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Journal articles on the topic 'Simulation of Stirling cycle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Červenka, Libor. "Idealization of The Real Stirling Cycle." Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mecdc-2016-0011.

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Abstract The paper presents a potential idealization of the real Stirling cycle. This idealization is performed by modifying the piston movement corresponding to the ideal Stirling cycle. The focus is on the cycle thermodynamics with respect to the indicated efficiency and indicated power. A detailed 1-D simulation model of a Stirling engine is used as a tool for this assessment. The model includes real non-zero volumes of heater, regenerator, cooler and connecting pipe. The model is created in the GT Power commercial simulation software.

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2

Organ, A. J. "Anatomy of the Stirling Engine Cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 207, no. 3 (May 1993): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_114_02.

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Conditions are isolated for thermodynamic processes in two Stirling cycle machines to be identical. The conditions form the basis for the concept of ‘functional similarity’. Using the similarity conditions the designer may scale the detailed gas circuit specification of a viable Stirling engine to a derivative design of different size, crankshaft speed, working fluid and pressure. The method complements, and provides an independent check of, the simulation approach to gas circuit design.

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3

Lin, Chen, Xian Zhou Wang, Xi Chen, and Zhi Guo Zhang. "Improve the Free-Piston Stirling Engine Design with High Order Analysis Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 1991–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1991.

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Stirling engine is a heat engine which is enclosed a fixed quantity of permanently gaseous fluid as the working fluid. The free-piston Stirling engine is noted for its high efficiency, quiet operation, long life without maintenance in ten years and the ease with which it can use almost any heat source. Stirling cycle analysis method has been successfully applied to improve the free-piston Stirling engine design by its step-by-step development on order. This study presents the development and application of Stirling cycle analysis method. Discussions about use of multi-dimension CFD software simulating free piston Stirling engine when there’s not any available experimental data for its design will provide. Since it needs less computing resource and time to get 1D simulation results with some accuracy, the application of multi-dimension CFD could be very helpful to improve accuracy of 1D result with the details of the different simplified model parameters used in 1D model. The research demonstrates that with the combination of high order Stirling cycle analysis method, the design of the free-piston Stirling engine with the aid of numerical method could be much more effectively and accurately.

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4

Strauss, Johannes M., and Robert T. Dobson. "Evaluation of a second order simulation for Sterling engine design and optimisation." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2010/v21i2a3252.

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This paper reports on the investigation of the simulation accuracy of a second order Stirling cycle simulation tool as developed by Urieli (2001) and improvements thereof against the known performance of the GPU-3 Stirling engine. The objective of this investigation is to establish a simulation tool to perform preliminary engine design and optimisation.The second order formulation under investigation simulates the engine based on the ideal adiabatic cycle, and parasitic losses are only accounted for afterwards. This approach differs from third order formulations that simulate the engine in a coupled manner incorporating non-idealities during cyclic simulation. While the second order approach is less accurate, it holds the advantage that the degradation of the ideal performance due to the various losses is more clearly defined and offers insight into improving engine performance. It is therefore particularly suitable for preliminary design of engines.Two methods to calculate the performance and efficiency of the data obtained from the ideal adiabatic cycle and the parasitic losses were applied, namely the method used by Urieli and a proposed alternative method. These two methods differ essentially in how the regenerator and pumping losses are accounted for.The overall accuracy of the simulations, especially using the proposed alternative method to calculate the different operational variables, proved to be satisfactory. Although significant inaccuracies occurred for some of the operational variables, the simulated trends in general followed the measurements and it is concluded that this second order Stirling cycle simulation tool using the proposed alternative method to calculate the different operational variables is suitable for preliminary engine design and optimisation.

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5

ITO, Yu, and Kazuhiro HAMAGUCHI. "A03 Cycle Simulation of Single Piston Type Stirling Engine." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2010.13 (2010): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2010.13.13.

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6

Han, Xu Dong, and Wei Zheng Xu. "Analysis on the Cycle Characteristics of Dual Swash Plate Stirling Engine." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.946.

