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Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. "Simultaneous bilingualism: Early developments, incomplete later outcomes?" International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 5 (June 23, 2016): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916652061.
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Purpose: Research on the language of heritage speakers has shown that in situations of societal bilingualism the functionally restricted language evidences the simplification of some grammatical domains. A frequent question is whether this stage of grammatical simplification is due to incomplete or interrupted acquisition in the early years of a bilingual’s life, or a result of processes of attrition of acquired knowledge of the underused language. This article considers the issue of incompleteness through an examination of the relationship between bilingual children’s developing grammars and the more or less changed bilingual systems of adult second and third generation immigrants (“heritage speakers”) in the USA. Methodology: The issue of incompleteness is examined in two corpora: (1) Recordings of 50 Spanish-English adult Mexican-American bilinguals; and (2) Longitudinal data obtained during the first six years of life of two Spanish-English bilingual siblings. Data analysis: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the grammar of subjects, verbal clitics, and verb tenses of the Spanish of the bilinguals under study. Findings: The outcome of reduced exposure and production of a minority language in simultaneous bilingual acquisition reflects the incomplete acquisition by age 6;0 of some aspects of the input language. The bilingual siblings’ unequal control of the minority language is shown to parallel the range of proficiencies identified across the adult heritage speakers. Significance: Some linguists argue that heritage speakers’ grammars are less restrictive or “different” in some respects but not incomplete. In contrast, this article demonstrates that at least some of the reduced grammars of heritage speakers result from a halted process of acquisition in the early years of life. Furthermore, while difference is not an explanatory construct, incomplete acquisition due to interrupted development caused by restricted exposure and production offers an explanation for the range of proficiencies attested among adult heritage speakers.
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EMMOREY, KAREN, HELSA B. BORINSTEIN, ROBIN THOMPSON, and TAMAR H. GOLLAN. "Bimodal bilingualism." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 11, no. 1 (March 2008): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728907003203.
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Speech–sign or “bimodal” bilingualism is exceptional because distinct modalities allow for simultaneous production of two languages. We investigated the ramifications of this phenomenon for models of language production by eliciting language mixing from eleven hearing native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and English. Instead of switching between languages, bilinguals frequently produced code-blends (simultaneously produced English words and ASL signs). Code-blends resembled co-speech gesture with respect to synchronous vocal–manual timing and semantic equivalence. When ASL was the Matrix Language, no single-word code-blends were observed, suggesting stronger inhibition of English than ASL for these proficient bilinguals. We propose a model that accounts for similarities between co-speech gesture and code-blending and assumes interactions between ASL and English Formulators. The findings constrain language production models by demonstrating the possibility of simultaneously selecting two lexical representations (but not two propositions) for linguistic expression and by suggesting that lexical suppression is computationally more costly than lexical selection.
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Bylund, Emanuel, Kenneth Hyltenstam, and Niclas Abrahamsson. "Age of acquisition – not bilingualism – is the primary determinant of less than nativelike L2 ultimate attainment." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000188.
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AbstractIt has recently been suggested that bilingualism, rather than age of acquisition, is what underlies less than nativelike attainment in childhood L2 acquisition. Currently, however, the empirical evidence in favor of or against this interpretation remains scarce. The present study sets out to fill this gap, implementing a novel factorial design in which the variables age of acquisition and bilingualism have been fully crossed. Eighty speakers of Swedish, who were either L1 monolinguals, L1 simultaneous bilinguals, L2 sequential monolinguals (international adoptees), or L2 sequential bilinguals (childhood immigrants), were tested on phonetic, grammatical, and lexical measures. The results indicate consistent effects of age of acquisition, but only limited effects of bilingualism, on ultimate attainment. These findings thus show that age of acquisition – not bilingualism – is the primary determinant of L2 ultimate attainment.
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Amengual, Mark. "Type of early bilingualism and its effect on the acoustic realization of allophonic variants: Early sequential and simultaneous bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 5 (November 20, 2017): 954–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917741364.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions:This study examines the acoustic realization of phrase-initial voiced stops (/b, d, g/) and intervocalic voiced approximants ([β, ð, ɣ]) in Spanish by three groups of Spanish–English bilinguals: simultaneous bilinguals, early sequential bilinguals, and late second language (L2) Spanish learners to investigate if the type of early bilingualism has an effect on the acoustic realization of language-specific phonological processes.Design/Methodology/Approach:Early bilinguals were divided into two groups (simultaneous and sequential bilinguals), and together with late learners (L2 Spanish learners) they were recorded producing words eliciting phrase-initial and intervocalic voiced stops.Data and Analysis:The acoustic analyses examined the difference between the intensity minimum during the consonant and the intensity maximum of the following tautosyllabic vowel (intensity difference). The dataset comprised a total of 3,569 acoustic measurements.Findings/Conclusions:The group of early sequential bilinguals shows a significantly stronger tendency to produce a more lenited intervocalic segment than simultaneous bilinguals and L2 learners, who produce a more constricted realization. These data indicate that simultaneous bilinguals and L2 learners, who were exposed to English since birth, differ from early bilinguals who were exclusively exposed to Spanish for the first years of their life when applying the Spanish allophonic rule governing the distribution of voiced stops and spirants.Originality:This is one of the first studies that investigates the effects of the type of early bilingualism on bilingual phonetic performance in adulthood, especially in terms of bilingual phonetic production. These novel data examine the acoustic realization of Spanish heritage speakers, a largely understudied bilingual population.Significance/Implications:The findings suggest that the type of early bilingualism in language development, even at a very early age, still has consequences on the acoustic realization of allophonic variants in adulthood.
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EMMOREY, KAREN, MARCEL R. GIEZEN, and TAMAR H. GOLLAN. "Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 2 (April 23, 2015): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000085.
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Bimodal bilinguals, fluent in a signed and a spoken language, exhibit a unique form of bilingualism because their two languages access distinct sensory-motor systems for comprehension and production. Differences between unimodal and bimodal bilinguals have implications for how the brain is organized to control, process, and represent two languages. Evidence from code-blending (simultaneous production of a word and a sign) indicates that the production system can access two lexical representations without cost, and the comprehension system must be able to simultaneously integrate lexical information from two languages. Further, evidence of cross-language activation in bimodal bilinguals indicates the necessity of links between languages at the lexical or semantic level. Finally, the bimodal bilingual brain differs from the unimodal bilingual brain with respect to the degree and extent of neural overlap for the two languages, with less overlap for bimodal bilinguals.
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van der Linden, Elisabeth, and Atie Blok-Boas. "Exploring possession in simultaneous bilingualism." EUROSLA Yearbook 5 (August 2, 2005): 103–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.5.07lin.
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Young children often express possession before they have mastered the linguistic means to express this notion in adult forms. In this paper we present evidence on the acquisition of possessive constructions in bilingual children acquiring a Germanic and a Romance language (i.e. Dutch/French and Dutch/Italian). In a multiple case study, we compare their acquisition with that of monolingual children and suggest that while the stages of acquisition in monolingual and bilingual children are largely the same, the possessive constructions of the bilingual children show signs of cross-linguistic influence. This influence goes mainly from Dutch (the dominant language) to the Romance language, but there are also signs of influence from the Romance language on Dutch. This is in contradiction to earlier claims (Hulk and Mueller 2000, 2001, for example), where influence is predicted to be unidirectional.
