Academic literature on the topic 'Simplified taxation regime'

The article examines the issue of choosing a different taxation regime by organizations in connection with the abolition of Chapter 1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation regulating the UTII system on January 2021, 26.3. For a significant part of organizations using this system, the transition is clear – a simplified taxation system, provided that the criterion of the maximum size for income and the residual value of depreciable property is met. Under this regime, the taxpayer will have to decide on the choice of the object of taxation, for which the article proposes an algorithm for calculations and comparative analysis.

One of the types of simplified taxation is the application of a patent for a certain type of activity, which is issued for a period to one year. This tax regime is used to support small businesses. At the same time, the taxpayer is exempted from paying a number of other taxes, and can calculate his tax burden in advance.

The article examines the question of choosing the optimal taxation regime in the service sector in con-nection with the abolition from January 1, 2021 of the Chapter 26.3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation governing the system of single tax on imputed income. Based on the example of an individual entrepreneur representing hairdressing and cosmetic services, calculations have been made and a comparative analysis of the fiscal burden that has arisen in the case of applying a simplified taxation system, patent system or the transition to payment of professional income tax has been carried out. Corresponding calculations were per-formed under the conditions of 2020 in force in the Moscow region.

Over the past years, the unified tax on imputed income has been the most convenient, effective, simple and economical for the majority of individual entrepreneurs in our country. Now entrepreneurs should abandon this tax regime. A very topical issue is the choice of the taxation system that will minimize budgetary obligations. Based on the Rosstat data, individual entrepreneurs occupy a fairly high share in the total population of entrepreneurs in this country. Taking into account the fact that the Republic of Adygea is an agricultural one, and in addition to standard cargo transportation, many individual entrepreneurs are also engaged in the transportation of agricultural products, we have selected this particular segment for research. The paper provides a comparative analysis of taxation systems that can be used by entrepreneurs providing freight services in the Republic of Adygea. For clarity, we examined such tax systems and special tax regimes as: tax on professional income, patent system, simplified “Income” taxation system. For each of the systems, both the advantages of its application and the disadvantages are systematized. The patent system may only have its own benefits for entrepreneurs operating in only one region and without employees. Professional income tax is similar to the simplified “Income” tax system. Only with this option there is no possibility of using the tax deduction of fixed contributions for pension and social insurance. The calculations and recommendations presented in the work will help individual entrepreneurs make the right choice. The most optimal variant can be chosen only by the entrepreneur himself, basing on the peculiarities of the entrepreneurial activity.

The article examines the evolution of tax instruments designed to encourage citizens with entrepreneurial income and tax evaders to make a decision to legalize and become taxpayers. From these positions, the mechanism of tax holidays is considered and an assessment of its effectiveness is given, the special tax regime “Tax on professional income” and its advantages in comparison with the tax holidays of individual entrepreneurs using a simplified or patent taxation system.

The paper highlights the legal basis for the activities of agricultural enterprises in line with changes in tax legislation. It is pointed out that the dynamics of legal norms results in the imperfection of the legal regulation of taxation of agricultural enterprises, while the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the European Union is a necessary condition for our country's accession to the European community. Thus, as a result of the administrative reform and decentralization processes in Ukraine, communities function as the main foundations of the activities of collectives of settlements, Starostyn districts. We have established that an agricultural enterprise in modern communities is an enterprise whose main activity is the supply of agricultural goods (services) produced (provided) by it on its own or leased fixed assets, as well as on toll terms, in which the share of agricultural goods/services is not less than 75 percent of the value of all goods/services delivered during the previous 12 consecutive reporting tax periods combined. In the case of creation of a new agricultural enterprise, which operates for at least 12 months, the specified share is determined for each individual reporting tax period. In addition, this does not include taxable transactions for the supply of fixed assets that were part of its fixed assets for at least 12 consecutive reporting tax periods in total, if such transactions were not permanent and did not constitute a separate business activity. Such enterprises have the right to choose a general or simplified system of taxation. Prospective directions of further improvement of the national legislation are offered taking into account necessity of understanding of features of realization of agricultural activity, a disparity of the prices for production and means of its manufacture, dependence on natural and climatic conditions, profitability of separate branches of agriculture, prevention of discrimination between agricultural commodity producers for the taxation of small agricultural producers.

