ± 7.74 years; range, 18–53 years; spherical powers, −0.50 to −8.00 DS; and cylindrical powers, −0.25 to −5.00 DC) were enrolled. One year postoperatively, the simple myopia with/without MMC groups showed no difference in UCVA (P=0.187), BCVA (P=0.163), or spherical equivalent (P=0.163) and a significant difference (P=0.0495) in K-reading; the haze formation difference was nonsignificant (P=0.056). Astigmatic groups with/without MMC showed a significant difference in K-reading (P<0.0001). MMC groups had less haze formation (P<0.0001).Conclusion. PRK with intraoperative MMC application showed excellent visual outcomes. MMC’s effect on astigmatic patients was significantly better with acceptable safety and minimal side effects.
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Sahu, Pallavi Priyadarsani, Soumya Kanta Mohanty, Shovna Dash, and Sourav Padhee. "Regression of mild myopia using extended blinking therapy." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 4 (2024): 723–27. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.126.
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Objective of this study was to assess whether extended blinking exercises have any role in the improvement of vision and halt the progression of myopia. This is a prospective comparative study, done over a period of 1 year. Mild myopic patients, with spherical equivalent upto – 3 D myopia, aged 11-40 years were included. 80 myopic patients (160 eyes) were divided into 2 groups (cases and controls) with 40 patients in each. Cases were subjected to extended blinking exercises, while the control group were given glasses. After 6 weeks - visual acuity, cycloplegic and subjective refraction and biometry was observed in both groups.: 80 myopic eyes (cases) had improvement of visual acuity in right eye from 0.28(logmar) to 0.07(logmar) which is of high statistical significance. The spherical equivalent decreased from -0.70 ±0.45 D to -0.22 ±0.34D. The left eye visual acuity improving from 0.29 (log Mar) to 0.06 (logmar) which is also of high statistical significance. The spherical equivalent decreased in the left eye from -0.7 ±0.45D to -0.2± 0.32 D. Out of 80 eyes (cases) 50 eyes became emmetropic whereas there was significant improvement of increased visual acuity in the rest. Controls had no significant change in any of the parameter.: This study concludes that simple diurnal extended blinking exercises is quite an effective strategy in regressing, thus halting the progression of myopia at an early stage.
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Mahbub, S. M. A., Jamsed Faridi, Khair Ahmed Choudhury, Shovana Alam, Ashiqur Rahman Akanda, and Mahamud Adnan. "The Distribution of Iris Colour and Its Relationship to Myopiain Bangladeshi Patients." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 02 (2023): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2023.v09i02.008.
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Background: Myopia, or nearsightedness, affects a large percentage of the population and is typically identified in those under the age of 20. Having myopia makes it difficult to see far away. While you have no issue seeing nearby items, such as those used to indicate aisles in a grocery store, you may have trouble seeing further away ones, such as road signs. Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the distribution of iris colour and its relationship to myopiain Bangladeshi patients. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary hospital from March 2020 to December 2021, researchers from several fields and sessions worked together on a single unified study. There were a total of 100 people, with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/6, and ages ranging from 11 to 25 years old. Patients were limited to no more than six hours of television every day. All three degrees of myopia (mild, moderate, and severe) were covered. Results: During the study, 51% belong to 10-15 years followed by 35% belong to 16-20 years and 14% belong to 21-25 years. In addition, among patients mild 55%, moderate 21%, and severe 24% myopia. Screen time, significantly associated with myopia. 40% who had screen time was 1-2 hours had severe level myopia. Followed by 45% who had screen time was 2-4 hours had severe level myopia and 50% who had screen time was 4-6 hours had severe level myopia. 66% who had mid-level myopia had grade I Irish color. Followed by 56% who had moderate level myopia had grade I Irish color and 50% severe level myopia had grade I Irish color. 66% who had simple myopia had grade I Irish color. Followed by 55% who had curvatural myopia had grade I Irish color. Conclusion: Darker iris color was linked to higher myopia-related refractive errors, even when other known myopia-related risk variables were taken into account.
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Ailani R .S. "“A review on conceptual insight of Myopia and its management in Ayurveda’’." International Journal of Indian Medicine 03, no. 06 (2022): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55552/ijim.2022.3605.
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The prevalence of myopia, which ranges from 6.9 percent to 19.7 percent, is currently considered a serious public health concern for eyes with significant psychological, familial, educational, and economic consequences. The elements that have an impact on the overall growth process, including as stress, debilitating illnesses, endocrine abnormalities, and dietary deficiencies, will also have an impact on the progression of myopia. Timira and Myopia share a lot in common, as does the original Patala. Myopia is a widespread visual condition in which nearby items are clear to you but distant objects are hazy. If adequate care is not performed, it interferes with a person's daily activities. High myopia is frequently linked to potentially blinding disorders like retinal detachment or macular degeneration, but simple myopia may be treated with glasses or contact lenses. Some Ayurvedic writers claim that Simple Myopia and "Drushtigat Vyadhi," as described in Ayurvedic Samhitas, are connected. In the ayurvedic classics, the idea of Chakshushya and several therapeutic techniques are described. These are supposed to increase or improve visual acuity and eye health.
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Adhikari, Sirjana. "Myopia in school children from high mountain region of Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 2 (2013): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8737.