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Dual swash plate Stirling engine was designed to convert the waste energy of the flame to mechanical energy. A Stirling model has been developed and used to optimize the performance and design parameters of the engine. The Schmidt analysis is used to obtain the internal engine pressure for the adiabatic analysis. The objective of this paper is to provide fundamental information and present a detailed feasibility of dual the swash plate mechanism. Based on the theoretical model and numerical simulation, the Stirling power is calculated. The result shows that the swash plate mechanism could be applied in practice.

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7

Schulz, S., and F. Schwendig. "A General Simulation Model for Stirling Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816540.

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A mathematical model for the calculation of the Stirling cycle and of similar processes is presented. The model comprises a method to reproduce schematically any kind of process configuration, including free piston engines. The differential balance equations describing the process are solved by a stable integration algorithm. Heat transfer and pressure loss are calculated by using new correlations, which consider the special conditions of the periodic compression/expansion respectively of the oscillating flow. A comparison between experimental data achieved by means of a test apparatus and calculated data shows a good agreement.

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8

SEKIYA, Hiroshi, and Iwao YAMASITA. "A Multi Simulation Model for Stirling and Vuilleumier Cycle Machines." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 57, no. 542 (1991): 3590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.57.3590.

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9

Cullen, Barry, and Jim McGovern. "Development of a theoretical decoupled Stirling cycle engine." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 19, no. 4 (April 2011): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2010.06.011.

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10

SEKIYA, Hiroshi, and Fusao TERADA. "Numerical analysis of Stirling engine(1st Report, A cycle simulation code)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 56, no. 527 (1990): 2121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.56.2121.

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11

Organ, Allan J. "The miniature, reversed Stirling cycle cryo-cooler: integrated simulation of performance." Cryogenics 39, no. 3 (March 1999): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(99)00020-x.

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12

Huang, Yu, Wenzhi Gao, and Guanghua Li. "Simulation and experimental study of the Otto and Stirling combined cycle." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 8, no. 3 (May 2016): 034701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4948374.

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13

Zainudin, Mohd Farid, Abu Bakar Rosli, Gan Leong Ming, Tanti Zanariah Shamshir Ali, and Billy Anak Sup. "Design and Stress Simulation of Crankshaft for Slider-Crank Drive Stirling Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.678.

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In this present work, the design and simulation of crankshaft for multi-cylinder Stirling engine is studied based on finite element analysis. The proposed crankshaft design is based on the typical crosshead slider-crank mechanism that is being used with the consideration of design needs for multi-cylinder Stirling engine. The study focused on the piston-crankshaft assembly that is subjected to compression load in Stirling cycle. Based on the simulation results, the maximum von Mises stress for crankshaft model varies from 0.82 MPa at 1 bar charge pressure to 1.65 MPa at 20 bar charge pressure. Minimum factor of safety is founded to be 33 with maximum deformation under maximum charge pressure. For piston-crankshaft assembly load, minimum factor safety of 2 was observed with maximum compression pressure for minimum charge pressure. The results indicate no yielding and structural failure under compression load case, can be satisfied.

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14

Dhimas Satria, Rina Lusiani, Erny Listijorini, and Aswata. "Analisa Isolasi Pipa Generator Mesin Stirling Tipe Alpha Sudut Fasa 180°." R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal 6, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/r.e.m.v6i1.1058.

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This research is a development of previous research, where in the previous research, a design innovation was carried out on an alpha-type stirling engine by making the phase angle to 180o, with the aim of reducing the effect when the cold cylinder is compressed, because the phase angle currently used is (90o) with disadvantages, namely the cold cylinder is perpendicular to the top, so that the compression process against gravity. But in previous studies, the generator pipe was too long, causing a lot of energy or heat loss (heat loss) so that the compression speed was small. So that in the research, innovated and analyzed the pipe insulation of alpha-type stirling engine generators, alpha-type stirling engines, 180o phase angle. The research method used is to use the thermodynamic approach with Schmidt theory and the theory of the ideal cycle stirling engine. while the simulation is done using the Ideal Stirling Cycle Calculator. Results investigated shows that providing insulation on the generator pipes of an alpha-type stirling engine for an alpha-type stirling engine with a 180o phase angle is proven to reduce a lot of energy or heat loss (heat loss) due to too long generator pipes, with a heat loss value ratio of 226.66 W for the pipe. generator that uses insulation whose value is smaller than the value of the heat loss when the generator pipe without using isocation is 1,584.12 W.

