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1
Siebel, Mark. "Truth and intra-personal concept stability." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 4 (1999): 632–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99482147.
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I criticize three claims concerning simulators: (1) That a simulator provides the best-fitting simulation of the perceptual impression one has of an object does not guarantee, pace Barsalou, that the object belongs to the simulator's category. (2) The people described by Barsalou do not acquire a concept of truth because they are not sensitive about the potential inadequacy of their sense impressions. (3) Simulator update prevents Barsalou's way of individuating concepts (i.e., identifying them with simulators) from solving the problem of intra-personal concept stability because to update a simulator is to change its content, and concepts with different contents are distinct.
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Chumachenko, Oleksandr, Oleksandr Kozubenko, and Volodymyr Pilnenkij. "Pedagogičeskie osobennosti postroeniâ učebnyh makrociklov silovoj napravlennosti on trenažere «Soncept–2» in sportsmenov edinoborcev." Scientific Visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Pedagogical Sciences 65, no. 2 (2019): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2518-7813-2019-65-2-348-352.
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In this preparation of the sportsmen of êdinoborcìv has been included in the training process of exercises on Simulator «Concept–2». This dependence is related to the fact that the athletes êdinoborcâm need to perform common power exercises on simulators to increase training volume of corresponding capacity. Sources of literature do not disclose data integrated power preparation êdinoborcìv using vesluvalnih simulators, so study the allowable amounts of load simulator «Concept–2» is the unsolved problem of the modern physical culture and Sport. Sports training is a system that is constantly being improved based on the accumulation of new data, experimental research, best practices and scientific and technical progress. For testing and training athletes êdinoborcìv, as well as to increase the level of physical disability of different population groups are widely used vesluvalnì ergometers «Concept–2», etc. An auxiliary factor for improving the general preparedness of athletes of single-fighters is the development of highly specialized manifestations of force, which determine the capabilities of the development of the necessary effort and its abilities in the process of training and competitive activities. A key element in the formation of specialized power qualities of wrestlers is the effective transfer of this motor quality in the transition from the preferential use of the PROF. In this regard, the formation of a methodical approach, based on which is the improvement of special power capabilities, as an integrated component of the system of functional training of single-team fighters, becomes actual. Analysis of special literature and practice of strength training in martial arts gave reason to speak about the possibility of solving this problem using special training devices that stimulate the development of power abilities, provided that the main groups of muscles are included and the main elements of the structure of the competitive exercise are preserved. In this case, the interest is an analysis of the method of using a specialized power simulator «Dyno-Concept». It is recommended to use a rowing simulator to assess the strength of athletes of single-team with the exercise of traction sitting for the upper limbs and foot press for the lower extremities in three modes: I (damper simulator fully open) – manifestation of power capabilities at high speed; II-th – (open half of the flaps) – the manifestation of the optimal ratio of the speed and power component at medium speed; III (damper of the simulator is completely closed) – manifestation of maximum force at low speed. In the second mode, half of the flaps were opened. To evaluate special strength endurance – maximum test 2000 m. Application of the methodology of the development of force using the specialized simulator «Сoncept–2 Dyno» allows you to get a higher rate of growth of the developing quality. In the experimental group, the strength of the hands was 5%, leg strength – 2,8%, strength endurance increased by 2,2%; in the control group, respectively, 1.4%, 1.2% and 1%.
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U, Chaithra H., and Vani H.R. "Link-Level Simulator for Wireless local Area Network." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 7 (2018): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i7.232.
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Now a days in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) used in different fields because its well-suited simulator and higher flexibility. The concept of WLAN with advanced 5th Generation technologies, related to a Internet-of-Thing (IOT). In this project, representing the Network Simulator (NS-2) used linked-level simulators for Wireless Local Area Networks and still utilized IEEE 802.11g/n/ac with advanced IEEE 802.11ah/af technology. Realization of the whole Wireless Local Area Networking linked-level simulators inspired by the recognized Vienna Long Term Evolution- simulators. As a outcome, this is achieved to link together that simulator to detailed performances of Wireless Local Area Networking with Long Term Evolution, operated in the similar RF bands. From the advanced 5th Generation support cellular networking, such explore is main because different coexistences scenario can arise linking wireless communicating system to the ISM and UHF bands.
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Gemonet, Elise, Clément Bougard, Stéphane Masfrand, Vincent Honnet, and Daniel R. Mestre. "Car drivers coping with hazardous events in real versus simulated situations: Declarative, behavioral and physiological data used to assess drivers’ feeling of presence." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247373.
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More than 1.3 million people lose their lives every year in traffic accidents. Improving road safety requires designing better vehicles and investigating drivers’ abilities more closely. Driving simulators are constantly being used for this purpose, but the question which often arises as to their validity tends to be a barrier to developments in this field. Here we studied the validity of a simulator, defined as how closely users’ behavior under simulated conditions resembles their behavior on the road, based on the concept of drivers’ feeling of presence. For this purpose, the driving behavior, physiological state and declarative data of 41 drivers were tested in the Sherpa2 simulator and in a real vehicle on a track while driving at a constant speed. During each trial, drivers had to cope with an unexpected hazardous event (a one-meter diameter gym ball crossing the road right in front of the vehicle), which occurred twice. During the speed-maintenance task, the simulator showed absolute validity, in terms of the driving and physiological parameters recorded. During the first hazardous event, the physiological parameters showed that the level of arousal (Low Heart Rate/High Heart Rate ratio x10) increased up to the end of the drive. On the other hand, the drivers’ behavioral (braking) responses were 20% more frequent in the simulator than in the real vehicle, and the physiological state parameters showed that stress reactions occurred only in the real vehicle (+5 beats per minute, +2 breaths per minute and the phasic skin conductance increased by 2). In the subjects’ declarative data, several feeling of presence sub-scales were lower under simulated conditions. These results suggest that the validity of motion based simulators for testing drivers coping with hazards needs to be questioned.
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Omelchenko, O., and M. Sidak. "Features of indicators of highly qualified rowers during the passage of the competitive distance on the simulator "Concept-2"." This bulletin of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. Physical education, Sport and Human Health, no. 16 (May 17, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-8082.2020-16.42-46.
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Torres, Sebastián M., and David Schvartzman. "A Simulation Framework to Support the Design and Evaluation of Adaptive Scanning for Phased-Array Weather Radars." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 12 (2020): 2321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0087.1.
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AbstractWe propose a simulation framework that can be used to design and evaluate the performance of adaptive scanning algorithms on different phased-array weather radar designs. The simulator is proposed as tool to 1) compare the performance of different adaptive scanning algorithms on the same weather event, 2) evaluate the performance of a given adaptive scanning algorithm on several weather events, and 3) evaluate the performance of a given adaptive scanning algorithm on a given weather event using different radar designs. We illustrate the capabilities of the proposed framework to design and evaluate the performance of adaptive algorithms aimed at reducing the update time using adaptive scanning. The example concept of operations is based on a fast low-fidelity surveillance scan and a high-fidelity adaptive scan. The flexibility of the proposed simulation framework is tested using two phased-array-radar designs and three complementary adaptive scanning algorithms: focused observations, beam clustering, and dwell tailoring. Based on a significant weather event observed by an operational NEXRAD radar, our experimental results consist of radar data that were simulated as if the same event had been observed by arbitrary combinations of radar systems and adaptive scanning configurations. Results show that simulated fields of radar data capture the main data-quality impacts from the use of adaptive scanning and can be used to obtain quantitative metrics and for qualitative comparison and evaluation by forecasters. That is, the proposed simulator could provide an effective interface with meteorologists and could support the development of concepts of operations that are based on adaptive scanning to meet the evolutionary observational needs of the U.S. National Weather Service.
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Chizhova, M., D. Popovas, D. Gorkovchuk, J. Gorkovchuk, M. Hess, and T. Luhmann. "VIRTUAL TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER SIMULATOR FOR DIGITALISATION OF TEACHING ENVIRONMENT: CONCEPT AND FIRST RESULTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B5-2020 (August 24, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b5-2020-91-2020.
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Abstract. We are presenting a concept and first results of a Terrestrial Laser Scanner simulator - a tool, which could be a valuable educational tool for geomatics and engineering students. The main goal of the VirScan3D project is to cover engineering digitisation by two major project parts: 1) Development of a virtual environment for creation and processing of digital 3D scan data; 2) Digital teaching and e-learning material with interactive tools and practical experiences. Part 1 will be solved through the development of a virtual system that allows users to create realistic data in the absence of a real measuring device. At the time of writing (April 2020) all higher education teaching and learning worldwide has been changed to online delivery due to the Covid pandemic. However, this has affected the courses that involve working with equipment and – consequently – require the presence of students and devices. In this project, the development of such equipment simulator proposes a real and feasible solution, which allows undisturbed continuing the teaching.The virtual scanner will be based on existing software packages. It will be part of a general e-learning concept that will be implemented in partner universities. Part 2 is addressed through an integrated teaching concept that includes interactive learning tools (for both teachers and students) and practical exercises (for example project weeks, summer schools) where the theoretical and virtual education is connected to practical experience with real instrumentation and data. One outcome of the experimental work is additional e-learning material based on the experiences and results of the project work.The prototype implementation of the virtual laser scanner is realized within a game engine, which allows for fast and easy 3D visualisation and navigation. Within this environment, the user can freely navigate and define suitable scanning positions/stations. At each scanning station a simulated scan is performed, which is based on the technical specifications of a real scanner. The mathematical solution is based on 3D line intersection with the virtual 3D surface including noise and colour as well as an intensity simulation. As a result, 3D point clouds for each station are generated, which will be further processed for registration and modelling using standard software packages.
