Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sine Triangle'

Function generator has been widely used in each electronics fields recent years. In this thesis, the authors will introduce some basic structure and working principles of a function generator, moreover a function generator which can create three kinds of wave: sine wave, square wave and triangle wave has been implemented. There are many ways to build the function generator; a method of combine the operational amplifier and discrete components is introduced in this thesis. First use the RC Wien bridge oscillator to achieve sinusoidal wave; and convert it into square wave by using the shaping circuit. Lastly, use the integrating circuit to obtain triangle wave. The basic simulation software Multisim has been used to simulate the circuit.

A voltage source inverter is commonly used to supply a variable frequency variable voltage to a three phase induction motor in a variable speed application. A suitable pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is employed to obtain the required output voltage in the line side of the inverter. Real-time methods for PWM generation can be broadly classified into triangle comparison based PWM (TCPWM) and space vector based PWM (SVPWM). In TCPWM methods such as sine-triangle PWM, three phase reference modulating signals are compared against a common triangular carrier to generate the PWM signals for the three phases. In SVPWM methods, a revolving reference voltage vector is provided as voltage reference instead of three phase modulating waves. The magnitude and frequency of the fundamental component in the line side are controlled by the magnitude and frequency, respectively, of the reference vector. The fundamental line side voltage is proportional to the reference magnitude during linear modulation. With sine-triangle PWM, the highest possible peak phase fundamental voltage is 0.5Vdc, where Vdc is the DC bus voltage, in the linear modulation zone. With techniques such as third harmonic injection PWM and space vector based PWM, the peak phase fundamental voltage can be as high as (formula) (i.e., 0:577Vdc)during linear modulation. To increase the line side voltage further, the operation of the VSI must be extended into the overmodulation region. The overmodulation region extends upto the six-step mode, which gives the highest possible ac voltage for a given (formula). In TCPWM based methods, increasing the reference magnitude beyond a certain level leads to pulse dropping, and gradually leads to six-step operation. However, in SVPWM methods, an overmodulation algorithm is required for controlling the line-side voltage during overmodulation and to achieve a smooth transition from PWM to six-step mode. Numerous overmodulation algorithms have been proposed in the literature for space vector modulated inverter. A well known algorithm among these divides the overmodulation zone into two zones, namely zone-I and zone-II. This is termed as the 'existing overmodulation algorithm' here. This algorithm is modified in the present work to reduce computational burden without much increase in the line current distortion. During overmodulation, the fundamental line side voltage and the reference magnitude are not proportional, which is undesirable from the control point of view. The present work ensures a linear relationship between the two. Apart from the fundamental component, the inverter output voltage mainly consists of harmonic components at high frequencies (around switching frequency and the integral multiples) during linear modulation. However, during overmodulation, low order harmonic components such as 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th etc., are also present in the output voltage. These low order harmonic voltages lead to low order harmonic currents in the motor. The sum of the lower order harmonic currents is termed as 'lower order current ripple'. The present thesis proposes a method for estimation of lower order current ripple in real-time. In closed loop current control, the motor current is fed back to the current controller. During overmodulation, the motor current contains low order harmonics, which appear in the current error fed to the controller. These harmonic currents are amplified by the current error amplifier deteriorating the performance of the drive. It is possible to filter the lower order harmonic currents before being fed back. However, filtering introduces delay in the current loop, and reduces the bandwidth even during linear modulation. In the present work, the estimated lower order current ripple is subtracted from the measured current before the latter is fed back to the controller. The estimation of lower order current ripple and the proposed current control are verified through simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and also experimentally on a laboratory prototype. The experimental setup comprises of a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) based digital controller, an IGBT based inverter and a four-pole squirrel cage induction motor. (Pl refer the original document for formula)

