Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sinc points'

Cette thèse de doctorat traite le problème du calcul des fonctions à un point (1PF) dans les théories des champs quantiques bidimensionnelles intégrables. Une méthode pour leur calcul a été élaborée dans le contexte de la théorie de sine-Gordon. L'intégrabilité du modèle a été utilisée pour construire une base d'opérateurs locaux décrivant le modèle à six sommets. Cette base, appelée fermionique, est intéressante parce que les valeurs moyenne dans le vide de ses opérateurs sont exprimées en termes de déterminants et que la structure fermionique peut être étendue à la limite continue pour caractériser les opérateurs locaux dans la CFT. Dans cette thèse, nous poursuivons le travail sur cette approche, visant à généraliser la base fermionique au modèle de sine-Gordon supersymétrique (ssG). Nous avons dérivé des équations de scaling régissant la thermodynamique de la théorie ssG, reproduisant la fonction génératrice de BLZ. Ensuite, nous avons décrit la structure intégrable du modèle ssG grâce à la base fermion-courant. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la partie fermionique et avons calculé ses fonctions à un point. Ces résultats ont été vérifiés avec une approche différente s'appuyant sur les relations de réflexion<br>This PhD thesis addresses the problem of the calculation of the one point functions (1PF) in integrable two-dimensional quantum field theories. A method for their calculation has been developed in the context of the sine-Gordon Theory. The integrability of the model was used to build a basis of local operators to describe the six-vertex model. This basis, called fermionic, is interesting because the vacuum expectation values of its operators are expressed in terms of determinants and the fermionic structure can be extended to the continuous limit in order to characterize local operators in the CFT. In this thesis, we continue to work on this approach, aiming to generalize the fermionic basis to the supersymmetric sine-Gordon model (ssG). We derived scaling equations governing the thermodynamics of the ssG theory, reproducing the BLZ generating function. Then, we described the integrable structure of the ssG model using the fermion-current basis. We focused on the fermionic part and calculated its one point functions. These results were verified with a different approach based on the reflection relations

BATISTA. R. L. Radio resource allocation for coordinated multi-point systems. 2011 74 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Teleinformática) - Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011.<br>Submitted by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2015-02-27T19:26:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_rlbatista.pdf: 1984568 bytes, checksum: fb73d12e218f0bf5048212826227d5bc (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa(mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2015-03-04T15:49:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_rlbatista.pdf: 1984568 bytes, checksum: fb73d12e218f0bf5048212826227d5bc (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T15:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_rlbatista.pdf: 1984568 bytes, checksum: fb73d12e218f0bf5048212826227d5bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-05<br>The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) established through the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-Advanced a set of requirements for high performance of 4th Generation (4G) communication systems and, with the aim of meeting such requirements, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is considering a set of enhancements, referred to as LTE-Advanced. In the LTE-Advanced context, Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) communication appears as a promising technology to boost system throughput and to allow for an efficient Radio Resource Allocation (RRA). CoMP systems promise very high performance in terms of spectral efficiency and coverage benefits when perfect Channel State Information (CSI) is available at the transmitter. However, perfect CSI is difficult to obtain in CoMP systems due to an increased number of channel parameters to be estimated at the receiver and to be fed back to the transmitter. So, the performance of such systems is compromised when the CSI is not perfectly known during CoMP processing, which is an important problem to be addressed. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) grouping algorithms are usually employed in order to find a suitable set of users for spatial multiplexing. The largest SDMA group is not always the best group in a given data transmission such that higher gains might be achieved by dynamically adjusting the SDMA group size. Besides, algorithms that balance the Signal to Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) among different links might ensure a certain level of link quality and so provide a more reliable communication for the scheduled users. This master thesis provides system-level analyses for RRA algorithms that exploit coordination in the downlink of CoMP systems to implement adaptive resource reuse and so improve system throughput. Herein, RRA strategies which consider dynamic SDMA grouping, joint precoding and power allocation for SINR balancing are studied in CoMP systems assuming imperfect CSI in order to obtain a better approximation with regard to the real-world implementations. It is shown through system-level analyses that quite high throughput gains are achieved through intelligent RRA. In conclusion, the results show that Sequential Removal Algorithms (SRAs) and SINR balancing provide system spectral efficiency gains. However, a critical degradation on the performance of these RRA strategies due to imperfect CSI is also shown.<br>A União Internacional para Telecomunicações (ITU) estabeleceu através da iniciativa para o Sistema Avançado Internacional de Telecomunicações Móveis (IMT-Advanced), um conjunto de requisitos de alto desempenho para os sistemas de comunicação de quarta geração (4G) e, com o objetivo de atender tais requisitos, a Evolução de Longo Prazo (LTE) do Projeto de Parceria para a Terceira Geração (3GPP) está considerando um conjunto de melhorias, referidas como LTE-Avançado. No contexto do LTE-Avançado, a comunicação multi-ponto coordenada (CoMP) aparece como uma tecnologia promissora para aumentar a vazão do sistema e permitir uma Alocação de Recursos de Rádio (RRA) eficiente. Os sistemas CoMP prometem alto desempenho em termos de eficiência espectral e benefícios de cobertura quando a Informação do Estado do Canal (CSI) perfeita está disponível no transmissor. No entanto, CSI perfeita é difícil de se obter em sistemas CoMP devido a um alto número de parâmetros de canal a serem estimados no receptor e enviados para o transmissor. Assim, o desempenho de tais sistemas é comprometido quando a CSI não é perfeitamente conhecida durante o processamento CoMP tal que esse é um problema importante a ser abordado. Algoritmos de agrupamento para Múltiplo Acesso por Divisão no Espaço (SDMA) geralmente são utilizados a fim de encontrar um conjunto adequado de usuários para multiplexação espacial. O maior grupo SDMA nem sempre é o melhor grupo em uma transmissão de dados tal que maiores ganhos podem ser obtidos ajustando dinamicamente o tamanho do grupo SDMA. Além disso, os algoritmos que balanceiam a Razão Sinal-Interferência mais Ruído (SINR) entre diferentes canais podem garantir um certo nível de qualidade de canal e assim proporcionar uma comunicação mais confiável para os usuários agrupados. Esta dissertação de mestrado fornece análises em nível sistêmico para algoritmos de RRA que exploram a coordenação no enlace direto de sistemas CoMP para implementar reuso adaptativo de recursos e assim melhorar o desempenho do sistema. São estudadas aqui estratégias de RRA em sistemas CoMP que consideram agrupamento SDMA dinâmico, precodificação e alocação de potência conjuntas para balanceamento de SINR, sendo assumida CSI imperfeita a fim de conseguir maior aproximação com relação às implementaçõs em cenários reais. É mostrado através de análises em nível sistêmico que ganhos de vazão bastante altos são alcançados através de RRA inteligente. Em conclusão, os resultados mostram que Algoritmos de Remoção Sequencial (SRAs) e de balanceamento de SINR proporcionam ganhos de eficiência espectral do sistema. No entanto, é também mostrada uma degradação crítica no desempenho dessas estratégias de RRA devido à CSI imperfeita.

La conception d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil peut présenter de nombreux défis, tels que le passage à l'echèlle, la fiabilité, la longévité et la communication en temps réel. L'existence de plusieurs points de collecte peut augmenter la fiabilité du réseau et facilite le passage à l'echèlle. Toutefois, cette amélioration dépend de l’approche de routage, qui doit être adaptée pour atteindre les objectifs de performance souhaités.Dans cette optique, l’objectif de ce travail est de trouver des moyens pour optimiser la communication dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil à multiples points de collecte en tenant compte des problèmes liés au passage à l'echèlle, à la durée de vie du réseau, à la fiabilité (livraison des paquets) et à la minimization de la latence. Nous étudions les point d'équilibre entre le délai et la consommation d'énergie en tant que paramètres clés pour la qualité et l'efficacité de la communication. Pour ce faire, nous proposons différents algorithmes de routage, couvrant les trois principaux schémas de communication (unicast, anycast et multicast).Les simulations effectuées montrent que nos approches sont capables d’optimiser la communication, notamment en termes de latence et de durée de vie du réseau. Des expériences sur la plateforme FIT IoT-Lab fournissent également des indications significatives sur les performances de notre solution multicast dans des conditions réelles<br>The conception of a wireless sensor network may present numerous challenges, such as scalability, reliability, longevity and timeliness. The existence of multiple sinks may increase the network reliability and facilitates the scalability. However, this improvement is dependent on the routing approach, that must be tailored to help achieving the desired performance goals.From this perspective, the objective of this work is to find ways of optimizing the communication in multi-sink wireless sensor networks considering the problems related to the scalability, longevity (network lifetime), reliability (packet delivery) and timeliness (latency). We investigate the trades among data delivery time and energy consumption as key metrics for communication quality and efficiency. For that matter, we propose different routing algorithms, covering all three main communciations schemes (unicast, anycast and multicast).The executed simulations show that our approaches are capable of optimizing the communication, especially in terms of latency and network lifetime. Experiments on the FIT IoT-Lab platform also provide meaningful insights of the performance of our multicast solution in real environment condition