Statistics on the amount of individual entrepreneur (registered and stopping one’s financial-economic activity) have been investigated. Systematization of scientific – practical methods for formation of the concept “optimum taxing load” has been carried out. In order to equalize the tax burden for individual entrepreneurs, applying both the general tax regime and a special one in the form of a simplified tax system, it has been offered to harmonize the definition of the object of the insurance premiums taxation with the current single tax when choosing the object of taxation “income, after deduction of expenses incurred”. Since the fixed payment in terms of payment of insurance premiums is payable regardless of the actual conduct of its own business for the calendar year, this proposal will allow us proportionately fulfill tax obligations to the budget.

<div><p><em>The study seeks to evaluate the effect of the current tax regulatory regime on the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Masvingo urban. Many governments raise public finance through the taxation of individuals and the business community. Undertaking of this study was mainly motivated by the increase in the number of microfinance institutions after the introduction of the multicurrency system in 2009, but the government is failing to meet its revenue targets. The study was done on 24 loan officers and 8 managers of MFIs. Data was collected using a Likert scale questionnaire. Quantitative data was presented using SPSS. This study found that a tax regulation can enhance the sustainability of MFIs if properly simplified to promote investment in microfinance business through provision of tax exemptions, tax incentives, free registration, simplified record keeping procedures, and reduced tax rates. The study recommends that MFIs should not be heavily taxed if they are to meet a major objective of poverty alleviation. </em></p></div>

The policy of the Cypriot authorities, aimed at attracting foreign capital, is deeply rooted in history. Having created a flexible tax system, since its first years as an independent state Cyprus has managed to attract numerous foreign shipping companies and in the 1970s it turned into a regional financial hub through which economic cooperation between the countries of the West and the Middle East was carried out. The Cypriot economy flourished in the 1990s – 2000s, when thanks to favorable taxation regime, transaction confidentiality, convenient geographical location, eased visa regime and a number of other factors it became the main transit point for capital from Eastern Europe, first of all – from Russia. However, the future of Cyprus as an international financial center is in question. Under the pressure of the EU, OECD and a number of individual countries, the Cypriot authorities are forced to bring their tax legislation in line with international standards. Negative impact on the investment image of the country was rendered by the national 2012-2013 banking crisis, followed by the collapse of the largest national banks, a sharp deterioration in macroeconomic indicators and the implementation by the government of a number of reforms that affected the attractiveness of Cyprus in the eyes of international business companies. In these circumstances, the Cypriot authorities have taken a number of measures aimed at preventing the outflow of foreign capital, including the abolition of the property tax in the housing stock, the extension of benefits for new tax residents and the introduction of a simplified procedure for the granting of Cypriot citizenship for investments. Thanks to these innovations, Cyprus managed not only to retain interest from TNCs of Russian origin, but also to attract investments of small and medium-sized companies, primarily those working in the field of information and communication technologies.

Taxation of small businesses is one of the key areas in the tax policy of the Russian Federation. To create favorable economic conditions for the functioning of small business entities, special tax regimes have been created to simplify their accounting and reporting system. The article deals with the practice of applying special tax regimes in the Republic of Tatarstan. It is revealed that the most popular regimes for small business entities in the republic are the simplified and patent taxation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the special tax regimes applied are noted.