A voltage source inverter is commonly used to supply a variable frequency variable voltage to a three phase induction motor in a variable speed application. A suitable pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is employed to obtain the required output voltage in the line side of the inverter. Real-time methods for PWM generation can be broadly classified into triangle comparison based PWM (TCPWM) and space vector based PWM (SVPWM). In TCPWM methods such as sine-triangle PWM, three phase reference modulating signals are compared against a common triangular carrier to generate the PWM signals for the three phases. In SVPWM methods, a revolving reference voltage vector is provided as voltage reference instead of three phase modulating waves. The magnitude and frequency of the fundamental component in the line side are controlled by the magnitude and frequency, respectively, of the reference vector. The fundamental line side voltage is proportional to the reference magnitude during linear modulation. With sine-triangle PWM, the highest possible peak phase fundamental voltage is 0.5Vdc, where Vdc is the DC bus voltage, in the linear modulation zone. With techniques such as third harmonic injection PWM and space vector based PWM, the peak phase fundamental voltage can be as high as (formula) (i.e., 0:577Vdc)during linear modulation. To increase the line side voltage further, the operation of the VSI must be extended into the overmodulation region. The overmodulation region extends upto the six-step mode, which gives the highest possible ac voltage for a given (formula). In TCPWM based methods, increasing the reference magnitude beyond a certain level leads to pulse dropping, and gradually leads to six-step operation. However, in SVPWM methods, an overmodulation algorithm is required for controlling the line-side voltage during overmodulation and to achieve a smooth transition from PWM to six-step mode. Numerous overmodulation algorithms have been proposed in the literature for space vector modulated inverter. A well known algorithm among these divides the overmodulation zone into two zones, namely zone-I and zone-II. This is termed as the 'existing overmodulation algorithm' here. This algorithm is modified in the present work to reduce computational burden without much increase in the line current distortion. During overmodulation, the fundamental line side voltage and the reference magnitude are not proportional, which is undesirable from the control point of view. The present work ensures a linear relationship between the two. Apart from the fundamental component, the inverter output voltage mainly consists of harmonic components at high frequencies (around switching frequency and the integral multiples) during linear modulation. However, during overmodulation, low order harmonic components such as 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th etc., are also present in the output voltage. These low order harmonic voltages lead to low order harmonic currents in the motor. The sum of the lower order harmonic currents is termed as 'lower order current ripple'. The present thesis proposes a method for estimation of lower order current ripple in real-time. In closed loop current control, the motor current is fed back to the current controller. During overmodulation, the motor current contains low order harmonics, which appear in the current error fed to the controller. These harmonic currents are amplified by the current error amplifier deteriorating the performance of the drive. It is possible to filter the lower order harmonic currents before being fed back. However, filtering introduces delay in the current loop, and reduces the bandwidth even during linear modulation. In the present work, the estimated lower order current ripple is subtracted from the measured current before the latter is fed back to the controller. The estimation of lower order current ripple and the proposed current control are verified through simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and also experimentally on a laboratory prototype. The experimental setup comprises of a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) based digital controller, an IGBT based inverter and a four-pole squirrel cage induction motor. (Pl refer the original document for formula)

Depuis les années 1950, la société occidentale vit de profondes modifications : la famille nucléaire laisse la place à de nouveaux construits familiaux et la société hétéronormative est de plus en plus remise en question par les chercheurs et théoriciens du mouvement queer. Les rapports amoureux ne se constituent plus nécessairement autour d’un homme et d’une femme et de nouvelles structures amoureuses sont recensées, dont les relations triangulaires. En marge de cette présence dans la société, les relations triangulaires sont aussi observées depuis quelques décennies au cinéma et elles intéressent de plus en plus de chercheurs. À l’aide des travaux de Serge Chaumier sur la représentation des triades au cinéma et de la recherche sur les coalitions au sein des triades de Theodore Caplow, nous souhaitons observer les rôles et les fonctions du tiers afin de savoir s’il contribue à la reconfiguration de la société patriarcale. Nous effectuons cette recension des rôles et des fonctions du tiers dans trois films français (Wild Side, Sébastien Lifshitz, 2004; Les Chansons d’amour, Christophe Honoré, 2007; À trois on y va, Jérôme Bonnell, 2015) à l’aide de l’analyse de contenu qualificative, qui nous permet de définir avec plus de précision ces nouvelles constructions identitaires. S’inscrivant dans la poursuite des recherches de Chaumier, notre étude permet de mieux comprendre les nouveaux rôles du tiers au cinéma : il est aujourd’hui perçu davantage comme un allié plutôt qu’une menace. De plus, il est moins représenté à titre d’amant caché. Par contre, les dictats de la société patriarcale imposent toujours leur joug et forcent souvent les relations triangulaires à vivre cachées ou à se déconstruire.