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Patil, Shamal, Hrushikesh Bhujbal, Fatru Shaikh, Priya Lokhande, and Aashika Jain. "Self-Driving Car Using Simulator." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 11, no. 2 (2024): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset2411269.
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Due to rapid technological growth in transportation, self-driving cars became the topic of concern. The main purpose of this project is to use the CNN and train the neural network in order to drive the car in autonomous mode in a simulator environment. Front camera of a car captures the images and we use those captured images in order to train the model, in short we can say we have used the concept of behavioural cloning. In behavioural cloning, the system tries to mimic the human driving behaviour by tracking the steering angle. That means a dataset is generated in the simulator by a user driven car in training mode, and the deep neural network model then drives the car in autonomous mode. In one track a car is trained and in other tracks the car drives in autonomous mode. The dataset for Track 1, which was straightforward to drive and had good road conditions, was utilized as the training set for the automobile to drive itself on Track 2, which has abrupt curves, barriers, heights, and shadows are all things to consider. Image processing and other augmentation techniques were utilized to solve this difficulty, allowing for the extraction of as many data and features as feasible. In the end, the vehicle performed admirably on Track 2. In the future, the team hopes to achieve the same level of accuracy using real-time data.
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García, Ricardo, Didier Valdés, and Alberto M. Figueroa-Medina. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness on the Implementation of a Two-Way Left-Turn Lane with Educational Material in Highway PR-107 using a Driving Simulator." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (2019): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843263.
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The road diet concept has been implemented around the United States for more than three decades. Road diets are at the early stages of implementation in Puerto Rico and the use of a Two-Way Left Turn Lane (TWLTL) will be a new and unfamiliar design for local drivers. For this reason, the effectiveness of a TWLTL was evaluated using a driving simulator with local drivers for a segment of highway PR-107 in Puerto Rico. This highway is a suburban commercial corridor without access control that had a 67% increase in crashes between 2015 and 2016. This highway was selected because of its large number of left-turn maneuvers and more than 40% of the total crashes were rear-end type crashes. The University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez Driving Simulator was used to evaluate drivers’ performance by observing vehicle speeds and positions along two simulated road scenarios: 1) the existing cross-section and 2) a modified cross-section with a TWLTL. Subjects were divided into two groups: 1) subjects who received training about the correct operation on a TWLTL before the simulation runs and 2) subjects who did not receive any prior training. The results indicate a positive effect of the educational material on driver behavior. Subjects who received training about the TWLTL showed a 66% increase in maneuver improvement, less variability in the position at which they entered the TWLTL, and lower variance of the mean speed than those who did not receive TWLTL training before driving through the simulation.
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Khatsaiuk, Oleksandr, Sergiy Girenko, Daria Vanyuk, et al. "Implementation of modern technical means of training in the system of special physical training of future officers." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(153) (August 30, 2022): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.8(153).24.
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According to the results of the monitoring of specialized Internet sources, the analysis of scientific and methodological and reference literature, the members of the research group established, that the issue of introducing highly functional cardio machines into the system of special physical training of future officers of the National Guard of Ukraine (representatives of the security and defense sector of Ukraine with law enforcement functions) – an insufficient number of scientific and methodical works is devoted to it, which requires further scientific investigations and emphasizes the relevance and practical component of the chosen direction of research.
 The main goal of the study is the development and approval of the draft regulatory framework for the introduction of a ski simulator into the system of special physical training of future officers of the National Guard of Ukraine «Concept 2 Skierg». The following methods were used during the research: abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction (deduction), modeling, mathematical and statistical (correlation analysis, factor analysis), etc.
 As a result of the empirical study, the members of the research group developed and tested a draft regulatory framework for the introduction of a ski simulator into the system of special physical training of future officers of the National Guard of Ukraine «Concept 2 Skierg». In addition, the conditions for performing experimental physical exercise 32 g. Functional endurance have been developed (with the use of a ski simulator «Concept 2 Skierg») and relevant normative indicators for determining the level of special physical fitness of representatives of the studied category.
 The results of a theoretical study of the introduction into the system of special physical training of cadets of the Kyiv Institute of the National Guard of Ukraine and the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine. Suggestions for implementation of exercise 32 g. Functional endurance (using a cardio machine «Concept 2 Skierg») provided for consideration by specialists of the department of physical training and sports of the department of professional training of the National Guard of Ukraine. Prospects for further research in the chosen field of scientific intelligence provide for the improvement of the arsenal of service-applied martial arts (hand-to-hand combat) of servicemen of the National Guard of Ukraine, considering the available combat experience.
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Azarnoush, Hamed, Samaneh Siar, Robin Sawaya, et al. "The force pyramid: a spatial analysis of force application during virtual reality brain tumor resection." Journal of Neurosurgery 127, no. 1 (2017): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.7.jns16322.
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OBJECTIVEVirtual reality simulators allow development of novel methods to analyze neurosurgical performance. The concept of a force pyramid is introduced as a Tier 3 metric with the ability to provide visual and spatial analysis of 3D force application by any instrument used during simulated tumor resection. This study was designed to answer 3 questions: 1) Do study groups have distinct force pyramids? 2) Do handedness and ergonomics influence force pyramid structure? 3) Are force pyramids dependent on the visual and haptic characteristics of simulated tumors?METHODSUsing a virtual reality simulator, NeuroVR (formerly NeuroTouch), ultrasonic aspirator force application was continually assessed during resection of simulated brain tumors by neurosurgeons, residents, and medical students. The participants performed simulated resections of 18 simulated brain tumors with different visual and haptic characteristics. The raw data, namely, coordinates of the instrument tip as well as contact force values, were collected by the simulator. To provide a visual and qualitative spatial analysis of forces, the authors created a graph, called a force pyramid, representing force sum along the z-coordinate for different xy coordinates of the tool tip.RESULTSSixteen neurosurgeons, 15 residents, and 84 medical students participated in the study. Neurosurgeon, resident and medical student groups displayed easily distinguishable 3D “force pyramid fingerprints.” Neurosurgeons had the lowest force pyramids, indicating application of the lowest forces, followed by resident and medical student groups. Handedness, ergonomics, and visual and haptic tumor characteristics resulted in distinct well-defined 3D force pyramid patterns.CONCLUSIONSForce pyramid fingerprints provide 3D spatial assessment displays of instrument force application during simulated tumor resection. Neurosurgeon force utilization and ergonomic data form a basis for understanding and modulating resident force application and improving patient safety during tumor resection.
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Baraković, Jasmina, Himzo Bajrić, Mladen Kos, Sabina Baraković, and Amir Husić. "Prioritizing Signaling Information Transmission in Next Generation Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/470264.
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Next generation transport network is characterized by the use of in-band signaling, where Internet Protocol (IP) packets carrying signaling or media information are mixed in transmission. Since transport resources are limited, when any segment of access or core network is congested, IP packets carrying signaling information may be discarded. As a consequence, it may be impossible to implement reachability and quality of service (QoS). Since present approaches are insufficient to completely address this problem, a novel approach is proposed, which is based on prioritizing signaling information transmission. To proof the concept, a simulation study was performed using Network Simulator version 2 (ns-2) and independently developed Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) module. The obtained results were statistically processed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. Summarizing our research results, several issues are identified for future work.
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Kotov, Oleg V., Sergey N. Sinelnikov, Ilya O. Naturalnikov, et al. "Features of flight information perception in shaping the flight concept." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 4 (2021): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma60341.
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This study determines the peculiarities of perception of aerobatic information in shaping the horizontal flight concept for operators who do not have experience in simulator training. The skill formation assessment in 10 flights was conducted using time indicators and generalized piloting error calculation based on the task. The program of activity concept shaping is developed using complex sensorimotor reactions at the 3rd stage of flight to increase the attention reserves of operators. The distribution of attention was analyzed when recording the coordinates of eye fixation in the designated visual zones using the mobile oculography system SMI ETG 2 WirelessAnalysPro. The number of eye fixations is established to increase with increased flight experience. Over each flight, the operator spends less time on the perception and evaluation of flight information from a particular device, thus the speed of changing saccadic eye movements increases, and the duration of the fixations themselves decreases. The proposed method of step-by-step flight concept shaping during the performance of the task of the horizontal flight showed high efficiency of developing motor and sensory skills. The development of such modular programs for training take-off and landing may significantly improve the principles of simulator training. The obtained data reveal the peculiarities of aerobatic information perception by operators of complex ergatic systems, with the prospect of increasing the reliability of professional activity of young pilots in the transition to real practical flights.
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Mahboob, Imran, Hajime Okamoto, and Hiroshi Yamaguchi. "An electromechanical Ising Hamiltonian." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1600236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600236.
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Solving intractable mathematical problems in simulators composed of atoms, ions, photons, or electrons has recently emerged as a subject of intense interest. We extend this concept to phonons that are localized in spectrally pure resonances in an electromechanical system that enables their interactions to be exquisitely fashioned via electrical means. We harness this platform to emulate the Ising Hamiltonian whose spin 1/2 particles are replicated by the phase bistable vibrations from the parametric resonances of multiple modes. The coupling between the mechanical spins is created by generating two-mode squeezed states, which impart correlations between modes that can imitate a random, ferromagnetic state or an antiferromagnetic state on demand. These results suggest that an electromechanical simulator could be built for the Ising Hamiltonian in a nontrivial configuration, namely, for a large number of spins with multiple degrees of coupling.
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Alamsyah, Alamsyah, I. Ketut Eddy Purnama, Eko Setijadi, and Mauridhi Hery Purnomo. "MPR selection to the OLSR quality of service in MANET using minmax algorithm." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (2019): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp417-425.
