Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Simulation app'

This thesis has contributed to the literature by providing a pathway to simplify the process of carrying out molecular dynamics simulation. As a part of the investigation, a user-friendly vision-augmented technique was developed to set up and carry out atomistic simulations using hand-gestures. The system is novel in its concept as it enables the user to directly manipulate the atomic structures on the screen, in 3D space using hand gestures, allowing the exploration and visualisation of molecular interactions at different relative conformations. The hand gestures are used to pick and place atoms on the screen allowing thereby the ease of preparing and carrying out molecular dynamics simulations in a more intuitive way. The end result is that users with limited expertise in developing molecular structures can now do so easily and intuitively by the use of body gestures to interact with the simulator to study the system in question. The proposed system was tested by performing parallel molecular dynamics simulations to study (i) crystal anisotropy of a diamond cubic substrate (crystalline silicon) using nanoindentation with a long-range (Screened bond order) Tersoff potential and (ii) crystal anisotropy of a body centre cubic metal (tantalum) using nanoindentation with an Embedded Atomic Method (EAM) type potential. The MD data was post-processed to reveal size effects observed in anisotropy of both these materials, namely, silicon and tantalum. The value of hardness and elastic modulus obtained from the MD data was found in accordance with what has been discovered previously by experiments, thereby validating the simulations. Based on this, it is anticipated that the proposed system will open up new horizons to the current methods on how an MD simulation is designed and executed.

En 2019, Campolina &amp; Mailybaev ont développé un nouveau cadre, les grilles logarithmiques permettant de réaliser des simulations à haute résolution grâce à l'utilisation de modes exponentiellement espacés dans l'espace de Fourier. Une telle construction rappelle les shellmodels bien connus. En utilisant ce nouveau cadre, cette thèse aborde le sujet de l'intermittence, des singularités et de la réversibilité dans les écoulements turbulents. Nous nous intéressons tout d'abord à la capacité du système à reproduire des caractéristiques intermittentes, telles que des bursts de dissipation d'énergie, observées dans des écoulements réels. Une explication possible de ce phénomène est l'existence de singularités complexes des champs de vitesses dont les parties imaginaires pilotent la dissipation. En atteignant l'axe réel (i.e une partie imaginaire nulle), elles génèrent un burst de dissipation et peuvent conduire à des scénarios de blowup. A travers l'étude de l'existence de blowups dans différents scénarios (écoulements hyper, hypovisqueux et classique), nous étudions l'existence de singularités complexes dans notre modèle. En introduisant la notion d'efficacité, nous montrons qu'il est possible d'observer des blowups visqueux dans le contexte des équations de Navier-Stokes réversibles, introduites pour la première fois par Gallavotti en 1996. En utilisant ces équations modifiées, nous étudions l'existence d'une solution faible dissipative. Enfin, nous étudions les propriétés statistiques des équations de Navier-Stokes réversibles mettant en évidence l'existence d'une transition de phase du second ordre et examinons la conjecture de Gallavotti concernant l'équivalence d'ensemble entre les équations de Navier-Stokes et leur homologue réversible<br>We first focus on the ability of the system to reproduce intermittent features, such as bursts of energy dissipation, observed in real flows. A possible explanation to this phenomenon is the existence of complex singularities of the velocity fields which imaginary parts pilot the dissipation. By reaching the real axis (i.e a null imaginary part), they generate a burst of dissipation and can lead to blowup scenarios. Through the study of the existence of blowup in various scenarios (hyper, hypoviscous and classical flows) we investigate the existence of complex singularities in our model. Introducing the notion of efficiency, we then show that it is possible to observe viscous blowups in the context of the Reversible Navier-Stokes equations, first introduced by Gallavotti in 1996. Using these modified equations, we study the existence of weak dissipative solutions. Finally, we study the statistical properties of the Reversible Navier-Stokes equations highlighting the existence of a second order phase transition and investigate the Gallavotti's conjecture stating the equivalence of ensembles between Navier-Stokes equations and its reversible counterpart