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15

Zhang, Xu, Yan Ma, Chun Mei Yang, and Li Fu. "Dynamic Analysis and Design of the Rhombic Drive of Stirling Engine." Advanced Materials Research 429 (January 2012): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.429.165.

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The rhombic drive of Stirling engine has been designed in the article, and motion analysis have been carried out according with the requirements of mechanism design in structure. The kinematics mathematical models have been established for rhombic mechanism and the simulation analyses have been carried with the three-dimensional software for the rhombic drive. It makes a point out the optimum position relationship among the link of the rhombic drive during the four processes of the Stirling cycle, and has conducted a mathematical description of piston displacement, velocity and acceleration which drove by the rhombic drive. The simulation curves have showed the relative relationship of position, velocity and acceleration between the two pistons during the body movement. Based on these researches constructive ideas have been offered to improve the rhombic drive in the paper and laid the root for the optimal design of the Stirling engine in theory.

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16

Rix, D. H. "A Thermodynamic Design Simulation for Stirling Cycle Machines Using a Lagrangian Formulation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 202, no. 2 (March 1988): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_093_02.

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This paper describes a one-dimensional simulation of the Stirling cycle machine. A Lagrangian coordinate system is used in conjunction with an implicit solution scheme. The detailed formulation of the conservation equations is set out, including the heat transfer and fluid friction correlations used. The regenerator model includes the use of a spline function to represent the axial temperature distribution. The means of increasing the rate at which the solution attains its final steady state value is outlined. The choice of working fluid subdivision size and number is investigated along with the equation integration time increment. It is shown that optimum values exist for both. Finally, a favourable comparison is made of predicted and experimental results for the pressure-time variations and heat transfers to and from the compression and expansion spaces of a heat pump. The problems of using air as the working fluid are discussed.

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17

Organ, A. J., and P. S. Jung. "The Stirling Cycle as a Linear Wave Phenomenon." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 203, no. 5 (September 1989): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_119_02.

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The exchanger system of the Stirling cycle machine is modelled as some hundreds of wave-reflection sites representing the flow area discontinuities of individual tube transitions and regenerator gauzes. The methods of linear, inviscid, one-dimensional wave theory permit pressure and velocity to be predicted over a complete cycle in function of time and location in a single computational sweep of the flow passage system. Results computed for a specific Stirling machine are compared with the experimental counterpart. The comparison provides a tentative explanation for the frequently reported discrepancy between pressure characteristics measured experimentally and those derived from computer simulations based on steady-flow correlations between Cf and NRe.

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18

Haikarainen, Carl, Tor-Martin Tveit, Henrik Saxén, and Ron Zevenhoven. "Simulation of pressure imbalance phenomena in a double-acting α-cycle Stirling engine." Energy Conversion and Management 221 (October 2020): 113172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113172.

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19

Torres García, Miguel, Elisa Carvajal Trujillo, José Vélez Godiño, and David Sánchez Martínez. "Thermodynamic Model for Performance Analysis of a Stirling Engine Prototype." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102655.

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In this study, the results of simulations generated from different thermodynamic models of Stirling engines are compared, including characterizations of both instantaneous and indicated operative parameters. The aim was to develop a tool to guide the decision-making process regarding the optimization of both the performance and reliability of Stirling engines, such as the 2.9 kW GENOA 03 unit—the focus of this work. The behavior of the engine is characterized using two different approaches: an ideal isothermal model, the simplest of those available, and analysis using the ideal adiabatic model, which is more complex than the first. Some of the results obtained with the referred ideal models deviated considerably from the expected values, particularly in terms of thermal efficiency, so a set of modifications to the ideal adiabatic model are proposed. These modifications, mainly related to both heat transfer and fluid friction phenomena, are intended to overcome the limitations due to the idealization of the engine working cycle, and are expected to generate results closer to the actual behavior of the Stirling engine, despite the increase in the complexity derived from the modelling and simulation processes.