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Optimized link state routing (OLSR) is a routing protocol that has a small delay, low traffic control, support the application of denser networks, and adopts the concept of multipoint relays (MPR). The problem of OLSR is routing table updating which continually causes excessive packet delivery, and energy consumption becomes increased. This article proposes the improvement of OLSR performance using the min-max algorithm based on the quality of service (QoS) with considering the density of the node. The Min-max algorithm works in selecting MPR nodes based on the largest signal range. The QoS parameters analyzed with a different number of nodes are packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, energy consumption, and topology control (TC). Simulation result of network simulator version 2 (NS-2) shows that OLSR performance using the min-max algorithm can increase PDR of 91.17%, packet loss of 60.77% and reduce topology control packet of 8.07%, energy consumption of 16.82% compared with standard OLSR.
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Alamsyah, Alamsyah, I. Ketut Eddy Purnama, Eko Setijadi, and Mauridhi Hery Purnomo. "MPR selection to the OLSR quality of service in MANET using minmax algorithm." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (2019): 417–25. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp417-425.
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Optimized link state routing (OLSR) is a routing protocol that has a small delay, low traffic control, support the application of denser networks, and adopts the concept of multipoint relays (MPR). The problem of OLSR is routing table updating which continually causes excessive packet delivery, and energy consumption becomes increased. This article proposes the improvement of OLSR performance using the min-max algorithm based on the quality of service (QoS) with considering the density of the node. The Min-max algorithm works in selecting MPR nodes based on the largest signal range. The QoS parameters analyzed with a different number of nodes are packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, energy consumption, and topology control (TC). Simulation result of network simulator version 2 (NS- 2) shows that OLSR performance using the min-max algorithm can increase PDR of 91.17%, packet loss of 60.77% and reduce topology control packet of 8.07%, energy consumption of 16.82% compared with standard OLSR.
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Kuperman, Gilbert G., and Denise L. Wilson. "The Design of a Tactical Situation Display." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (1988): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200224.
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This research and development effort was directed to the design and proof-of-concept demonstration of a dynamic tactical situation display (TSD) applicable to an advanced conceptual bomber crew system. The TSD provides a primary source of mission pacing and situational awareness information in the Strategic Avionics Battle-Management Evaluation and Research (SABER) exploratory development simulator at the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Four levels of situational awareness information are supported by SABER: (1) conventional paper products, (2) digitized (softcopy) versions of these hardcopy materials, (3) dynamic graphic representation of horizontal situation, and (4) horizontal situation display with digital terrain elevation and cultural feature underlay. The TSD described in this paper is being applied in the SABER simulation facility to support research directed to the optimization of the bomber crew system in the context of future mission requirements.
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Bajunaid, K., A. Winkler-Schwartz, J. Fares, et al. "Acute stress decreases bimanual psychomotor performance during resection of simulated brain tumors." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 42, S1 (2015): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.191.
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Background: Objective methods to assess the influence of significant stress on neurosurgical bimanual psychomotor performance have not been developed. We utilized NeuroTouch, a virtual reality simulator, to answer two questions: 1) What is the impact of significant stress on bimanual psychomotor performance during the resection of a simulated tumor? 2) Does stress influence performance immediately following the stressful episode? Methods: Uncontrollable ‘intraoperative’ bleeding during one of the tumor resections resulting in simulated patient cardiac arrest served as the acute stressor. Six neurosurgeons, 6 senior and 6 junior neurosurgical residents and 6 senior medical students were studied. The evaluated advanced tier 2 metrics were efficiency index, ultrasonic aspirator path length index, suction coordination index and ultrasonic aspirator bimanual forces ratio. Results: The stress scenario significantly decreased the efficiency index of all groups and significantly decreased performance for many groups for suction coordination index and ultrasonic aspirator path length index. Performance in all advanced tier 2 metrics returned to pre-stress levels in post stress resection scenarios. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with the concept that acute stress initiated by severe intraoperative bleeding significantly decreases bimanual psychomotor performance during the acute episode but had no significant influence on immediate post stress operative performance.
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Ho, Kam T. K., and Dennis L. Loveday. "New Approach for Analyzing Solar Collectors Subjected to Unequal Front/Rear Ambient Temperatures: The Equivalent Ambient Temperature Concept, Part 2: Validation and Implications for Design." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 3 (2002): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1488166.
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An approach based on a new conceptual temperature termed the “equivalent ambient temperature” has been introduced for analyzing solar collector thermal performances when the environments to the front and rear of a collector are at different temperatures. Using a specially-designed solar simulator, experimental work is presented which validates the new approach as applied to a wall-integrated covered profiled metal solar air collector. Using both the new and traditional approaches, collector thermal performances are predicted to reveal the practical conditions for which use of the new approach is warranted. The latter findings will be of importance to designers. Performance characteristics for this collector geometry are also presented for use by designers.
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Gupta, Akanksha, D. K. Srivastava, and J. P. Saini. "Theoretical Analysis of Gap Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 2 (2017): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i2.pp567-576.
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<p class="Author">When a patch is placed close to the fed patch, get excited due to parasitic coupling between the two elements. This proposed work presents theoretical analysis of rectangular gap coupled microstrip patch antenna (R-GCMSA) using circuit concept model, and the effect of gap(g), feed width (W<sub>f</sub>), and feed length on performance of the impedance bandwidth is also studied, it is observe as the gap between the parasitic element is increased resonant frequency shifted towards the parasitic patch resonant frequency for broadening the impedance bandwidth. The maximum impedance bandwidth for the proposed antenna design is 12.7% in the frequency range of 3.24-3.7GHz measured, with rectangular shape ground plane size 6030m.m<sup>2</sup>.the highest directivity achieved is 4dBi.The proposed design is simple in structure and compact in size, proposed design is simulated on IE3D Microwave simulator, the simulated result is in good agreement with obtained theoretical and measured results.</p>
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Carpenter, Chris. "Work Flow History Matches Numerical Simulation Models of Fractured Shale Wells." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (2021): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0060-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199149, “Rate-Transient-Analysis-Assisted History Matching With a Combined Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Simulator,” by Garrett Fowler, SPE, and Mark McClure, SPE, ResFrac, and Jeff Allen, Recoil Resources, prepared for the 2020 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 17–19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper presents a step-by-step work flow to facilitate history matching numerical simulation models of hydraulically fractured shale wells. Sensitivity analysis simulations are performed with a coupled hydraulic fracturing, geomechanics, and reservoir simulator. The results are used to develop what the authors term “motifs” that inform the history-matching process. Using intuition from these simulations, history matching can be expedited by changing matrix permeability, fracture conductivity, matrix-pressure-dependent permeability, boundary effects, and relative permeability. Introduction This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199149, “Rate-Transient-Analysis-Assisted History Matching With a Combined Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Simulator,” by Garrett Fowler, SPE, and Mark McClure, SPE, ResFrac, and Jeff Allen, Recoil Resources, prepared for the 2020 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 17-19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper presents a step-by-step work flow to facilitate history matching numerical simulation models of hydraulically fractured shale wells. Sensitivity analysis simulations are performed with a coupled hydraulic fracturing, geomechanics, and reservoir simulator. The results are used to develop what the authors term “motifs” that inform the history-matching process. Using intuition from these simulations, history matching can be expedited by changing matrix permeability, fracture conductivity, matrix-pressure-dependent permeability, boundary effects, and relative permeability. Introduction The concept of rate transient analysis (RTA) involves the use of rate and pressure trends of producing wells to estimate properties such as permeability and fracture surface area. While very useful, RTA is an analytical technique and has commensurate limitations. In the complete paper, different RTA motifs are generated using a simulator. Insights from these motif simulations are used to modify simulation parameters to expediate and inform the history- matching process. The simulation history-matching work flow presented includes the following steps: 1 - Set up a simulation model with geologic properties, wellbore and completion designs, and fracturing and production schedules 2 - Run an initial model 3 - Tune the fracture geometries (height and length) to heuristic data: microseismic, frac-hit data, distributed acoustic sensing, or other diagnostics 4 - Match instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) and wellhead pressure (WHP) during injection 5 - Make RTA plots of the real and simulated production data 6 - Use the motifs presented in the paper to identify possible production mechanisms in the real data 7 - Adjust history-matching parameters in the simulation model based on the intuition gained from RTA of the real data 8 -Iterate Steps 5 through 7 to obtain a match in RTA trends 9 - Modify relative permeabilities as necessary to obtain correct oil, water, and gas proportions In this study, the authors used a commercial simulator that fully integrates hydraulic fracturing, wellbore, and reservoir simulation into a single modeling code. Matching Fracturing Data The complete paper focuses on matching production data, assisted by RTA, not specifically on the matching of fracturing data such as injection pressure and fracture geometry (Steps 3 and 4). Nevertheless, for completeness, these steps are very briefly summarized in this section. Effective fracture toughness is the most-important factor in determining fracture length. Field diagnostics suggest considerable variability in effective fracture toughness and fracture length. Typical half-lengths are between 500 and 2,000 ft. Laboratory-derived values of fracture toughness yield longer fractures (propagation of 2,000 ft or more from the wellbore). Significantly larger values of fracture toughness are needed to explain the shorter fracture length and higher net pressure values that are often observed. The authors use a scale- dependent fracture-toughness parameter to increase toughness as the fracture grows. This allows the simulator to match injection pressure data while simultaneously limiting fracture length. This scale-dependent toughness scaling parameter is the most-important parameter in determining fracture size.