This research aims to analyze the critical points of the inverter-to-machine chain used in the actuation system of MEA. To analyze the critical points, it is necessary to investigate the Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV) of the printed circuit board (PCB, representative models of the high voltage part terminal part of the inverter) by considering the effects of aerospace conditions like pressure, temperature, and humidity. Also, the endurance tests of twisted pairs (TPs, representative models of the turn/turn insulation) at aerospace conditions is investigated. This is necessary to assess the life of the machine when it is stressed by repetitive square wave/sinusoidal AC voltages. These experiments help to find the proper way to design and qualify MEA actuators. In this research, the effect of AC voltages, space charges at DC, temperature, pressure, and converter waveforms have been analyzed on different PCB models. Results show that an increased temperature decreases the PDIV and a reduction of PDIV is observed also due to a reduction of pressure. It is also analyzed that space charges play an important role in the measurement of PDIV at DC. Finally, the effect of converter waveforms supplied by SiC is analyzed, where it is observed that there is an 8% increase of PDIV as compared to the PDIV in AC. After these entire tests, it is concluded that the HV terminal part is not critical in the sense of PD occurrence. After the inverter part, the behavior of turn/turn insulation when it is continuously stressed by repetitive square wave/ AC 50 kHz voltages above PDIV has been analyzed. The results obtained from both the supplies are compared with each other to understand the effect of supply type and frequency on the endurance, finally, the effect of humidity on the endurance of the twisted pairs has been analyzed. It is observed after all these endurance tests that the corona-resistant wire cannot endure PD for a long time in aerospace conditions.

Des mesures de magnétorésistances locales et non locales dans des monocouches de graphène obtenues par sublimation sur la face silicium du carbure de silicium (SiC) sont présentées dans cette thèse. L’objectif est d’étudier les phénomènes physiques qui apparaissent proche de point de neutralité de charge (dopage faible en trous) dans ces monocouches. Or, celles-ci sont généralement fortement dopées en électrons à cause de l’interaction avec la couche d’interface et le substrat. Des dispositifs en forme de barre de Hall encapsulés par une résine sont utilisés. Le contrôle du niveau de Fermi dans ces dispositifs est réalisé en utilisant la méthode de décharge corona. L’amplitude du désordre est évaluée dans ces monocouches de graphène en : (i) ajustant la courbe de résistivité en fonction du coefficient de Hall obtenue à température ambiante ; (ii) ajustant les courbes de dépendance en température de la densité de Hall pour les échantillons proche de point de neutralité de charge. Toutes ces analyses donnent une amplitude du désordre de l’ordre de (20 ±10) meV. Les échantillons préparés avec un faible dopage en trous sont ensuite étudiés en régime d'effet Hall quantique. Les mesures de magnétorésistances montrent que la résistance de Hall présente un comportement ambipolaire en fonction du champ magnétique. Ce comportement coïncide avec l’apparition d’un maximum local dans la résistance longitudinale. Ces résultats sont expliqués via un modèle de transfert de charge entre régions de différents dopages dans le graphène. Néanmoins, l’origine microscopique de ces régions est mal connue. Finalement, des mesures non locales sont effectuées sur ces mêmes échantillons et montrent l’apparition des résistances non locales importantes dont la valeur peut, dans certains cas, dépasser les résistances longitudinales correspondantes. L'analyse de ces résultats montre que la contribution du courant de spin et des effets thermiques dans l’apparition de ces tensions non locales est négligeable. Cependant, les données expérimentales sont raisonnablement reproduites par un modèle de conduction basé sur des états de bord rétrodiffusés par le "bulk" isolant<br>Local and nonlocal magnetoresistances measurements on monolayer graphene grown on the silicon face of silicon carbide (SiC) are reported. The purpose of this work is to understand the physical phenomena appearing close to the charge neutrality point in these monolayers. The first issue to overcome was that graphene is generally strongly doped with electrons due to the interaction with the substrate. The control of the Fermi level has been realised using the corona discharge method. The disorder amplitude has been evaluated in these structures by : (i) fitting the resistivity dependence curve of the Hall coefficient obtained at room temperature; (ii) fitting the temperature dependence of the Hall density for samples that were prepared near the charge neutrality point. All these analyses gave a disorder strength equal to (20 ± 10) meV. It is then shown that for samples with low hole doping, the Hall resistance exhibits an ambipolar behavior as a function of the magnetic field. This behavior is accompanied by the appearance of a local maximum in the longitudinal resistance.This behavior is been explained by a charge transfer model between regions of different doping in graphene. Nevertheless, the microscopic origin of these regions is poorly known. Finally, nonlocal measurements carried out on these samples showed the appearance of important nonlocal resistances which in some cases exceed the corresponding longitudinal resistances. The analysis of these results shows that the contribution of spin current and thermal effects on the occurrence of these nonlocal voltages is neglegible. In contrast, the experimental data are reproduced quite well by a model based on counter-propagating edge states backscattered by the bulk

Parmi les polytypes les plus connus du carbure de silicium (SiC), le polytype cubique (3C-SiC), est le seul qui peut croitre sur des substrats silicium. L’hétérostructure 3C-SiC/Si est intéressante non seulement pour son faible coût de production mais aussi pour la conception de Systèmes Micro-Electro-Mécaniques (« MEMS »). La valeur élevée du module de Young du 3C-SiC, comparé à celui du silicium, permettrait à des cantilevers submicroniques, fabriqués à partir de films minces de 3C-SiC, de vibrer à ultra-hautes fréquences (&gt;100MHz). Cette haute fréquence de résonance est la clé pour obtenir un système AFM non-contact ultra-sensible et rapide. Cependant, il n’existe pas de cantilever en SiC disponible sur le marché en raison de la difficulté à élaborer des films minces de 3C-SiC de bonne qualité, la technique de synthèse la plus utilisée étant le Dépôt Chimique en phase Vapeur (CVD). La raison première de cette difficulté à obtenir un matériau de bonne qualité réside essentiellement dans l’important désaccord de maille et la différence de dilatation thermique entre le 3C-SiC et Si qui génèrent des défauts cristallins à l’interface et jusqu’à la surface du film de 3C-SiC, la zone la plus défectueuse se localisant auprès de l’interface……<br>Among aIl the well known polytypes ofihe silicon carbide (SiC), the cubic polytype (3C-SiC) is the only one that min be grown on silicon substrates. This heterostructure 3C SiC/Si ta interesting not only for its low production cost but also for the design of tise Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). The high value ofthe Young’s modulis the 3C-SiC, compared to the silicon, allows submicronic cantilevers, fabrmcated from tIse 3C-SiC thin filins, to resonate at ultra-high frequency (&gt;100MHz). The high resonant frequency is the key to obtain s fast, ultra-sensitive non-contact AFM systein.However, there isn’t any SiC cantilevers available on the market because of the difficulty to elaborate gond quality 3C-SiC thin films, with tIse Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technique being tIse most frequently used synthesis technology. Tise first reason of tIse difficulty with the CVD technology to obtain gond quality thin film rests essentially in the important lattice mismatch and the difference in thermal expansion coefficient existing between 3C SiC and Si which generate crystalline defects at the interface and propagating tilI the 3C-SiC filin surface, with the inost defective zone localizing near the interface……

In this study, litho-, bio- and chronostratigraphic investigations combined with RTK GPSleveling have been carried out to reconstruct the paleoenvironment in the central part of theLånghundraleden Trail. The area displays four shallow lake basins of varyingmorphologies. The basins are now covered with peat as a result of infilling and overgrowth.The emergence of the saddle-point, i.e. the highest point of the underlying minerogenicsurface, was estimated to have occurred c. BC/AD. The isolation events of two basins, atc.12.4 and c.12.3 m a.s.l. west and east of the saddle-point, were dated to c.AD 20 andc.AD 30, respectively. By combining these isolation data with six previously investigatedbasins a shore displacement curve for the central part of the Långhundraleden Trail and thesurrounding area, i.e. east of the Ekoln basin was constructed. The curve indicates anaverage regressive shore displacement rate of c.6.2 mm/yr since c. 3200 BC. Around 1500BC, this trend was interrupted by a short period of retarded regression, correlated with theL4 event. The isolation ages of the basins in the Långhundraleden Trail appears relativelyyoung when compared to an average shore displacement rate of 5.6 mm/year in thenorthern part of L. Mälaren, west of the Ekoln basin. As the area is dominated by a fissurevalleylandscape, this discrepancy could be attributed to small-scale irregular tectonicmovements, which caused faster uplift rate, i.e. 6.2 mm/year, east of the Ekoln basin.

This project investigates the current borders around and within, what I have in this exegesis termed, "the Down Syndrome novel", using a close reading analysis of literary texts containing characters with Down syndrome and contextualised by theoretical works drawn from both disability and literary theory. This practice-led thesis introduces and discusses select fictional characters with Down syndrome from numerous genres, revealing them as highly contained, or "boundaried", spoken for, and generally used for narrative conflict rather than included as individuals with agency and a legitimate, autonomous voice and narrative point of view. In reframing the Australian landscape as "disabled" this exegesis illustrates that the Australian Gothic novel can shift, and sometimes even remove, the boundary around characters with intellectual disabilities, allowing a space where the stories of characters with Down syndrome can emerge.