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20

Abd El- Ghafour, Sherihan, Nady Mikhael, and Mohamed El- Ghandour. "Design and Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Solar Dish-Stirling Engine." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 82, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.82.1.5176.

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Design and three-dimensional simulation of a solar Dish-Stirling (SDS) engine is currently performed. The design starts with the GPU-3 Stirling engine, which is originally built to generate power from the fossil fuel exclusively. The design is conducted through three subsequent phases. Firstly, several parabolic dishes with different rim angles and number of facets are investigated to optimally design the dish concentrator. Secondly, different relative positions of the receiver aperture to the dish focal plane are tested to reach the optimal position. The optical simulation of the solar concentration process is carried out using SolTRACE software. Finally, an optimal design for a cavity receiver that involves a new structure of the heater tubes is performed. The simulation of the engine with the designed receiver is implemented using the commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENT. Having finished the design, a comprehensive energy analysis of the designed SDS engine is carried out. The results show that a nearly uniform temperature distribution of the heater tubes throughout the cycle is achieved. The overall thermal efficiency of the designed SDS engine is about 31.8 % at a DNI of 1000 W/m2.

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21

Sauer, Jan, and Hans-Detlev Kuehl. "Numerical model for Stirling cycle machines including a differential simulation of the appendix gap." Applied Thermal Engineering 111 (January 2017): 819–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.176.

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22

Huang, Chung Neng, Zheng Zhong Yu, and Chien Kuo Lan. "Development of a Self-Balancing Cooling System Based on Harvesting Heat via Stirling Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.388.

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Most of days, the summer temperature in Taiwan is higher than 30 degree Celsius. Where, heat dissipation for devices becomes more difficult and needs more electric power. In addition, devices discharging waste heat via traditional ways that accelerates global warming. In order to serve above problems, a self-balanced cooling system is developed. Based on Stirling engine, waste heat is recycled and transformed into a kinetic power. In this paper, this power is used to relieve heat via a fan by devices themselves. Besides, for higher heat input yields larger power to drive a fan and vice versa to Stirling engine, a self-cooling cycle naturally forms under above autonomous control. The feasibility assessment will be confirmed via simulation studies.

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23

Mahkamov, K. "An Axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach to the Analysis of the Working Process of a Solar Stirling Engine." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 1 (February 25, 2005): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2148979.

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The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models significantly extends the capabilities for the detailed analysis of the complex heat transfer and gas dynamic processes that occur in the internal gas circuit of a Stirling engine by more accurately predicting the engine’s performance. This accurate data on operational characteristics of the engine can then contribute to more precise calculations of the dimensions of a parabolic concentrator in a dish/Stirling engine installation. In this paper a successful axisymmetric CFD simulation of a solar “V”-type Stirling engine is described for the first time. The standard κ-ε turbulence model, with a moving mesh to reflect the reciprocating motion of the pistons, has been employed for the analysis of the engine’s working process. The gas temperature and pressure distributions and velocity fields in the internal gas circuit of the machine have been obtained and the pressure-volume diagrams have been calculated. Comparison of the numerical results produced from the axisymmetric CFD simulation of the engine’s working process with those computed with the use of second-order mathematical analysis shows that there are considerable differences. In particular, analysis of the data obtained indicates that the gas temperature in the compression space depends on the location in the cylinder for the given moment in the cycle and it may differ substantially from being harmonic in time.

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24

Nguyen, Truong, Chin-Hsiang Cheng, and Yen-Fei Chen. "Numerical simulation of performance of a double-acting alpha-type stirling engine." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i4.981.