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Harisuseno, Donny, Dian Noorvy Khaeruddin, and Riyanto Haribowo. "Time of concentration based infiltration under different soil density, water content, and slope during a steady rainfall." Journal of Water and Land Development 41, no. 1 (2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0028.
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Abstract Time of concentration, Tc, is defined as time elapsed from the beginning of rainfall infiltrated into soil layer until it reaches a constant infiltration rate (fc) which is indicated an equilibrium subsurface flow rate. In hydrological view, time of concentration plays a significant role in elaboration of transformation of rainfall into runoff in a watershed. The aims of this research are to define influence of soil density and soil water content in determining time of concentration using infiltration concept based on water balance theory, and to find out the effect of land slope this time. Watershed laboratory experiment using rainfall simulator was employed to examine time of concentration associated with infiltration process under different slope, soil density and soil water content based on water balance concept. The steady rainfall intensity was simulated using sprinklers which produced 2 dm3∙min−1. Rainfall, runoff and infiltration analysis were carried out at laboratory experiment on soil media with varied of soil density (d) and soil water content (w), where variation of land slopes (s) were designed in three land slopes 2, 3 and 4%. The results show that relationship between soil density and land slope to time of concentration showed a quadratic positive relationship where the higher the soil density address to the longer time of concentration. Moreover, time of concentration had an inverse relationship with soil water content and land slope that means time of concentration decreased when the soil water content increased.
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Wrona, Zofia, Maria Ganzha, Marcin Paprzycki, and Stanisław Krzyżanowski. "Dynamic Knowledge Management in an Agent-Based Extended Green Cloud Simulator." Energies 17, no. 4 (2024): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040780.
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Cloud infrastructures operate in highly dynamic environments, and today, energy-focused optimization become crucial. Moreover, the concept of extended cloud infrastructure, which, among others, uses green energy, started to gain traction. This introduces a new level of dynamicity to the ecosystem, as “processing components” may “disappear” and “come back”, specifically in scenarios where the lack/return of green energy leads to shutting down/booting back servers at a given location. Considered use cases may involve introducing new types of resources (e.g., adding containers with server racks with “next-generation processors”). All such situations require the dynamic adaptation of “system knowledge”, i.e., runtime system adaptation. In this context, an agent-based digital twin of the extended green cloud infrastructure is proposed. Here, knowledge management is facilitated with an explainable Rule-Based Expert System, combined with Expression Languages. The tests were run using Extended Green Cloud Simulator, which allows the modelling of cloud infrastructures powered (partially) by renewable energy sources. Specifically, the work describes scenarios in which: (1) a new hardware resource is introduced in the system; (2) the system component changes its resource; and (3) system user changes energy-related preferences. The case study demonstrates how rules can facilitate control of energy efficiency with an example of an adaptable compromise between pricing and energy consumption.
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Odeh, A. S. "The Proper Interpretation of Field-Determined Buildup Pressure and Skin Values for Simulator Use." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 01 (1985): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/11759-pa.
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Abstract Scaling factors for the proper application and interpretation of field-determined skin effect and pressure buildup values for use in simulators are derived. Reservoir engineering calculations for the actual well are based on a continuous physical system and the total effective formation thickness. For use with a simulator, the system is discretized, and the cell thickness replaces the total thickness. The scaling factors are to correct for the differences between the two systems. Without the scaling factors, the well inflow equations used in the simulators would calculate an erroneous pressure drop component as a result of the physical skin and the nondarcy flow effect. In the case of pressure values, an equation is derived that gives the buildup time, At, when the field-measured wellbore pressure becomes equal to the wellblock pressure in a three-dimensional simulator. This is important for history matching. This paper shows that the pressure-At relation is strongly coupled to the skin scaling factor. Introduction Reservoir simulation calculations consist mainly, of two parts:(1) the fluid saturation and pressure distribution and parts:the fluid saturation and pressure distribution andthe well inflow. The fluid saturation and pressure distribution result from the solution of the nonlinear partial differential equations that express the mass balance partial differential equations that express the mass balance for oil, water, and gas. Most of the research on reservoir modeling has been concerned with the solution of these equations, and significant progress has been achieved. Compared with this, the treatment of the well is still in its infancy. This is disconcerting since the well calculations are critical to the matching and prediction phases of simulation. In reservoir engineering, the well inflow calculations have reached a high degree of sophistication. The effects of the well completion, restricted entry to flow, noncircular drainage area, and nondarcy flow can be accounted for. The treatment of these factors relies on three basic assumptions:the physical model is continuous-i.e., no discretization is involved as it is in the numerical model,the thickness used in the calculations is the total effective thickness of the formation, andthe permeability is the integrated average of the permeability is the integrated average of the permeability values in the drainage area of the well. This is permeability values in the drainage area of the well. This is normally obtained from flow test analyses. In reservoir simulators, all three basic assumptions are violated. The reservoir is discretized; the thickness used in the inflow equation is the thickness of the cell, which is usually much less than the formation thickness; and the permeability of the cell with a well is different from the average permeability in the majority of cases. This introduces a permeability in the majority of cases. This introduces a scaling problem. If the field-determined well inflow parameters are not scaled properly for use in the parameters are not scaled properly for use in the simulators, the simulation results may not reflect the true well behavior. Furthermore, the pressure values used for matching purposes may be the wrong values. In this paper, the scaling of the skin factor and the problems associated with it are considered. A scaling factor problems associated with it are considered. A scaling factor that gives an acceptable match between the field pressure drop caused by skin and the model-calculated value is determined. Also, an equation that gives the buildup time, At, when the well pressure becomes equal to the cell pressure is derived. The equation accounts for pressure is derived. The equation accounts for three-dimensional (3D) flow and the completion of the well. The implication of using the incorrect At during the history matching phase of a simulation study is analyzed. Skin Effect Consideration The difference between the discretized mathematical model and the continuous physical system is most apparent in the treatment of the skin factor in the inflow equations. The skin factor is an indication of the efficiency of the well completion. The skin concept was introduced to the petroleum industry by Hurst and van Everdingen. petroleum industry by Hurst and van Everdingen. They considered the skin to result from a permeability change in the vicinity of the wellbore. The skin concept was extended by Brons and Marting and by Odeh to account for restricted entry and by Ramey to account for nondarcy flow. The normal procedure for calculating the skin effect is based on the net effective thickness of the formation. In the classical skin determination from buildup data, it is calculated by .....................................(1) where S T == SA + S R, and k is obtained from the flow test analysis. The pressure drop caused by skin, is .....................................(2) SPEJ
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Bechtold, S., and B. Höfle. "HELIOS: A MULTI-PURPOSE LIDAR SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, PLANNING AND TRAINING OF LASER SCANNING OPERATIONS WITH AIRBORNE, GROUND-BASED MOBILE AND STATIONARY PLATFORMS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 3, 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-3-161-2016.
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In many technical domains of modern society, there is a growing demand for fast, precise and automatic acquisition of digital 3D models of a wide variety of physical objects and environments. Laser scanning is a popular and widely used technology to cover this demand, but it is also expensive and complex to use to its full potential. However, there might exist scenarios where the operation of a &lt;i&gt;real&lt;/i&gt; laser scanner could be replaced by a computer simulation, in order to save time and costs. This includes scenarios like teaching and training of laser scanning, development of new scanner hardware and scanning methods, or generation of artificial scan data sets to support the development of point cloud processing and analysis algorithms. To test the feasibility of this idea, we have developed a highly flexible laser scanning simulation framework named &lt;i&gt;Heidelberg LiDAR Operations Simulator (HELIOS)&lt;/i&gt;. HELIOS is implemented as a Java library and split up into a core component and multiple extension modules. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to define scanner, platform and scene models and to configure the behaviour of modules. Modules were developed and implemented for (1) loading of simulation assets and configuration (i.e. 3D scene models, scanner definitions, survey descriptions etc.), (2) playback of XML survey descriptions, (3) TLS survey planning (i.e. automatic computation of recommended scanning positions) and (4) interactive real-time 3D visualization of simulated surveys. As a proof of concept, we show the results of two experiments: First, a survey planning test in a scene that was specifically created to evaluate the quality of the survey planning algorithm. Second, a simulated TLS scan of a crop field in a precision farming scenario. The results show that HELIOS fulfills its design goals.
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Bechtold, S., and B. Höfle. "HELIOS: A MULTI-PURPOSE LIDAR SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, PLANNING AND TRAINING OF LASER SCANNING OPERATIONS WITH AIRBORNE, GROUND-BASED MOBILE AND STATIONARY PLATFORMS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 3, 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-3-161-2016.
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In many technical domains of modern society, there is a growing demand for fast, precise and automatic acquisition of digital 3D models of a wide variety of physical objects and environments. Laser scanning is a popular and widely used technology to cover this demand, but it is also expensive and complex to use to its full potential. However, there might exist scenarios where the operation of a <i>real</i> laser scanner could be replaced by a computer simulation, in order to save time and costs. This includes scenarios like teaching and training of laser scanning, development of new scanner hardware and scanning methods, or generation of artificial scan data sets to support the development of point cloud processing and analysis algorithms. To test the feasibility of this idea, we have developed a highly flexible laser scanning simulation framework named <i>Heidelberg LiDAR Operations Simulator (HELIOS)</i>. HELIOS is implemented as a Java library and split up into a core component and multiple extension modules. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to define scanner, platform and scene models and to configure the behaviour of modules. Modules were developed and implemented for (1) loading of simulation assets and configuration (i.e. 3D scene models, scanner definitions, survey descriptions etc.), (2) playback of XML survey descriptions, (3) TLS survey planning (i.e. automatic computation of recommended scanning positions) and (4) interactive real-time 3D visualization of simulated surveys. As a proof of concept, we show the results of two experiments: First, a survey planning test in a scene that was specifically created to evaluate the quality of the survey planning algorithm. Second, a simulated TLS scan of a crop field in a precision farming scenario. The results show that HELIOS fulfills its design goals.