Each year many forest fires have occurred and huge amount of forest areas in each country have been lost. Turkey like many world countries have forest fire problem. 27 % of Turkey&amp<br>#65533<br>s lands are covered by forest and 48 % of these forest areas are productive, however 52 % of them must be protected. There occurred 21000 forest fires due to several reasons between 1993 and 2002. It is estimated that 23477 ha area has been destroyed annually due to wildfires. The fire management strategies can be built on the scenarios derived from the simulation processes. In this study a GIS &amp<br>#65533<br>based fire simulating model is used to simulate a past fire occurred in Marmaris &amp<br>#65533<br>&Ccedil<br>etibeli, Turkey, in August 2002. This model uses Rothermel&amp<br>#65533<br>s surface fire model, Rothermel&amp<br>#65533<br>s and Van Wagner&amp<br>#65533<br>s crown fire model and Albini&amp<br>#65533<br>s torching tree model. The input variables required by the model can be divided into four groups: fuel type, fuel moisture, topography and wind. The suitable fuel type classification of the vegetation of the study area has been performed according to the Northern Forest Fire Laboratory (NFFL) Fuel Model. The fuel moisture data were obtained from the experts working in the General Directorate of Forestry. The fire spread pattern was derived using two IKONOS images representing the pre- and post-fire situations by visual interpretation. Time of arrival, the rate of spread and the spread direction of the fire were obtained as the output and 70 % of the burned area was estimated correctly from the fire simulating model.

Une simple classification morphologique des galaxies de l'Univers local montre deux grandes familles: (1) les galaxies disques, avec des bras spiraux et dans deux-tiers des cas une barre stellaire; et (2) les galaxies elliptiques et lenticulaires, dites galaxies de type précoce ou early-type galaxies (ETGs), qui sont dominées par une composante stellaire sphéroidale. Les galaxies les plus massives de l'Univers local sont les ETGs. Ces galaxies présentent aussi une large variété de dynamique stellaire: elles peuvent avoir un champ de vitesse régulier et aligné avec la photométrie ou perpendiculaire à la photométrie; ne présenter aucune rotation globale; ou alors être composées de deux disques en contre-rotation l'un par rapport à l'autre (Kinematically Distinct Core ou KDC). Ces signatures dans la dynamique stellaire des ETGs et leur importante masse sont des signes d'interactions passées, en particulier des signes de fusions de galaxies. Le but principal de ma thèse est d'analyser un large échantillon de simulations numériques à haute résolution de fusions binaires de galaxies. Ces fusions sont dites "idéalisées" car elles ne prennent pas en compte le contexte cosmologique de formation des galaxies : deux galaxies en isolation sont lancées sur une orbite permettant la fusion de ces galaxies, le résultat final attendu de la fusion étant une ETG. L'analyse statistique de ce large échantillon de simulations nous permet de relier les conditions initiales de la fusion à la galaxie finale. J'ai démontré que le rapport de masse entre les spirales initiales et que l'orientation de leurs moments angulaires sont des points essentiels à la formation des ETGs avec peu ou beaucoup de rotation et des KDCs. La morphologie de la spirale (rapport Bulbe/Disque) est aussi un point important pour la formation des KDC mais son impact n'est pas clair et de nouvelles simulations sont nécessaires pour conclure. Durant ma thèse, j'ai aussi étudié l'importance de la résolution dans les simulations numériques de fusion de galaxies. J'ai montré que le nombre de particules et la taille des cellules utilisées ont une importance prépondérante dans les résultats finaux. Une trop faible résolution (i.e. peu de particules et une grille grossière) ne permet pas de suivre l'évolution rapide du potentiel gravitationnel lors de la fusion. Dans ce cas, certaines particules n'évacuent pas leur moment angulaire vers l'extérieur de la galaxie: la galaxie résultante de la fusion garde ainsi une plus forte rotation. A haute résolution, la dispersion de ces orbites est résolue, la galaxie résultante possède donc une faible rotation et peut former, sous certaines conditions initiales, un KDC.

- Rückblick Simulation-News in Creo 1.0 & Creo 2.0 - Ausblick Simulation-News in Creo 3.0 - Gewichtete Verbindungen: „Tips & Tricks“ mit konkreten Beispielen: o Lagersteifigkeiten (z.B. Wälzlager) o Mechanismus Verbindungen (Dreh-, Schub-, Zylinder, .... Gelenke) o Vorgespannte Schrauben (mit Schalen-/Balken-Elementen) o Aufbringung einer momentfreien Zwangsverschiebung o „Gesamtlast auf Punkt“: Messen der Punktverschiebung o Verbinden von Massen-Elementen o Verhindern von Singularitäten - Live-Präsentation in Creo 2.0 o Lagersteifigkeiten (z.B. Wälzlager) o Mechanismus Verbindungen (Dreh-, Schub-, Zylinder, .... Gelenke)