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Objective: Myopia is emerging as a public health problem in school going children. Prevalence of myopia differs in different geographical areas, race, ethnic groups and socioeconomic background. Purpose of this study was to find out myopia prevalence in schoolchildren from very high mountain region of Nepal. Materials and methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive study. Vision screening was conducted in Snowland School among the children who come from high mountain region. Vision screening was done by volunteers using standard Snellen’s chart. Those who failed screening test underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Results: A total of 140 children had their vision assessed. Mean age was 13.9yrs (±2.8yrs SD). On screening, 28.5% children (n=40) had vision less than 6/9 in at least one eye. Seven children were already wearing myopic glasses, among which only 2 had vision 6/9 or better. Out of 40 children, 10% (n=4) had vision 6/9 or better and 90% (n=36) had refractive error. Out of these 36 children, myopia was present in all (100%).Hence prevalence of Myopia in total school population was 27% (n=38).All the children had simple Myopia from 0.5D-3.5D. After refractive correction, all the children had best corrected visual acuity of 6/9 or better. 86 % (n=120) children never had their eyes checked before. Conclusion The study showed high prevalence of myopia and was only ocular morbidity present in children. The result of this study can be a baseline in conducting large population based study in children from high mountains of Nepal. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(10): 246-249 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8737
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Liu, Bing, Xiongze Zhang, Lan Mi, Ling Chen, and Feng Wen. "Long-Term Natural Outcomes of Simple Hemorrhage Associated with Lacquer Crack in High Myopia: A Risk Factor for Myopic CNV?" Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3150923.
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Purpose. To investigate the relationship between simple hemorrhage (SH) associated with lacquer crack (LC) and myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in high myopia.Methods. A cross-sectional evaluation including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length, refractive error, color fundus photography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed in patients diagnosed with high myopia and SH. Fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography were performed if the eye was suspected with CNV.Results. Thirty-three eyes of 27 patients with SH were enrolled in the study. None of the eyes developed CNV at final examination following the occurrence of hemorrhage. Recurrent hemorrhage was observed in 36.5% of the eyes. Compared with the initial BCVA, the final BCVA was significantly improved (P<0.001) and correlated with the integrity of the ellipsoid zone in SD-OCT. There was no significant difference in the final BCVA between group 1 (LC crossed the central fovea) and group 2 (no LC crossed the central fovea) (P=0.299).Conclusions. SH associated with LC is not a risk factor for the development of myopic CNV in patients with high myopia. LCs have little influence on the final BCVA unless the integrity of the ellipsoid zone in the central fovea is disrupted.
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Ellingsen, Karen L., Azhar Nizam, Bruce A. Ellingsen, and Michael J. Lynn. "Age-related Refractive Shifts in Simple Myopia." Journal of Refractive Surgery 13, no. 3 (1997): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19970501-07.
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Ruan, Yimeng, Ying Zhang, and Xiaohong Ying. "Clinical Study on the Differential Diagnosis of High Myopia Astigmatism and Subclinical Keratoconus in Adolescents by Pentacam Anterior Segment Analyzer." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (May 16, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6370791.
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To explore the clinical value of Pentacam anterior segment analyzer in differential diagnosis of high myopia astigmatism and subclinical keratoconus in adolescents. The study included 100 teenagers with ophthalmic diseases treated at our hospital between July 2015 and August 2021, including 58 individuals with simple high myopia astigmatism (73 eyes in the simple high myopia astigmatism group) and 42 teenagers with subclinical keratoconus (51 eyes in the subclinical keratoconus group). The corneal parameters of the two groups were measured with a Pentacam anterior segment analyzer, and we compared the thinnest corneal thickness, anterior (posterior) vertex height of the thinnest point of the cornea, index of vertical asymmetry (IVA), index of height descent (IHD), and the average corneal pachymetric progression index. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the value of various parameters and combined diagnostic factor Y in the differential diagnosis of high myopia astigmatism and subclinical keratoconus. The thinnest region of the cornea in the subclinical keratoconus group was less than that in the simple high myopia astigmatism group, while the anterior (posterior) vertex height of the thinnest point of the cornea, index of vertical asymmetry (IVA), index of height decentration (IHD), and average corneal pachymetric progression index were higher than those in the simple high myopia astigmatism group ( P < 0.05 ). For the differential diagnosis of high myopia astigmatism and subclinical keratoconus, the combined diagnostic factor Y, anterior (posterior) vertex height, IVA, IHD, and mean corneal progression index were 0.808, 0.833, 0.868, 0.847, 0.684, and 0.926 ( P < 0.05 ). The AUC of the combined diagnostic factory was the largest, which was significantly different from that of the anterior vertex height of the thinnest point of the cornea (Z = 3.280), the posterior vertex height of the thinnest point of the cornea (Z = 3.205), IVA (Z = 2.764), IHD (Z = 2.237), and the average corneal progression index (Z = 4.125) ( P < 0.05 ). Using the Pentacam anterior segment analyzer, differential diagnoses can be made for high myopia, astigmatism, and subclinical keratoconus.
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Ainlod, Nirupa D., and Pravin M. Bhat. "SERENDIPITY DOES HAPPENS - A CASE REPORT OF MYOPIA TREATED WITH AYURVEDIC MODALITY." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 8 (2020): 4287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj4208082020.