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Safrianti, Ery, Linna Oktaviana Sari, Ahmad Romadan, and Feranita Feranita. "Comparative Analysis of OLSR and DSR Routing Protocol Performance on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 14, no. 2 (2023): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v14i2.9875.
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Communication between vehicles is essential in increasing comfort and safety for drivers and passengers. Technology advancements offer a new concept: the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). The VANET network allows vehicles on the road to communicate directly with other vehicles while moving and without using the fixed infrastructure. A routing protocol is needed to facilitate communication in the network. Routing protocols are used to find routes between nodes to send messages to each other and forward packets along the selected route. In this study, a comparative analysis of the performance of the topology-based routing protocols will be carried out: Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) on VANET with a case study of urban road scenarios. Both protocols are simulated using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) with a scenario of changing the number of nodes. The two protocols were compared and analyzed from the parameters of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, throughput, packet loss, and collision rate. Based on the simulation results, the overall DSR routing protocol has a better performance value with an average Packet delivery ratio of 99.92%, End-to-end delay of 0.0894 ms, Routing overhead of 1,000 ms, the throughput of 261.55 kbps, Packet loss of 0.0778% and collision rate 1.8770. While the OLSR routing protocol has an average value of Packet delivery ratio of 99.89%, End-to-end delay of 0.0878 ms, Routing overhead of 1,000 ms, throughput of 230.27 kbps, Packet loss of 0.1007%, and collision rate of 1.6687.
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Barbecho Bautista, Pablo, Cinthya Lizeth López Lizárraga, Carlos Ernesto Medina Rocha, Carolina Tripp-Barba, José Alfonso Aguilar Calderón, and Luis Urquiza-Aguiar. "Análisis del impacto del uso de vehículos eléctricos en la contaminación usando mapas reales de Mazatlán, México." Revista de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información 10, no. 22 (2022): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36825/riti.10.22.011.
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In the transport sector, communication technologies (WiFi, WAVE, Bluetooth, 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.) make the concept of a connected car with communication capabilities possible. In the coming decades, connected autonomous driving vehicles, without human intervention, and high security, will travel on roads and cities. In this field, another goal is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which opens the possibility of new areas of transport research that consider the environment, energy, and the use of information exchange to guarantee safe mobility, comfortable and sustainability [1]. Electric mobility ensures sustainable and environmentally friendly urban development [2]. This research will analyze the impact electric vehicles have on the development of a smart city, for which SUMO was used as a vehicular traffic simulator, OMNeT++ for the communications network, and Veins as the link between the two, to achieve results attached to reality. Based on the above, this research hypothesizes that using electric vehicles in real simulated scenarios in the city of Mazatlán, in Sinaloa, Mexico, reduces pollution. To confirm the above, a series of simulations will be carried out that will allow us to analyze and compare the use of electric vehicles in real scenarios.
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Ewald, F., C. Winkler, and T. Zinner. "Reconstruction of cloud geometry using a scanning cloud radar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 6 (2015): 2491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2491-2015.
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Abstract. Clouds are one of the main reasons of uncertainties in the forecasts of weather and climate. In part, this is due to limitations of remote sensing of cloud microphysics. Present approaches often use passive spectral measurements for the remote sensing of cloud microphysical parameters. Large uncertainties are introduced by three-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer effects and cloud inhomogeneities. Such effects are largely caused by unknown orientation of cloud sides or by shadowed areas on the cloud. Passive ground-based remote sensing of cloud properties at high spatial resolution could be crucially improved with this kind of additional knowledge of cloud geometry. To this end, a method for the accurate reconstruction of 3-D cloud geometry from cloud radar measurements is developed in this work. Using a radar simulator and simulated passive measurements of model clouds based on a large eddy simulation (LES), the effects of different radar scan resolutions and varying interpolation methods are evaluated. In reality, a trade-off between scan resolution and scan duration has to be found as clouds change quickly. A reasonable choice is a scan resolution of 1 to 2\\degree. The most suitable interpolation procedure identified is the barycentric interpolation method. The 3-D reconstruction method is demonstrated using radar scans of convective cloud cases with the Munich miraMACS, a 35 GHz scanning cloud radar. As a successful proof of concept, camera imagery collected at the radar location is reproduced for the observed cloud cases via 3-D volume reconstruction and 3-D radiative transfer simulation. Data sets provided by the presented reconstruction method will aid passive spectral ground-based measurements of cloud sides to retrieve microphysical parameters.
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Basuki, Akbari Indra, and Aciek Ida Wuryandari. "Design and Analysis of Hybrid Vessel Monitoring System based on DTN and Internet Collaboration." Jurnal INKOM 9, no. 2 (2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.inkom.426.
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In this paper, we propose hybrid Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) design as alternative for current VMS scheme by collaborating internet connection and Disruption-Tolerant-Networks (DTN). The hybrid solution combines offline VMS that use radio networks and online VMS that utilizing satellite-based internet. Hybrid VMS aims to provide a more flexible VMS design and able to speed up delivery process of offline vessel’s data. The concept is both type of vessels must install a standard radio networks for data forwarding. The proposed method to speed up data delivery is by forwarding VMS data from one vessel to another using DTN forwarding scheme. Data can be forwarded to another offline vessel that will return to harbor earlier or to online vessels which have internet connection. Performance measurement is done through simulation analysis using ONE simulator. It aims to measure the speed up data delivery using hybrid VMS implementation compare to a pure offline VMS implementation. Simulation result show that hybrid VMS able to speed up data delivery for offline vessel data in 1.5 up to 2 times faster compare to a pure offline VMS implementation. Hybrid VMS also has advantages in flexible implementation by easily switching between online and offline VMS scheme, according to fisherman financial situation. Spray-and-Wait routing is the most suitable routing algorithm for hybrid VMS according to the efficiency ratio.
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Zapata, V. J., W. M. Brummett, M. E. Osborne, and D. J. Van Nispen. "Advances in Tightly Coupled Reservoir/ Wellbore/Surface-Network Simulation." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 02 (2001): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71120-pa.
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Summary One of the most perplexing and difficult challenges in the industry is deciding how to develop a new oil or gas field. It is necessary to estimate recoverable reserves, design the most efficient exploitation strategy, decide where and when to drill wells and install surface facilities, and predict the rate of production. This requires a clear understanding of energy distribution and fluid movements throughout the entire system, under any given operational scenario or market-demand situation. Even after a reservoir-development plan is selected, there are many possible facility designs, each with different investment and operating costs. An important, but not always considered, fact is that each facility scheme could result in different future production rates owing to various types, sizes, and configurations of fluid-flow facilities. Selecting the best design for the asset requires the most accurate production forecasts possible over the forecast life cycle. No other single technology has the ability to provide this insight, as well as tightly coupled reservoir and facility simulation, because it combines all pertinent geological and engineering data into a single, comprehensive, dynamic model of the entire oilfield flow system. An integrated oilfield simulation system accounts for all dynamic flow effects and provides a test environment for quickly and accurately comparing alternative designs. This paper provides a brief background of this technology and gives a review of a major development project where it is currently being applied. Finally, we describe some recent significant advances in the technology that make it more stable, accurate, and rigorous. Introduction Finite-difference reservoir simulation is widely used to predict production performance of oil and gas fields. This is usually done in a "stand-alone" mode, where individual well performance is commonly calculated from pregenerated multiphase wellbore flow tables that cover various ranges of wellhead and bottomhole pressures, gas/oil ratios (GOR's) and water/oil ratios (WOR's). The reservoir simulator determines the predicted production rate from these tables, normally assuming a fixed wellhead pressure and using a flowing bottomhole pressure calculated by the reservoir simulator. With this scheme it is not possible to consider the changing flow-resistance effects of the piping system as various fluids merge or split in the surface network. Neglecting this interaction of the surface network can, in many cases, introduce substantial errors into predicted performance. Basing multimillion- (in some cases, billion-) dollar exploitation designs on performance predictions that are suboptimal can be very detrimental to the asset's long-range profitability. To help eliminate this problem, considerable attention is being given to coupling reservoir simulators and multiphase facility network simulators to improve the accuracy of forecasting. Landscape Surface-network simulation technology was first introduced in 1976.1 Although successfully applied in selected cases, the concept was not widely adopted because of the excessive additional computing demands on computers of that era. In those earlier applications, the time consumed by the facility calculations could actually exceed the reservoir calculations.2,3 As computer performance has increased by orders of magnitude, this has become less of an issue. Reservoir model sizes have increased dramatically with much finer grids that take advantage of the increased computer power, but there was no need for a corresponding increase in the size of the facility models. Today, with tightly coupled reservoir/wellbore/surface models, the facility calculations are a fairly small part of the overall computing time and there is considerable effort in the industry to build these types of systems.4,5 Chevron's current tightly coupled oilfield simulation system is CHEARS®***/PIPESOFT-2™****. CHEARS® is a fully implicit 3D reservoir simulator with black-oil, compositional, thermal, miscible, and polymer formulations. It has fully implicit dual porosity, dual permeability options, and unlimited multiple-level local grid refinement. PIPESOFT-2™ is a comprehensive multiphase wellbore/surface-network simulator. It has black-oil, compositional, CO2, steam, and non-Newtonian fluid capabilities. It can solve any type of complex nested looping, both surface and subsurface. The coupling is done at the wellbore completion interval, which is the natural domain boundary between the flow systems. We refer to our implementation as "tightly coupled" because information is dynamically exchanged directly between the simulators without any intermediate intervention. A simple representation of the interaction between the simulators is shown in Fig. 1. Gorgon Field Example The following is an example of how this technology is currently being used. The Gorgon field is a Triassic gas accumulation estimated to contain over 20 Tscf of gas, located 130 km offshore northwest Australia in 300 m of water (Fig. 2). It is currently undergoing development studies for an LNG project. Field and Model Description. The field is 45 km long and 9 km wide, and it comprises more than 2000 m of Triassic fluvial Mungaroo formation in angular discordance with a Jurassic-age unconformity. It has been subdivided into 11 vertical intervals (or zones) on the basis of regional sequence boundaries and depositional systems. These 11 zones were first modeled individually with an object-based modeling technique before being stacked into a 715-layer full-field geologic model. This model was subsequently scaled up to a 46-layer reservoir simulation model, reducing the size of the model from 4.5 million cells to 290,000 cells. While the scaleup process preserved the original 11 zone boundaries, the majority of the layers were located in regions identified as key flow units. In addition to vertical subdivision, seismic and appraisal well data suggest structural compartmentalization, resulting in six major fault blocks. After deactivating appropriate cells, the final simulation model contained 50,000 active cells and was initialized with 35 independent pressure regions. Each of these regions corresponds to a single zone in a single fault block.