Les caractéristiques pondérales de la portée à la naissance et au sevrage sont des caractères importants pour la survie de la portée mais aussi pour la croissance globale des porcs. L’hétérogénéité des poids intra-portée cause régulièrement des difficultés de conduite d’élevage, au moment de l’adoption ainsi qu’au moment de l’allotement des porcs charcutiers. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’analyser génétiquement la variabilité des caractères associés à la production de porcelets dans la lignée sino-européenne Tai Zumu, constituée à 50% de génétique Meishan et à 50% de génétique Large White, a été créée par l’organisation de sélection porcine GENE+. L’objectif ultime de ce travail de thèse est de proposer des pistes d’amélioration génétique de cette lignée.La première partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à l’étude de la variabilité génétique des caractères pondéraux de la portée et de leur évolution, suite à la sélection génétique menée pour améliorer la prolificité, la croissance et la condition corporelle précoces des truies Tai Zumu. Les héritabilités obtenues en lignée Tai Zumu sont d’une manière générale supérieures à la moyenne de la littérature. Les relations génétiques fortes entre la prolificité et le poids des porcelets, et entre le poids des porcelets et l’écart-type de poids intra-portée, rendent impossible une sélection conjointe sur l’ensemble de ces critères. La stratégie de sélection la plus cohérente avec les objectifs de GENE+ consisterait à intégrer l’écart-type de poids intra-portée à 3 semaines d’âge dans l’évaluation génétique des animaux. En plus de favoriser l’uniformité des porcelets, l’inclusion de ce caractère dans le schéma de sélection entraînera une augmentation du nombre de porcelets sevrés. La prise en compte de ce caractère conduira néanmoins à un léger ralentissement de la croissance des porcelets. Il a également été mis en évidence que la composante génétique directe du porcelet était autant impliquée que la composante génétique maternelle dans la croissance du porcelet en allaitement. Malgré un antagonisme fort et surprenant entre ces deux composantes, nous avons aussi montré que fixer cette corrélation à 0 ne semble pas influencer de façon importante l’évaluation génétique des animaux.Une seconde partie a été orientée sur l’analyse génétique des relations entre la mobilisation des réserves corporelles par la truie allaitante et les caractéristiques de la portée. Cette mobilisation des réserves corporelles pendant la lactation influence davantage les caractéristiques de la portée que les niveaux de réserves corporelles en entrée ou en sortie de maternité. Les truies avec une forte capacité génétique pour la mobilisation des réserves corporelles subissent une diminution de la prolificité mais au bénéfice d’une meilleure croissance de leur portée. Réduire l’adiposité des truies par sélection n’est donc pas une stratégie recommandée en lignée Tai Zumu puisque les truies assurent leur lactation majoritairement par le catabolisme des réserves corporelles.La dernière partie était dédiée à la mise en évidence de QTL pour les caractères numériques et pondéraux de la portée. Un faible nombre de QTL a été mis en évidence pour les caractères utilisés dans l’index de sélection de la lignée. Un seul QTL avec un effet modéré sur le nombre de porcelets nés vivants a été détecté sur le chromosome 14 ; il semble ségréger dans la population. Ce résultat peut être le fait de la pression de sélection forte appliquée sur la prolificité, puisque les QTL de la bibliographie sont majoritairement situés dans des régions du génome où les allèles Meishan sont en partie fixés en lignée Tai Zumu. Dans ce contexte, une sélection de type Sélection Assistée par Marqueur est difficilement envisageable. Si la variabilité génétique des caractères est le fruit de nombreux QTL à effets faibles, la sélection génomique devrait être plus adaptée<br>Les caractéristiques pondérales de la portée à la naissance et au sevrage sont des caractères importants pour la survie de la portée mais aussi pour la croissance globale des porcs. L’hétérogénéité des poids intra-portée cause régulièrement des difficultés de conduite d’élevage, au moment de l’adoption ainsi qu’au moment de l’allotement des porcs charcutiers. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’analyser génétiquement la variabilité des caractères associés à la production de porcelets dans la lignée sino-européenne Tai Zumu, constituée à 50% de génétique Meishan et à 50% de génétique Large White, a été créée par l’organisation de sélection porcine GENE+. L’objectif ultime de ce travail de thèse est de proposer des pistes d’amélioration génétique de cette lignée.La première partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à l’étude de la variabilité génétique des caractères pondéraux de la portée et de leur évolution, suite à la sélection génétique menée pour améliorer la prolificité, la croissance et la condition corporelle précoces des truies Tai Zumu. Les héritabilités obtenues en lignée Tai Zumu sont d’une manière générale supérieures à la moyenne de la littérature. Les relations génétiques fortes entre la prolificité et le poids des porcelets, et entre le poids des porcelets et l’écart-type de poids intra-portée, rendent impossible une sélection conjointe sur l’ensemble de ces critères. La stratégie de sélection la plus cohérente avec les objectifs de GENE+ consisterait à intégrer l’écart-type de poids intra-portée à 3 semaines d’âge dans l’évaluation génétique des animaux. En plus de favoriser l’uniformité des porcelets, l’inclusion de ce caractère dans le schéma de sélection entraînera une augmentation du nombre de porcelets sevrés. La prise en compte de ce caractère conduira néanmoins à un léger ralentissement de la croissance des porcelets. Il a également été mis en évidence que la composante génétique directe du porcelet était autant impliquée que la composante génétique maternelle dans la croissance du porcelet en allaitement. Malgré un antagonisme fort et surprenant entre ces deux composantes, nous avons aussi montré que fixer cette corrélation à 0 ne semble pas influencer de façon importante l’évaluation génétique des animaux.Une seconde partie a été orientée sur l’analyse génétique des relations entre la mobilisation des réserves corporelles par la truie allaitante et les caractéristiques de la portée. Cette mobilisation des réserves corporelles pendant la lactation influence davantage les caractéristiques de la portée que les niveaux de réserves corporelles en entrée ou en sortie de maternité. Les truies avec une forte capacité génétique pour la mobilisation des réserves corporelles subissent une diminution de la prolificité mais au bénéfice d’une meilleure croissance de leur portée. Réduire l’adiposité des truies par sélection n’est donc pas une stratégie recommandée en lignée Tai Zumu puisque les truies assurent leur lactation majoritairement par le catabolisme des réserves corporelles.La dernière partie était dédiée à la mise en évidence de QTL pour les caractères numériques et pondéraux de la portée. Un faible nombre de QTL a été mis en évidence pour les caractères utilisés dans l’index de sélection de la lignée. Un seul QTL avec un effet modéré sur le nombre de porcelets nés vivants a été détecté sur le chromosome 14 ; il semble ségréger dans la population. Ce résultat peut être le fait de la pression de sélection forte appliquée sur la prolificité, puisque les QTL de la bibliographie sont majoritairement situés dans des régions du génome où les allèles Meishan sont en partie fixés en lignée Tai Zumu. Dans ce contexte, une sélection de type Sélection Assistée par Marqueur est difficilement envisageable. Si la variabilité génétique des caractères est le fruit de nombreux QTL à effets faibles, la sélection génomique devrait être plus adaptée

The diploma thesis deals with monitoring of movements of rock blocks and boulders near of the Bíla voda stream sink Nová Rasovna. The aim of thesis is to measure of the 18th stage and 19th stage in year 2013. The thesis follows on the results obtained in years 2004-2012. Achieved results are mutually compared and analysed towards the results of previous periods. The final results are shown numerically and graphically.