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Myopia is the most common Refractive Error of the eye, seen in children, young adult & it has become more prevalent in recent years and is a cause of concern world over. On the basis of Symptoms, Myopia can be correlated with Vataja Timira w.r.t. Simple Myopia. Purpose: While performing research on Allergic Conjunctivitis it is observed that Allergic Symptoms are minimized and also there was vision improvement. Hence treated one patient of Simple Myopia for the purpose of case study for one month and reporting this case in detail. Materials & Methods: A 22years male patient came to OPD of Shalakyatantra with chief complaints of defective vision for distance in both eyes since 2 months treated with Kantakari Mula SiddhaKshira Ghrita Aschyotana. Results: At the end of study, improvement in visual acuity in both eyes were found. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that Ayurvedic approaches are helpful to control Myopia.
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Anwar, Fatma K. H., Nashwa M. L. Saleh, and Ssnaa A. Mohammed. "Anterior chamber parameters in simple myopia and hypermetropia using Pentacam." Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty, Girls 5, no. 1 (2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjamf.sjamf_112_20.
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Background Measurement of the anterior chamber parameters of the eye is an essential test and must be done in ophthalmic practice. Many studies were focused on the differences between the values of anterior segment parameters of myopic and hypermetropic eyes from that of emmetropic eyes. A significant correlation has been found between the RE and anterior chamber parameters. However, the strength of the correlation varied according to the race and the age of individuals. Objective To measure anterior chamber parameters (central corneal thickness, thinnest corneal thickness, apex corneal thickness, corneal volume, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, and anterior chamber angle) in simple myopia and hypermetropia and emmetropia to evaluate their effect on the anterior chamber. Patients and methods Patients presented with errors of refraction. Their SE ranged between −5 and +5.37 D. Their mean age was 29.70±5.55 years, ranging from 20 to 39 years old. The study included 63 (52.5%) right eyes and 57 (47.5%) left eyes. We examined 120 eyes divided into three groups according to their SE. Group I (control group) included 40 eyes with normal refraction, group II included 40 eyes with simple myopia less than −6 D, and group III included 40 eyes with hypermetropia less than 6 D. Results The main central corneal thickness in emmetrope, myope, and hypermetrope was 518.45±50.99, 531.95±43.04, and 552.90±34.44 μm, respectively; corneal volume was 58.10±4.35, 60.17±3.94, and 61.03m3±3.99 m3, respectively; mean anterior chamber depth was 2.98±0.29, 3.34±0.29, and 2.63 ±0.28 m2, respectively; mean anterior chamber volume was 178.98±30.63, 202.25±28.50, and 133.68±25.76 m3m3, respectively; and mean anterior chamber angle was 37.61±6.00, 42.87±3.62, and 31.10±3.76°, respectively. Our results add to the evidence that errors of refraction have an effect on anterior chamber parameters. Conclusion This study provided valuable measurements of anterior chamber parameters of the Egyptian adults with error of refraction.
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Navin, Chandra, Bhardwaj Utkarsh, and Tiwary Rajesh. "Study to Ascertain the Profile of Refractive Error in Children Attending an Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic at A Tertiary Care Hospital." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 13, no. 6 (2021): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14212130.
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<strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this study to determine the profile of refractive error among children attending ophthalmology OPD at a tertiary care Hospital in Bihar region. <strong>Methods: </strong>The Cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India from January 2017 to December 2017. after taking the approval of the protocol review committee and institutional ethics committee. Children of age between 5-15 years, Signature of the informed consent by parents or legal guardians and no history of systemic diseases. Colour vision by Ishihara’s chart and squint evaluation was done wherever needed. Dry retinoscopy and automated refractometer examination were done in co-operative patients. <strong>Results:</strong> A total of 100 children between 5 to 15 years of age group were included, where majority (50%) were between 9-12 years with mean age as 9.5 years. Astigmatism was the most common refractive error of about 56% followed by myopia 34% and hypermetropia 9%. Astigmatism was common in both males and females of about 22%and 34% followed by myopia which is 23% in females and 11% in males and hypermetropia which were almost 9% among both sexes. The common type of astigmatism was compound myopic astigmatism (46.43%) followed by simple myopic astigmatism (41.07%). Of the 100 children with refractive errors in the study 10 were non correctable. Of the 10 non correctable refractive error 5 belonged to age group 9-12 years. Out of 100 children examined, 14 were found to be amblyopes and the common refractive error among amblyopes was found to be compound myopic astigmatism followed by simple myopic astigmatism. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The refractive errors with or without amblyopia is a common and significant cause of visual impairment in the children.
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Biswal, Dr Adikanda, and Pradyut Kumar Mohanty. "Clinical Study on Simple Myopia with Reference To the Effect of Triphala Ghreeta." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 02, no. 01 (2016): 481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol02-i01/08.
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R. Shrigod, Dr Ameesha, Dr D. B. Vaghela, and Dr Deepak K. Pawar. "Efficacy of Akshitarpana and Pana of Mahatriphaladi Ghrita in the Management of Timira (Simple Myopia) - An Open Labelled Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, no. 04 (2022): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.011.