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YUDES, CAROLINA, PEDRO MACIZO, LUIS MORALES, and M. TERESA BAJO. "Comprehension and error monitoring in simultaneous interpreters." Applied Psycholinguistics 34, no. 5 (March 21, 2012): 1039–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000112.
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ABSTRACTIn the current study we explored lexical, syntactic, and semantic processes during text comprehension in English monolinguals and Spanish/English (first language/second language) bilinguals with different experience in interpreting (nontrained bilinguals, interpreting students and professional interpreters). The participants performed an error-detection task in which they read English texts and tried to identify lexical, syntactic, and semantic errors embedded in texts. After reading, global comprehension of the texts was assessed by means of a sentence verification task and open/ended questionnaire. The results showed that the interpreters detected more syntactic and semantic errors than monolinguals, nontrained bilinguals and interpreting students. They also had better global comprehension. We discussed the consequences of bilingualism, working memory capacity, and training in interpreting on text comprehension.
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Dupoux, Emmanuel, Sharon Peperkamp, and Núria Sebastián-Gallés. "Limits on bilingualism revisited: Stress ‘deafness’ in simultaneous French–Spanish bilinguals." Cognition 114, no. 2 (February 2010): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.10.001.
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BABCOCK, LAURA, and ANTONINO VALLESI. "Are simultaneous interpreters expert bilinguals, unique bilinguals, or both?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (November 20, 2015): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000735.
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Simultaneous interpretation is a cognitively demanding process that requires a high level of language management. Previous studies on bilinguals have suggested that extensive practice managing two languages leads to enhancements in cognitive control. Thus, interpreters may be expected to show benefits beyond those seen in bilinguals, either as an extension of previously-seen benefits or in areas specific to interpretation. The present study examined professional interpreters (N = 23) and matched multilinguals (N = 21) on memory tests, the color-word Stroop task, the Attention Network Test, and a non-linguistic task-switching paradigm. The interpreters did not show advantages in conflict resolution or switching cost where bilingual benefits have been noted. However, an interpretation-specific advantage emerged on the mixing cost in the task-switching paradigm. Additionally, the interpreters had larger verbal and spatial memory spans. Interpreters do not continue to garner benefits from bilingualism, but they do appear to possess benefits specific to their experience with simultaneous interpretation.
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Meisel, Jürgen M. "Diversity and divergence in bilingual acquisition." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2025.
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Abstract Bilingual settings are perceived as exemplary cases of linguistic diversity, and they are assumed to trigger cross-linguistic interaction. The rationale underlying this assumption is the belief that when more than one language is processed in a brain, this will inevitably affect the way in which linguistic knowledge is acquired, stored and used. However, this idea stands in conflict with results obtained by research on children acquiring two (or more) languages simultaneously. They have been demonstrated to be able to differentiate languages from early on and to develop competences qualitatively identical to those of monolinguals. These studies thus provide little evidence supporting the idea that bilingualism must lead to divergent grammatical development. The question then is what triggers alterations of bilinguals’ grammars, especially of the syntactic core, possibly resulting in non-native competences. This has been claimed to occur in the acquisition of second languages, weaker languages of simultaneous bilinguals, or heritage languages. These acquisition types differ from first language development in that onset of acquisition of one language is delayed or that the amount of exposure to one language is reduced. I will argue that age at onset and severely reduced amount of exposure are potential causal factors triggering divergent developments, whereas bilingualism on its own is not a sufficient cause of divergence.
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TRIBUSHININA, ELENA, MARLOES MAK, ELENA DUBINKINA, and WILLEM M. MAK. "Adjective production by Russian-speaking children with developmental language disorder and Dutch–Russian simultaneous bilinguals: Disentangling the profiles." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 1033–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000115.
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ABSTRACTBilingual children with reduced exposure to one or both languages may have language profiles that are apparently similar to those of children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Children with DLD receive enough input, but have difficulty using this input for acquisition due to processing deficits. The present investigation aims to determine aspects of adjective production that are differentially affected by reduced input (in bilingualism) and reduced intake (in DLD). Adjectives were elicited from Dutch–Russian simultaneous bilinguals with limited exposure to Russian and Russian-speaking monolinguals with and without DLD. An antonym elicitation task was used to assess the size of adjective vocabularies, and a degree task was employed to compare the preferences of the three groups in the use of morphological, lexical, and syntactic degree markers. The results revealed that adjective–noun agreement is affected to the same extent by both reduced input and reduced intake. The size of adjective lexicons is also negatively affected by both, but more so by reduced exposure. However, production of morphological degree markers and learning of semantic paradigms are areas of relative strength in which bilinguals outperform monolingual children with DLD. We suggest that reduced input might be counterbalanced by linguistic and cognitive advantages of bilingualism.
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Döpke, Susanne, and Gloria Poedjosoedarmo. "Book Reviews : Cross-Linguistic Structures in Simultaneous Bilingualism." RELC Journal 33, no. 1 (June 2002): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003368820203300111.
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Korkman, Marit, Maria Stenroos, Annika Mickos, Martin Westman, Pia Ekholm, and Roger Byring. "Does simultaneous bilingualism aggravate children’s specific language problems?" Acta Paediatrica 101, no. 9 (June 7, 2012): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02733.x.
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Goksan, Sezgi, Froso Argyri, Jonathan D. Clayden, Frederique Liegeois, and Li Wei. "Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function." F1000Research 9 (May 15, 2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23216.1.
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Growing up in a bilingual environment is becoming increasingly common. Yet, we know little about how this enriched language environment influences the connectivity of children’s brains. Behavioural research in children and adults has shown that bilingualism experience may boost executive control (EC) skills, such as inhibitory control and attention. Moreover, increased structural and functional (resting-state) connectivity in language-related and EC-related brain networks is associated with increased executive control in bilingual adults. However, how bilingualism factors alter brain connectivity early in brain development remains poorly understood. We will combine standardised tests of attention with structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in bilingual children. This study will allow us to address an important field of inquiry within linguistics and developmental cognitive neuroscience by examining the following questions: Does bilingual experience modulate connectivity in language-related and EC-related networks in children? Do differences in resting-state brain connectivity correlate with differences in EC skills (specifically attention skills)? How do bilingualism-related factors, such as age of exposure to two languages, language usage and proficiency, modulate brain connectivity? We will collect structural and functional MRI, and quantitative measures of EC and language skills from two groups of English-Greek bilingual children - 20 simultaneous bilinguals (exposure to both languages from birth) and 20 successive bilinguals (exposure to English between the ages of 3 and 5 years) - and 20 English monolingual children, 8-10 years old. We will compare connectivity measures and attention skills between monolinguals and bilinguals to examine the effects of bilingual exposure. We will also examine to what extent bilingualism factors predict brain connectivity in EC and language networks. Overall, we hypothesize that connectivity and EC will be enhanced in bilingual children compared to monolingual children, and each outcome will be modulated by age of exposure to two languages and by bilingual language usage.