Traumatic injuries lead to articular cartilage lesion formation and result in the development of osteoarthritis. Recent research suggests that the early stage of mechanical injuries involve cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) and inflammation. In this thesis, we focus on building mathematical models to investigate the biological mechanism involving chondrocyte death and inflammatory responses in the process of cartilage degeneration. Chapter 1 describes the structure of articular cartilage, the process of carti- lage degeneration, and reviews of existing mathematical models. Chapter 2 presents a delay-diffusion-reaction model of cartilage lesion formation under cyclic loading. Computational methods were used to simulate the impact of varying loading stresses and erythropoietin levels. The model is parameterized with experimental results, and is therefore clinically relevant. Due to numerical limitations using delay differential equations, a new model is presented using tools for population dynamics. Chapter 3 presents an age and space-structured model of articular cartilage lesion formation un- der a single blunt impact. Age structure is introduced to represent the time delay in cytokine synthesis and cell transition. Numerical simulations produce similar tempo- ral and spatial patterns to our experimental data. In chapter 4, we extend our model under the cyclic loading setting. Chapter 5 builds a spatio-temporal model adapted from the former models, and investigates the distribution of model parameters using experimental data and statistical methods. Chapter 6 concludes.

Simulation-News in Creo 1.0 & Creo 2.0 - Mechanica (neu: Simulate) Druckbehälter: Schraubenvorspannung / Betriebslast - Live-Präsentation in Creo 2.0 Berechnung eine Druckbehälters unter Berücksichtigung von: Schraubenvorspannung, Betriebslast, zeitabhängiger Lastaufbringung

Molecular dynamics (MO) simulations were used to study the interaction of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel toxins with lipid bilayers. The toxins studied were YSTx1 (Yoltage Sensor Toxin 1) and SGTx1 (Seodm griseipes Toxin 1), gating-modifier toxins from tarantula venom that bind to the voltage sensors (YS) of Kv channels and inhibit the channels by altering the energetics of voltagedependent gating. The mechanism of interaction and the depth of binding of these toxins with lipid bilayers is of interest in the context of structural models of voltage-dependent gating in Kv channels. In particular, characterizing the interaction of these toxins with lipid bilayers provided insights into the structure and dynamics of the YS of Kv channels. Atomistic (AT) MO simulations were used to localize YSTx1 and SGTx1 in lipid bilayers. Both toxins preferred a location close to the ·membrane/water interface consistent with their amphipathic molecular surface. The nature of the interactions that stabilized the toxins in the membrane was investigated. ExtendedMOsimulations with a coarse-grained (CG) protein and lipid model revealed dynamic toxin partitioning of SGTx1 from bulk water to the membrane/water interface. CG MO simulations with a total simulation time of > 30 ps were used to estimate the 10 potential of mean force (PMF) profile of YSTx1 along the bilayer normal of lipid bilayers. The PMF profiles suggest it is energetically favorable for YSTx1 to partition from bulk water to the membrane/water interface. The bilayer deformed as it interacted with the toxin, and bilayer deformation influenced the PMF profiles. AT MO simulations with a total simulation time of > 1.6 ps were also used to estimate the 10 PMF profile of YSTx1 along the bilayer normal. A novel approach was taken whereby information derived from the CG MO simulations were used to initialize the AT MO simulations. Comparisons were· made between the CG and AT PMF profiles, and that derived from an implicit membrane/solvent model. CG MO simulations were used to estimate an angular PMF profile of a 54 helix (which carries the gating charges in the YS of Kv channels) in lipid bilayers. The CG PMF profiles suggested that it is overall energetically favorable for 54 to adopt a membrane surface orientation compared to a transmembrane (TM) orientation. Interestingly, 54 could not be (meta) stably inserted in a TM orientation in membranes with reduced concentration of negatively-charged lipid phosphate moieties. Finally, CG MO simulations were performed to probe the interaction of a membrane-embedded YS with YSTx1.