Les défauts ponctuels dans les semi-conducteurs sont étudiés pour la réalisation de bits quantiques d’information (Qubit). A ce jour, le système le plus développé est le centre NV dans le diamant. Récemment, les défauts ponctuels du carbure de silicium (SiC) ont été identifiés comme prometteurs pour la réalisation de Qubit en raison de leur long temps de cohérence de spin et du fonctionnement à température ambiante. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions la formation, la caractérisation optique et magnétique des défauts ponctuels dans SiC, ainsi que l’amélioration de la collection de leur luminescence. Nous commençons par une description des différents critères qui font du SiC un matériau clé pour les applications Qubit. Ensuite, nous présentons une étude bibliographique sur les principaux défauts ponctuels dans SiC en nous focalisant sur les centres : VSi, VSiVC, NV. Nous portons par la suite notre étude sur les conditions optimales d’irradiation ioniques/électroniques et de recuit post-irradiation pour la formation de défauts ponctuels luminescents dans le polytype cubique de SiC. Nous avons identifié les différents types de défauts dans le visible. Dans l’infra-rouge, nous n’avons détecté que le centre VSiVC en trouvant les conditions optimales de sa luminescence dans le cas d’implantation par les protons (dose 1016 cm-2 et le recuit à 750 °C). Puis, nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus par des irradiations aux électrons à ceux obtenus avec les protons en précisant les différents types de défauts ponctuels détectés par deux méthodes: la photoluminescence et la résonance paramagnétique électronique. Enfin, nous avons développé un processus technologique qui consiste en la fabrication de nano-piliers en SiC-4H. Nous avons montré les avantages de leur réalisation sur l’efficacité de la collection de PL des défauts ponctuels comme VSi et VSiVC. Une amélioration d’un facteur 25 pour le centre VSi et d’un facteur 50 pour le centre VSiVC a été obtenue<br>Point defects in semiconductor materials are studied for the realization of quantum information bits (Qubit). Nowadays, the most developed system is based on the NV center in diamond. Recently, point defects in silicon carbide (SiC) have been identified as promising for the realization of Qubit due to the combination of their long spin coherence time and room temperature operation. In this context, this thesis studies the formation, optical and magnetic characterization of point defects in SiC, as well as the improvement of their luminescence collection. We begin with a general introduction to SiC in which we describe the different criteria that make SiC a key material for Qubit applications. Next, we present a bibliographical study on the main point defects in SiC, focusing on the centers: VSi, VSiVC, NV. We have studied the optimal conditions of ionic/electronic irradiation and post-irradiation annealing for the formation of luminescent point defects in the cubic polytype of SiC. We have identified the different types of visible range defects. In the infra-red range, we detected only the Ky5 center (VSiVC) by finding the optimal luminescence conditions of this center in the case of implantation by protons (dose 1016 cm-2 and annealing at 750 °C). Then, we compared the results obtained by electron irradiations with those obtained with protons specifying the different types of point defects detected by two methods: photoluminescence and electronic paramagnetic resonance. Finally, we have developed a technological process that consists of nano-pillars fabrication in SiC-4H. We have shown the advantages of realizing these pillars on the efficiency of the PL collection of point defects like VSi and VSiVC : an improvement of a factor of 25 for the VSi center and a factor of 50 for the VSiVC center was obtained

Spatially proximal devices wanting to exchange information are expected to become more prevalent in wireless networks, rendering the option for direct device-to-device (D2D) communication increasingly important. On the one hand, within networks where communication via infrastructure has been the convention, enabling such an option for short-range and single-hop communication between co-located devices might potentially bring about performance benefits on several accounts. On the other hand, in the realm of networks where direct interaction between devices has been an obvious option, there is a growing demand for supporting extreme-data-rate applications and much denser deployments of simultaneous transmissions. This dissertation explores these aspects by addressing two main problems: (i) analyzing the performance benefits of D2D communication integrated into cellular mobile networks, and (ii) investigating the feasibility of mmWave (millimeter wave) frequencies for personal networks of wearable (body-born) devices in enclosed settings. Under sufficient spatial locality in wireless traffic within cellular networks, the D2D mode of communication can be leveraged to employ a denser spectral reuse, thereby achieving very high area spectral efficiencies (bits/s/Hz per unit area). Enabling D2D entails a reshaping of the network topology comprising the sources of useful signal and harmful interference from the vantage of each receiver, which is a factor that delimits network performance fundamentally. Therefore, to gauge the performance gains of D2D and to identify the challenges thereof, it is essential to model D2D communication in a large multicellular setting, without missing key features of the ensuing interference environment. In this regard, we develop a robust analytical framework, utilizing tools from stochastic geometry. The dissertation propounds a novel approach to the application of stochastic geometry that is shown to improve the simplicity, accuracy, and generality of wireless network analysis. The performance evaluation conducted using the framework, while demonstrating the potential of D2D, also indicates the need for managing the interference surge. Prompted by this, and to illustrate the flexibility of the framework, we further extended it to incorporate interference protection schemes based on exclusion regions and the benefits thereof are assessed. The presence of multiple wearable networks—each comprising several on-body device-pairs worn by people—in proximity might result in an extreme density of simultaneous wireless transmissions. Such a scenario is expected to become commonplace in enclosed settings, e.g., commuter trains, subways, airplanes, airports or offices, and be further challenging due to an increasing demand for data-rate-intensive wireless applications in wearable technology. This combination of very-short-range communication, high-data-rate applications, and dense spectral reuse seems to render operation at mmWave frequencies a suitable candidate; add to that the possibility of accommodating antenna arrays within devices for directional beamforming. Hence, we investigate the feasibility of enclosed mmWave wearable networks, with a particular focus on appropriately modeling the impact of propagation mechanisms at these frequencies. In the propagation modeling, specular reflections off surfaces are explicitly accounted for, as they are expected to contribute useful signal power while, at the same time, intensify the interference. Recognizing the increased prominence of blocking by obstacles, body-blockages in the direct and reflected propagation paths are also modeled. The impact of these mechanisms on the spectral efficiency of the network is evaluated, aided by the application of stochastic geometry and random shape theory. Under relevant indoor settings, and in the plausible absence of strong direct signal, the reliability of surface reflections in providing useful signal power for efficient communication is investigated and the need for directional antennas is established.<br>Se espera que los dispositivos espacialmente proximales que desean intercambiar información se vuelvan más frecuentes en redes inalámbricas, lo que hace cada vez más importante la opción para la comunicación directa de dispositivo-a-dispositivo (D2D). Por un lado, dentro de las redes en las que la comunicación a través de la infraestructura ha sido la convención, permitir tal opción para la comunicación de corto alcance y single-hop entre dispositivos ubicados conjuntamente podría potencialmente generar beneficios de rendimiento en varios aspectos. Por otro lado, en el ámbito de las redes en las que la interacción directa entre dispositivos ha sido una opción obvia, existe una demanda creciente de soportar aplicaciones de velocidad extrema de datos e implementaciones mucho más densas de transmisiones simultáneas. Esta disertación explora dichos aspectos abordando dos problemas principales: (i) analizando los beneficios de rendimiento de la comunicación D2D integrada en las redes móviles celulares y (ii) investigando la viabilidad de las frecuencias mmWave (onda milimétrica) para redes personales de dispositivos wearables (usado en el cuerpo) en entornos cerrados. Bajo suficiente localidad espacial en el tráfico inalámbrico en redes celulares, el modo de comunicación D2D puede ser apalancado para emplear una reutilización espectral más densa, logrando así eficiencias espectrales de área muy alta (bits/s/Hz por unidad de área). La habilitación de D2D implica una remodelación de la topología de red que comprende las fuentes de señal útil e interferencia perjudicial desde la ventaja de cada receptor, lo cual es un factor que delimita el funcionamiento de la red de manera fundamental. Por tanto, para medir las ganancias de rendimiento de D2D y para identificar los retos de la misma, es esencial para modelar la comunicación D2D en un gran ajuste multicelular, sin faltar las características clave del entorno de interferencia resultante. En este sentido, se desarrolla un sólido marco analítico, utilizando herramientas de geometría estocástica. La disertación propone un nuevo enfoque para la aplicación de la geometría estocástica para mejorar la simplicidad, precisión y generalidad del análisis de redes inalámbricas. La evaluación realizada utilizando dicho enfoque, al mismo tiempo que demuestra el potencial de D2D, también indica la necesidad de manejar la oleada de interferencia. Impulsado por estos resultados, y para ilustrar la flexibilidad del marco, también se amplía para incorporar esquemas de protección contra interferencias basados en regiones de exclusión y se evalúan sus los beneficios. La presencia de redes wearables múltiples—cada una de las cuales comprende varios pares de dispositivos en el cuerpo desgastados por personas—en proximidad puede dar como resultado una densidad extrema de transmisiones inalámbricas simultáneas. Se espera que este escenario se convierta habitual en entornos cerrados, por ejemplo, trenes de cercanías, subterráneos, aviones, aeropuertos u oficinas, y será un reto adicional debido a la creciente demanda de aplicaciones inalámbricas intensivas en datos en tecnología wearable. Esta combinación de comunicaciones de muy corto alcance, en aplicaciones de alta velocidad de datos y de reutilización espectral densa parece hacer que la operación en las frecuencias mmWave sea un candidato adecuado; se añade la posibilidad de alojar conjuntos de antenas dentro de dispositivos para el beamforming direccionales. Por tanto, también se investiga la viabilidad de las redes wearables mmWave cerradas, con especial énfasis en modelar apropiadamente el impacto de los mecanismos de propagación en estas frecuencias. En el modelado de propagación, las reflexiones especulares de las superficies se explican explícitamente, ya que se espera que contribuyan a la potencia de la señal útil, mientras que, al mismo tiempo, intensificar la interferencia. Reconociendo la mayor prominencia del bloqueo por obstáculos, también se modelan los bloqueos corporales en los caminos de propagación directa y reflejada. El impacto de estos mecanismos en la eficiencia espectral de la red se evalúa, ayudado por la aplicación de la geometría estocástica y la teoría de la forma aleatoria. Bajo configuraciones internas relevantes, y en la ausencia plausible de señal directa fuerte, se investiga la fiabilidad de las reflexiones superficiales proporcionando potencia de señal útil para una comunicación eficiente y se establece la necesidad de antenas direccionales.