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Goksan, Sezgi, Froso Argyri, Jonathan D. Clayden, Frederique Liegeois, and Li Wei. "Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function." F1000Research 9 (November 4, 2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23216.2.
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Growing up in a bilingual environment is becoming increasingly common. Yet, we know little about how this enriched language environment influences the connectivity of children’s brains. Behavioural research in children and adults has shown that bilingualism experience may boost executive control (EC) skills, such as inhibitory control and attention. Moreover, increased structural and functional (resting-state) connectivity in language-related and EC-related brain networks is associated with increased executive control in bilingual adults. However, how bilingualism factors alter brain connectivity early in brain development remains poorly understood. We will combine standardised tests of attention with structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in bilingual children. This study will allow us to address an important field of inquiry within linguistics and developmental cognitive neuroscience by examining the following questions: Does bilingual experience modulate connectivity in language-related and EC-related networks in children? Do differences in resting-state brain connectivity correlate with differences in EC skills (specifically attention skills)? How do bilingualism-related factors, such as age of exposure to two languages, language usage and proficiency, modulate brain connectivity? We will collect structural and functional MRI, and quantitative measures of EC and language skills from two groups of English-Greek bilingual children - 20 simultaneous bilinguals (exposure to both languages from birth) and 20 successive bilinguals (exposure to English between the ages of 3 and 5 years) - and 20 English monolingual children, 8-10 years old. We will compare connectivity measures and attention skills between monolinguals and bilinguals to examine the effects of bilingual exposure. We will also examine to what extent bilingualism factors predict brain connectivity in EC and language networks. Overall, we hypothesize that connectivity and EC will be enhanced in bilingual children compared to monolingual children, and each outcome will be modulated by age of exposure to two languages and by bilingual language usage.
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Torres, Julio, and Cristina Sanz. "Is There a Cognitive Advantage for Spanish Heritage Bilinguals? A First Look." Heritage Language Journal 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2015): 292–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.12.3.4.
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We report the findings from an ongoing study on the relationship between bilinguals’ language experience and cognitive control. Previous research suggests that early bilingualism exerts an advantage on executive control, possibly due to the cognitive requirements involved in the daily juggling of two languages (Adesope, Lavin, Thompson, & Ungerleider, 2010). However, other researchers also have argued against a cognitive control advantage in bilinguals (Hilchey & Klein, 2011). It remains unclear whether cognitive benefits hold true for bilinguals across different contexts, given differences in sociolinguistic and socioeducational settings that shape individual bilingualism. In the current study, following Costa, Hernández and Sebastián-Gallés (2008) who tested Catalan-Spanish bilinguals, young adult simultaneous heritage bilinguals and late classroom emerging bilinguals of Spanish in the U.S. completed three blocks of the Attentional Network Task (ANT) (Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002) to gauge executive control abilities. Results for the executive network component of the ANT reveal no significant differences between the two bilingual groups, although the descriptive data trend suggests that HL bilinguals experienced less difficulty in solving conflicting information and demonstrated fewer switching costs between trials. These first findings imply that the bilingual advantage is not replicated across contexts, and that socioeducational practices determine individual patterns of language use, which in turn leads to variation in cognitive outcomes.
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Baig, Fatima Zafar, Muhammad Zammad Aslam, Tahir Yaseen, Hafiz Shabir Ahmad, Muhammad Murtaza, and Muhammad Javid Abbas. "Practicing Language Therapy for Effective Simultaneous Bilingualism: Case Studies." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p230.
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Bilingualism and multilingualism are not a typical phenomenon in this present world, rather, it is a norm in the world’s societies these days. People may happen to be bilingual either by acquiring two languages parallelly in their life since childhood or learn with the passage of time as sequential and simultaneous bilinguals. The current study aims to find out the role of language therapists, in terms of supporting parents and teachers, to benefit maximum out of this dual-language ability of their young children, for this case studies were conducted to investigate the question and it was concluded that balanced use of both languages help a child to perform well with proper guidance of language professionals to the parents and teachers. Furthermore, parents always seem trying their child become bilingual because they consider it a positive thing for the better future of their child. This age is the age of advanced technology and science in which new skills are required and demanded. Nowadays, in the whole world, different languages are being used in this technological progress, especially, the developed countries dominate in this field (technology) due to their advanced knowledge in different fields. Hence, the developed countries use their own language(s) in technology and inventions that make it essential to learn more languages. These case studies also depict how much it is advantageous or disadvantageous being bilingual or multilingual.
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Meisel, Jürgen M. "Remarks on the acquisition of Basque–Spanish bilingualism." International Journal of Bilingualism 17, no. 3 (April 11, 2012): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006912438990.
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This commentary on the preceding six articles focuses on three issues concerning simultaneous and successive acquisition in early childhood which are addressed directly or indirectly in the contributions under discussion. The first issue concerns crosslinguistic interaction. It is argued that the evidence presented here speaks in favour of autonomous grammatical development in simultaneous bilingualism. Crosslinguistic interaction seems to happen only when grammatical knowledge is activated, i.e. in language use. The second problem area discussed here concerns the respective roles of input, universal mechanisms, and age of onset of acquisition as factors determining the course of acquisition. The claim is that these and other variables all contribute to an explanation of developmental sequences in monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition but that quantitative properties of the input do not override universal principles in the domain of grammar. The third point consists in emphasizing the role of second language speakers as role models for bilingual children. This provides an explanation of contact-induced change in core areas of grammar where, otherwise, empirical evidence does not support the claim of crosslinguistic interaction in bilingual children acquiring two languages simultaneously. It also constitutes a plausible scenario accounting for diachronic grammatical change.
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Thordardottir, Elin. "Amount trumps timing in bilingual vocabulary acquisition: Effects of input in simultaneous and sequential school-age bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 236–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917722418.
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Objectives: This study examined the extent to which the language performance of school-age bilingual children is impacted by the amount of language exposure they have received in each language versus the timing of this exposure in terms of the age of first exposure (AoE). Methods: Receptive and expressive vocabulary and word morphology measures were administered in both languages to school-age simultaneous and sequential learners of French (other language English), and to their monolingual counterparts. Data and analysis: The study included 64 children in first grade and 68 children in third grade in French schools in Montreal. Within each grade level, simultaneous bilinguals, sequential bilinguals, and monolinguals were equivalent in age, nonverbal cognition and socio-economic status (maternal education). Detailed information on previous language exposure was gathered by parent report. Conclusions: Simultaneous bilinguals performed somewhat better than sequential bilinguals; however both groups overall performed significantly more poorly than monolinguals. Differences in performance between simultaneous and sequential bilinguals were mediated by differences in amount, not timing, of exposure. Sequential learners in grade 1 required lower amounts of input to reach high French scores than did their simultaneous counterparts; sequential and simultaneous learners in grade 3 did not differ in this respect. This finding suggests that the recency of bilingual exposure is a significant determiner of the rate of second language learning. The amount of exposure to each language since birth predicted performance in each language of the bilingual children. Originality: Bilingual children with different AoEs were compared while also controlling for differences in amount of exposure. Significant implications: The results call into question the traditional separation between simultaneous and sequential bilinguals and shows that an early start of bilingualism does not in and of itself predict better performance or performance within the monolingual range. Better performance was more strongly related to amount than timing of exposure.