This work presents a design, simulation and test methodology for microfluidic systems, with particular focus on simulation for test. A Microfluidic Fault Simulator (MFS) has been created based around COMSOL which allows a fault-free system model to undergo fault injection and provide test measurements. A post MFS test analysis procedure is also described.A range of fault-free system simulations have been cross-validated to experimental work to gauge the accuracy of the fundamental simulation approach prior to further investigation and development of the simulation and test procedure.A generic mechanism, termed a fault block, has been developed to provide fault injection and a method of describing a low abstraction behavioural fault model within the system. This technique has allowed the creation of a fault library containing a range of different microfluidic fault conditions. Each of the fault models has been cross-validated to experimental conditions or published results to determine their accuracy.Two test methods, namely, impedance spectroscopy and Levich electro-chemical sensors have been investigated as general methods of microfluidic test, each of which has been shown to be sensitive to a multitude of fault. Each method has successfully been implemented within the simulation environment and each cross-validated by first-hand experimentation or published work.A test analysis procedure based around the Neyman-Pearson criterion has been developed to allow a probabilistic metric for each test applied for a given fault condition, providing a quantitive assessment of each test. These metrics are used to analyse the sensitivity of each test method, useful when determining which tests to employ in the final system. Furthermore, these probabilistic metrics may be combined to provide a fault coverage metric for the complete system.The complete MFS method has been applied to two system cases studies; a hydrodynamic “Y” channel and a flow cytometry system for prognosing head and neck cancer.Decision trees are trained based on the test measurement data and fault conditions as a means of classifying the systems fault condition state. The classification rules created by the decision trees may be displayed graphically or as a set of rules which can be loaded into test instrumentation. During the course of this research a high voltage power supply instrument has been developed to aid electro-osmotic experimentation and an impedance spectrometer to provide embedded test.

Many approaches have been developed which support the construction of detailed supply chain models useful for analysis and simulation. However, most of these approaches lack the ability to model the supply chain in a single model, and usually produce solutions that lead to conflicting strategies between the companies. Simulation using a discrete-event simulation (DES) is an effective tool for the dynamically changing supply chain variables, thus allowing the system to be modelled more realistically. Considering the complexities of the supply chain system and the interrelations between its various systems, the task of developing such a model is challenging. The aim of this thesis is to develop a simulation model of a fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) supply chain with a DES tool. This model would be utilised as a decision-support system (DSS) for the investigation of the effectiveness of several inventory policies towards effective coordination and control of production inventory system, in various situations. This thesis discusses fundamental issues in the development of a simulation model for a supply chain using the DES tool, ARENA. A modelling procedure for the development of a supply chain simulation model is presented. The overall structure of the model is constructed by incorporating the well documented concept of modelling materials flowing downstream with an approach of modelling orders flowing upstream (modelling of feedback information). The model has an easily adaptable structure where rules (inventory policies) and model variables can be modified. The flexibility in the model's structure allows devising appropriate experimental designs, for several tests to be performed to imitate some realistic situations or scenarios (including the presence of disturbances). A new control theory oriented inventory policy, called the pseudo PID, is proposed. Detailed evaluations of five inventory policies for a production-inventory control under dynamic and stochastic conditions is presented. The findings demonstrate the ability of the approach to provide a wealth of potential solutions to the decision-maker, and confirm the qualitative behaviour of a supply chain in response to the different policies.