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Background: Acharya Sushruta has mentioned Timira as a Drishtigata Roga affecting the Patala. Timira is considered as a disease affecting the Drishti which left untreated causes Drishtinasha. When Apathya Ahara-Vihara has been continued for a long period, it leads to Khavaigunya and vitiated Dosha takes place in the Prathama Patala can complain of “Avyakta Darshana” which can be correlated with complain of difficulty in seeing far object or all the external objects appears dim and hazy to the sight. When it occurs in the Dwitiya Patala, there are complaints of “Vihwala Darshana” can be correlated with confused visual perception and seeing false image. According to the dominancy of Dosha among all the vitiated Doshas when reach to the Prathama and Dwitiya Patala; it causes Vataja-Pittaja-Kaphaja-Raktaja-Sannipataja Timira accordingly. Rupa of Doshika Timira occurs according to vitiated Dosha in Sansthan. According to Acharya Sushruta, Prathama Patalagata Timira is Sadhya (curable) and Dwitiya Patalagata Timira is Krichchhasadhya (curable with difficulty). In modern science, Timira can be co-related with clinical findings of Simple Myopia. Also called physiological myopia. simple myopia is the commonest variety. Various surveys in India have found myopia prevalence ranging from 6.9% to 19.7%. Corrective lenses are just providing an aid to diminished vision. Aim: To assess the efficacy of Akshitarpana and Pana of Mahatriphaladi Ghrita in the management of Timira (Simple Myopia). Material and Methods: Total 40 patients on the basis of signs and symptoms of the disease Timira (Simple Myopia) were registered and were randomly allocated into two groups adopting computerised randomisation technique as follows with Group A (n = 20): Pana and Akshitarpana with Mahatriphaladi Ghrita and Group B (n = 20): Akshitarpana with Mahatriphaladi Ghrita. Results: Group A shows better percentage of relief in Durastha Avyakta Darshana i.e., 70.31% in comparison to Group B i.e., 32%. Group A shows better percentage of relief in Vihwala Darshana i.e., 76.92% in comparison to Group B i.e., 33.33%. Group A shows 83.31% relief in Shiroabhitapa and 90% relief in Netrasrava in compare to Group B. The comparative data was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) in chief complain while statistically significant (p < 0.05) in associated complain. Conclusion: Mahatriphaladi Ghrita Pana along with Mahatriphaladi Ghrita Akshitarpana is more effective than Mahatriphaladi Ghrita Akshitarpana alone in Simple Myopia.
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Mazzola, Marco, Laura Premoli, Cristian Metrangolo, et al. "Myopic Simple Hemorrhage Presenting as Radial Hemorrhage in Henle’s Fiber Layer." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (2021): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510626.
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This case report describes a simple hemorrhage (SH) presenting as radial hemorrhage in Henle’s fiber layer (HFL) in a patient with high myopia. A 26-year-old girl with high myopia was referred to our center for sudden onset of decreased vision and a central scotoma in the right eye (OD). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/100 OD. Fundus examination showed a stellate intraretinal hemorrhage in the fovea of the OD. The hemorrhage was organized in a peculiar petaloid pattern with feathery distal edges, suggesting localization within the radially oriented HFL. The presence of both choroidal neovascularization and microvascular abnormalities consistent with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2) were excluded. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of myopic SH was made. At 4-month follow-up BCVA OD spontaneously improved to 20/40, without any treatment been ever administered to the patient. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography OD showed reabsorption of the hemorrhage and almost complete restoration of the foveal architecture. The intraretinal location and spread of the hemorrhage into the HFL in our patient are an unusual presentation of SH, which vividly highlights the anatomy of the fovea. Since fibers in HFL are quite delicate and loosely arranged, this layer is very susceptible to deposition of transudates, exudates, hemorrhage, and other products. Radial hemorrhage in HFL has been originally reported in 4 patients as complication of MacTel 2. It has been previously postulated that it may represent a characteristic finding in MacTel 2 that may develop as a result of microvascular abnormalities of the deep retinal capillary plexus. On the contrary, our data suggest that radial hemorrhage in the HFL does not represent a characteristic finding of MacTel 2, but must rather be considered a non-specific sign with multiple possible etiologies.
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Gu, Yangshun, Baisheng Xu, Chunfei Feng, et al. "A Head-Mounted Spectacle Frame for the Study of Mouse Lens-Induced Myopia." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8497278.
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The mouse model has been widely employed to explore the mysteries of myopia. For now, existing techniques for induction of experimental myopia in mice can be classified into three types: (1) devices directly glued to the fur; (2) devices attached using a combination of glue and sutures; (3) devices attached using a skull-mounted apparatus. These techniques each have its advantages, disadvantages when considering the devices stability, safety, complexity, effectiveness, and so forth. Thus, techniques for myopia induction in mice have yet to be further refined to popularize the applications. In this pilot study, we introduce a new head fixation device named the head-mounted spectacle frame apparatus for the study of mouse lens-induced myopia. Surgical procedures for device attachment were relatively simple and easy to learn in our study. Effective myopia induction was validated by retinoscopy refraction and axial length measurement using optical coherence tomography. In addition, it showed improved compliance and reliable safety when compared to the published methods. The head-mounted spectacle frame apparatus provides a new choice for the study of lens-induced myopia in mouse. It also allows for the use of form deprivation, making it attractive for future experimental mouse myopia trials.
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Hendra Yuda, Joko Irawan, and Kukuh Mujiono. "Prevalensi Kejadian Miopia pada Mahasiswa Universitas Ma Chung Malang." JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DAN SOSIAL 2, no. 1 (2024): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.59024/jikas.v2i1.980.
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The prevalence of myopia is increasing, especially among students, along with the increasing use of gadgets. This study aims to measure the prevalence of myopia and identify the relationship between the duration of gadget use and the incidence of myopia among students of Ma Chung University Malang in July 2023. This study design uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional method, involving 125 students aged 17–24 years who were selected using convenience sampling techniques. The research instruments were questionnaires and direct eye examinations. Data analysis used a simple linear regression test to see the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that 96.8% of respondents used gadgets for more than 2 hours per day and 58.4% of them experienced symptoms of myopia. Factors such as visual habits and outdoor activities moderate the relationship between the duration of gadget use and the incidence of myopia. This study confirms that unhealthy gadget usage habits increase the risk of myopia. Education is needed regarding good visual habits and increased activity.