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Beanland, Vanessa, Eryn Grant, Gemma J. M. Read, et al. "Applying Ecological Interface Design principles to the design of rural highway-rail grade crossing infrastructure." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (2017): 1887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601953.
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Countries such as Australia and USA have many rail level crossings (a.k.a. highway-rail grade crossings) with limited protection (e.g., static signs only or flashing lights but no physical barriers). Lower cost design solutions are required as upgrading crossings using current infrastructure treatments is cost-prohibitive. Here we applied Ecological Interface Design (EID) principles to develop a novel rail level crossing design for high-speed rural roads, and then evaluated the design via two driving simulator studies. Experiment 1 provided an initial concept evaluation of the crossing, then Experiment 2 evaluated the crossing in safetycritical situations, including when a distractor was present and when crossing infrastructure was damaged through vandalism. Driving performance, subjective workload, and usability were compared against existing rural crossing designs. Findings suggest the EID crossing provides a feasible alternative to existing designs, with the potential to encourage safer decision-making by road users and thus reduce collisions.
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Shaaban, Raed M., Ranya M. Dawood, Riyam A. Mutashar, and Wa'il A. Godaymi Al-Tumah. "ENHANCING MICROSTRIP ANTENNA EFFICIENCY WITH NOVEL SLOT-INTEGRATED PATCH CONFIGURATIONS." ORESTA 7, no. 1 (2024): 372–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15080799.
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<em>This research presents a concept, for an elliptical ring patch microstrip antenna (ERPA) which was created tested and produced Employing types of materials, with varying permittivity values. The antenna is meant for X band use. In this study the substrates employed are FR4 (Design (1)) and RT5880 (Design (2)) having permittivity values of 4.4 and 2.2 respectively and thicknesses of 1.6 mm and 1.575 mm. The ERPA design includes four rings, with holes of different sizes. The Ansoft HFSS, a high-frequency structure simulator, is utilized to model the antenna design, which is crucial for optimizing the design and accurately predicting its performance. Moreover, simulation tools were integral in optimizing antenna characteristics before physical testing. Curiously, there is a significant consensus over the comparative outcomes. The research primarily examines key characteristics, including radiation pattern gain, return loss, and input impedance, which have been shown to fall below acceptable thresholds. The results show that relative permittivity and difference in the thickness of the substrate materials have a substantial impact on both bandwidth and gain. The analysis of efficiency showed the superior efficiency of 85.70% by RT-5880 in contrast to 69.96% efficiency gained via FR-4 substrate. The bandwidth of both proposed antennas is greater than 2 GHz which is 2.420 GHz and 3500 GHz for Design (1) and Design (2) respectively. The gain 3 is observed in both the Designs 1 and 2. The higher bandwidth and gain makes RT5880 substrate more efficient, and provide better design for X- band applications. Maintaining the X-band frequency range the proposed antenna design can be applied to wide range of applications.</em>
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Vallon, Magdalena, Linyu Gao, Feng Jiang, et al. "LED-based solar simulator to study photochemistry over a wide temperature range in the large simulation chamber AIDA." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 6 (2022): 1795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1795-2022.
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Abstract. A light source has been built at the AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) simulation chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, simulating solar radiation at ground level. Instead of full spectra light sources, it uses a combination of LEDs with a narrow emission spectrum, resulting in a combined spectrum similar to the solar spectrum between 300 and 530 nm. The use of LEDs leads to an energy-efficient, robust and versatile illumination concept. The light source can be used over a wide temperature range down to −90 ∘C and is adjustable in intensity and spectral width as well as easily adjustable to new technological developments or scientific needs. Characterization of the illumination conditions shows a vertical intensity gradient in the chamber. The integral intensity corresponds to a NO2 photolysis frequency j(NO2) of (1.58±0.21(1σ))×10-3 s−1 for temperatures between 213 and 295 K. At constant temperature, the light intensity is stable within ±1 %. While the emissions of the different LEDs change with temperature, they can be adjusted, and thus it is possible to adapt the spectrum for different temperatures. Although the illumination of the simulation chamber leads to an increase of 0.7 K h−1 of the mean gas temperature, it is possible to perform experiments with aqueous droplets at relative humidities up to ≤95 % and also above water or ice saturation with corresponding clouds. Additionally, temperature- and wavelength-dependent photolysis experiments with 2,3-pentanedione have been conducted. The photolysis of 2,3-pentanedione occurs mainly between 400 and 460 nm, resulting in a mean photolysis frequency of (1.03±0.15)×10-4 s−1 independent of temperature in the range 213–298 K with a quantum yield of 0.36±0.04. In contrast, the yield of the two main photolysis products, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, decreases with temperature. Furthermore, the light source was applied to study the photochemistry of aerosol particles. For the atmospheric brown carbon proxy compound 3,5-diacetyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, photochemical reaction products were identified. In aerosol particles containing iron oxalate as a photosensitizer, the photosensitized degradation of organic acids (pinic and pinonic acid) was studied. Although the light source only generates about one-third of the maximum solar irradiation at ground level at Karlsruhe (49.007∘ N, 8.404∘ E; 12:00 UTC+2) on a clear summer day with a substantial intensity gradient throughout the simulation chamber, it could be shown that this type of light source allows reproducible experiments over a wide range of simulated atmospheric conditions and with a large flexibility and control of the irradiation spectrum.
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Ziese, M., H. Wex, E. Nilsson, et al. "Hygroscopic growth and activation of HULIS particles: experimental data and a new iterative parameterization scheme for complex aerosol particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (2007): 13773–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-13773-2007.
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Abstract. The hygroscopic growth and activation of two HULIS and one Aerosol-Water-Extract sample, prepared from urban-type aerosol, were investigated. All samples were extracted from filters, redissolved in water and atomized for the investigations presented here. The hygroscopic growth measurements were done using LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) together with a HH-TDMA (High Humidity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer). Hygroscopic growth was determined for relative humidities up to 99.75%. The critical diameters for activation were measured using LACIS for supersaturations between 2 and 10 per mill. All three samples showed a similar hygroscopic growth behaviour, and the two HULIS samples also were similar in their activation behavior, while the Aerosol-Water-Extract turned out to be more CCN active than the HULIS samples. The experimental data was used to derive parameterizations for the hygroscopic growth and activation of HULIS particles. The concept of ρion (Wex et al., 2007a) and the Szyszkowski-equation (Szyszkowski, 1908; Facchini et al., 1999) were used for parameterizing the Raoult and the Kelvin (surface tension) terms of the Köhler equation, respectively. This concept proved to be very successful for the HULIS samples in the saturation range from relative humidities larger than 98% up to activation. However it failed for the Aerosol-Water extract.
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Rodríguez, Fermín, Gaizka Martínez, Sergio Rodríguez, and José M. Echeverría. "Increasing the safety of more electric aircraft through a novel algorithm in the DC power system." International Journal of Power and Energy Systems 126 (March 1, 2021): 106566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106566.
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In the last few years, the More Electric Aircraft concept has been proposed as a solution not only for increasing the efficiency of the entire aircraft, but also for reducing CO<sub>2</sub> and NOx emissions. However, to purse the increased electrification of aircraft, certain challenges, such as safety, security and reliability, need to be overcome. In the literature, component redundancy is usually proposed as the only way to improve aircraft safety. However, this paper presents a method that allows the concept of redundancy to be replaced by the combination of a new algorithm and a recently developed device, which makes it possible to decentralize the traditional aircraft power system architecture, thereby increasing fault tolerance on aircraft. This algorithm detects where the fault takes place, calculates new hardware configuration options based on minimizing power losses, decides which choice is the optimal one and reconfigures the system to avoid the detected fault. To analyse whether the proposed methodology works properly, a series of tests were run in a MATLAB ® simulator. The results show that the decentralized algorithm is able to find alternative paths and continue operating powered loads when a fault occurs in aircraft DC power systems.
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Ewald, F., C. Winkler, and T. Zinner. "Reconstruction of 3-D cloud geometry using a scanning cloud radar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 11 (2014): 11345–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-11345-2014.