The Hybrid Warfare phenomena, which is the subject of the current research, has been framed by the work of Professor Agostino Bruzzone (University of Genoa) and Professor Erdal Cayirci (University of Stavanger), that in June 2016 created in order to inquiry the subject a dedicated Exploratory Team, which was endorsed by NATO Modelling &amp; Simulation Group (a panel of the NATO Science &amp; Technology organization) and established with the participation as well of the author. The author brought his personal contribution within the ET43 by introducing meaningful insights coming from the lecture of “Fight by the minutes: Time and the Art of War (1994)”, written by Lieutenant Colonel US Army (Rtd.) Robert Leonhard; in such work, Leonhard extensively developed the concept that “Time”, rather than geometry of the battlefield and/or firepower, is the critical factor to tackle in military operations and by extension in Hybrid Warfare. The critical reflection about the time - both in its quantitative and qualitative dimension - in a hybrid confrontation it is addressed and studied inside SIMCJOH, a software built around challenges that imposes literally to “Fight by the minutes”, echoing the core concept expressed in the eponymous work. Hybrid Warfare – which, by definition and purpose, aims to keep the military commitment of both aggressor and defender at the lowest - can gain enormous profit by employing a wide variety of non-military tools, turning them into a weapon, as in the case of the phenomena of “weaponization of mass migrations”, as it is examined in the “Dies Irae” simulation architecture. Currently, since migration it is a very sensitive and divisive issue among the public opinions of many European countries, cynically leveraging on a humanitarian emergency caused by an exogenous, inducted migration, could result in a high level of political and social destabilization, which indeed favours the concurrent actions carried on by other hybrid tools. Other kind of disruption however, are already available in the arsenal of Hybrid Warfare, such cyber threats, information campaigns lead by troll factories for the diffusion of fake/altered news, etc. From this perspective the author examines how the TREX (Threat network simulation for REactive eXperience) simulator is able to offer insights about a hybrid scenario characterized by an intense level of social disruption, brought by cyber-attacks and systemic faking of news. Furthermore, the rising discipline of “Strategic Engineering”, as envisaged by Professor Agostino Bruzzone, when matched with the operational requirements to fulfil in order to counter Hybrid Threats, it brings another innovative, as much as powerful tool, into the professional luggage of the military and the civilian employed in Defence and Homeland security sectors. Hybrid is not the New War. What is new is brought by globalization paired with the transition to the information age and rising geopolitical tensions, which have put new emphasis on hybrid hostilities that manifest themselves in a contemporary way. Hybrid Warfare is a deliberate choice of an aggressor. While militarily weak nations can resort to it in order to re-balance the odds, instead military strong nations appreciate its inherent effectiveness coupled with the denial of direct responsibility, thus circumventing the rules of the International Community (IC). In order to be successful, Hybrid Warfare should consist of a highly coordinated, sapient mix of diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces (even criminal elements), cyber disruption etc. all in order to achieve effects across the entire DIMEFIL/PMESII_PT spectrum. However, the owner of the strategy, i.e. the aggressor, by keeping the threshold of impunity as high as possible and decreasing the willingness of the defender, can maintain his Hybrid Warfare at a diplomatically feasible level; so the model of the capacity, willingness and threshold, as proposed by Cayirci, Bruzzone and Gunneriusson (2016), remains critical to comprehend Hybrid Warfare. Its dynamicity is able to capture the evanescent, blurring line between Hybrid Warfare and Conventional Warfare. In such contest time is the critical factor: this because it is hard to foreseen for the aggressor how long he can keep up with such strategy without risking either the retaliation from the International Community or the depletion of resources across its own DIMEFIL/PMESII_PT spectrum. Similar discourse affects the defender: if he isn’t able to cope with Hybrid Threats (i.e. taking no action), time works against him; if he is, he can start to develop counter narrative and address physical countermeasures. However, this can lead, in the medium long period, to an unforeseen (both for the attacker and the defender) escalation into a large, conventional, armed conflict. The performance of operations that required more than kinetic effects drove the development of DIMEFIL/PMESII_PT models and in turn this drive the development of Human Social Culture Behavior Modelling (HCSB), which should stand at the core of the Hybrid Warfare modelling and simulation efforts. Multi Layers models are fundamental to evaluate Strategies and Support Decisions: currently there are favourable conditions to implement models of Hybrid Warfare, such as Dies Irae, SIMCJOH and TREX, in order to further develop tools and war-games for studying new tactics, execute collective training and to support decisions making and analysis planning. The proposed approach is based on the idea to create a mosaic made by HLA interoperable simulators able to be combined as tiles to cover an extensive part of the Hybrid Warfare, giving the users an interactive and intuitive environment based on the “Modelling interoperable Simulation and Serious Game” (MS2G) approach. From this point of view, the impressive capabilities achieved by IA-CGF in human behavior modeling to support population simulation as well as their native HLA structure, suggests to adopt them as core engine in this application field. However, it necessary to highlight that, when modelling DIMEFIL/PMESII_PT domains, the researcher has to be aware of the bias introduced by the fact that especially Political and Social “science” are accompanied and built around value judgement. From this perspective, the models proposed by Cayirci, Bruzzone, Guinnarson (2016) and by Balaban &amp; Mileniczek (2018) are indeed a courageous tentative to import, into the domain of particularly poorly understood phenomena (social, politics, and to a lesser degree economics - Hartley, 2016), the mathematical and statistical instruments and the methodologies employed by the pure, hard sciences. Nevertheless, just using the instruments and the methodology of the hard sciences it is not enough to obtain the objectivity, and is such aspect the representations of Hybrid Warfare mechanics could meet their limit: this is posed by the fact that they use, as input for the equations that represents Hybrid Warfare, not physical data observed during a scientific experiment, but rather observation of the reality that assumes implicitly and explicitly a value judgment, which could lead to a biased output. Such value judgement it is subjective, and not objective like the mathematical and physical sciences; when this is not well understood and managed by the academic and the researcher, it can introduce distortions - which are unacceptable for the purpose of the Science - which could be used as well to enforce a narrative mainstream that contains a so called “truth”, which lies inside the boundary of politics rather than Science. Those observations around subjectivity of social sciences vs objectivity of pure sciences, being nothing new, suggest however the need to examine the problem under a new perspective, less philosophical and more leaned toward the practical application. The suggestion that the author want make here is that the Verification and Validation process, in particular the methodology used by Professor Bruzzone in doing V&amp;V for SIMCJOH (2016) and the one described in the Modelling &amp; Simulation User Risk Methodology (MURM) developed by Pandolfini, Youngblood et all (2018), could be applied to evaluate if there is a bias and the extent of the it, or at least making clear the value judgment adopted in developing the DIMEFIL/PMESII_PT models. Such V&amp;V research is however outside the scope of the present work, even though it is an offspring of it, and for such reason the author would like to make further inquiries on this particular subject in the future. Then, the theoretical discourse around Hybrid Warfare has been completed addressing the need to establish a new discipline, Strategic Engineering, very much necessary because of the current a political and economic environment which allocates diminishing resources to Defense and Homeland Security (at least in Europe). However, Strategic Engineering can successfully address its challenges when coupled with the understanding and the management of the fourth dimension of military and hybrid operations, Time. For the reasons above, and as elaborated by Leonhard and extensively discussed in the present work, addressing the concern posed by Time dimension is necessary for the success of any military or Hybrid confrontation. The SIMCJOH project, examined under the above perspective, proved that the simulator has the ability to address the fourth dimension of military and non-military confrontation. In operations, Time is the most critical factor during execution, and this was successfully transferred inside the simulator; as such, SIMCJOH can be viewed as a training tool and as well a dynamic generator of events for the MEL/MIL execution during any exercise. In conclusion, SIMCJOH Project successfully faces new challenging aspects, allowed to study and develop new simulation models in order to support decision makers, Commanders and their Staff. Finally, the question posed by Leonhard in terms of recognition of the importance of time management of military operations - nowadays Hybrid Conflict - has not been answered yet; however, the author believes that Modelling and Simulation tools and techniques can represent the safe “tank” where innovative and advanced scientific solutions can be tested, exploiting the advantage of doing it in a synthetic environment.

The Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA), is an upcoming mission resulting from the collaboration of ESA and NASA and aims at assessing the effects of a kinetic impact on an asteroid for the purpose of threat mitigation. In this framework, this research seeks to prove the feasibility of a small lander design able to autonomously land on the secondary object of the asteroid system Didymos. Initially, an overview of the most suitable guidance laws and sensors is provided. This highlighted that some types of proportional navigation guidance laws and the ZEM/ZEV could be good candidates and are therefore further analyzed in the following chapters. Meanwhile, a set of sensors comprising altimeter, camera, Star-Tracker and accelerometers was considered. To assess the effect of the noise affecting the sensors on the translational dynamics of the probe, the system is linearized and studied. This permitted to highlight that the most relevant disturbances are the ones that affect the determination of the LOS rate, hence the readings of camera and star-tracker. Afterward, the deployment is simulated in the details in a simulator, this permitted to determine that a combination of a modified version of the true proportional navigation and ZEM/ZEV provide a good solution in terms of guidance laws. Unfortunately, because of the lack of details characterizing the asteroid model, it was not possible to realistically simulate the ZEM/ZEV. Therefore, it is suggested as the next step of study to carry out further investigation and to develop a simulator able to reach the depth of details required. Finally, a proposed set-up of sensors is delineated and a Monte-Carlo run analyzing the robustness and reliability of this design for the MTPN is reported. The outcome seems to demonstrate that with a very compact and simple design, the probe is capable to autonomously insert itself in a trajectory leading from the deployment location to the target asteroid.