Com este projeto pretende-se compreender, na perceção dos Contabilistas Certificados (CC), quais são os aspetos considerados pelos contribuintes e por si aquando da opção entre o regime geral/contabilidade e os regimes simplificados (RST), conhecer ainda se os fatores são diferentes em Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas (IRC) e Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (IRS), bem como se variam em função de quem faz a opção. Assim, foi lançado um questionário dirigido aos Contabilistas Certificados do distrito de Portalegre, obtendo-se 54 questionários válidos, abrangendo informação sobre 1.279 empresas. Depois de analisados os resultados conclui-se que, de acordo com a perceção dos CC, quem opta pelo regime de tributação são, maioritariamente, os contribuintes aconselhados pelos CC. Verifica-se, ainda, que, independentemente de quem faz a opção pelo regime de tributação (clientes/empregador ou CC), bem como independentemente de se tratar da opção em IRC ou em IRS, o objetivo final é sempre o de maximização da poupança fiscal; fator decisivo ao qual acresce, nos sujeitos passivos de IRS, a preocupação com os custos de cumprimento. Quanto ao RST concluímos que tem maior aderência em sede de IRS quando comparado com o IRC, bem como que apesar das alterações ao RST em IRC em 2014, os dados não apontam para que tal facto tenha aumentado a aderência ao mesmo.
This project intends to understand the perception of the certified accountants on the aspects considered by the taxpayers and by themselves when choosing between tax regimes in the corporate and income taxation, we also intend to know if the factors are the same in corporate taxation and income individual taxation, as well as if there are differences between taxpayers and accountants decisions. Thus, a questionnaire was applied to the certified accountants from the district of Portalegre, obtaining 54 valid questionnaires, covering information on 1,279 companies. Then we can concluded that, according to the accountants’ perception, the option for tax regime are, mostly, do by the taxpayers advised by their accountants. It is also verified that, regardless of who makes the option (taxpayers or accountants), and regardless of whether it is the option in IRC or IRS, the goal is always the maximum tax saving; moreover, in IRS context, there is also a concerning with the compliance costs. Regarding the simplified regime, we conclude that it has a higher adherence in IRS then in IRC context, and despite the changes to simplified regime in IRC, in 2014, the data suggest that those changes do not increased the regime’s adherence