De nos jours, nous générons une quantité immensément grande de données juste en accomplissant nos simples tâches quotidiennes. L'analyse de ces données soulève des challenges ardus. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux aspects des données relationnelles. En premier lieu, nous considérons les données relationnelles dans lesquelles les relations sont pondérées. Un exemple concret serait le nombre commun de suiveurs entre deux utilisateurs de Twitter. Dans un deuxième temps, nous abordons le cas dynamique de ces données qui est inhérent à leur nature. Par exemple, le nombre de suiveurs communs pourrait changer au fil du temps. Dans cette thèse nous utilisons les graphes pour modéliser ces données qui sont à la fois complexes et évolutives. Les travaux de cette thèse s'articulent aussi autour de la détection de communautés pour les graphes pondérés et dynamiques. Pour un utilisateur expert, l'identification de ces communautés pourrait l'aider à comprendre la sémantique sous-jacente à la structure du graphe. Notre hypothèse repose sur l'utilisation des triangles comme ossature pour la détection de communautés. Cela nous a amenés à proposer plusieurs algorithmes : Séparation et évaluation, recherche gloutonne, heuristiques et algorithme génétique sont proposés. En se basant sur cet ensemble de triangles, nous proposons un algorithme de détection de communautés, appelé Tribase. L'idée conductrice de cet algorithme est de comparer les poids des communautés, permettant aux communautés dominantes d'acquérir plus de membres. Les résultats de l'étude comparative sur le benchmark LFR montrent que l'algorithme que nous proposons parvient à détecter les communautés dans les graphes dans lesquels une structure de communautés existe. De plus, l'applicabilité de notre algorithme a été testée sur des données réelles du projet ANR Info-RSN. Dans l'optique d'accompagner l'utilisateur expert dans son processus d'acquisition de l'information, une application visuelle et interactive a été implémentée. NLCOMS (Nœud-Lien et COMmunautéS) propose une panoplie de vues synchronisées pour la représentation de l'information. Par ailleurs, nous proposons dans cette thèse un algorithme de détection de communautés pour les graphes pondérés et dynamiques, appelé Dyci. Dyci permet de gérer les différents scénarios de mise à jour possibles de la structure du graphe. L'idée principale de Dyci est de guetter au cours du temps l'affaiblissement d'une communauté (en termes de poids) dans le but de reconsidérer localement sa place dans la structure, évitant ainsi une réindentification globale des communautés. Une étude comparative a été menée montrant que l'algorithme que nous proposons offre un bon compromis entre la solution obtenue et le temps de calcul. Finalement, l'intégration dans NLCOMS des visualisations adéquates pour la variante dynamique a été effectuée<br>Relational data in our society are on a constant increasing, rising arduous challenges. In this thesis, we consider two aspects of relational data. First, we are interested in relational data with weighted relationship. As a concrete example, relationships among Twitter's users could be weighted with regard to their shared number of followers. The second aspect is related to the dynamism which is inherent to data nature. As an instance, in the previous example the number of common followers between two Twitter's users can change over time. In order to handle these complex and dynamic relational data, we use the modelling strength of graphs. Another facet considered in this thesis deals with community identification on weighted and dynamic graphs. For an analyst, the community detection might be helpful to grasp the semantic behind the graph structure. Our assumption relies on the idea to use a set of disjoint pairwise triangles as a basis to detect the community structure. To select these triangles, several algorithms are proposed (i.e., branch-and-bound, greedy search, heuristics and genetic algorithm). Thereafter, we propose a community detection algorithm, called Tribase. In the latter, the weights of communities are compared allowing dominant communities to gain in size. Tribase is compared with the well-known LFR benchmark. The results show that Tribase identifies efficiently the communities while a community structure exists. Additionally, to asset Tribase on real-world data, we consider social networks data, especially Twitter's data, of the ANR-Info-RSN project. In order to support the analyst in its knowledge acquisition, we elaborate a visual interactive approach. To this end, an interactive application, called NLCOMS is introduced. NLCOMS uses multiple synchronous views for visualizing community structure and the related information. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm for the identification of communities over time, called Dyci. The latter takes advantage from the previously detected communities. Several changes' scenarios are considered like, node/edge addition, node/edge removing and edge weight update. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to track whether a part of the weighted graph becomes weak over time, in order to merge it with the "dominant" neighbour community. In order to assess the quality of the returned community structure, we conduct a comparison with a genetic algorithm on real-world data of the ARN-Info-RSN project. The conducted comparison shows that Dyci algorithm provides a good trade-off between efficiency and consumed time. Finally, the dynamic changes which occur to the underlying graph structure can be visualized with NLCOMS which combines physical an axial time to fulfil this need

De nos jours, nous générons une quantité immensément grande de données juste en accomplissant nos simples tâches quotidiennes. L'analyse de ces données soulève des challenges ardus. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux aspects des données relationnelles. En premier lieu, nous considérons les données relationnelles dans lesquelles les relations sont pondérées. Un exemple concret serait le nombre commun de suiveurs entre deux utilisateurs de Twitter. Dans un deuxième temps, nous abordons le cas dynamique de ces données qui est inhérent à leur nature. Par exemple, le nombre de suiveurs communs pourrait changer au fil du temps. Dans cette thèse nous utilisons les graphes pour modéliser ces données qui sont à la fois complexes et évolutives. Les travaux de cette thèse s'articulent aussi autour de la détection de communautés pour les graphes pondérés et dynamiques. Pour un utilisateur expert, l'identification de ces communautés pourrait l'aider à comprendre la sémantique sous-jacente à la structure du graphe. Notre hypothèse repose sur l'utilisation des triangles comme ossature pour la détection de communautés. Cela nous a amenés à proposer plusieurs algorithmes : Séparation et évaluation, recherche gloutonne, heuristiques et algorithme génétique sont proposés. En se basant sur cet ensemble de triangles, nous proposons un algorithme de détection de communautés, appelé Tribase. L'idée conductrice de cet algorithme est de comparer les poids des communautés, permettant aux communautés dominantes d'acquérir plus de membres. Les résultats de l'étude comparative sur le benchmark LFR montrent que l'algorithme que nous proposons parvient à détecter les communautés dans les graphes dans lesquels une structure de communautés existe. De plus, l'applicabilité de notre algorithme a été testée sur des données réelles du projet ANR Info-RSN. Dans l'optique d'accompagner l'utilisateur expert dans son processus d'acquisition de l'information, une application visuelle et interactive a été implémentée. NLCOMS (Nœud-Lien et COMmunautéS) propose une panoplie de vues synchronisées pour la représentation de l'information. Par ailleurs, nous proposons dans cette thèse un algorithme de détection de communautés pour les graphes pondérés et dynamiques, appelé Dyci. Dyci permet de gérer les différents scénarios de mise à jour possibles de la structure du graphe. L'idée principale de Dyci est de guetter au cours du temps l'affaiblissement d'une communauté (en termes de poids) dans le but de reconsidérer localement sa place dans la structure, évitant ainsi une réindentification globale des communautés. Une étude comparative a été menée montrant que l'algorithme que nous proposons offre un bon compromis entre la solution obtenue et le temps de calcul. Finalement, l'intégration dans NLCOMS des visualisations adéquates pour la variante dynamique a été effectuée<br>Relational data in our society are on a constant increasing, rising arduous challenges. In this thesis, we consider two aspects of relational data. First, we are interested in relational data with weighted relationship. As a concrete example, relationships among Twitter's users could be weighted with regard to their shared number of followers. The second aspect is related to the dynamism which is inherent to data nature. As an instance, in the previous example the number of common followers between two Twitter's users can change over time. In order to handle these complex and dynamic relational data, we use the modelling strength of graphs. Another facet considered in this thesis deals with community identification on weighted and dynamic graphs. For an analyst, the community detection might be helpful to grasp the semantic behind the graph structure. Our assumption relies on the idea to use a set of disjoint pairwise triangles as a basis to detect the community structure. To select these triangles, several algorithms are proposed (i.e., branch-and-bound, greedy search, heuristics and genetic algorithm). Thereafter, we propose a community detection algorithm, called Tribase. In the latter, the weights of communities are compared allowing dominant communities to gain in size. Tribase is compared with the well-known LFR benchmark. The results show that Tribase identifies efficiently the communities while a community structure exists. Additionally, to asset Tribase on real-world data, we consider social networks data, especially Twitter's data, of the ANR-Info-RSN project. In order to support the analyst in its knowledge acquisition, we elaborate a visual interactive approach. To this end, an interactive application, called NLCOMS is introduced. NLCOMS uses multiple synchronous views for visualizing community structure and the related information. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm for the identification of communities over time, called Dyci. The latter takes advantage from the previously detected communities. Several changes' scenarios are considered like, node/edge addition, node/edge removing and edge weight update. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to track whether a part of the weighted graph becomes weak over time, in order to merge it with the "dominant" neighbour community. In order to assess the quality of the returned community structure, we conduct a comparison with a genetic algorithm on real-world data of the ARN-Info-RSN project. The conducted comparison shows that Dyci algorithm provides a good trade-off between efficiency and consumed time. Finally, the dynamic changes which occur to the underlying graph structure can be visualized with NLCOMS which combines physical an axial time to fulfil this need

Cette recherche a pour titre Fonctionnement du triangle de la subjectivité intériorisée dans le roman moderne. Elle a pour but d’étudier la parole et les pensées intérieures du sujet de l’énonciation dans des œuvres romanesques souvent marquées par le décrochage et le "brouillage" des pistes énonciatives. Les trois procédés discursifs et narratifs ciblés sont le monologue intérieur (MI), le discours indirect libre (DIL) et le point de vue (PDV). L’examen des trois piliers du langage intérieur prend appuie sur les apports de la linguistique de l’énonciation, de la polyphonie et de la pragmatique. Cette recherche cible neuf œuvres romanesques que nous plaçons sous l’étiquette de "roman moderne". Ces romans appartiennent à trois auteurs français qui ont développé des récits dont la source locutrice et énonciatrice pose problème. La difficulté de traiter de l’énonciation romanesque dans un corpus choisi en l’occurrence est due essentiellement à l’effacement des frontières entre discours citant et discours cité. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon et Nathalie Sarraute n’appartiennent certes pas aux mêmes courants esthétiques et idéologiques, mais ils ont ceci de commun qu’ils offrent une configuration romanesque qui conduit à s’interroger sur le statut du locuteur et de l’énonciateur dans une forme d’expression qui n’est pas toujours verbalisée<br>This research is entitled Functioning of the Triangle of Internalized Subjectivity in the Modern Novel. It aims at studying the speech and the inner thoughts of the subject of enunciation in fiction often marked by the "interference" in enunciation tracks. The three targeted discursive and narrative processes are internal monologue (MI), free indirect speech ( DIL) and the point of view (PDV) . The examination of the three pillars of the inner language relies on the contributions of linguistics of enunciation, of polyphony and pragmatic. This research targets nine novels that we can classify as belonging to the "modern novel" category. These novels belong to three French authors who have developed narratives in which the source of speaker and enunciator is a cause of ambiguity. The difficulty of dealing with the novelistic enunciation in a textual corpus chosen in this case is mainly due to the blurring of boundaries between reporting speech and reported speech. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon and Nathalie Sarraute do not belong to the same aesthetic and ideological trends, but what they have in common is that they all offer a novel configuration that makes us raise questions about the status of the speaker and the enunciator in a form of expression that is not always verbalized