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Shea, John. "Myopia, Liquidity Constraints, and Aggregate Consumption: A Simple Test." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 27, no. 3 (1995): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077751.
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Karki, Poojyashree, Milesh J. Sijapati, Pragya Basnet, and Anjila Basnet. "Refractive Errors Among Medical Students." Nepalese Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20394.
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Introduction: Refractive errors are becoming a problem in many societies, with prevalence rates of myopia in many Asian urban countries reaching epidemic proportions. This study aims to determine the prevalence rates of various refractive errors among medical students of Kist Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal.Materials and Methods: Medical students were included in the study. Demographic data was obtained via questionnaires filled in by the students after taking informed verbal consent. Refractive error measurements were determined by dry retinoscopy and additional cycloplegic refraction as and when needed.Results: The prevalence rate of simple myopia was 64.81% and 3.7% had high myopia. Hyperopia (Hypermetropia) was present in 1.8% of the participants while overall astigmatism prevalence rate was 29.6% among medical students. Conclusion: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.Conclusions: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 21-23
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Sabarinath MK and S M Pasha. "An observational study to evaluate the efficacy of Saha Ashwagandhadi Taila Nasya and Balashatavaryadi Ghrita Tarpana in Prathama Patalagata Timira with special reference to Simple Myopia." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 7, no. 4 (2022): 08–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.7.4.2.
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Introduction: Prathama Patalagata Timira is one of the stages of Timira which is a Drishtigata Roga and can be correlated to Simple Myopia with the characteristic symptom of blurred vision for distant objects. This disease is said to be physiological and become the major health concern. It is the common cause of ocular morbidity that may ultimately lead to blindness as explained by Vagbhatacharya. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to evaluate efficacy of Nasya and Tarpana in relieving Myopia & Asthenopic symptoms such as head ache, eye strain, watering of the eyes. Methods: 30 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria of simple myopia were randomly selected. Nasya with Saha Ashwagandhadi taila for 7 days then from 8th day Tarpana with Balashatavaryadi Ghrita was done for 7 days, followed by 2 follow-ups. Results: The overall assessment was done before treatment, on 15th day, 30th day and 44th day. Conclusion: Nasya has role in improving vision where as Tarpana relieves asthenopic symptoms as well as improves vision.
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K., Chellavel Ganapathi, Arun Vijay Paul R, Kokila K., and Bharath Kumar S. "A study on prevalence of myopia and its associated factors in school children of Salem, Tamil Nadu." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 8 (2017): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173114.
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Background: Myopia is the major refractive error having a worldwide prevalence of 1.5 billion. Children with Myopia feel difficulties in viewing blackboard in school; they avoid outdoor activities and get isolated from the peer groups. Untreated myopia may lead to Macular degeneration, Glaucoma, Cataract, Retinal detachment. Thus this study was carried out. The aim of the study to find out the prevalence of myopia among school children and its associated factors.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study carried out among students of government higher secondary school, Sarkar Kollapatti, Salem. Total sample size of 854 Students from class 6-12 was selected by simple random sampling. Students were examined by Snellen’s chart, non-cycloplegic auto refractometry and by pin hole test. Finally all data were entered in EPIDATA and analysed in IBM SPSS software version 20.Results: After complete analysis, prevalence of myopia was 11.7% of which 46% were boys and 54% were girls. Among students of age 8 to 19 years, the most common age group involved was 14-17 years of age followed by students of 10-13 years of age. Time spent on visual gadgets was the major factor associated with myopia. Familial predisposition, average amount of time a person spends on near work showed significant association with myopia.Conclusions: This study throws light on prevalence of myopia in semi-urban school children & various factors associated with myopia. Students with myopia were referred to Department of Ophthalmology, GMKMCH and thus they were prevented from further complications due to myopia and improve the academic performance.
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Ren, Peifang, Li Lu, Xuyuan Tang, et al. "Clinical features of simple hemorrhage and myopic choroidal neovascularization associated with lacquer cracks in pathologic myopia." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 258, no. 12 (2020): 2661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04778-6.
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Taludhar, S., and S. Dhakal. "Refractive Error Profile in a Tertiary Centre in Western Nepal." International Journal of Infection and Microbiology 2, no. 2 (2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8324.
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INTRODUCTION: Refractive error is one of the causes of avoidable blindness. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism are the common types of refractive error. Not many studies are done to detect pattern of refractive error in Western Nepal. So, the study will determine the prevalence and distribution of refractive errors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of all consecutive patients of age less than 40 years who visited eye department, Gandaki Medical College, between May 2010 and May 2011 was conducted. Visual acuity, naked eye and pin hole examination was done by ophthalmic assistant with cycloplegic refraction when needed. Those who did not turn up for refraction were excluded from the study. RESULTS: A total of 601 patients were seen within the study period. Mean age of male patients was 22.4 years }0.6 (95% CI, 21.2-23.6 years) and mean age of female patients was 24.2 years }0.5 (95% CI, 23.2-25.2 years). Majority of the patients were in age group 11-20 years (39.3%). Myopia was the most common refractive error (43.3%) followed by simple myopic astigmatism (23.8%). Refractive errors were more common in females. CONCLUSIONS: Myopia was the commonest refractive compared to hypermetropia. Refractive error was more common in females than in males. Such studies help to know the picture of refractive errors in community and such reports are helpful in planning programme to prevent avoidable blindness.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8324 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):59-63
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Sanfi A.P.M, Pramila Mahala, and Shamsa Fiaz. "Efficacy of Ayurvedic management of Timira w.s.r. to Simple Myopia - A Single Case Study." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 9, no. 10 (2025): 261–65. https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.10.43.