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ONNIS, LUCA, WIN EE CHUN, and MATTHEW LOU-MAGNUSON. "Improved statistical learning abilities in adult bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000529.
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Using multiple languages may confer distinct advantages in cognitive control, yet it is unclear whether bilingualism is associated with better implicit statistical learning, a core cognitive ability underlying language. We tested bilingual adults on a challenging task requiring simultaneous learning of two miniature grammars characterized by different statistics. We found that participants learned each grammar significantly better than chance and both grammars equally well. Crucially, a validated continuous measure of bilingual dominance predicted accuracy scores for both artificial grammars in a generalized linear model. The study thus demonstrates the first graded advantage in learning novel statistical relations in adult bilinguals.
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Arsène, Seka Yapi, and Niamien Christiane. "Bilinguisme Et Developpement Cognitif A L’ecole Primaire. Une Etude Experimentale A Partir Du Terrain Ivoirien De La Region De Bondoukou." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 22 (August 30, 2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n22p134.
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Bilingualism is a subject of growing research in Ivory Coast since in many regions, there has been either a simultaneous bilingualism alternating bilingualism among school-age children. This sociological reality noted that children speak at least two local languages before school for learning French. Obviously, the young student who comes into the first primary level CM1), is facing a situation of multilingualism. From an experimental study, quantitative approach serves as a method of analysis to evaluate the effect of bilingualism among students of CM1 class of the Bondoukou region on academic performance. The study whose objective is indeed to make an analysis of the impact of bilingualism on cognitive development of learners, comes in operative assumptions. The results indicate a strong correlation between variables bilingualism, cognitive development and learning. The practice of two local languages in children proves to be an asset for cognitive development in general and learning in schools in particular. The performances by these schoolchildren in several disciplinary trials of their level, are justified in part by a good command of their native languages.
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Mede, Enisa, and Ayşe Gürel. "Acquisition of English articles in early bilingualism." EUROSLA Yearbook 10 (August 4, 2010): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.10.11med.
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It has been suggested that child L1 learners overuse the definite article in indefinite contexts due to maturational/pragmatic factors such as egocentricity and an inability to differentiate common ground contexts from speaker beliefs-only contexts (Maratsos 1976; Schaeffer & Matthewson 2005). Knowledge of semantic features such as specificity and definiteness is also implicated in L1 learners’ (in)correct article use (Ionin et al. 2004; 2009). In the context of child bilingualism, on the other hand, difficulties in acquisition of articles are expected to be doubled when one of the languages of the child does not have a corresponding article system. To address these issues and to identify parallels between monolingual and bilingual language acquisition, we examine the use of English articles by a Serbo-Croatian-English simultaneous bilingual child and two monolingual English-speaking children. The results reveal qualitative and quantitative differences between monolingual and bilingual children’s use of English articles, possibly due to the influence of Serbo-Croatian (an article-less language). The findings suggest that in simultaneous child bilingualism, cross-linguistic transfer overrides maturational/pragmatic or semantic factors that are tied to incorrect article use (cf. Zdorenko & Paradis 2008).
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Lillo-Martin, Diane, Ronice Müller de Quadros, and Deborah Chen Pichler. "The development of bimodal bilingualism." Epistemological issue with keynote article “The development of bimodal bilingualism: Implications for linguistic theory” by Diane Lillo-Martin, Ronice Müller de Quadros and Deborah Chen Pichler 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 719–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.6.6.01lil.
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Abstract A wide range of linguistic phenomena contribute to our understanding of the architecture of the human linguistic system. In this paper we present a proposal dubbed Language Synthesis to capture bilingual phenomena including code-switching and ‘transfer’ as automatic consequences of the addition of a second language, using basic concepts of Minimalism and Distributed Morphology. Bimodal bilinguals, who use a sign language and a spoken language, provide a new type of evidence regarding possible bilingual phenomena, namely code-blending, the simultaneous production of (aspects of) a message in both speech and sign. We argue that code-blending also follows naturally once a second articulatory interface is added to the model. Several different types of code-blending are discussed in connection to the predictions of the Synthesis model. Our primary data come from children developing as bimodal bilinguals, but our proposal is intended to capture a wide range of bilingual effects across any language pair.
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Ro'ifah, Ro'ifah. "Singing As An Effective Approach For Learning English On Early Childhood." Pedagogi : Jurnal Anak Usia Dini dan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 5, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/pedagogi.v5i2.3484.
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There are so many native languages in Indonesia that makes English as a foreign language following Indonesian as the L2. This leads to the development of simultaneous bilinguals. However, there have been some contradictory opinions on whether learning English for early childhood is effective as it can inhibit a child’s L1 and L2 development. This may lead to the phenomenon of subtractive bilingualism resulting in a major dilemma for the government and parents. However, this notion can be debated through the critical period hypothesis. This study presents a literature review on ‘rhymes, songs, and chant’s as the effective media for learning English and its implication for early childhood through ‘singing’ approach.
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MacSwan, Jeff. "The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: evidence from intrasentential code switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3, no. 1 (April 2000): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728900000122.
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In this article, the author addresses the question of how the mind represents two languages in simultaneous bilingualism. Some linguistic theories of intrasentential code switching are reviewed, with a focus on the Minimalist approach of MacSwan (1999b); the author concludes that evidence from code switching suggests that bilinguals have discrete and separate Lexicons for the languages they speak, each with its own internal principles of word formation, as well as separate phonological systems. However, the author argues that computational resources common to the two languages generate monolingual and bilingual syntactic derivations alike. Advantages of the Minimalist Program for the analysis of code switching data are discussed at some length.
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Kaltsa, Maria, Alexandra Prentza, and Ianthi Maria Tsimpli. "Input and literacy effects in simultaneous and sequential bilinguals: The performance of Albanian–Greek-speaking children in sentence repetition." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918819867.
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Aim:The present study examines input and literacy effects in simultaneous and sequential bilinguals with the aim of (a) investigating the differences between bilingual and monolingual populations and (b) disentangling the individual contribution of different factors in bilingual syntactic abilities.Methodology:A sentence repetition task (SRT) in Greek with eight structures (Subject Verb Object [SVO], negative clauses, clitic structures, complement clauses, coordinated sentences, adverbial clauses, wh-questions and relative clauses) was employed. All bilinguals additionally participated in a standardized expressive vocabulary task in Greek to measure their lexical ability.Data:Sixty 8–10-year-old children (20 monolingual, 20 simultaneous and 20 late sequential bilinguals) were tested.Findings:The analysis showed that (a) monolinguals outperform sequential bilinguals in sentence repetition, (b) clitic structures are highly problematic for all participants, (c) vocabulary and syntactic skills are closely related for simultaneous but not for sequential bilinguals, (d) home language practices in the early years affect SRT performance and (e) sequential bilinguals benefit from literacy practices that support syntactic skills in the language tested. Overall, we found that the effect of input overrides the effect of a traditionally categorical factor in bilingualism: age of onset (AoO) of exposure to L2.Originality:The contribution of this study includes (a) the examination of syntactic abilities in bilinguals in connection with language input early in life and at the time of testing, (b) the non-pervasive role of age of exposure to the L2 in SRT performance and (c) the role of literacy measures as key factors affecting syntactic skills in bilinguals.Implications:Quality of input and literacy in particular have been shown to affect bilingual syntactic skills, suggesting that enhancing literacy exposure as a language policy for bilinguals has a significantly positive impact on language development.