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the most important powerful processes in commercial engine project, which is going to give the engineers the overall vision that a simulator may want to know about. It could save lots of time and costs before people actually manufacture the engine. This paper deals with numerical simulation of a double acting alpha-type Stirling engine (DASE), which has four cylinders with four pistons moving respectively. In the engine, double actions of the four pistons take place in two opposite chambers in each of four cylinders. For each cycle, the piston alternately moves backand- forth in a cylinder by the connecting expansion chamber of a cylinder to the compression chamber of the next cylinder with a channel, the pressure difference between the expansion and compression chambers is increased and the power capacity of the engine is improved. In this paper, the numerical module is built based on the frame of commercial CFD software (FLUENT). The user-defined functions (UDFs) of the software are adapted so that the movement of those pistons in those cylinders can be simulated. Periodic changes in temperature, pressure and velocity fields in the engine are predicted and the power output of engine is obtained.

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25

Ahn, Joon, and Seok Yeon Kim. "Performance of Novel High Temperature Heat Exchanger for 1 kW Class Stirling Engine Considering Heat Recovery." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 24, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132516500073.

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This research proposed a novel shape design by integrating the geometry that showed the best performance including fin length, pitch and angle on the high temperature heat exchanger of Stirling engine designed for the prime mover of 1kW cogeneration system for home. First, the numerical simulation was conducted on the new design and existing shape, and the performance improvement according to the shape optimization was checked. Next, the validity of its performance was verified by additionally considering the heat loss from the recuperation and low-temperature heat exchanger. As a result, when the high temperature heat exchanger is optimized, a great amount of heat quantity is absorbed from the fuel gas from the upstream part where negative heat flux occurred in the cylinder head part. This was judged to be because of the fixed temperature of the high-temperature part in the thermodynamic cycle. Thus, when researching the shape of the high-temperature heat exchanger, an optimized geometry can be obtained when combining cycle interpretation of system rather than interpreting independently.

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26

Gromov, Dmitry, and Fernando Castan͂os. "Sensitivity Analysis of Limit Cycles in an Alpha Stirling Engine: A Bifurcation-Theory Approach." SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 19, no. 3 (January 2020): 1865–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/19m1299293.

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27

Lee, Chang-Whan, Dong-Jun Kim, Sung-Kwon Kim, and Kyuho Sim. "Design Optimization of Flexure Springs for Free-Piston Stirling Engines and Experimental Evaluations with Fatigue Testing." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 5156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165156.

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The free-piston Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine that converts heat energy into mechanical work, and requires a spring element for vibratory operations of the displacer and power pistons. In this study, the geometry of the flexural spring design was optimized through structural finite element analyses and fatigue test evaluations. First, we constructed a target design space considering the required natural frequency of the displacer spring assembly under the geometric constraints of total mass and module height. The design of experiments was employed to construct simulation cases for design factors such as the outer diameter, thickness, and number of spirals in the spring sheet. As a result, the optimized design values were obtained to satisfy the design requirements. We also fabricated a test spring specimen and conducted fatigue tests using a linear actuator system developed to have the same motion as the engine. The test results indicated that the optimized spiral spring had no fracture under operating conditions with the design piston amplitude, revealing the effectiveness of the design method.

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28

Gnes, Paolo, Piero Pinamonti, and Mauro Reini. "Bi-Level Optimization of the Energy Recovery System from Internal Combustion Engines of a Cruise Ship." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 6917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196917.

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In recent years, ship builders and owners have to face a great effort to develop new design and management methodologies that lead to a reduction in consumption and emissions during the operation of the fleet. In the present study, the optimization of an on-board energy system of a large cruise ship is performed, both in terms of energy and of the overall dimensions of the system, while respecting the environmental constraint. In the simulation, a variable number of identical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)/Stirling units is considered as an energy recovery system, bottoming the main internal combustion engines, possibly integrating with the installation of photovoltaic panels, solar thermal collectors, absorption refrigeration machines and thermal storages. The optimization takes into account the effective optimal management of the energy system, which is different according to the different design choices of the energy recovery system. Two typical cruises are considered (summer and winter). To reduce the computational effort for the solution of the problem, a bi-level strategy has been developed, which prescribes managing the binary choice variables expressing the existence or not of the components by means of an evolutionary algorithm, while all the remaining choice variables are obtained by a mixed-integer linear programming model of the system (MILP) algorithm. The entire procedure can be defined within the commercial software modeFRONTIER®.