The present day digital computing resources are overburdened by the amount of calculation necessary for power system dynamic simulation. Although the hardware has improved significantly, the expansion of the interconnected systems, and the requirement for more detailed models with frequent solutions have increased the need for simulating these systems in real time. To achieve this, more effort has been devoted to developing and improving the application of numerical methods and computational techniques such as sparsity-directed approaches and network decomposition to power system dynamic studies. This project is a modest contribution towards solving this problem. It consists of applying a very efficient sparsity technique to the power system dynamic simulator under a wide range of events. The method used was first developed by Zollenkopf (^117) Following the structure of the linear equations related to power system dynamic simulator models, the original algorithm which was conceived for scalar calculation has been modified to use sets of 2 * 2 sub-matrices for both the dynamic and algebraic equations. The realisation of real-time simulators also requires the simplification of the power system models and the adoption of a few assumptions such as neglecting short time constants. Most of the network components are simulated. The generating units include synchronous generators and their local controllers, and the simulated network is composed of transmission lines and transformers with tap-changing and phase-shifting, non-linear static loads, shunt compensators and simplified protection. The simulator is capable of handling some of the severe events which occur in power systems such as islanding, island re-synchronisation and generator start-up and shut-down. To avoid the stiffness problem and ensure the numerical stability of the system at long time steps at a reasonable accuracy, the implicit trapezoidal rule is used for discretising the dynamic equations. The algebraisation of differential equations requires an iterative process. Also the non-linear network models are generally better solved by the Newton-Raphson iterative method which has an efficient quadratic rate of convergence. This has favoured the adoption of the simultaneous technique over the classical partitioned method. In this case the algebraised differential equations and the non-linear static equations are solved as one set of algebraic equations. Another way of speeding-up centralised simulators is the adoption of distributed techniques. In this case the simulated networks are subdivided into areas which are computed by a multi-task machine (Perkin Elmer PE3230). A coordinating subprogram is necessary to synchronise and control the computation of the different areas, and perform the overall solution of the system. In addition to this decomposed algorithm the developed technique is also implemented in the parallel simulator running on the Array Processor FPS 5205 attached to a Perkin Elmer PE 3230 minicomputer, and a centralised version run on the host computer. Testing these simulators on three networks under a range of events would allow for the assessment of the algorithm and the selection of the best candidate hardware structure to be used as a dedicated machine to support the dynamic simulator. The results obtained from this dynamic simulator are very impressive. Great speed-up is realised, stable solutions under very severe events are obtained showing the robustness of the system, and accurate long-term results are obtained. Therefore, the present simulator provides a realistic test bed to the Energy Management System. It can also be used for other purposes such as operator training.

Numerical simulations are invaluable in the development and understanding of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Motivated by the goal of understanding the behaviour of the functional MRI (fMRI) signal in brain tissue, this thesis employs a deterministic simulation technique in which the transverse magnetization and B0 inhomogeneity within a voxel are spatially discretized and the stochastic self-diffusion of water molecules is modelled as a Gaussian isotropic blurring of the transverse magnetization. While this simulation technique has existed since fMRI was in its infancy, its use has increased recently as investigators have attempted to quantitatively interpret the measured signal. Despite its recent popularity, thorough quantitative validation of the technique is lacking in the literature.With the development of quantitative fMRI techniques being the driving force, this thesis validates three-dimensional deterministic simulations of the MR signal with a focus on their application in cerebral microvasculature. Individual blood vessels are modelled by infinite cylinders with a realistic distribution of radii. Using a spin echo sequence, the effects of several simulation parameters are investigated.Validations ignoring the effect of diffusion show that the discretization of the voxel into subvoxels can be very coarse – up to 10 μm subvoxel widths – without adversely affecting the simulation outcomes. Simulations including diffusion are validated using an analytical solution to the Bloch-Torrey equation for comparison. In the presence of diffusion, subvoxel size is a key factor and it needs to be sufficiently small (~ 2 μm), depending on the rest of the simulation parameters, in order for the simulations to be accurate. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, it is shown that larger subvoxels can be used and still produce accurate simulations if the diffusion coefficient is scaled by a correction factor to produce the desired time series.<br>Les simulations numériques sont d'une valeur inestimable pour le développement et la compréhension des techniques d'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). Cette thèse, motivée par le but de comprendre le comportement du signal de l'IRM fonctionnelle (IRMf) dans le tissu cérébral, utilise une technique de simulation déterministe dans laquelle la magnétisation transversale et l'inhomogénéité B0 au sein d'un voxel sont spatialement discrétisées et l'auto-diffusion stochastique des molécules d'eau est modélisée par un flou gaussien isotrope de la magnétisation transversale. Bien que cette technique de simulation existe depuis les débuts de l'IRMf, son utilisation a augmenté récemment par des chercheurs tentant d'interpréter quantitativement le signal mesuré. Malgré sa popularité récente, une validation quantitative approfondie de cette technique est absente de la littérature.Ayant pour force motrice le développement de techniques d'IRMf quantitatives, cette thèse valide des simulations tridimensionnelles déterministes du signal IRM en mettant l'emphase sur leur application dans la microvascularisation cérébrale. Les vaisseaux sanguins individuels sont modélisés par des cylindres infinis avec une distribution de rayons réaliste. Les effets de plusieurs paramètres de simulation sont étudiées en utilisant une séquence écho de spin.Des validations ignorant l'effet de diffusion montrent que la discrétisation des voxel en sous-voxels peut être très grossière - jusqu'à des tailles de sous-voxels de 10 μm - sans détériorer les résultats de la simulation. Des simulations tenant compte de la diffusion sont validées à l'aide d'une solution analytique à l'équation de Bloch-Torrey. En présence de diffusion, la taille des sous-voxels est un facteur clé et doit être petite (~ 2 μm, dépendamment des autres paramètres de simulation) pour que les simulations soient précises. Enfin, comme preuve de concept, il est démontré que des simulations précises peuvent être obtenues avec des sous-voxels plus grands pourvu que le coefficient de diffusion soit multiplié par un facteur de correction pour produire la série temporelle désirée.