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SOVERI, ANNA, MATTI LAINE, HEIKKI HÄMÄLÄINEN, and KENNETH HUGDAHL. "Bilingual advantage in attentional control: Evidence from the forced-attention dichotic listening paradigm." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 3 (July 21, 2010): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000118.
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It has been claimed that due to their experience in controlling two languages, bilinguals exceed monolinguals in certain executive functions, especially inhibition of task-irrelevant stimuli. Here we investigated the effects of bilingualism on an executive phonological task, namely the forced-attention dichotic listening task with syllabic stimuli. In the standard non-forced (NF) condition, the participants reported all syllables they heard, be it from the right or the left ear. In the forced-right (FR) and forced-left (FL) attention conditions, they had to direct their attention to either the right- or the left-ear stimulus and inhibit information coming to the other ear. We tested Finnish monolinguals and early simultaneous Finnish–Swedish bilinguals from two age groups: (30–50-year-olds and 60–74-year-olds). The results showed that the bilinguals performed better than the monolinguals in the FR and FL conditions. This supports the idea of a bilingual advantage in directing attention and inhibiting task-irrelevant stimuli.
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KANG, CARISSA, FELIX THOEMMES, and BARBARA LUST. "Effects of SES on Executive Attention in Malay–English bilingual children in Singapore." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 5 (July 29, 2015): 1042–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000437.
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Thirty-four 4 to 6-year-old Malay–English bilinguals (both balanced and dominant) characterized as low SES on income and parental education were tested on the child-Attentional Network Task (ANT) (Rueda, Rothbart, McCandliss, Saccomanno & Posner, 2004) measuring executive attention. Although SES measures fell below the Singapore median, Malay children's performance on the child-ANT remained high when compared to other age-matched monolingual and bilingual children previously tested with the child-ANT (Yang, Yang & Lust, 2011), and Chinese–English Singaporean bilinguals (Yang, Yang & Kang, 2014). None of the three SES measures – father's and mother's education, and income – significantly correlated with child-ANT components. Regression analyses confirmed that none of the SES measures significantly predicted performance on the child-ANT. Both balanced and dominant bilinguals displayed high executive control. We consider the possibility that cultural variations, (e.g., simultaneous and pervasiveness of bilingualism in Singapore, or pervasive code-switching), may ameliorate potential negative effects of SES on executive control development.
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Cummings Ruiz, Laura D., and Silvina Montrul. "Assessing Rhotic Production by Bilingual Spanish Speakers." Languages 5, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040051.
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Due to its articulatory precision, the Spanish rhotic system is generally acquired in late childhood by monolingually-raised (L1) Spanish speakers. Heritage speakers and second language (L2) learners, unlike L1 speakers, risk an incomplete acquisition of the rhotic system due to limited Spanish input and possible phonological interference from English. In order to examine the effects of age of onset of bilingualism and cross-linguistic influence on bilinguals’ rhotic productions, twenty-four adult participants (six sequential bilingual heritage speakers, six simultaneous bilingual heritage speakers, six L1 Spanish speakers, six L2 Spanish learners) were audio recorded in a storytelling task and a picture naming task. The alveolar taps [ɾ] and alveolar trills [r] produced in these tasks were examined according to duration of the rhotic sound and number of apical occlusions. Results showed that the sequential bilinguals, but not the simultaneous bilinguals or the L2 learners, patterned similarly to the L1 Spanish speakers in their production of taps and trills. Neither heritage group produced the English alveolar approximant [ɹ]; the L2 learners, on the other hand, did produce [ɹ] when speaking Spanish. The results of this study suggest that early language input can affect the production of sounds that are acquired in late childhood.
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Haznedar, Belma. "Morpho-syntactic properties of simultaneous bilingualism: Evidence from bilingual English-Turkish." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 4 (April 12, 2017): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703453.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: A number of studies on the acquisition of non-null subject languages in child grammars have suggested that while overt subjects are mainly used with finite forms, null subjects co-occur with non-finite forms. The purpose of this study is to explore the proposed relationship between subject realization and verbal morphology in a simultaneous bilingual context. Design/Methodology/Approach: Longitudinal case study Data and Analysis: The present study analyses longitudinal data from an English-Turkish bilingual child (2;4–3;9), with special reference to the distribution of finite forms and the suppliance of overt subjects on the one hand, and subject drop and the use of non-finite forms, on the other. The English/Turkish data comprise 37 recordings collected regularly for nearly 18 months. Findings/Conclusions: English-Turkish bilingual data show that the majority of the overt subjects in the English language of the bilingual child occur both with inflected and uninflected verb forms. At a time the child has consistent and productive suppliance of overt subjects in his English, he uses uninflected verb forms with overt subjects, suggesting that the proposed association discussed in the literature does not necessarily hold. Moreover, around the same time the bilingual child’s Turkish presents robust evidence for the productive and systematic use of inflected forms as well as omission of subjects. Originality and significance/implications: These data, based on a less commonly studied language pair, English-Turkish, challenge previous research that postulates an association between overt subjects and finite forms versus null subjects and non-finite root forms. Overall, there appears to be a relationship between the acquisition of subject–verb agreement in the bilingual child’s Turkish and the correct suppliance of overt subjects in his English, suggesting language-particular devices for the realization of person deixis.
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Delcenserie, Audrey, and Fred Genesee. "The effects of age of acquisition on verbal memory in bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 21, no. 5 (April 7, 2016): 600–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916639158.
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Aims and objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of age of acquisition on verbal working memory (WM) in bilinguals. In light of previous studies that have found a bilingual advantage on non-verbal WM and less consistently on verbal WM, we included participants with native-like second language (L2) proficiency who had benefited from several years of dual language use and who did not differ from the monolinguals in terms of socioeconomic status in order to control for proficiency. Very few studies have looked at bilinguals’ performance on measures of both verbal and non-verbal memory, making it difficult to know how bilingualism influences both types of abilities in the same participants. Therefore, we also compared the groups on non-verbal WM. Methodology: Simultaneous bilingual, early successive bilinguals, and late successive bilinguals were compared with monolingual English speakers. All bilingual participants were selected using three different criteria: self-assessment ratings of English abilities, ratings of nativelikeness by a native English speaker, and scores on a L2 Cloze test. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to their L2 proficiency, or on measures of general cognitive ability. Data and analysis: Fifteen simultaneous bilinguals were compared with 15 early successive bilinguals and 15 late successive bilinguals who acquired English between 4–6 years of age and 7–15 years of age, respectively. The bilinguals were compared with 15 English-speaking monolinguals. Participants were compared using verbal and non-verbal short-term memory and WM tests. Findings: All bilingual groups performed significantly better than the monolinguals on tests of verbal and non-verbal WM, thus supporting a bilingual advantage. The early and late successive bilinguals scored significantly lower than the simultaneous bilinguals, suggesting an age-of-acquisition effect among the bilinguals. Originality and implications: This is the first study to find a bilingual advantage on verbal WM in adults, but also the first study to report an age-of-acquisition effect in groups of bilingual adults carefully selected for their nativelikeness in the L2.