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Abstract. Clouds are one of the main reasons of uncertainties in the forecasts of weather and climate. In part, this is due to limitations of remote sensing of cloud microphysics. Present approaches often use passive spectral measurements for the remote sensing of cloud microphysical parameters. Large uncertainties are introduced by three dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer effects and cloud inhomogeneities. Such effects are largely caused by unknown orientation of cloud sides or by shadowed areas on the cloud. Passive ground based remote sensing of cloud properties at high spatial resolution could be improved crucially with this kind of additional knowledge of cloud geometry. To this end, a method for the accurate reconstruction of 3-D cloud geometry from cloud radar measurements is developed in this work. Using a radar simulator and simulated passive measurements of static LES model clouds, the effects of different radar scan resolutions and varying interpolation methods are evaluated. In reality a trade-off between scan resolution and scan duration has to be found as clouds are changing quickly. A reasonable choice is a scan resolution of 1 to 2°. The most suitable interpolation procedure identified is the barycentric interpolation method. The 3-D reconstruction method is demonstrated using radar scans of convective cloud cases with the Munich miraMACS, a 35 GHz scanning cloud radar. As a successful proof of concept, camera imagery collected at the radar location is reproduced for the observed cloud cases via 3-D volume reconstruction and 3-D radiative transfer simulation. Data sets provided by the presented reconstruction method will aid passive spectral ground-based measurements of cloud sides to retrieve microphysical parameters.
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Termos, Hassan, and Ali Mansour. "Sampling Parallel SOA-MZIs Configuration for All-Optical Simultaneous Frequency Down-Conversion." Photonics 9, no. 10 (2022): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100745.
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In this paper, we expound a modulation concept to contrive simultaneous frequency down-conversion based on a three parallel Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (SOA-MZIs) link by using a band pass sampling method in a Virtual Photonics Inc. simulator. Each SOA-MZI is deployed to achieve a down-converted signal, which has ten replicas related to the first ten harmonic ranks of the sampling signal, at the SOA-MZI outer port. Then, the admixture of the three down-converted signals yields a sampled signal, which is called a simultaneous down-converted signal that contains thirty different replicas. The positive down-conversion gains with top values are reached with the sampling parallel SOA-MZIs link. Moreover, we evaluated the quality of the parallel SOA-MZIs transmission system over orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) complex modulated signals using the error vector magnitude values as a performance index. The utmost bit rate attained is 2 Gbit/s for OFDM modulations.
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Al-Bayatti, Ali H., Hussein Zedan, Antoniuo Cau, and François Siewe. "Security Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Network of Networks (MANoN)." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 2, no. 1 (2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2010103001.
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Many military research efforts have concentrated on how to allow war-fighters to take advantage of all available information within the battlefield in a rapid and flexible manner. As a result, the development of the Global Information Grid (GIG) was the key enabler for this process; hence, adding to the development of the mobile networking part of the GIG, the concept of the Mobile Ad hoc Network of Networks (MANoN) is introduced. This article proposes a novel security management algorithm achieving the three management essentials: Security Administration; Prevention and Detection; and Containment and Recovery; based on the International Telecommunication Union’s recommendation M.3400 to manage securely the future of military Network-Centric Warfare (NCW). The authors will employ Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) as a method of handling both sequential and parallel composition in flexible timely constrains, in addition, this technique will be evaluated using the Network Simulator (NS-2) to provide and check whether security requirements are met in a comprehensive manner.
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Vale, Mário, Beatriz T. Barrocas, Rita M. N. Serôdio, M. Conceição Oliveira, José M. Lopes, and Ana C. Marques. "Robust Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® with Interconnected Macropores for Sustainable Solar-Driven Water Purification." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11 (2024): 5958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115958.
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Advanced oxidation processes, including photocatalysis, have been proven effective at organic dye degradation. Tailored porous materials with regulated pore size, shape, and morphology offer a sustainable solution to the water pollution problem by acting as support materials to grafted photocatalytic nanoparticles (NPs). This research investigated the influence of pore and particle sizes of photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® on the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution (10 mg/L). Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® are made of binder-less supported P25 TiO2 NPs within MICROSCAFS®, which are silica–titania microspheres with a controlled size and interconnected macroporosity, synthesized by an adapted sol–gel method that involves a polymerization-induced phase separation process. Photocatalytic experiments were performed both in batch and flow reactors, with this latter one targeting a proof of concept for continuous transformation processes and real-life conditions. Photocatalytic degradation of 87% in 2 h (batch) was achieved, using a calibrated solar light simulator (1 sun) and a photocatalyst/pollutant mass ratio of 23. This study introduces a novel flow kinetic model which provides the modeling and simulation of the photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® performance. A scavenger study was performed, enabling an in-depth mechanistic understanding. Finally, the transformation products resulting from the MO photocatalytic degradation were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments and subjected to an in silico toxicity assessment.
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Golan, Rotem, Ittai Gavrieli, Roee Katzir, Galit Sharabi, and Uri Nachshon. "Soil contamination in arid environments and assessment of remediation applying surface evaporation capacitor model: a case study from the Judean Desert, Israel." SOIL 11, no. 1 (2025): 395–412. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-395-2025.
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Abstract. Due to the presence of highly pollutant industries in arid areas, many of the globe's arid areas are exposed to severe local soil contamination events. In this work, the nature of solute and contaminant transport in the sandy terraces of an ephemeral stream that was exposed to a severe pollution event was examined. Here, the Ashalim Basin in the Judean Desert, Israel, is utilized as a case study. In order to shed new light on contaminant distribution along the soil profile and on transport mechanisms in arid environments, three complementary approaches were used: (1) periodic on-site soil profile sampling, recording the annual solute transport dynamics; (2) laboratory analyses and controlled experiments in a rain simulator to characterize solute release and transport; and (3) numerical simulation, used to define and understand the main associated processes. The study highlights the persistent nature of the pollutants in these natural settings, which dictates that they remain near the soil surface despite the presence of sporadic rain events. It was shown that a vertical circulation of the contaminates is occurring with soil wetting and drying cycles. The “surface evaporation capacitor” concept of Or and Lehmann (2019) was examined and compared to field measurements and numerical simulations and was found to be a useful tool for predicting the fate of the contaminants along the soil profile.
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Heilemann, Felix, Sebastian Lindner, and Axel Schulte. "Experimental evaluation of tasking and teaming design patterns for human delegation of unmanned vehicles." Human-Intelligent Systems Integration 3, no. 3 (2021): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42454-021-00036-0.
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AbstractThis work discusses different approaches for the cooperation between humans as a supervisor and multiple unmanned vehicles (UVs). We evaluated the most promising approach experimentally with expert pilots of the German Air Force. The co-agency of humans and highly automated unmanned systems (i.e., human autonomy teaming, HAT) is described by the use of a design and description language for HAT design patterns. This design language is used to differentiate control modes for tasking, teaming, and swarming of UVs. The different control modes are then combined in a planner agent (PA) design pattern that further enables the UV guidance on scalable delegation levels from a single individual up to a team. The desired system behavior and interaction concept of the PA for these scalable delegation levels is then transferred to the domain of manned-unmanned teaming in fighter aircraft missions. To demonstrate the applicability of the system, we implemented the concept into our fast-jet simulator of the Institute of Flight Systems (IFS) and conducted an experimental campaign with expert pilots. The results of the experiment showed (1) task delegation with the PA design pattern is faster and reduces the error potential; (2) scalable delegation levels enable a pilot and situation-specific task delegation; (3) the delegation of teams is faster and reduces the error potential; however, in some situations, deeper access through the scalable delegation levels is needed; (4) the concept is intuitive and the transparency and trust in UVs and swarms were very high; and (5) the pilots could imagine operating such systems in the future. Overall speaking the presented PA design pattern is suited for the guidance of UVs and the scalable delegation levels are beneficial.
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Panadero, Carmen, Valentín de la Cruz Barquero, Carlos Delgado-Kloos, and David Núñez. "PhyMEL-WS: Physically Experiencing the Virtual World. Insights into Mixed Reality and Flow State on Board a Wheelchair Simulator." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 20, no. (12) (2014): 1629–48. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-020-12-1629.
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Psychology has widely probed the relationship between body, mind and emotions, these findings have been traditionally applied to physical learning but its penetration into the academic environment was still slower than expected. Virtual worlds, augmented reality and gamification applied to learning experiences, have once again highlighted the correlation between the emotional state of the student and his learning outcomes. There have been many studies around the concept of flow proposed by Csíkszentmihályi in 1988, what factors influence their extent and how to promote it. Although the proposed model is widely accepted by the scientific community there are some studies showing discrepancies between theoretical models and experimental results. The scientific community demands more studies on how to measure flow and how to analyse the factors behind these discrepancies. This paper presents a study with 20 students between 21 and 36 years using a wheelchair simulator to reach awareness about the difficulties that people with disabilities face daily. Experience confirms the discrepancies between emotions calculated from the model and expressed directly by students. Two of the main findings of this study are: (1) the influence of gender on emotions and (2) some of the factors that moderate the theoretical measures to fit empirical values are related to the four defining traits of a game proposed by McGonigal (challenging goals, clear rules, real time feedback and voluntary participation).
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Sardari Nia, Peyman, Samuel Heuts, Jean H. T. Daemen, Jules R. Olsthoorn, W. Randolph Chitwood, and Jos G. Maessen. "The EACTS simulation-based training course for endoscopic mitral valve repair: an air-pilot training concept in action." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 30, no. 5 (2020): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivz323.