Nous présentons une modélisation quantitative de la redistribution des défauts ponctuels (DPs) et de la ségrégation induite par irradiation (SII) sur les défauts étendus, dans des alliages modèles dilués Ni(B ≡ Ti, Cr) et Fe(B ≡ P, Mn, Cr, Si, Ni, Cu). Le changement de composition chimique au voisinage des défauts étendus joue un rôle décisif sur l’évolution de la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques d’un matériau. L’irradiation génère des défauts ponctuels, qui diffusent en s’échangeant avec les atomes voisins, s’annihilent en se recombinant entre eux ou en interagissant avec des défauts étendus (qui agissent comme des puits de DPs). Les flux de DPs vers les puits induisent des flux atomiques dans le même sens ou le sens opposé des flux de DPs, produisant ainsi la SII aux puits. Nous étendons la théorie de champ moyen auto-cohérent aux déplacements atomiques forcés (DAF), mécanismes de diffusion athermiques générés par une cascade de déplacements sous irradiation. L’implémentation de nos développements théoriques dans le code KineCluE, nous permet de calculer les flux de DPs et d’atomes, et leurs couplages. A partir du calcul des flux en fonction de la température, de la composition, et du champ de déformation ; et d’un traitement de type cinétique chimique des réactions de production et d’annihilation des DPs, nous obtenons les profils stationnaires de SII. Dans chacun des régimes cinétiques particuliers pour lequel, l’une des réactions des DPs domine par rapport aux autres, nous obtenons les expressions analytiques des profils stationnaires des DPs et solutés sur les puits planaires. Pour rendre compte de l’effet du champ de déformation généré par une dislocation coin sur la SII et sur les taux d’élimination des DPs sur la dislocation, nous résolvons numériquement les équations d’élastodiffusion. A partir d’une base de données ab initio des énergies de liaison, des dipôles élastiques, et des fréquences d’échange atome-DP dans, nous réalisons une étude systématique des effets de la microstructure et des conditions d’irradiation sur les propriétés de diffusion, les taux d’élimination des DPs aux puits, et la SII. Nous montrons que : (i) les boucles de dislocations sont enrichies en Ni dans Fe(Ni) et appauvries en Ti dans Ni(Ti), et les quantités ségrégées sont en bon accord avec les valeurs expérimentales mesurées dans les alliages modèles Fe(Ni) et Ni(Ti) irradiés aux ions ; (ii) à fort flux, basse température, et grande force de puits de la microstructure, les évènements DAF réduisent sensiblement la SII, tout particulièrement dans les alliages base Ni ; (iii) les décalages en température calculés pour simuler les effets d’une irradiation aux neutrons par une irradiation aux ions, peuvent être très différents selon le phénomène induit par irradiation que l’on étudie, le régime cinétique dans lequel le système évolue, et la nature chimique de l’alliage étudié ; (iv) l’interaction entre les DPs et les atomes de soluté modifie le facteur de biais d’absorption entre lacunes et interstitiels d’une dislocation coin. Ainsi l’ajout de Ni produit un biais négatif alors que l’ajout de Mn augmente le facteur de biais (jusqu’à 200% de la valeur dans Fe pur sous contrainte), suivant la température et la composition ; (v) la contrainte augmente significativement la quantité de la ségrégation de soluté dans Fe(Ni) (par exemple, 400% de la valeur sans élasticité à 400K), et change le signe de la SII dans Fe(Cr)<br>We present a quantitative modeling of the point-defect (PD) redistribution and solute radiation-induced segregation (RIS) at extended defects in dilute Ni(B ≡ Ti, Cr) and Fe(B ≡ P, Mn, Cr, Si, Ni, Cu) alloys. The change in chemical composition, in the vicinity of extended defects, plays a decisive role on the evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of materials. Irradiation produces PDs, that diffuse by exchanging with neighboring atoms, annihilate by mutual recombination or by interacting with extended defects (that act as PD sinks). The fluxes of PDs towards sinks lead to atomic fluxes in the same or opposite direction of the PD flux; thereby producing RIS at sinks. We extend the self-consistent mean-field theory to forced atomic relocations (FARs), athermal diffusion mechanisms generated by displacement cascades under irradiation. The implementation of the extended theory in the KineCluE code allows us to compute PD and atomic fluxes, and their couplings. From the calculation of fluxes as a function of temperature, composition, and strain field; and a mean-field treatment of the production and annihilation reactions of PDs, we obtain the steady-state RIS profiles. In each of the particular kinetic regimes for which one of the PD reactions dominates over the others, we derive analytical expressions of steady-state profiles of PDs and solute atoms at planar sinks. To account for the effect of strain generated by an edge dislocation on the RIS and PD elimination rates, we numerically solve the elastodiffusion equations. Based on an ab initio database of binding energies, elastic dipoles, and atom-PD exchange frequencies, we perform a systematic study of the effects of the microstructure and irradiation conditions on diffusion properties, PD elimination rates at sinks, and RIS. We show that: (i) the dislocation loops are enriched in Ni in Fe(Ni) and depleted in Ti in Ni(Ti), and the calculated amounts of RIS are in good agreement with the experimental values measured in model Fe(Ni) and Ni(Ti) alloys irradiated by ions; (ii) at high flux, low temperature, and high sink strength, forced atomic relocations significantly reduce RIS, especially in Ni-based alloys; (iii) the temperature shifts calculated to simulate the effects of neutron irradiation by ion irradiation can be very different depending on the radiation-induced phenomenon, the kinetic regime in which the system evolves, and the chemical nature of the investigated alloy; (iv) the interactions between PDs and solute atoms change the absorption bias between vacancies and interstitials of an edge dislocation, as for instance, the addition of Ni leads to a negative bias while the addition of Mn increases the bias factor (up to 200% of the strained pure Fe value), depending on temperature and composition; (v) the dislocation strain field significantly increases Ni RIS (e.g., about 400% of the strain-free value at 400K) in Fe(Ni), and changes the sign of RIS in Fe(Cr)

At present, focus of the SiC crystal growth development is on improving the crystalline quality without polytype inclusions, micropipes and the occurrence of extended defects. The purity of the grown material, as well as intentional doping must be well controlled and the processes understood. High-quality substrates will significantly improve device performance and yield. One of the aims of the thesis is further understanding of polytype inclusion formation as well as impurity control in SiC bulk crystals grown using PVT method also termed seeded sublimation method. Carbonization of the source was identified as a major reason behind the polytype inclusion occurrence during the growth. The aim of this work was further understanding of sublimation growth process of 4H-SiC bulk crystals in vacuum, in absence of an inert gas. For comparison growth in argon atmosphere (at 5 mbar) was performed. The effect of the ambient on the impurity incorporation was studied for different growth temperatures. For better control of the process in vacuum, tantalum as a carbon getter was utilized. The focus of the SiC part of the thesis was put on further understanding of the PVT epitaxy with an emphasis on the high growth rate and purity of grown layers. High resistivity 4H-SiC samples grown by sublimation with high growth rate were studied. The measurements show resistivity values up to high 104 cm. By correlation between the growth conditions and SIMS results, a model was applied in which it is proposed that an isolated carbon vacancy donor-like level is a possible candidate responsible for compensation of the shallow acceptors in p-type 4H-SiC. A relation between cathodoluminescence (CL) and DLTS data is taken into account to support the model. To meet the requirements for high voltage blocking devices such as high voltage Schottky diodes and MOSFETs, 4H-SiC epitaxial layers have to exhibit low doping concentration in order to block reverse voltages up to few keV and at the same time have a low on-state resistance (Ron). High Ron leads to enhanced power consumption in the operation mode of the devices. In growth of thick layers for high voltage blocking devices, the conditions to achieve good on-state characteristics become more challenging due to the low doping and pronounced thicknesses needed, preferably in short growth periods. In case of high-speed epitaxy such as the sublimation, the need to apply higher growth temperature to yield the high growth rate, results in an increased concentration of background impurities in the layers as well as an influence on the intrinsic defects. On-state resistance Ron estimated from current density-voltage characteristics of Schottky diodes on thick sublimation layers exhibits variations from tens of mΩ.cm2 to tens of Ω.cm2 for different doping levels. In order to understand the occurrence of high on-state resistance, Schottky barrier heights were first estimated for both forward and reverse bias with the application of thermionic emission theory and were in agreement with literature reported values. Decrease in mobility with increasing temperature was observed and its dependencies of T–1.3 and T–2.0 for moderately doped and low doped samples, respectively, were estimated. From deep level measurements by Minority Carrier Transient Spectroscopy (MCTS), an influence of shallow boron related levels and D-center on the on-state resistance was observed, being more pronounced in low doped samples. Similar tendency was observed in depth profiling of Ron. This suggests a major role of boron in a compensation mechanism. In the second part of the thesis growth and characterization of GaN is presented. Excellent electron transport properties with high electron saturate drift velocity make GaN an excellent candidate for electronic devices. Especially, AlGaN/GaN based high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) have received an increased attention in last years due to their attractive properties. The presence of strong spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization due to the lattice mismatch between AlGaN and GaN is responsible for high free electrons concentrations present in the vicinity of the interface. Due to the spatial separation of electrons and ionized donors or surface states, 2DEG electron gas formed near the interface of the heterostructure exhibits high sheet carrier density and high mobility of electrons. Al0.23Ga0.77N/GaN based HEMT structures with an AlN exclusion layer on 100 mm semiinsulating 4H-SiC substrates have been grown by hot-wall MOCVD. The electrical properties of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) such as electron mobility, sheet carrier density and sheet resistance were obtained from Hall measurements, capacitance-voltage and contact-less eddy-current techniques. The effect of different scattering mechanisms on the mobility have been taken into account and compared to the experimental data. Hall measurements were performed in the range of 80 to 600 K. Hall electron mobility is equal to 17140 cm2(Vs)-1 at 80 K, 2310 cm2(Vs)-1 at room temperature, and as high as 800 cm2(Vs)-1 at 450 K, while the sheet carrier density is 1.04x1013 cm-2 at room temperature and does not vary very much with temperature. Estimation of different electron scattering mechanisms reveals that at temperatures higher than room temperature, experimental mobility data is mainly limited by optical phonon scattering. At relevant high power device temperature (450 K) there is still an increase of mobility due to the AlN exclusion layer. We have studied the behaviour of Ga-face GaN epilayers after in-situ thermal treatment in different gas mixtures in a hot-wall MOCVD reactor. Influence of N2, N2+NH3 and N2+NH3+H2 ambient on the morphology was investigated in this work. The most stable thermal treatment conditions were obtained in the case of N2+NH3 gas ambients. We have also studied the effect of the increased molar ratio of hydrogen in order to establish proper etching conditions for hot-wall MOCVD growth.