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Pliatsikas, Christos. "Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 2 (March 13, 2019): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000130.
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AbstractResearch on the effects of bi- and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional languages restructures grey (cortical, subcortical and cerebellar) and white matter in the brain, both increases and reductions in regional volume and diffusivity have been reported. This paper revisits the available evidence from simultaneous and sequential bilinguals, multilinguals, interpreters, bimodal bilinguals, children, patients and healthy older adults from the perspective of experience-based neuroplasticity. The Dynamic Restructuring Model (DRM) is then presented: a three-stage model accounting for, and reinterpreting, all the available evidence by proposing a time-course for the reported structural adaptations, and by suggesting that these adaptations are dynamic and depend on the quantity and quality of the language learning and switching experience. This is followed by suggestions for future directions for the emerging field of bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity.
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Dumetz, Jerome, Jerome Dumetz, Jerome Dumetz, and Jerome Dumetz. "Unexpected Disadvantages of a Simultaneous Quadrilingual Upbringing, a Case Study." International Journal of Teaching and Education 9, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/te.2021.9.1.001.
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At the crossroad between linguistics and cross-cultural communication, multilingualism is frequently presented through its most positive perspective. However, if the long-term benefits outrun the disadvantages, frustration is often the dominant feeling among the speakers during their early years. Based upon meticulous observations and careful collection of examples in a multilingual family, this article is a case study of the difficulties encountered by polyglots growing up with four simultaneous languages: Russian, French, Czech, and English. Using the research framework usually developed for the study of bilingualism, the article reviews not only the psychological and cognitive difficulties encountered by tetraglots, but also the social and linguistic drawbacks they are confronted with. It also examines common multilingual strategies such as code-switching, words creation and language mixing. It concludes that the linguistic development of tetraglots does not differ much from bilingual ones, except for the elongated period before acquiring production speech. Quadrilingual children tend to speak later than not only monolingual children, but also bilingual ones.
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Quadros, Ronice Müller de, Kathryn Davidson, Diane Lillo-Martin, and Karen Emmorey. "Code-blending with depicting signs." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17043.qua.
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Abstract Bimodal bilinguals sometimes use code-blending, simultaneous production of (parts of) an utterance in both speech and sign. We ask what spoken language material is blended with entity and handling depicting signs (DS), representations of action that combine discrete components with iconic depictions of aspects of a referenced event in a gradient, analog manner. We test a semantic approach that DS may involve a demonstration, involving a predicate which obligatorily includes a modificational demonstrational component, and adopt a syntactic analysis which crucially distinguishes between entity and handling DS. Given the model of bilingualism we use, we expect both DS can be produced with speech that occurs in the verbal structure, along with vocal gestures, but speech that includes a subject is only expected to be blended with handling DS, not entity. The data we report from three Codas, native bimodal bilinguals, from the United States and one from Brazil conform with this prediction.
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Kaushanskaya, Margarita, Henrike K. Blumenfeld, and Viorica Marian. "The relationship between vocabulary and short-term memory measures in monolingual and bilingual speakers." International Journal of Bilingualism 15, no. 4 (June 23, 2011): 408–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006911403201.
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Previous studies have indicated that bilingualism may influence the efficiency of lexical access in adults. The goals of this research were (1) to compare bilingual and monolingual adults on their native-language vocabulary performance, and (2) to examine the relationship between short-term memory skills and vocabulary performance in monolinguals and bilinguals. In Experiment 1, English-speaking monolingual adults and simultaneous English–Spanish bilingual adults were administered measures of receptive English vocabulary and of phonological short-term memory. In Experiment 2, monolingual adults were compared to sequential English–Spanish bilinguals, and were administered the same measures as in Experiment 1, as well as a measure of expressive English vocabulary. Analyses revealed comparable levels of performance on the vocabulary and the short-term memory measures in the monolingual and the bilingual groups across both experiments. There was a stronger effect of digit-span in the bilingual group than in the monolingual group, with high-span bilinguals outperforming low-span bilinguals on vocabulary measures. Findings indicate that bilingual speakers may rely on short-term memory resources to support word retrieval in their native language more than monolingual speakers.
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MEISEL, JÜRGEN M. "The weaker language in early child bilingualism: Acquiring a first language as a second language?" Applied Psycholinguistics 28, no. 3 (June 11, 2007): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716407070270.
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Past research demonstrates that first language (L1)-like competence in each language can be attained in simultaneous acquisition of bilingualism by mere exposure to the target languages. The question is whether this is also true for the “weaker” language (WL). The WL hypothesis claims that the WL differs fundamentally from monolingual L1 and balanced bilingual L1 and resembles second language (L2) acquisition. In this article, these claims are put to a test by analyzing “unusual” constructions in WLs, possibly indicating acquisition failure, and by reporting on analyses of the use of French by bilinguals whose dominant language is German. The available evidence does not justify the claim that WLs resemble L2. Instead, it shows that WL development can be delayed, but does not suggest acquisition failure. Finally, reduced input is unlikely to cause acquisition failure. The fundamental issue at stake is to explore the limits of the human language making capacity.
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Ursino, M., C. Cuppini, and E. Magosso. "A Semantic Model to Study Neural Organization of Language in Bilingualism." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/350269.
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A neural network model of object semantic representation is used to simulate learning of new words from a foreign language. The network consists of feature areas, devoted to description of object properties, and a lexical area, devoted to words representation. Neurons in the feature areas are implemented as Wilson-Cowan oscillators, to allow segmentation of different simultaneous objects via gamma-band synchronization. Excitatory synapses among neurons in the feature and lexical areas are learned, during a training phase, via a Hebbian rule. In this work, we first assume that some words in the first language (L1) and the corresponding object representations are initially learned during a preliminary training phase. Subsequently, second-language (L2) words are learned by simultaneously presenting the new word together with the L1 one. A competitive mechanism between the two words is also implemented by the use of inhibitory interneurons. Simulations show that, after a weak training, the L2 word allows retrieval of the object properties but requires engagement of the first language. Conversely, after a prolonged training, the L2 word becomes able to retrieve object per se. In this case, a conflict between words can occur, requiring a higher-level decision mechanism.
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Kim, Ah-Young (Alicia), Anne Park, and Barbara Lust. "Simultaneous vs. successive bilingualism among preschool-aged children: a study of four-year-old Korean–English bilinguals in the USA." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2016.1145186.