Since 2014 Portuguese SMEs can opt for a Simplified Taxation Regime (STR) to determine their taxable income as an alternative to the general regime. However, and despite the expectation that this regime would simplify and encourage tax compliance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), most of them have not adopt this regime. According with the Portuguese Tax Authority’s statistics about Corporate Income Tax (CIT) returns for 2014-2016, the SMEs that fulfil the condition about the annual amount of revenue represent more than 70 percent of companies but just over 3 percent chose STR. With regard this numbers, and that the majority of certified accountants do not recommend STR due primarily to the saving of tax payable, it is relevant to understand the earnings management of companies that not choose STR considering that taxation is observed in many studies as an important incentive for earnings management, and that in general regime the book income is the basis for determining the taxable income. Accordingly, this study examines whether earnings management influences the choice for the STR. I address this gap in the tax literature by exploiting the Portuguese setting in which the majority of SMEs that fulfil the conditions to adopt this taxation regime still report their taxable income in the general regime. I hypothesize that SMEs are more likely to choose STR when earnings management, measured by discretionary accruals, are lower. After controlling for several variables, my results are consistent with the predictions and thus suggest that earnings management, although it is not the main determinant, plays an important role in the choice between income taxation regimes. I also analyse whether the option for STR had an impact on earnings management expecting that, after this option, SMEs present less earnings management attending that in this regime the determination of the taxable income departs from the book income. My results confirm that earnings management declines after the option for STR and confirm that SMEs in STR do not have the same incentives to manage their earnings as when they are in the general regime.Comparing companies in general regime and companies in STR, I also document that in general regime companies are more likely to manage earnings downwards while in STR the earnings management is upwards. Restricting the sample to the companies that are in general regime, I divide total accruals into book-tax accruals and book-only accruals and anticipate that these companies will decrease taxable income by recording book-tax accruals in order to reduce their tax liability. I expected also that these companies attempt to increase book income through book-only accruals. The results suggest increased use of book-tax accruals to decrease taxable income and increased use of book-only accruals to increase financial income. These findings contribute to the current debate of Portuguese policy makers on the definition of an efficient and attractive STR considering that the best way to ensure an effective structural change to the tax system, such as the introduction of a STR, is assessing how taxpayers make their decisions.
Desde 2014, as pequenas e médias empresas (PME) portuguesas podem, em alternativa ao regime geral, optar por um regime simplificado de tributação (RST) para determinar o resultado tributável. Contudo, e apesar da espectativa de que este regime simplifique e incentive o cumprimento das obrigações fiscais das PME, a maioria não adota o RST. De acordo com as estatísticas da Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira portuguesa sobre as declarações fiscais de Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas (IRC) para 2014-2016, mais de 70% das PME preenchem a condição relativa ao montante anual de rendimentos, mas pouco mais de 3% escolheram o RST. Com relação a estes números, e considerando que a maioria dos contabilistas certificados não recomendam o STR devido principalmente à economia do imposto a pagar, torna-se relevante entender a gestão de resultados das empresas que não optam por este regime, considerando que a tributação é identificada em muitos estudos como um importante incentivo para a gestão de resultados, e que no regime geral o resultado contabilístico é a base para determinar o resultado tributável. Este estudo pretende deste modo examinar se a gestão dos resultados influencia a escolha pelo RST. Abordo esta lacuna na literatura fiscal, explorando o cenário português onde a maioria das PME que preenchem as condições para adotar este regime de tributação, continuam no regime geral. Pessoalmente coloco a hipótese de que as PME são mais propensas a optar pelo RST quando a gestão dos resultados, medida através de acréscimos discricionários, é menor. Depois de controlar várias variáveis, os meus resultados são consistentes com as previsões e, por conseguinte, sugerem que a gestão dos resultados, embora não seja o principal determinante, desempenha um papel importante na escolha entre os regimes de tributação. Analiso igualmente se a opção pelo RST teve impacto na gestão dos resultados, esperando que, após essa opção, as PME apresentem uma menor gestão de resultados, atendendo a que, neste regime, a determinação do resultado tributável se afasta do resultado contabilístico. Os resultados confirmam que a gestão dos resultados diminui após a escolha pelo RST e confirmam que as PME que optam por este regime não têm os mesmos incentivos para gerir os seus resultados como quando estão inseridas no regime geral. Ao comparar as empresas no regime geral e as empresas no RST, também documento que, no regime geral, as empresas são mais propensas a gerir os resultados reduzindo-os, enquanto que no RST a gestão dos resultados é feita em alta. Restringindo a amostra às empresas que estão no regime geral, divido ainda o total dos acréscimos fiscais e contabilísticos e acréscimos apenas contabilísticos e antecipo que estas empresas diminuem o resultado tributável utilizando acréscimos fiscais e contabilísticos com o intuito de reduzir a carga de imposto associada. Também espero que estas empresas aumentem o resultado contabilístico através de acréscimos apenas contabilísticos e, consequentemente, sem influenciar o resultado fiscal. Os resultados sugerem a utilização de acréscimos fiscais e contabilísticos para reduzir o resultado tributável e a utilização do acréscimos apenas contabilísticos que visam aumentar o resultado contabilístico sem influenciar o resultado tributável. Estas conclusões contribuem para o debate atual dos decisores políticos portugueses sobre a definição de um RST eficiente e atrativo, considerando que a melhor forma de garantir uma mudança estrutural efetiva no sistema tributário, como a introdução de um RST, é avaliar como os contribuintes fazem as suas decisões.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Gestão apresentado à Faculdade de Economia