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Introduction: It is the most common refractive error of the eye common in children and young adults. Factors such as increased near-work activities (like computer use and reading), reduced time spend outdoors, and genetic predisposition are thought to contribute to the rising rates of Myopia. On the basis of symptoms Myopia can be correlated to Vatika Timira, for which treatment modalities have been mentioned and Ayurvedic treatments was done for the management of the case. Materials and Methods: A fully conscious male patient age of 26 yrs had visited Shalakya Tantra OPD, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, with chief complaints of defective distant vision in both eyes which was gradual painless and persistent since 3 years. He also complained of frequent dryness of bilateral eyes. The patient was treated with Internal medicines which are Chakshushya and Vathahara and Therapies like Parisheka, Nasya and Tarpana in sittings. Along with this Eye exercises are also advised. The treatments suggested for 3 months. Results: At the end of the study, there got significant improvement in visual acuity in both eyes and he got relief from dryness of bilateral eyes. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that Ayurvedic approaches are helpful to control Simple Myopia.
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Jayakrishnan, A., A. Krishnaprabha, K. Sivabalaji, and BN Ashwini. "Management of Simple Myopia with Anantadi Ghrita: A Case Report." Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports 2, no. 2 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2667-0593.351386.
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wakode., Kalpanas. "ROLE OF PHALATRIKADI GHRITHA IN SIMPLE MYOPIA.-A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 4 (2017): 1196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/3933.
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Muharfian, Andi Muh, and Firman Firman. "Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Kelainan Refraksi Miopia Pada Pelajar SMA Nasional Makassar." Trends in Applied Sciences, Social Science, and Education 2, no. 1 (2024): 49–64. https://doi.org/10.71383/tase.v2i1.33.
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Myopia is an eye refraction disorder that makes it difficult for sufferers to see clearly for objects that are located far away. The largest percentage of myopia cases in Indonesia from the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health data occurred at the age of students (11-20 years), which was 23.74% and from the results of myopia screening conducted at SMA Nasional Makassar students, myopia prevalence was 12.9%. This study aims to determine the risk factors for the incidence of myopia refraction abnormalities in SMA Nasional Makassar students. This type of research is observational quantitative analytic using a Case Control Study design with a sample size of 120 people where the case sample were 30 people and the control sample were 90 people . Case samples were obtained by total sampling technique and control samples were obtained by simple random sampling technique. Primary data collection with snellen cards and interviews using a questionnaire. The results showed reading activity (OR = 7.5; 95CI% = 2.1-26.6), risky activities using handphone (OR = 6.0; 95CI% = 1.3-27.0), risky activities using computer or laptop (OR = 3.3; 95CI% = 1.4-7.8), risky TV watching activities (OR = 3.1; 95CI% = 1.1-8.2), and family history ( OR = 2.6; 95CI% = 1.1-6.2). All of the independent variables in this study are risk factors for the case of myopia refraction in SMA Nasional Makassar students.
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Oktarima, Primawita, Sesy Caesarya, Irawati Irfani, Mayasari Wahyu Kuntorini, Feti Karfiati Memed, and Dianita Veulina Ginting. "Hubungan Usia dan Jenis Kelamin dengan Jenis Kelainan Refraksi pada Anak di Pusat Mata Nasional Rumah Sakit Mata Cicendo." Oftalmologi: Jurnal Kesehatan Mata Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ojkmi.v3i2.15.
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Introduction: Refractive disorder is one of the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide and becomes the second leading cause of blindness that can be cured. Uncorrected refractive error is the leading cause of vision impairment in children. An estimated 12,8 million children 5 to 15 years of age worldwide are affected. Purpose: To describe the correlation between age and sex with the refractive disorder in National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital on January – December 2015. Method: An analytical observational study. The subjects were children diagnosed with refractive disorders based on medical records at the pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus department in Cicendo Eye hospital. The data analyzed using chi-square (x2) with significances of p < 0.05. Results: We found 1684 refractive error patients; 41.9% are boys and 58.1% girls. It mainly happened in 11-15 years of age (52.9%). Simple myopia and compound myopic astigmatism are mostly found in girls aged 11-15 years old. Simple hypermetropia and simple myopic astigmatism are primarily in boys aged 6-10 years old, and compound hypermetropic astigmatism in boys 0-5 years old. Conclusion: Recognition of any refractive error in children is a major step in preventing childhood vision loss, a significant public health problem. There is a correlation between age and sex with the refractive disorder (p < 0.05). Keywords: refractive disorders, children, visual impairment.
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V Koutal, Manjunath, and Vijaylaxmi Basavaraj Chikkamath. "A Clinical Study on the Role of Akshi Tarpana and Pada Abhyanga in Timira (Simple Myopia)." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 14, no. 5 (2025): 633–35. https://doi.org/10.21275/mr25508171939.