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Gresele, Amanda Dal Piva, Michele Vargas Garcia, Enma Mariángel Ortiz Torres, Sinéia Neujahr dos Santos Santos, and Maristela Julio Costa. "Bilingualism and auditory processing abilities: performance of adults in dichotic listening tests." CoDAS 25, no. 6 (December 2013): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822014000100003.
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Purpose: To evaluate and compare the dichotic listening abilities in non-hearing-impaired adults monolingual speakers of the Brazilian Portuguese language (CG) and simultaneous Brazilian Portuguese-German (GG) bilingual speakers or successive Brazilian Portuguese-Italian bilingual speakers (IG). Methods: This is about an observational, descriptive, transverse and quantitative research. The sample consisted of 87 subjects aged between 18 and 55 years, divided into: Control Group (CG), of 30 monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese; Study Group A (SGA), of 31 simultaneous Brazilian Portuguese-German bilingual speakers; and Study Group I (SGI), of 26 successive Brazilian Portuguese-Italian speakers. The individuals were submitted to the Dichotic digits test (DDT) and to Staggered Spondaic Words (SSW). Results: The DTT results showed difference in right ear and total scores when comparing SGA to CG. Comparing the CG and the SGI, it was observed difference in right and left ears and total scores. Comparing the SGA and the SGI, no difference was observed between the groups. Results of SSW showed that both bilingual groups were significantly better in the right and left ears scores and even in total one when compared to CG. Comparing the SGA and the SGI, the SGI showed better significant scores in the right ear and total. Conclusion: Bilingual experiences seem to influence positively the ability of high predictability dichotic listening, evaluated by DDT, and the low predictability dichotic listening, evaluated by SSW test. The SSW results also showed statistically significantly better results for successive Brazilian Portuguese-Italian bilingual speakers when compared to simultaneous Brazilian Portuguese-German speakers.
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Armon-Lotem, Sharon. "Variations in phonological working memory: The contribution of impaired representation and bilingual processing." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 6 (September 28, 2017): 1305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641700025x.
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Children with bilingual typical language development (BITLD) and children with specific language impairment (SLI) present similarities in their linguistic performance (e.g., vocabulary and verb inflections). These observed similarities (Paradis 2010) have led to an influx of studies exploring the sources of these similarities and pointing to areas of disparity aiming to dissociate the effects of SLI and bilingualism in bilingual children with SLI (BISLI). The intriguing link, explored in the Pierce et al. (2017) keynote, between early language experience and the development of phonological working memory (PWM) seamlessly ties into this discussion. Bilinguals, and particularly simultaneous bilinguals, it is claimed, experience an enriched linguistic environment in early childhood that is expected to enhance their PWM. By contrast, children with SLI are claimed to have a neurocognitive impairment that negatively affects their PWM. This commentary explores, first, how both age of onset (AoO) of bilingual exposure and the neurocognitive impairment associated with SLI impact PWM and, second, how this impact might be related to the observed similarities as well as evident differences that emerge from studies comparing children with BITLD to children with SLI (monolingual and bilingual).
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Ardila, Alfredo, Mónica Rosselli, Alexandra Ortega, Merike Lang, and Valeria L. Torres. "Oral and written language abilities in young Spanish/English bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917720089.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare oral and written language abilities in English and Spanish of young bilinguals residing in the USA. Methodology: Sixty-two participants (mean age = 23.7; SD = 3.50), consisting of 42 bilinguals (born of Spanish-speaking parents) and 20 English monolinguals, were administered a battery of 15 language tasks. Analysis: Bilinguals were divided into two groups: (a) US-born (simultaneous bilinguals who had been exposed to English and Spanish since birth and educated primarily in English) and (b) Latin American-born (early sequential bilinguals who were educated in Spanish and English, although exposed to Spanish at birth and to English before the age of 10). Findings: Higher lexical ability was demonstrated in English compared to Spanish in bilinguals. Performance in grammar tests of the two languages was inconsistent. Reading/writing ability in English was similar for participants born in the USA and in Latin America; however, participants who were born in Latin America had significantly higher scores for Spanish reading/writing tasks. When comparing performance in English tests, it was found that scores for bilingual participants were similar to those of English monolinguals. Originality: The current study directly compares oral and written language abilities in two subgroups of young Spanish/English bilinguals. Three language dimensions are studied: lexicon/grammar; oral/written language; and language knowledge/language use. Implications: Our results suggest that bilingualism does not interfere with normal linguistic ability in English. Limitations: The current study was carried out in a specific bilingual context. Generalization of these results should be done with caution.
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Döpke, Susanne. "Cross-linguistic influences on the placement of negation and modal particles in simultaneous bilingualism." Language Sciences 21, no. 2 (April 1999): 143–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0388-0001(98)00021-7.
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Ehl, Birgit, Gunnar Bruns, and Michael Grosche. "Differentiated bilingual vocabulary assessment reveals similarities and differences compared to monolinguals: Conceptual versus single-language scoring and the relation with home language and literacy activities." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 4 (September 28, 2019): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919876994.
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Purpose: As bilingual students often achieve lower scores than monolinguals in single-language vocabulary assessments, a deficit-oriented view of bilingualism is widespread in educational institutions. This study examined whether this alleged difference remains when the conceptual vocabulary scores of bilingual primary students are considered, and when home language and literacy activities are taken into account. Methods: Extensive expressive vocabulary measures were administered in both the environmental language (German) and the heritage language (Turkish) to simultaneous and sequential bilingual students, and to their monolingual peers. Their parents provided information about the frequency of home language and literacy activities. Data: The study included 302 students (5;9–10;9 years). 83 were simultaneous bilingual, 55 sequential bilingual and 164 monolingual. Comparisons on vocabulary were conducted via separate multiple regression analyses with frequency of home language and literacy activities as a control variable. Findings: In single-language vocabulary scores of the environmental language, simultaneous and sequential bilingual students scored lower than monolinguals. In contrast, and most importantly, there were no differences between either bilingual group and monolinguals with regard to conceptual vocabulary and the relationship between conceptual vocabulary and frequency of home language and literacy activities. Controlling for frequency of home language and literacy activities did not change these findings. Originality: This study compared the expressive single-language and conceptual vocabulary scores of simultaneous and sequential bilinguals with the scores of monolinguals in a large sample of primary students, for the first time additionally controlling for home language and literacy activities, with the German and Turkish languages. Implications: Because bilingual students have the same conceptual vocabulary scores as monolinguals, lower single-language vocabulary scores do not reflect a language deficiency.
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Pascual y Cabo, Diego. "Preposition Stranding in Spanish as a Heritage Language." Heritage Language Journal 12, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.12.2.4.