Reducing disease and increasing fruit quality in vigorous vineyards with dense canopies is demanding of time and resources; unfortunately, vineyards of this nature are common in humid environments. This study investigated the effectiveness with which vine capacity and water status could be regulated as well as if they related to fruit quality and wine sensory perception. The treatments regulating vine size and water status were under-trellis groundcover, root manipulation, rootstocks, and irrigation. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot design before the introduction of the irrigation treatment resulted in incomplete replication in each block. Treatment levels were under-trellis cover crop (CC) compared to under-trellis herbicide (Herb); root restriction bags (RBG) compared to no root manipulation (NRM); three compared rootstocks (101-14, 420-A, riparia Gloire); low water stress (LOW) compared to high water stress (HIGH). Vines grown with RBG and CC regulated vegetative growth more so than conventional treatments, resulting in 56% and 23% greater cluster exposure flux availability (CEFA). High water stress (HIGH) and RBG reduced stem water potential and discriminated less against 13C. Vines grown with RBG and CC consistently reduced harvest berry weight by 17 and 6% compared to conventional treatments. Estimated phenolics were consistently increased by RBG and were correlated with berry weight, vine capacity and CEFA. Sensory attributes were significantly distinguishable between wines produced from vines that differed in both vine capacity and water status, amongst other responses. Treatments have been identified that can alter the sensory perception of wines, with the potential to improve wine quality.<br>Master of Science

Various data structures have been proposed for representing the connectivity of manifold triangle meshes. For example, the Extended Corner Table (ECT) stores V+6T references, where V and T respectively denote the vertex and triangle counts. ECT supports Random Access and Traversal (RAT) operators at Constant Amortized Time (CAT) cost. We propose two novel variations of ECT that also support RAT operations at CAT cost, but can be used to represent and process Simplicial 2-Complexes (S2Cs), which may represent star-connecting, non-orientable, and non-manifold triangulations along with dangling edges, which we call sticks. Vlist stores V+3T+3S+3(C+S-N) references, where S denotes the stick count, C denotes the number of edge-connected components and N denotes the number of star-connecting vertices. Ering stores 6T+3S+3(C+S-N) references, but has two advantages over Vlist: the Ering implementation of the operators is faster and is purely topological (i.e., it does not perform geometric queries). Vlist and Ering representations have two principal advantages over previously proposed representations for simplicial complexes: (1) Lower storage cost, at least for meshes with significantly more triangles than sticks, and (2) explicit support of side-respecting traversal operators which each walks from a corner on the face of a triangle t across an edge or a vertex of t, to a corner on a faces of a triangle or to an end of a stick that share a vertex with t, and this without ever piercing through the surface of a triangle.

This works focusesof the propose and realization device for drive four quadrant bridge convertor with transistors IGBT. Final propose include drive unipolar and bipolar, choice between direct or alternative modulation.

Die Taiwan-Frage war ein Dauerproblem der internationalen Politik im Zeitalter des Kalten Krieges. Auch nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts ist die Taiwan-Frage immer noch ein gefährlicher Konfliktherd in Ostasien und das schwierigste Problem in den Beziehungen zwischen China und den USA. Die Taiwan-Frage ist deshalb ein ausgesprochen wichtiges Thema in der US-Strategie für Ostasien-Pazifik nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konfliktes. Der Aufstieg Chinas wird die Taiwan-Frage in Zukunft unumgänglich wieder aufwerfen und könnte irgendwann einmal eine direkte Konfrontation zwischen China und den USA heraufbeschwören. In Hinblick darauf, dass das Modell des Dreiecks Washington-Taipeh-Beijing besonders gut für die strategische Analyse der Interaktion innerhalb diesen Beziehungsdreiecks ist, will die vorliegende Arbeit auf der systemischen Ebene das Modell des "Taiwan-Straßen-Dreiecks" auch anwenden, um die Taiwan-Frage aus der strategischen Perspektive zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung will auf den Zeitraum von 1990-2000. Dazu sind eine eingehende Darstellung und Analyse der strategischen Strukturen der Taiwan-Frage ebenso notwendig wie eine Auseinandersetzung mit theoretischen Ansätzen und deren Untersuchung in Hinblick auf die ostasiatisch-pazifische Strategie der Vereinigten Staaten. Durch theoretische Untersuchung und empirische Analyse soll diese Forschungsarbeit ein in der politischen Praxis operationalisierbares Modell der strategischen Interaktion in der Taiwan-Frage entwickeln, von dem aus die optimale strategische Option für Taiwan gewählt und somit Lösungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert werden können.