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Shilova, Tatiana. "Laser vision correction technologies: from simple to complex." Eye 22, no. 129 (2020): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33791/2222-4408-2020-1-48-50.
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Laser vision correction is a simple and safe way to improve vision in cases of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. We analyzed differences of the existing laser vision correction technologies, their risks and side effects. The main objective of laser vision correction is to change corneal curvature in order to change its refractive power. Laser refractive surgery is the most common method of eliminating the need for glasses or contact lenses. The presented data was obtained from the analysis of scientific publications and by practical means.
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Zeba Afroz MB, Mallikarjun S. Yalagond, and Asha V. Karki. "Clinical efficacy of Tila Taila Paada Abhyanga and Eye Exercises in the management of Timira w.s.r. to Simple Myopia." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 7, no. 9 (2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.7.9.8.
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As the world is heading into this new era of digitalization, it is also dragging itself into the valley of diseases and the most apparent and direct ill effect of it can be seen on the health of the eyes. The diseases of eyes are very prevalently emerging in today’s time owing to its multiple abundantly found causative factors like absence of following healthy lifestyle, unhealthy/ improper diet, excessive screen time etc. The most common among the diseases of eyes are the refractive errors. Uncorrected refractive error is reported as the first cause for visual impairment. WHO states that uncorrected myopia is the most common cause for visual impairment. Ayurveda, the Science of Life explicitly talks about the structure of Eye, its Diseases, and the various measures and medications used to preserve the health as well as cure the Diseases of Eyes. Paada Abhyanga is one among them. All the Bhrihatrayees have mentioned about the positive effect of Paada Abhyanga on Eyes i.e., as Drishtiprasaadaka. Eye Exercises well known to reduce the constant Stress of the Eyes caused due to Myopia can be effectively adopted in the management of Myopia.
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Meihong, Zhu, and Lin Tainan. "Changes of retinal thickness in macular area of myopia children." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203103.
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Objective: To study the changes of macular retinal thickness in children with moderate and low myopia by frequency domain OCT. Methods: 108 school-age children aged 7-12 years were selected and enrolled into the group. Among them, 58 cases (116 eyes) with simple moderate and low myopia in the myopia group and 50 cases (100 eyes) with straight eyes in the emmetropia group. The retinal thickness in different parts of macular area was compared between the two groups, and the correlation between retinal thickness in different parts of macular area and diopter and axial length was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The length of eye axis in moderate and low myopia group was longer than that in emmetropia group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in CMT(Central Macular Thickness) and I-AMT(average macular thickness of inner circle) between the two groups (P > 0.05). The AMT(Average Macular Thickness) and O-AMT(average macular thickness of outer circle) in moderate and low myopia group were lower than those in emmetropia group, and the differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). The thickness of the retina below the macula and the nasal side was positively correlated with the refractive power in patients with moderate to low-grade myopia (r=0.201, 0.302, P＜0.05), and the thickness of the retina around the macula was negatively correlated with the refractive power (r=-0.326, P＜0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in macular central retinal thickness between children with moderate and low myopia and normal children, and the thickness of paracentral retina tends to become thinner with the deepening of myopia.
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Kashura, О. I., V. V. Li, and О. V. Mazurina. "The clinical significance of a controlled visual exercise regimen for the progression of school myopia." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2021-1-137-140.
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Purpose. Analysis of the dynamics of the progression of myopia with observance and non-observance of the rules of visual work in primary school students. Material and methods. There were 40 children under supervision. The age at initial treatment was 8-10 years. All children were diagnosed with acquired myopia of mild degree from 1.0 to 3.0 D upon treatment. The children were observed for three years. At the first visit, the child's parents were explained in detail the mechanisms of the onset of school myopia, in particular, they focused on two reasons – bowed head syndrome and infinity of visual work, taking into account the use of gadgets. Results. For the analysis, 2 observation groups were formed. 1st group – 20 children (40 eyes), who strictly adhered to the rules of visual work at close range. The 2 nd group of children (20 people, 40 eyes) continued, despite the doctor's recommendations, to adhere to their usual way of life. When analyzing the results of the examination in the 1 st group of children, it was found that over 3 years of observation, all children showed a tendency towards a slow progression of myopia. This was expressed in the annual increase in the length of the anteroposterior axis (APA) of the eye by an average of 0.2 mm, which corresponded to an increase in refraction by no more than 1.0 D. In patients of the 2 nd group, over 3 years of follow-up, there was a significant progression of myopia with an annual increase in the length of the APA of the eye by an average of 0.5 mm, which corresponded to an increase in refraction by 3.5 D. Conclusion. This analysis showed that there are simple, affordable, inexpensive, non-surgical, but effective ways to prevent the progression of myopia, which makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of a rapid progression of myopia by 2.5 times. Key words: progression of myopia, anteroposterior axis of the eye, refraction, school myopia, visual stress regime.
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Mutti, Donald O., Loraine T. Sinnott, Susan A. Cotter, et al. "Predicting the onset of myopia in children by age, sex, and ethnicity: Results from the CLEERE Study." Optometry and Vision Science 101, no. 4 (2024): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000002127.