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Previous research examining heritage speaker bilingualism has suggested that interfaceconditioned properties are likely to be affected by crosslinguistic influence (e.g., Montrul & Polinsky, 2011; White, 2011). It is not clear, however, whether the core syntax can also be affected to the same degree (e.g., Cuza, 2013; Depiante & Thompson, 2013). Departing from Cuza’s (2013) and Depiante and Thompson’s (2013) research, the present study seeks to determine the extent to which this is possible in the case of Spanish as a heritage language. With this goal in mind, a total of thirty-three Spanish heritage speakers (divided into sequential and simultaneous bilinguals) and a comparison group of eleven late Spanish-English bilinguals completed a battery of off-line tasks that examined knowledge and use of preposition stranding (i.e., a syntactic construction whereby the object of the preposition is fronted while the preposition itself is left stranded), an understudied core syntactic phenomenon that is licit in English but precluded in Spanish. Overall findings reveal that the sequential heritage speakers pattern with participants from the control group. The simultaneous heritage speakers, on the other hand, seem to have a grammar that is not so restricting as they accept and produce ungrammatical cases of preposition stranding. Herein, we argue that these results do not obtain the way they do due to incomplete acquisition or L1 attrition but crucially because of the timing of exposure to the societal language. We propose that this property was completely acquired, although differently acquired due to the structural overlap observed between the two languages involved (e.g., Müller & Hulk, 2001), and most importantly, to the timing of acquisition of English (e.g., Putnam & Sánchez, 2013).
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KOCHEVA, ANA. "КЪМ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАТА НА СМЕСЕНИЯ ЕЗИК НА ВИЕНСКИТЕ БЪЛГАРИ ОТ ВТОРО ПОКОЛЕНИЕ / TO THE CHARACTERISATION OF THE MIXED LANGUAGE OF SECOND-GENERATION VIENNESE BULGARIANS." Journal of Bulgarian Language 67, no. 04 (December 30, 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.67.20.04.07.
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Second-generation emigrants who preserve a number of features of the Bulgarian language exhibit bilingualism of a subordinate type. An active process of internal simultaneous translation of a subordinate type is still observed in these speakers. The dominant foreign (Austrian) environment determines the direction of interference. At present, the initial variability between Bulgarian and German language elements typical for first-generation emigrants has begun to disappear in the speech of the second gene-ration and a marked tendency towards the stabilisation of German elements – through direct or indirect borrowing (calquing) – is under way.
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Sopata, Aldona, Kamil Długosz, Bernhard Brehmer, and Raina Gielge. "Cross-linguistic influence in simultaneous and early sequential acquisition: Null subjects and null objects in Polish-German bilingualism." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 687–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920988911.
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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The topic of cross-linguistic influence regarding the overt or null expression of arguments has been frequently considered regarding bilinguals acquiring language pairs in which the null option is licensed by one and not both of the two languages. The goal of this study is to investigate whether simultaneous and sequential bilinguals differ from monolinguals in the case of the acquisition of Polish and German; that is, languages which both license null subjects and null objects, but in which the nature of the null arguments clearly differs. We focus on the acquisition of null arguments as silent but syntactically active bundles of features. Design/methodology/approach: We compare the use of null subjects and null objects by 72 bilingual and 45 monolingual children in experimental setting: acceptability judgement and sentence repetition. Data and analysis: The distribution of null arguments in production and judgement data of simultaneous and early sequential bilinguals was compared to the data of monolinguals. Findings/conclusions: The study has revealed that early sequential Polish-German bilinguals avoid null subjects in L2 German at an advanced stage of acquisition, even though null subjects are quite frequent in their L1. The slower acquisition of null subjects in early L2 German in comparison to null objects in the case of Polish-German bilinguals demonstrates that the dissimilarity between the null subjects in both languages may lead to the delay effect in the acquisition. The findings suggest that the cross-linguistic influence is due to the increased complexity inherent to the integration of syntactic and pragmatic information in case of null arguments. Originality: Unlike previous studies, we focus on the acquisition of null arguments in a language pair, Polish and German, in which the null option is licensed by both grammars, and in which the nature of the null arguments clearly differ.
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Strandberg, Janine A. E., Charlotte Gooskens, and Anja Schüppert. "Simultaneous bilingualism and speech style as predictors of variation in allophone production: Evidence from Finland-Swedish." Journal of Phonetics 88 (September 2021): 101095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2021.101095.
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Hilbig, Inga. "Unharmonious early bilingualism in inter-ethnic Lithuanian emigrant familie." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 14 (June 16, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2020.14.1.
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The article seeks to investigate the main reasons that cause inharmonious early bilingualism in inter-ethnic Lithuanian emigrant families. The data consist of extracts from 25 semi-structured interviews with Lithuanian women and Facebook comments of such emigrant mothers. Firstly, the study identifies the reasons why some informants themselves do not speak Lithuanian in their families, which leads to their children not even being able to understand it. These reasons can be lack of knowledge about the nature of early simultaneous bilingualism with a minority language, weak or negative attitudes towards Lithuanian and / or Lithuania, urgent need to fully integrate, influence of non-Lithuanian speaking partners, dominance of the majority language over bilingual mothers, and children’s passive bilingualism or insufficient comprehension skills. On their part, children can be growing up passively bilingual because of the minority language input shortage, not enough possibilities and real need to practice it in their daily lives, and because mothers tolerate bilingual conversations with certain discourse strategies. Finally, this paper examines the factors determining underdeveloped or attriting competences in the minority language. Children might be able to participate in very simple colloquial conversations in Lithuanian but cannot express themselves more freely in it or on different topics. They lack higher quality and more various input, e.g. through books or films in the Lithuanian language. They protest against minority language classes, where they could have a chance to learn to read and write in the minority language and further develop their skills. The analysis has revealed a variety of different reasons and their complex combinations that contribute to inharmonious bilingualism with Lithuanian as a minority language. They are objective and subjective, primary and secondary, sociolinguistic, psychological, pedagogical, and maybe some other reasons. A crucial role is played by mothers’ negative emotions in the face of struggles and children’s resistance, which also negatively affects success in bilingual child-rearing.
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Comeau, Liane, Fred Genesee, and Morton Mendelson. "A comparison of bilingual and monolingual children’s conversational repairs." First Language 30, no. 3-4 (August 2010): 354–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723710370530.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the conversational repair skills of 2- and 3-year-old French— English bilingual children and monolingual French-speaking children. While the ability to respond to requests for clarification has been well researched in monolingual children, it has not been investigated among bilingual children except to examine their ability to repair breakdowns due to the use of a language not spoken by their interlocutor. The present study provides a direct comparison of bilingual and monolingual children’s repairs of the types of breakdowns in conversations that are experienced by both populations, e.g., breakdowns due to ambiguity, choice of words, mispronunciations, inaudible utterances, and so on. A methodology of stacked requests for clarification was used to examine the range of response strategies and the overall response patterns of the children.The results reveal no differences between the bilingual and the monolingual children’s conversational repair skills. The present findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that bilingualism does not interfere with the language development of simultaneous bilinguals. As well, they extend our understanding of their ability to repair conversational breakdowns of the type that are experienced by all children.
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Bosch, Laura, and Núria Sebastián-Gallés. "Simultaneous Bilingualism and the Perception of a Language-Specific Vowel Contrast in the First Year of Life." Language and Speech 46, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 217–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00238309030460020801.
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