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29

Scalo, Carlo, Sanjiva K. Lele, and Lambertus Hesselink. "Linear and nonlinear modelling of a theoretical travelling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 766 (February 5, 2015): 368–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.745.

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AbstractWe have carried out three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations, from quiescent conditions to the limit cycle, of a theoretical travelling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine (TAE) composed of a long variable-area resonator shrouding a smaller annular tube, which encloses the hot (HHX) and ambient (AHX) heat exchangers, and the regenerator (REG). Simulations are wall-resolved, with no-slip and adiabatic conditions enforced at all boundaries, while the heat transfer and drag due to the REG and HXs are modelled. HHX temperatures have been investigated in the range 440–500 K with the AHX temperature fixed at 300 K. The initial exponential growth of acoustic energy is due to a network of travelling waves thermoacoustically amplified by looping around the REG/HX unit in the direction of the imposed temperature gradient. A simple analytical model demonstrates that such instability is a localized Lagrangian thermodynamic process resembling a Stirling cycle. An inviscid system-wide linear stability model based on Rott’s theory is able to accurately predict the operating frequency and the growth rate, exhibiting properties consistent with a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. The limit cycle is governed by acoustic streaming – a rectified steady flow resulting from high-amplitude nonlinear acoustics. Its key features are explained with an axially symmetric incompressible model driven by the wave-induced stresses extracted from the compressible calculations. These features include Gedeon streaming, Rayleigh streaming in the resonator, and mean recirculations due to flow separation. The first drives the mean advection of hot fluid from the HHX to a secondary heat exchanger (AHX2), in the thermal buffer tube (TBT), necessary to achieve saturation of the acoustic energy growth. The direct evaluation of the nonlinear energy fluxes reveals that the efficiency of the device deteriorates with the drive ratio and that the acoustic power in the TBT is balanced primarily by the mean advection and thermoacoustic heat transport.

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30

Davey, G., and A. H. Orlowska. "Miniature stirling cycle cooler." Cryogenics 27, no. 3 (March 1987): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(87)90071-3.

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31

ISHIKAWA, Masaaki, Tetsuo HIRATA, Konosuke FUJIMOTO, and Manabu YAMADA. "Cogeneration System with Stirling Cycle." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2002.39 (2002): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2002.39.365.

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32

ISHIKAWA, Masaaki, Kounosuke FUJIMOTO, and Tetsuo HIRATA. "Cogeneration System with Stirling Cycle." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2002.6 (2002): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2002.6.43.

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33

ISHIKAWA, Masaaki, Takehiro FUJIWARA, Tetsuo HIRATA, and Yasuyuki SAKAI. "Bilateral Application of Stirling cycle." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2004.8 (2004): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2004.8.21.

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34

Morrison, Gale. "Stirling Renewal." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 05 (May 1, 1999): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-may-4.

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This article presents an analysis that shows refrigerators and generators that use an alternative thermodynamic cycle are a green engineering hotbed. Developers say that designs based on the Stirling cycle offer significant efficiencies, and Stirling-based refrigeration systems need no fluorocarbons. Stirling engines are being investigated for distributed electric power generation. That's because many see more efficient generation right where the user wants it, as an alternative to building more fossil fuel-burning plants and then constructing miles and miles of grid lines for transmission. According to experts, free-piston Stirling refrigeration has advantages over conventional Rankine refrigeration systems. Free-piston Stirling coolers operate efficiently at all levels of demand because they can modulate their capacity to match any requirement. Compared to actual average home refrigerators, the Global Cooling Stirling system can be expected to improve energy efficiency by more than 70 percent. One of the significant benefits that Stirling cycle engines hold over an internal combustion counterpart is their quieter operation.