<br>The Taiwan issue was a constant problem for international politics during the Cold War era and it has remained a dangerous source of conflict in East Asia ever since. It is the most complicated aspect of Sino-American relations. Therefore the Taiwan issue has been a decisive factor in US East Asian strategy. China s rise to power will inevitably raise the issue again in the future and this could one day lead to direct confrontation between China and the USA. So it follows that the term, strategic triangle, which was used to describe the relationship between Washington, Moscow and Beijing has now also been applied to the interconnections between Washington, Taipei and Beijing. Seeing that the above-mentioned triangular model is extremely useful for a strategic analysis of the interactions within this group, the study presented here attempts to use the model of the "Taiwan Strait Triangle" to examine the Taiwan issue in the changing international system from a strategic perspective. The study presented here concentrates on the time period between 1990 and 2000. Its fundamental prerequisites are a thorough presentation and analysis of the strategic structures pertinent to the Taiwan issue, as well as a discussion of the theories that have been considered and applied in US strategy for East Asia and the Pacific. Moreover, there is great need for further thorough examination of the developments in the Taiwan issue and the strategic configuration in the East Asian and Pacific region in terms of the fundamentally changed strategic circumstances brought about by the changes in the global system after the end of the East - West conflict.

Les travaux effectués lors de cette thèse concernent principalement la triangulation de Delaunay. On montre que la complexité en moyenne - en termes de sites inachevés - du processus de fusion multidimensionnelle dans l'hypothèse de distribution quasi-uniforme dans un hypercube est linéaire en moyenne. Ce résultat général est appliqué au cas du plan et permet d'analyser de nouveaux algorithmes de triangulation de Delaunay plus performants que ceux connus à ce jour. Le principe sous-jacent est de diviser le domaine selon des arbres bidimensionnels (quadtree, 2d-tree, bucket-tree. . . ) puis de fusionner les cellules obtenues selon deux directions. On étudie actuellement la prise en compte de contraintes directement pendant la phase de triangulation avec des algorithmes de ce type. De nouveaux algorithmes pratiques de localisation dans une triangulation sont proposés, basés sur la randomisation à partir d'un arbre binaire de recherche dynamique de type AVL, dont l'un est plus rapide que l'algorithme optimal de Kirkpatrick, au moins jusqu'à 12 millions de sites K Nous travaillons actuellement sur l'analyse rigoureuse de leur complexité en moyenne. Ce nouvel algorithme est utilisé pour construire " en-ligne " une triangulation de Delaunay qui est parmi les plus performantes des méthodes " en-ligne " connues à ce jour.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>電機工程學系所<br>99<br>There are two kinds of frequency synthesizers include of the phase lock loop based synthesizer and the direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS). In this thesis we adopt the DDFS. We will introduce the theorem and the difference between the different structures on DDFS. A new ROM-less DDFS is proposed it. Which uses the method of Triangle-to-Sine Converter, TSC. In the traditional structure of DDFS ,linear digital to analog converter ,and ROM-less DDFS present good power consumption and small chip-area. Both get advantage from traditional DDFS and ROM-less DDFS ,which we used. And the whole system is fabricated in CMOS process. It is convenient to combine with CMOS digital circuit. Otherwise the Triangle-to-Sine Converter is key point in this paper. In this paper we studied and analyze the TSC. When we design the all structure, we demand not only saving area but also higher speed to work out. Because Triangle-to-Sine Converter is the source of everything. Thus, there are three chips designed in this paper. The first one is application of Translinear Loop to achieve TSC. The chip is implemented in 0.18 um CMOS, and the power consumption is about 56mW. The measured resolution is up to 7 bit. The second ones is also implemented in 0.18um CMOS technology with 8bit 2GS/S digital to analog converter. We used the differential pair’s TSC to achieve ROM-less DDFS, resulting in the die area of 0.81mm ×0.64mm and the power consumption of 72mW. The measured resolution is up to 7.5 bit, while the operation speed is up to 1.5GHz. Using 90nm CMOS processing can operate at 7.5GHz, while maximum SFDR is 48dB, the dia area is 1.3mm ×0.98mm, and the power consumption is 182mW.