La fixation symbiotique d’N par les légumineuses est très sensible aux ravageurs, provoquant des dommages sur les racines nodulées, avec un impact sur la fixation d’N et la croissance qui demeure mal connu. Nous avons alors analysé la réponse adaptative de la fixation symbiotique et de la croissance du pois Frisson sauvage et 3 de ses mutants hypernodulants P64, P118 et P121, respectivement mutés sur les gènes SYM28, SYM29 et NOD3, à une ablation de la moitié du système racinaire, en fin de phase végétative. La réponse adaptative a été mesurée 8 jours après ablation, dans des conditions d'alimentation en carbone par la photosynthèse variées. A 380 ppm, le mutant P118 a montré la plus faible diminution de l’activité spécifique de fixation (-17%) suite à l’ablation comparé au sauvage et aux 2 autres mutants (-36% à -62%) associé à une accélération chez les mutants P118 et P121 et un maintien (sauvage et P64) de la croissance des nodosités. A 150 ppm, suite à l’ablation, l’activité spécifique de fixation symbiotique par les nodosités a été diminuée (sauvage), maintenue (P64 et P118) ou augmentée (P121), associée à une accélération (sauvage et P121) ou un maintien (P64 et P118) de la croissance des nodosités. A 750 ppm, l’activité spécifique de fixation a diminué suite à l’ablation pour tous les génotypes, associée à un ralentissement (P64), un maintien (P118, sauvage) ou une faible accélération (P121) de la croissance des nodosités. Les résultats montrent une plus grande capacité de la fixation symbiotique des mutants hypernodulants (P118 et P121 essentiellement) à résister au stress provoqué par l’ablation<br>Symbiotic N fixation of legumes is very sensitive to environmental stresses, like pea pests damaging nodulated roots. However, the impact on their N uptake capacity and plant growth has not been studied so far.We analyzed the adaptive response symbiotic N2 fixation and plant growth of pea wild type Frisson and hypernodulating mutants P64, P118 and P121 mutated respectively on genes SYM28, SYM29 and NOD3 to root pruning of half the root system at the end of the vegetative stage. The adaptive responses of pea: cv. Frisson and 3 of its hypernodulating mutants were compared under varying carbon supplies from photosynthesis.At 380 ppm, mutant P118 showed the lowest decrease of the specific activity of N fixation (-17%) following root pruning compared to the wild type and the 2 others mutants (-36% to -62%), associated to an acceleration (P118 and P121) and a maintained (wild type and P64) nodule growth. At 150 ppm, following root pruning, specific activity of N fixation of nodules decreased in wild type, was maintained in P64 and P118 and increased in P121. At 750 ppm, specific activity of N fixation of nodules decreased for all genotypes following root pruning, associated to a maintained nodule growth in wild type and P118, a slower growth in P64 and acceleration in P121.Our results showed a greater capacity of hypernodulating mutants P118 and P121 to withstand the stress induced by root pruning of half the root system

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>大陸研究所<br>87<br>Taking extensively a research aspect of “Strategy and Tactics” and explaining and analyzing mutual countermeasures, the article discovers that: Since the separation of Taiwan and Mainland China, the strategic goal of P.R.C.’s “Policy towards Taiwan” has hitherto been being “Reunification,” while that of Taiwan’s is the pursuit of “existence and development”.Under these two strategic structures, in which conflicts are inevitable, there are still congenial points and chances for mutual benefit. Although an outcome of “mutual winning” is not easy to be gained, a possibility is still likely to be had we make good use of political wisdom. As for Taiwan, its main resort is to obtain more or at least not to lose benefit than before under the cross-strait political structures in the future. As for the P.R.C., it looks for a lowest cost for the conflicts and even modernization helpful to itself while in the process of reunification. The followings in order are the contents that this article contains: Chapter 1: Introduction. Descriptions of the motive、goals、approaches and structures of the Research and the definition of basic concepts in this article. Chapter 2: Discussion of the reason why “Jiang Zemin”s Eight Points” be announced. This includes: P.R.C.’s previous strategy and policy towards Taiwan, and, the domestic circumstances、international trends and progress in the task towards Taiwan before the announcement of “Jiang Zemin”s Eight Points”. Chapter 3: Dissection of the content of “Jiang Zemin”s Eight Points”. Evaluation of P.R.C.’s attempt to announce “Jiang Zemin”s Eight Points” and analysis of its role and function in the P.R.C. political society and “environment” of the task towards Taiwan. Chapter 4: Focus on analyzing the reason why the P.R.C changes its policy towards Taiwan and why Taipei announces the policy of “No haste, be patient”. Chapter 5: Description of the adjustment in cross-strait relations after the third “Taiwan Strait Crisis” and analysis of its constitution. Chapter 6: Conclusion. Focus on summing up the role and function of “Jiang Zemin”s Eight Points” in the P.R.C. political society and in cross-strait relations and the reason why the relations “develop” and “decline” after its announcement. An evaluation of the future frame of cross-strait relations is also submitted in this article. In the end of the article, recommendation for “Mainland China Policy” is brought up basic on R.O.C.’s benefit.