O estudo retratado no presente relatório de estágio visa compreender e explicitar o procedimento inspetivo levado a cabo pela Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (AT), na Direção de Finanças de Coimbra (DFC), relativamente à avaliação indireta não automática da matéria tributável em sede de Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas (IRC). Esta metodologia de avaliação, efetuada a partir de presunções, possui um caráter subsidiário em relação à avaliação direta (regime regra) e tem como objetivo fundamental tributar as empresas, ainda que por via indireta, segundo o princípio constitucional do lucro real, quando não for de todo possível tributá-las pela capacidade contributiva declarada ou corrigida através da aplicação da avaliação direta. A avaliação indireta da matéria tributável é uma ferramenta crucial no combate à evasão fiscal. Em sede de IRC a lei contempla duas formas: a automática (regime simplificado de tributação) e a não automática. Enquanto que a primeira é de caráter optativo (opting in) para os sujeitos passivos que, podendo, por ela optem, sendo a matéria tributável apurada através de coeficientes pré-determinados, a segunda é de último recurso, meramente subsidiária e apenas terá lugar quando se verifiquem determinados pressupostos legais que colocam em causa a veracidade do lucro declarado. O presente estágio centrou-se essencialmente na observação e acompanhamento das tarefas desenvolvidas pela inspeção tributária da DFC, em particular na análise das suas propostas de tributação por avaliação indireta não automática, em sede de IRC, no biénio 2017/2018, de forma a perceber as situações em que as mesmas foram despoletadas, os critérios de quantificação utilizados, bem como o desfecho que tais propostas tiveram em sede de procedimento de revisão. Para o efeito consultei vários relatórios de inspeção, incluindo os 37 pedidos de revisão apresentados neste período pelos sujeitos passivos alvo.Porque em caso de controvérsia os tribunais são o último patamar de apelo, importante seria conhecer a sua posição sobre as propostas de tributação analisadas e que foram objeto de impugnação. Só que neste momento isso mostra-se impossível. Ainda assim, e de modo a perceber o seu desfecho sobre esta temática, efetuei uma síntese das decisões dos Tribunais Centrais Administrativos ocorridas a nível nacional no biénio 2017/2018.Uma conclusão foi possível retirar: o que a avaliação indireta não automática ganha em eficiência à avaliação indireta automática, perde em eficácia.Palavras chave: lucro real; avaliação indireta da matéria tributável; regime simplificado de tributação; pressupostos; impossibilidade de comprovação e quantificação direta e exata da matéria tributável; IRC; procedimento de revisão.
The study presented in this internship report aims at understanding and clarifying the inspection procedure carried out by the Tax and Customs Authority (AT) at the Coimbra’s Finance Directorate (DFC) regarding the non-automatic indirect assessment of the taxable matter in corporate tax (IRC).This evaluation methodology, based on presumptions, has a subsidiary character in relation to the direct evaluation (rule regime) and its main objective is to tax companies, although indirectly, according to the constitutional principle of the real profit, when it is not possible, at all, to tax them for the declared or corrected tax capacity through the application of direct evaluation.The indirect assessment of taxable income is a crucial tool in combating tax evasion. In IRC, the law contemplates two forms: automatic (simplified taxation regime) and non-automatic. While the former is opt-in for taxable persons who, being able to opt for it, the taxable amount being determined through pre-determined coefficients, the latter is a last resort, merely subsidiary, and will only take place when there are certain legal assumptions that call into question the veracity of the declared profit.The present stage focused mainly on the observation and follow-up of the tasks carried out by the DFC's tax inspection, with focus on the analysis of its non-automatic indirect tax assessment proposals in IRC in the biennium 2017/2018, to perceive the situations in which they were triggered, the quantification criteria used, as well as the outcome that such proposals had in the review procedure. For this purpose, I have consulted several inspection reports, including the 37 requests for review submitted in this period by the target taxable persons.Because in the case of controversy the courts are the last level of appeal, it would be important to know your position on the tax proposals analysed and that have been challenged. However, this is impossible now. Nevertheless, and to understand its outcome on this issue, I have summarized the decisions of the Central Administrative Courts that took place at the national level in the 2017/2018 biennium.One conclusion has been drawn: what non-automatic indirect evaluation gains in efficiency to automatic indirect evaluation, loses effectiveness.Keywords: real profit; indirect assessment of the taxable matter; simplified taxation regime; assumption; impossibility of proof and direct and exact quantification of the taxable matter; corporate tax; revision procedure.

Целью магистерской диссертации является совершенствование процессов налогообложения субъектов малого предпринимательства в Российской Федерации. В первой главе выделена значимость специальных налоговых режимов для малого бизнеса, исследован опыт российского и зарубежного налогообложения малого бизнеса. Во второй главе проведен анализ налогообложения малого бизнеса в России и Свердловской области. В третьей главе содержатся основные рекомендации по совершенствованию упрощенной системы налогообложения в целях повышения эффективности деятельности субъектов малого предпринимательства.
The purpose of the master's thesis is to improve the taxation processes of small businesses in the Russian Federation. The first chapter highlighted the importance of special tax regimes for small businesses, studied Russian and foreign experience of small business taxation. The second chapter analyzes the taxation of small business in Russia and the Sverdlovsk region. The third chapter provides basic recommendations for improving the simplified taxation system in order to improve the efficiency of small businesses.