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35

Walker, G., M. Weiss, R. Fauvel, and G. Reader. "Microcomputer simulation of Stirling cryocoolers." Cryogenics 29, no. 8 (August 1989): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(89)90159-8.

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36

Atrey, M. D., S. L. Bapat, and K. G. Narayankhedkar. "Cyclic simulation of Stirling cryocoolers." Cryogenics 30, no. 4 (April 1990): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(90)90313-2.

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37

Tailor, P. R., and K. G. Narayankhedkar. "Thermodynamic analysis of the Stirling cycle." Cryogenics 28, no. 1 (January 1988): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(88)90227-5.

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38

Organ, A. J. "Thermodynamic Design of Stirling Cycle Machines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 201, no. 2 (March 1987): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_093_02.

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Abstract:

When local, instantaneous departures from ideal reversible behaviour are evaluated in terms of the entropy generation rate, the differential equations describing the unsteady processes in the Stirling cycle machine give way to steady flow forms. A simple multiplication by To gives immediately the local, instantaneous rate of loss of available work. The paper exploits this fact to obtain, from an ideal model of the flow processes, the indicated cycle work of the real (irreversible) cycle. The result is of the form: [Formula: see text] {( geometric parameters), τγ, NRE, NPR, NF, … ( dimensionless groups in order of diminishing influence)} where τ, NRE, NF etc. are dimensionless groups of the operating parameters, engine speed, pref, Te, Tc etc. and γ is the specific heat ratio of the working fluid, which is shown to be the only fluid property that independently influences Z. The approach is an alternative to the time consuming solution of the defining differential equations and provides a convenient design tool which has long been lacking in this area. The only assumption additional to those invoked in conventional computer modelling of the Stirling cycle is that actual gas processes do not depart excessively from those predicted by the ideal model of the flow—for example from those provided by the so-called ‘adiabatic’ cycle model.

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39

Dickerson, Robert H., and Jochen Mottmann. "The Stirling cycle and Carnot’s theorem." European Journal of Physics 40, no. 6 (September 24, 2019): 065103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ab3532.

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40

ISHIKAWA, Masaaki, Tetsuo HIRATA, Kohnosuke FUJIMOTO, and Manabu YAMADA. "Bilateral Application of Stirling Cycle Machines." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2003.7 (2003): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2003.7.73.

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SAKAI, Yasuyuki, Masaaki ISHIKAWA, Gen KATAGIRI, and Tetsuo HIRATA. "A05 Bilateral Application of Stirling Cycle." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2005.9 (2005): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2005.9.19.

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HOSHINO, Takeshi. "Stirling cycle technology for space applications." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2011.14 (2011): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2011.14.5.

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Marko, Matthew David. "The saturated and supercritical Stirling cycle thermodynamic heat engine cycle." AIP Advances 8, no. 8 (August 2018): 085309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5043523.

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Formosa, F., and G. Despesse. "Analytical model for Stirling cycle machine design." Energy Conversion and Management 51, no. 10 (October 2010): 1855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.02.010.

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Thombare, D. G., and S. K. Verma. "Technological development in the Stirling cycle engines." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.001.

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Aragón-González, G., M. Cano-Bianco, A. León-Galicia, and J. M. Rivera-Camacho. "Optimization of an irreversible Stirling regenerative cycle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 582 (January 14, 2015): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/582/1/012056.

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47

Romanelli, Alejandro. "Alternative thermodynamic cycle for the Stirling machine." American Journal of Physics 85, no. 12 (December 2017): 926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.5007063.

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Kotsubo, V., and G. W. Swift. "Superfluid Stirling-cycle refrigeration below 1 kelvin." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 83, no. 3-4 (May 1991): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00682119.

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OTAKA, Toshio, Masahiro OTA, and Hiroshi SEKITANI. "Stirling Cycle Refrigerator with a Hybrid Regenerator." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2002.8 (2002): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2002.8.629.

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Yang, Xiaoqin, and J. N. Chung. "Size effects on miniature Stirling cycle cryocoolers." Cryogenics 45, no. 8 (August 2005): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2005.02.005.

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