The genetic outcome of operating an open nucleus system (ONS) in a population of 1200 sheep divided into individual flocks, was investigatd using simulation techniques, and a comparison to alternative breeding systems was made. Selection was for best linear unbiased prediction of breeding value (EBV) for a trait measurable on individuals before selection. Migration of animals between flocks was based on the EBV. The results of stochastic simulations indicated that, compared to selection within closed flocks (CF), the annual genetic gain could be increased by 25 to 40 per cent if an ONS was operated. The variation in selection response, and the rate of inbreeding were also lower. Simulation results showed that approximately 25 per cent of nucleus sires should be selected from the base flocks. Initial genetic differences between flocks had a short term effect on genetic gain in the ONS. Screening the population to ensure that the nucleus flock was initially composed of the best ewes, also only had a short term effect. The advantage of an ONS over CF selection was effected by flock size but not intitial heritability. The use of dispersed nucleus system and a sire referencing scheme with selection of sires across flocks, was investigated. The outcome of these systems was very similar to the ONS. The higher rate of genetic gain achieved in the ONS, compared to CF selection, was attributed to higher genetic selection differentials and maintenance of genetic variation within flocks. These effects were included in a deterministic model of the ONS. The model described the simulated data well, although changes in genetic variance at the outset of the ONS were underestimated. Failure to account for finite population effects in previous studies has resulted in underestimation of the benefits of an open nucleus system in small populations.

In this thesis, we consider the application of parallel simulation to the performance modelling of telecommunication networks. A largely automated approach was first explored using a parallelizing compiler to speed up the simulation of simple models of circuit-switched networks. This yielded reasonable results for relatively little effort compared with other approaches. However, more complex simulation models of packet- and cell-based telecommunication networks, requiring the use of discrete event techniques, need an alternative approach. A critical review of parallel discrete event simulation indicated that a distributed model components approach using conservative or optimistic synchronization would be worth exploring. Experiments were therefore conducted using simulation models of queuing networks and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks to explore the potential speed-up possible using this approach. Specifically, it is shown that these techniques can be used successfully to speed-up the execution of useful telecommunication network simulations. A detailed investigation has demonstrated that conservative synchronization performs very well for applications with good look ahead properties and sufficient message traffic density and, given such properties, will significantly outperform optimistic synchronization. Optimistic synchronization, however, gives reasonable speed-up for models with a wider range of such properties and can be optimized for speed-up and memory usage at run time. Thus, it is confirmed as being more generally applicable particularly as model development is somewhat easier than for conservative synchronization. This has to be balanced against the more difficult task of developing and debugging an optimistic synchronization kernel and the application models.