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SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians and researchers would benefit from being able to predict the onset of myopia for an individual child. This report provides a model for calculating the probability of myopia onset, year-by-year and cumulatively, based on results from the largest, most ethnically diverse study of myopia onset in the United States. PURPOSE This study aimed to model the probability of the onset of myopia in previously nonmyopic school-aged children. METHODS Children aged 6 years to less than 14 years of age at baseline participating in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study who were nonmyopic and less hyperopic than +3.00 D (spherical equivalent) were followed up for 1 to 7 years through eighth grade. Annual measurements included cycloplegic autorefraction, keratometry, ultrasound axial dimensions, and parental report of children's near work and time spent in outdoor and/or sports activities. The onset of myopia was defined as the first visit with at least −0.75 D of myopia in each principal meridian. The predictive model was built using discrete time survival analysis and evaluated with C statistics. RESULTS The model of the probability of the onset of myopia included cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error, the horizontal/vertical component of astigmatism (J 0), age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Onset of myopia was more likely with lower amounts of hyperopia and less positive/more negative values of J 0. Younger Asian American females had the highest eventual probability of onset, whereas older White males had the lowest. Model performance increased with older baseline age, with C statistics ranging from 0.83 at 6 years of age to 0.92 at 13 years. CONCLUSIONS The probability of the onset of myopia can be estimated for children in the major racial/ethnic groups within the United States on a year-by-year and cumulative basis up to age 14 years based on a simple set of refractive error and demographic variables.
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Arun, Samar, Arora Isha, Samar Rajkumari, and Tiwari Garima. "Refractive Changes and Visual Acuity among Pregnant Women of Southern Rajasthan Region." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 13, no. 11 (2023): 200–204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000405.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Changes in the eye have been linked to pregnancy; these changes may be natural, pathogenic, or an aggravation of pre-existing ocular diseases. Changes in refractive error (RE) and visual acuity (VA) are two examples of the physiological changes that might take place during pregnancy. <strong>Objective:</strong> The goal of the current study was to examine changes in VA and RE in pregnant women of Udaipur region during the course of second and third trimesters and six weeks after giving birth. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Pregnant women in their second trimester who were attending an antenatal clinic were sequentially recruited for a longitudinal study. Information on their sociodemographic and clinical traits was gathered using a questionnaire. Measurements of visual acuity and refractive error were made during the second and third trimesters as well as six weeks following delivery. <strong>Result:</strong> The average age of women were 36.87 ± 6.35 years. In comparison to the second trimester, more women in the third trimester saw a worsening in Visual Acuity (VA) for distance. VA remained essentially changed during the course of the trial. Pregnant women experienced an increased myopic shift in the third trimester (40.83 % in left eye and 44.16 % in right eye) compared to the second trimester (35.83 % in left eye and 37.50 % in right eye). Simple myopia was the most prevalent refractive error among the women. Six weeks after delivery, these modifications disappeared. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Pregnancy worsened Visual acuity (VA) for distance, and simple myopia was the most prevalent Refractive Error among pregnant women. However, during the postpartum phase, these modifications disappeared.
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Prof., Bijay Kumar Parida, and Anannya Anupurva Ms. "Manual Correction of Myopia, Hypermetropia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia & Keratoconus." International Journal of Engineering Research & Science 5, no. 7 (2019): 07–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3356427.
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<strong><em>Abstract—</em></strong><em> </em><em>A new method has been designed to correct myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and presbyopia of very high power.<sup> </sup>If 1mm of<sup> </sup>cornea is tucked, then it corrects <strong>3.174 D</strong> & If 1mm of horizontal diameter of cornea is reduced, then it corrects<strong> +4.1D.</strong><sup> </sup>This procedure is reliable, safe, cheapest and simplest. Because of the use of simple procedure to split the cornea, adjustable nonabsorbable sutures, correction of very high myopia and hypermetropia along with astigmatism and presbyopia, the procedure is expected to be accepted.</em>
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Yeh, Shang-Min, Hui-Rong Su, Chi-Hung Lee, Yu-Jung Chen, and Shuan-Yu Huang. "Accommodative Relaxation by Extending the Viewing Distance through the Simple Optical Design of a Double-Mirror System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (2021): 6979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156979.
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Purpose: This paper discusses the accommodative relaxation of myopic adults using a simple double-mirror design. This optical design can extend the viewing distance to 2.285 m and can magnify the image up to 3.386 times, and it results in the accommodative relaxation of a single human eye. By using this optical design, accommodative relaxation may improve eye fatigue and, furthermore, it may delay the progression of myopia. Method: This study recruited 32 subjects with an average age of 20.8 ± 0.95 years old. After an examination of their refractive status, disposable contact lenses with a corresponding refractive error were fitted, and the dynamic accommodative response and change in pupil size were measured by using an open-field autorefractor. The subjects gazed at two different viewing distances. First, they gazed at a real object, which was placed 0.4 m in front of them. Second, the subjects gazed at a virtual image through a double-mirror system at a distance of 2.285 m. The dynamic accommodative responses and pupil size data were collected under these two viewing distance conditions. Results: When the subjects gazed at a real object that was 0.4 m away, or a virtual image that was 2.285 m away, the mean value of the accommodative response was 1.69 ± 0.31 D or 0.11 ± 0.05 D, and the pupil size was 3.79 ± 0.49 mm or 4.09 ± 0.72 mm, respectively. The accommodative response decreased, and the pupil size increased when using the double-mirror system, and therefore, accommodative relaxation can be achieved by using this new optical design. Conclusions: In the present study, we first successfully proposed a simple optical design to relax the accommodation, and the fluctuations of the accommodation response were stable, with an extended viewing distance of 2.285 m. This design may be applied for the improvement of visual function in applications such as the reduction of asthenopia and the control of myopia.