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Abstract OBJECTIVES We have developed a high-fidelity minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) simulator that provides a platform to train skills in an objective and reproducible manner, which has been incorporated in the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) endoscopic mitral valve repair course. The aim of the study is to provide data on the application of simulation-based training in MIMVS using an air-pilot training concept. METHODS The 2-day EACTS endoscopic mitral training course design was based on backwards chaining, pre- and post-assessment, performance feedback, hands-on training on MIMVS, theoretical content and follow-up. One hundred two participants who completed the full programme throughout 2016–2018 in the EACTS endoscopic mitral training courses were enrolled in the current study. RESULTS Of the 102 participants, 83 (83.3%) participants were staff/attending surgeons, 12 (11.8%) participants had finished residency and 5 (4.9%) participants were residents. Theoretical pre- and post-assessment showed that participants scored significantly higher on post-assessment (median score 58% vs 67%, P &lt; 0.001). Pre- and post-assessment of skills on MIMVS showed that participants could work with long-shafted instruments more accurately (suture accuracy 43% vs 99%, P &lt; 0.001) and faster (87 vs 42 s, P &lt; 0.001). Follow-up, based on course evaluation and a survey, had a response rate of 55% (57 participants). Of all surveyed participants, 33.3% (n = 19) had started an endoscopic mitral programme successfully, while 66.7% (n = 38) did not yet start. CONCLUSIONS The MIMVS is a valuable tool for the development and assessment of endoscopic mitral repair skills. This EACTS course provides surgeons with theoretical knowledge and necessary skills to start an endoscopic mitral valve programme successfully.
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RAUßENDORF, ROBERT. "MEASUREMENT-BASED QUANTUM COMPUTATION WITH CLUSTER STATES." International Journal of Quantum Information 07, no. 06 (2009): 1053–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749909005699.
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In this thesis, we describe the one-way quantum computer [Formula: see text], a scheme of universal quantum computation that consists entirely of one-qubit measurements on a highly entangled multiparticle state, i.e. the cluster state. We prove the universality of the [Formula: see text], describe the underlying computational model and demonstrate that the [Formula: see text] can be operated fault-tolerantly. In Sec. 2, we show that the [Formula: see text] can be regarded as a simulator of quantum logic networks. In this way, we prove the universality and establish the link to the network model — the common model of quantum computation. We also indicate that the description of the [Formula: see text] as a network simulator is not adequate in every respect. In Sec. 3, we derive the computational model underlying the [Formula: see text], which is very different from the quantum logic network model. The [Formula: see text] has no quantum input, no quantum output and no quantum register, and the unitary gates from some universal set are not the elementary building blocks of [Formula: see text] quantum algorithms. Further, all information that is processed with the [Formula: see text] is the outcomes of one-qubit measurements and thus processing of information exists only at the classical level. The [Formula: see text] is nevertheless quantum-mechanical, as it uses a highly entangled cluster state as the central physical resource. In Sec. 4, we show that there exist nonzero error thresholds for fault-tolerant quantum computation with the [Formula: see text]. Further, we outline the concept of checksums in the context of the [Formula: see text], which may become an element in future practical and adequate methods for fault-tolerant [Formula: see text] computation.
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Linschmann, Onno, Durmus Umutcan Uguz, Bianca Romanski, et al. "A Portable Multi-Modal Cushion for Continuous Monitoring of a Driver’s Vital Signs." Sensors 23, no. 8 (2023): 4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084002.
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With higher levels of automation in vehicles, the need for robust driver monitoring systems increases, since it must be ensured that the driver can intervene at any moment. Drowsiness, stress and alcohol are still the main sources of driver distraction. However, physiological problems such as heart attacks and strokes also exhibit a significant risk for driver safety, especially with respect to the ageing population. In this paper, a portable cushion with four sensor units with multiple measurement modalities is presented. Capacitive electrocardiography, reflective photophlethysmography, magnetic induction measurement and seismocardiography are performed with the embedded sensors. The device can monitor the heart and respiratory rates of a vehicle driver. The promising results of the first proof-of-concept study with twenty participants in a driving simulator not only demonstrate the accuracy of the heart (above 70% of medical-grade heart rate estimations according to IEC 60601-2-27) and respiratory rate measurements (around 30% with errors below 2 BPM), but also that the cushion might be useful to monitor morphological changes in the capacitive electrocardiogram in some cases. The measurements can potentially be used to detect drowsiness and stress and thus the fitness of the driver, since heart rate variability and breathing rate variability can be captured. They are also useful for the early prediction of cardiovascular diseases, one of the main reasons for premature death. The data are publicly available in the UnoVis dataset.
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Bauder, Maximilian, Daniel Paula, Claus Pfeilschifter, et al. "Influences of Vehicle Communication on Human Driving Reactions: A Simulator Study on Reaction Times and Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis." Sensors 24, no. 14 (2024): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24144481.
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Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: “Stationary Vehicle Warning—Broken-Down Vehicle” and “Dangerous Situation—Electronic Emergency Brake Lights”. Volkswagen’s warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). However, it is important that it is known that there was a warning, which is why the occurrence of V2X warnings should also be saved in the EDR in the future.
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Carrozzino, M., G. D. Voinea, M. Duguleană, R. G. Boboc, and M. Bergamasco. "COMPARING INNOVATIVE XR SYSTEMS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE. A CASE STUDY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-373-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The technological advances made in the recent years in the field of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have led to a revolution in many adjacent areas. One of these is Cultural Heritage (CH), as the new array of XR technologies (a concept integrating Augmented, Mixed and Virtual Reality) is offering new interaction possibilities. The purpose of this paper is to compare several such technologies at application level, and to classify them based on common features such as Interaction, Manipulability, Ease of Use and others. The study presented in this paper was carried out during the H2020 project eHERITAGE (‘Expanding the Research and Innovation Capacity in Cultural Heritage Virtual Reality Applications’). The action had as output multiple XR systems/applications. We compare 4 of them: a smartphone-based AR application, a digital book with 3D elements deployed on a large touchscreen, a large holographic display and a bow simulator built using a VR headset and a mechatronic system. We evaluate these innovative systems in the context of the 2 educational events, when over 4000 participants interacted with our team. Results show that systems with greater interaction and immersion features were preferred over the others. Furthermore, Mixed Reality was preferred over Virtual and Augmented Reality.</p>
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Schweizer, Joerg, Cristian Poliziani, and Federico Rupi. "Simulating platooned connected autonomous vehicle in a large scale urban scenario." SUMO Conference Proceedings 3 (September 29, 2022): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/scp.v3i.175.
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This article is concerned with the performance evaluation of connected, autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in a realistic large-scale microsimulation scenario. In particular the question is: how much could a high diffusion of CAVs possibly change (1)~the average travel speeds (2)~the trip times of all traffic participants, including pedestrians, and (3)~the energy/fuel consumption? For this purpose, admittedly favourable assumptions are made: a 100\% diffusion of platooning-capable CAVs as substitution for private cars as well as a high maximum speed of platooned vehiclesin order to enable platoon formation. The morning rush hour scenario of the metropolitan area of Bologna, Italy has been selected for assessment. This scenario, which has been created and validated in previous works, represents an activity based demand model with travel plans for individual citizens, including all relevant transport modes. The microsimulation is performed by means of the SUMO simulator. The entire demand has been generated with the SUMOPy tool. For the platooning of CAVs, SUMO's SIMPLA module has been used, which controlls the vehicles via the interactive TRACI API. Results show an increased speed and reduced travel time for CAV vehicles, with respect to human driven cars, in particular in the periphery and less in the center with a dense road network. However, the reason for improved speeds and travel times is predominantly the higher maximum speed allowed for vehicles trying to catch up and join a platoon. Furthermore these higher speed would also be resposible for an increase in fuel consumption of approximately 5\%. In conclusion, CAVs alone are unlikely to reduce congestion in an urban area. To make the platooning concept work, additional technology and infrastructure is required in order to merge platoons effectively at freeways and at traffic lights. The latter could be simulated with GLOSA.
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Tkachenko, Polina V., and Vadim D. Daminov. "Zero-Gravity Robotic-Assisted Locomotion Simulator in Rehabilitation: a Prospective Randomized Clinical Study of 30 Spinal Trauma Sequelae Patients." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 21, no. 5 (2022): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2022-21-5-87-95.
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INTRODUCTION. According to the WHO, between 250,000 and 500,000 people are affected every year with spinal cord injury (SCI) around the world. The number of disabled people as a result of spinal cord injury in Russia is estimated to be over 250,000 and is increasing due to injury rate growth and survival rate improvement of patients in the acute and long-term periods of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). AIM. To justify the efficacious and safe use of a zero-gravity robotic simulator for a locomotor therapy in the complex rehabilitation of patients with SCI and compare this therapeutic approach with conventional motor rehabilitation programs using other robotic mechanotherapy techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Neurological and functional disorders were analyzed in 30 patients with SCI on the basis of clinical examination and electromyography (EMG) findings. All the patients were classified into an intervention group and a control group by a sequential randomization. The rehabilitation programs for the intervention and control groups were alike, except for robotic mechanotherapy. RESULTS. A significant positive dynamic change in motor functions according to the ASIA Impairment scale was noted in the intervention group, in which 2 patients moved up to a higher level. The EMG data showed a significant difference between the groups in favor of the intervention one. A significant difference in postural function improvement was found between the intervention and control groups in a seated position. The rehabilitation of patients from the intervention group engaged the axial muscles, promoting an increase in strength and better control of the trunk muscles. A significant spasticity decrease and changes in the functional status of the patients were observed in both groups. The patients’ ability to perform normal daily activities was registered to improve. CONCLUSION. The study demonstrated that robotic musculoskeletal training in zero-gravity conditions is safe and effective in complex rehabilitation of patients with SCI and improves motor skills, self-care and postural function. A significant correlation was found between neurological and functional changes, indicative of a restorative concept of the new therapeutic modality. Further studies with increased capacity are reasonable.