When analyzing the policies of the John F. Kennedy administration towards the People’s Republic of China, previous historians have focused on the lack of substantive change, emphasizing the continuity of action with the prior polices of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration. At the same time, a number of historians have noted that it was during the years Kennedy was in office that a majority of the American people began viewing communist China as a greater threat to world peace than the Soviet Union. However, none have sought to explain this sizeable shift in public opinion, or analyze its potential impact on policy. This thesis incorporates archival materials with contemporary print and visual media to make a connection between the sources of public opinion shifts and a change in the assumptions upon which U.S. China policy was based. Almost from the moment the new president assumed office, Robert Komer at the National Security Council and Chester Bowles at the State Department began pushing for changes in China policy based on the assumptions that the communist regime was not a “passing phase,” would only become more powerful and over time constitute an inexorable greater threat to U.S. interests in Asia, and that rapprochement, rather than isolation, was the best means of ameliorating this threat. Together with James Thomson, Roger Hilsman, and eventually Walt Rostow, they pushed for the adoption of what A. Doak Barnett would later term “Containment Without Isolation.” While the Sino-Soviet split accentuated charges of Chinese anti-white racism and the Great Leap Forward reinforced the sense of Mao’s irrationality, the Sino-Indian War confirmed both rising Chinese power and their leadership’s capacity for rational calculation. Meanwhile, in the popular culture, particularly motion pictures, the Yellow Peril enjoyed a revival as Chinese villains stepped to the fore, beginning to free themselves of their Soviet masters. However, while foreign Chinese were feared as never before, Chinese in America gained new acceptance. Laying the groundwork for the next five decades of China policy and enemy images, Kennedy’s Thousand Days constituted a turning point.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Increasing water restrictions make it desirable to increase the use of dry processes in mineral beneficiation. Air dense medium fluidized beds (ADMFBs) are one of the most effective methods of dry separation, especially for fine coal and minerals applications. However, dry processes usually struggle to separate particles as efficiently as wet processes, especially for particles finer than about 10 mm. This research was concerned with the separation of 1-10 mm particles of density between 2.4 and 4.8 RD. Experiments were conducted in two phases. The Phase 1 device consisted of a 1 mm mesh screen above a 200 mm diameter dense medium fluidized bed, mounted on top of a Kason vibratory device with the help of struts. The screen mesh above the fluidized bed contained a centrally located opening, which was large compared to its 1 mm aperture, referred to as a “Sink-Hole”. The experiments in this phase were performed using 2.0-2.8 and 2.8-4.0 mm tracer particles using nominal 200 μm volume median diameter sand or a 85:15 mix of sand with hematite as the fluidized medium with a single centrally located 13 mm diameter Sink-Hole. The performance of the system was monitored to separate the particles based on their density. However, there were reproducibility issues with the Phase 1 system which lead to changes being made. The Phase 2 device consisted of a pair of 1 mm aperture screens above a 200 mm diameter dense medium bed. These were directly mounted on top of the same Kason vibratory device as in Phase 1, but this time it was set in a different vibration mode that better assisted the transport of the particles across the Sink-Hole. The screen on top contained a centrally located Sink-Hole. The secondary screen mounted 15 mm below the top screen improved the bed homogeneity by suppressing the bubbles within the fluidized bed, and also enabled the underflow particles to be more easily captured and counted. Again, the experiments in Phase 2 started with a 13 mm diameter Sink-Hole. However, during Phase 2 experiments, the diameter of the Sink-Hole was also varied from 13 to 60 mm. Most of the experiments were again performed using the sand of nominal median size 200 μm, skeletal density 2643 kg/m³ and U_mf of 2.5 cm/s. Tracer particles ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 mm in size and 2400 to 4800 kg/m³ in density were used to measure the partition performance. Different operating conditions were explored. The optimum (lowest Ep) operating conditions were found to be at superficial velocities of 2.5-3.0 times the minimum fluidization velocity, with the fluidised bed just reaching the level of the Sink-Hole. Sand flowed upwards through the Sink-Hole and then spread out and percolated back through the surrounding mesh. The system was found to reach a dynamic equilibrium separation state, in which sometimes particles that had previously passed through the Sink-Hole would re-emerge onto the upper screen. Robust performance with relatively sharp separations (Ep values below 0.2 RD) was obtained over a wide range of conditions, and results were reproducible within the expected 95 % confidence intervals. Increasing the Sink-Hole size from 13 to 60 mm in diameter improved the separation kinetics, causing the time to reach equilibrium to decrease from about 300 s down to less than 20 s. Either increasing the Sink-Hole diameter or the superficial air velocity under the same operating condition lowered the separation density. Remarkably, the separation densities covering the range 2.5 to 4.0 RD, were higher than the medium density and, invariably higher even than the skeletal density of the medium sand particles. Furthermore, over the range of particle sizes from 2.8 to 8.0 mm, the separation density was fairly insensitive to the particle size, a useful feature for a potential beneficiation device. These features indicate that the separation mechanism at work was very different to the buoyancy mechanisms that determine the separation performance of conventional dense-medium fluidised beds. To further improve the understanding of this intriguing behaviour, a transparent two-dimensional rig was constructed and used to observe the granular flow. A column of upwards flowing material was observed to form beneath the Sink-Hole, extending upwards from a considerable distance below the bed. This observation might explain how particles that had previously sunk through the Sink-Hole could re-emerge at later times. It is speculated that the material in this column was in a critical jammed state part way between that of a packed bed (able to support large loads) and a fluidised state (unable to support loads from particles denser than the bed bulk density). Theoretical modelling using Discrete Element Modelling (DEM) would likely illuminate further this proposed mechanism based on a jamming condition between the particles. Further work is also needed to explore the potential to achieve scaled-up to a commercial-scale continuous device.

La conception d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil peut présenter de nombreux défis, tels que le passage à l'echèlle, la fiabilité, la longévité et la communication en temps réel. L'existence de plusieurs points de collecte peut augmenter la fiabilité du réseau et facilite le passage à l'echèlle. Toutefois, cette amélioration dépend de l’approche de routage, qui doit être adaptée pour atteindre les objectifs de performance souhaités.Dans cette optique, l’objectif de ce travail est de trouver des moyens pour optimiser la communication dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil à multiples points de collecte en tenant compte des problèmes liés au passage à l'echèlle, à la durée de vie du réseau, à la fiabilité (livraison des paquets) et à la minimization de la latence. Nous étudions les point d'équilibre entre le délai et la consommation d'énergie en tant que paramètres clés pour la qualité et l'efficacité de la communication. Pour ce faire, nous proposons différents algorithmes de routage, couvrant les trois principaux schémas de communication (unicast, anycast et multicast).Les simulations effectuées montrent que nos approches sont capables d’optimiser la communication, notamment en termes de latence et de durée de vie du réseau. Des expériences sur la plateforme FIT IoT-Lab fournissent également des indications significatives sur les performances de notre solution multicast dans des conditions réelles<br>The conception of a wireless sensor network may present numerous challenges, such as scalability, reliability, longevity and timeliness. The existence of multiple sinks may increase the network reliability and facilitates the scalability. However, this improvement is dependent on the routing approach, that must be tailored to help achieving the desired performance goals.From this perspective, the objective of this work is to find ways of optimizing the communication in multi-sink wireless sensor networks considering the problems related to the scalability, longevity (network lifetime), reliability (packet delivery) and timeliness (latency). We investigate the trades among data delivery time and energy consumption as key metrics for communication quality and efficiency. For that matter, we propose different routing algorithms, covering all three main communciations schemes (unicast, anycast and multicast).The executed simulations show that our approaches are capable of optimizing the communication, especially in terms of latency and network lifetime. Experiments on the FIT IoT-Lab platform also provide meaningful insights of the performance of our multicast solution in real environment condition

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班<br>96<br>Richard M. Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 astonished Taiwan and the rest of the world. The changing direction of foreign policy toward China of Nixon’s administration was followed up by Ford and Carter administrations. China and the U.S. eventually established diplomatic relations in Carter administration. Therefore, Nixon period is the most important period when reviewing the process of normalization of U.S.-Sino relation. Therefore, the thesis seeks the theory of Alexander Wendt, representative scholar of Constructivism, comparing the changing of U.S. China policy and the impacts before and after the Nixon’s administration by analyzing the interaction between the U.S. and China, the emerging of anarchy, identity, national interest, and foreign policy; also this thesis expects to supplement and find a new aspect on the normalization of U.S.-Sino relation. Finally, the thesis proves that Alexander Wendt’s theory which analysis the model of foreign policy could be suitable for explaining the period of Nixon attitude toward China. Second, In the structure of international anarchy culture perspective, this research found that before and after Nixon period, the international anarchy culture transforms from Hobbesin culture to Lockian culture. Meanwhile, it affects not only the collective identity between the U.S. and China but also the U.S. national interest and policy toward China. They are no longer regarding China as the enemy of U.S., and according to U.S. one China policy that there are two governments across the Taiwan Strait.

碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>環境政策研究所<br>97<br>Stimulated by the well-development of industry and commerce, the lifestyle of the mass production, consumption and disposal has affected quality of life of the people. It was followed by a large number of wastes generated. In the past, the way of waste management was based on the premise of environmental health and aimed at end-of-pipe treatment; today, approaches of source reduction, resource recycling were adopted to inhibit the generation of wastes into the landfill and incineration and to prevent the exhaustion of land constrained resources for the purpose of environmental protection. In the 90's, while many countries were facing how to establish a better and more perfect environmental management of managing waste, the Extended Producer Responsibility, a new environmental management tool, was received extensively attention by advanced countries around the world and soon it turned into an emerging new waste management policy tool. The concepts include the environmental impact caused by the whole life cycle of a product, and the extension of product liability toward the stages of production, to the producer. Today many advanced countries had introduced this EPR into their national legal system and served as an important basis for legislation and planning for waste management and resources recycling system. The main purposes of this study are to compare the experiences, legal system of waste containers and waste recycling systems of the advanced countries, including Germany and Japan that applied concept of the EPR into waste container recycling system into implementation and control, with those of Taiwan and to propose recommendation for improvement of the legal basis in Taiwan. The results reveal that many shortages could be found in the existing legal bases of Taiwan's waste recycling systems. The results are as follows: (1) Waste Disposal Act did not clearly set up the priority among waste prevention, resources reuses, and disposal. Without it, the appropriate waste treatment result can not be effectively achieved; (2) The Waste Disposal Act has not any normality on obligations of reuse and recycling; However, there are many relevant norms on the recycling of resources and well detailed in the Resource Recycling Act. Thus, a resources recycling business is administered by two separate legal norms, which is the main cause of failure of recycling of waste containers. (3) The law of Waste Disposal didn’t set up target objectives for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the whole recovery business. It only commands that industry are required to pay handling charges to remove contractors and provide subsidies to the recycler business who are handling,processing and regenerating renewable material resources (4) The Waste Disposal Act not only did not clearly define the definition of extended producer responsibility, role playing, obligation and responsibilities, and norm of producer, but also did not set up different rule for various uses and types of the container package producers. At present, the Article 15,16 of the Waste Disposal Act only requests recycling industry to replace the recycling obligation by paying fees, a financial compensation. There is no clear and detailed specification rules on recycling obligations and responsibilities; (5) The current operation only applies a policy tool, recycling subsidies incentive to encourage the recycling tasks, which is not able to respond effectively to the market of different recycled materials and their environmental impacts; (6) Currently, the centralized recovery association is in charged by the staff of the central government, the Environmental Protection Administration. This organization takes over the administration, implementation and monitoring on the same time, thus it results in serious overloading and financial burden to the administrators who are involved. These are the causes of the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of operational failure. Moreover, the busy staffs are also incapable of responding to the trend of recovery material technology and research and development, it leads to the failure of control and the low effectiveness of the recycling. This study suggests that the law of waste management shall be revised. The norms on recycling that are currently distributing in two laws shall be revised. The definition of producers should further be revised and their obligations and responsibilities shall be extended to include the back-end obligations. In addition, the conduct of evaluation of overall performance and effectiveness of policy tools on recycling should first consider the establishment of appropriate indicators on rate of reutilization, and rate of the utilization of renewable sources. On the perspective of recycling system of waste containers, it is recommended that in addition to the existing control means of recycling subsidies, a survey which aims at assessing the difficulty of recovering and the degree of environmental impact of the target materials shall be conducted firs to help for proposing different policy tools to meet the needs.In addition, the direction of legislation shall drive to the aspects of producer own responsibility. First of all, by giving producers opportunity to think of new product design to tack with the difficulty facing during the implementation of recycling and regenerating process; the second, by offering authority to reduce the administrative costs, and involving the impartiality of the existing third supervision auditors, it is hoped to establish a good monitoring and control mechanism on the implementation of recovery work. Beside the above operations, the recovery authorities should consider the establishment of back end market of renewable and material flow industry in order to march toward the material recycling-based society. Finally, the researcher proposes that an investigation of the status of container packaging industry, establishment of a complete regeneration of market operation through counseling and measures such as tax relief and foster, and in line with an inter-ministerial joint annual review will help to build up and to promote the integrity of program and policy incentives of recycling system that are consisted by the manufacturing industries, recycling industries, as well as renewable material market in Taiwan.

碩士<br>世新大學<br>行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)<br>97<br>The researcher obtained diverse viewpoints and opinions in light of policy stakeholders--policy makers, policy beneficiaries and policy victims with qualitative study method in two-stage depth interviews and focused interviews with 16 policy stakeholders related the subject－Xinyi Road Hot Spring Water Obtaining and Providing Business. There were a number of levels in policy statements from different stakeholders; to effectively generalize them for focused discussions, the researcher applied and modified the logic of policy deliberation by American scholar, Frank Fischer to analyze the viewpoint and statements in problem cognition, policy goals, policy means and implementation results of different stakeholders to generalize common points and conflict points of policy statements. The findings: 1. All stakeholders believe that hot spring water obtaining and providing should be improved with goverment intervention: under operation of total amount control and control of quantity with price, the proprietors in Xinyi Road Hot Spring business saved by paying money. With intervention of public authority, water resources were protected. 2. All stakeholders agree with same emphasis on conservation, development and social justice: hot spring development and environmental conservation were not in absolute opposite positions. One could still find balance in the competition and cooperation from dialogues and understanding among stakeholders to have balance between development and conservation. 3. All stakeholders agree to have public sector build and operate hot spring water obtaining and providing business: the benefits included confidence, experience, management, resources integration and public interests and best meet viewpoint of different stakeholders and take care of their interests. Other than the 3 common points, the researcher also discovered conflict points: 1. To change urban plan in the area or no legalization on site? 2. Expediting passing examinations or overall review on the protection area? 3. Taking care of environmental conservation and hot spring industry or destroying base of environment? 4. Public sector operation better than proprietors or proprietors operation better than public sector? The research proposed suggestions on policies on these confliction points. Public policies promotion by the government should be based on public opinions. The government should always find out the difficulties of people in making or enforcing policies; pay attention to the issues the public was concerned to modify policies and be careful to the appeal of policy stakeholders to have appropriate measures.

碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>戲劇研究所<br>96<br>“The Zhang Beijing Opera Troupe” was a traditional regular professional training institution which had been founded in Shanghai, China. In November 1948, the leader Zhang Yuan-Ting and his wife Dong Yue-Hong named the troupe “The Zhang’s Juniors Beijing Opera Troupe” and crossed through the strait by Zhong-Sing ship to Taiwan for touring. “Zhang” was the only children’s Beijing Opera troupe remained the whole in the beginning of the postwar years of the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1949, the members of the troupe had been recruited into the 80th army of Republic of China, and named “Zheng-Yi (Justice) Beijing Opera Troupe”. Even sixty-year passing, there are some members still alive in very healthy condition and enjoy the events of Beijing Opera. But most importantly, they have been experienced and sighted the great revolution of traditional performing arts in Taiwan during the period. Moreover on the official records, less attention about The Zhang Beijing Opera Troupe has received. Thus, the main idea of this research takes the time back for sixty years; attention on the environmental evolution of traditional performing arts in Taiwan, digging the factors out of what have been changed, innovated, or disappeared, and for any good or unexpected reason has turned that up. Depending on a few references and members, this research will finally drag out all the information and documents about The Zhang Beijing Opera Troupe. The oral records of the interview from the members as complements support the subject of this article. Therefore, I hope this research can make sufficiently on the historical-oriented of traditional performing arts in Taiwan, enrich efficiently on the documentation of Beijing Opera during the postwar years, and generate a newly vision of theory in drama for educating and conveying to the next generation and following researchers.

Three-level diode-clamped inverter is being widely used these days. Extensive research has been carried out on pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for a three-level inverter. The most widely used PWM strategies are sine-triangle pulse width modulation (SPWM) and centered space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM). The influence of these PWM strategies on the DC-link capacitor current and voltage ripple is studied in this thesis. The sizing of the DC capacitor depends on value of the maximum RMS current flowing through it. In this work, an analytical expression for capacitor RMS current is derived as a function of operating conditions like modulation index, power factor angle of the load and peak load current. The worst case current stress on the capacitor is evaluated using the analytical expression. The capacitor RMS current is found to be the same in SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The analytical expression is validated through simulations and experiments on a 3kVA MOSFET based three-level inverter. Harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is helpful in better evaluation of capacitor power loss. Therefore, harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is carried out, using the techniques of geometric wall model and double Fourier integral for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The theoretical predictions are validated through experiments. The capacitor RMS current is divided into low-frequency RMS current (where low frequency component is defined as a component whose frequency is less than half the switching frequency) and high-frequency RMS current. The capacitor voltage ripple is estimated analytically for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes, using the low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor RMS current. The voltage ripples due to SPWM and CSVPWM schemes are compared. It is found that the voltage ripple with SPWM is higher than that with CSVPWM. A simplified method to estimate the capacitor power loss, without the requirement of FFT analysis of capacitor current, is proposed. The results from this simplified method agree reasonably well with the results from the detailed method. A space vector based modulation scheme is proposed, which reduces the capacitor RMS current at high power factor angles. However, the proposed method leads to higher total harmonic distortion (THD) than CSVPWM. Simulation and experimental results, comparing CSVPWM and the proposed PWM, are presented.

Three-level diode-clamped inverter is being widely used these days. Extensive research has been carried out on pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for a three-level inverter. The most widely used PWM strategies are sine-triangle pulse width modulation (SPWM) and centered space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM). The influence of these PWM strategies on the DC-link capacitor current and voltage ripple is studied in this thesis. The sizing of the DC capacitor depends on value of the maximum RMS current flowing through it. In this work, an analytical expression for capacitor RMS current is derived as a function of operating conditions like modulation index, power factor angle of the load and peak load current. The worst case current stress on the capacitor is evaluated using the analytical expression. The capacitor RMS current is found to be the same in SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The analytical expression is validated through simulations and experiments on a 3kVA MOSFET based three-level inverter. Harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is helpful in better evaluation of capacitor power loss. Therefore, harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is carried out, using the techniques of geometric wall model and double Fourier integral for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The theoretical predictions are validated through experiments. The capacitor RMS current is divided into low-frequency RMS current (where low frequency component is defined as a component whose frequency is less than half the switching frequency) and high-frequency RMS current. The capacitor voltage ripple is estimated analytically for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes, using the low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor RMS current. The voltage ripples due to SPWM and CSVPWM schemes are compared. It is found that the voltage ripple with SPWM is higher than that with CSVPWM. A simplified method to estimate the capacitor power loss, without the requirement of FFT analysis of capacitor current, is proposed. The results from this simplified method agree reasonably well with the results from the detailed method. A space vector based modulation scheme is proposed, which reduces the capacitor RMS current at high power factor angles. However, the proposed method leads to higher total harmonic distortion (THD) than CSVPWM. Simulation and experimental results, comparing CSVPWM and the proposed PWM, are presented.