碩士<br>國立臺南大學<br>應用數學研究所碩士班<br>100<br>This study is focus on reviewing of lessons. Under learning and teaching in the frame of metacognition, we can encourage students to relational understanding, discovering the relationships of laws sine, law of cosine and congruence of triangles. And then, we trained strategies of problem solving of students, to improve their ability as they faced to several kinds of problems. Self-regulation, the theory of a master of psychology, Piaget (1964, 1971), told us that human learns in two ways, assimilation and accommodation. Learning is a procedure that assimilation and accommodation occurs repeatedly. Understanding the reasons behind the theories can make students bring their knowledge into their schema. What teachers can do is help them learning meaningful, which called relational understanding by Skemp (1987, 2007). And besides, we need learning and teaching under metacognition, students look back how they know after learning, teachers monitor the procedure and adjust their methods as they teaching. There were 3 phases in this study. First: Linking of laws sine, law of cosine and congruence of triangles. We begun with 5 concepts of congruence of triangles, students learned how to match laws sine, law of cosine with congruence of triangles by the idea “known and unknown information build up formula.” Second: Thinking of procedure problems. Using complex problems to build up the concept “congruence of triangles is the condition that a triangle can be defined uniquely,” thus students can begin with finding out congruence of triangles as they solving problems. Final: Go further, problem solving. We researched much more difficult problems here, solving with the strategies of problem solving of Polya (1945), to improving the abilities in thinking, problem solving and applications.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>政治學研究所<br>93<br>Former studies on the strategic triangle almost exclusively focused on the interactions of the three main players in the triangle. This work aims to overcome the restrictions of these existing studies. It extends the theory of the strategic triangle discussing the action and interaction of a forth player. This player is called “middle player” whose strategy is shaped by the structural restriction of the strategic triangle. The study includes two parts: the first part deals with the extension of the theory, while the second part applies the theory in a case study. In the first part I attempt to put the strategic triangle into a structure level on the theoretical basis of Structural Realism. Then I extend the former studies of the strategic triangle to construct an analysis model. Calculating the self-utility and relative status of the middle player, I try to analyze what strategy a middle player should take with the objective of increasing its status and maximizing its interests in the giving structure of the triangle. In order to test the validity of this study’s analysis model, I choose Japan as middle player. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of US-Sino-Soviet strategic triangle, which existed in the East Asia sub-system during 1971 to 1991, on the policy making of Japan.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>理學院科技與數位學習學程<br>102<br>This study compares two teaching contexts – " Finding the Third Point for a Given Side " and " Ruler" – to investigate their effects on students’ learning achievement and perceptions of cognitive load in "SSS", "ASA", "AAS", "SAS "and" RHS " two triangles congruent determine the nature of teaching. Quasi-experimental in design, this study involves 120 participants from 4 8th-grade classes in a junior high school in Hsinchu city. The teaching context of the experimental group was based on " Finding the Third Point for a Given Side " while students in the control group were " Ruler " teaching context. The result was analyzed through two-way ANOVA, with teaching context and achievement level being independent variables and scores in post-test and delayed post-test and cognitive load being the dependent variables. Scores in both post-test and delayed post-test were analyzed as four individual parts, including total scores, the basic knowledge, understanding of concepts, and application of concepts. The participants’ perceptions of cognitive load were measured through cognitive load measurement, while scores of instructional efficiency and instructional involvement were used to synthetically determine their learning achievement and whether the expertise reversal effect had been observed in the high achievers. The results showed that: (1) Total scores, understanding and application of concepts are found to be siginifcant in the post test in the " Finding the Third Point for a Given Side " teaching context; the variable of achievement level had on scores in post test was found to be significant in total scores, basic knowledge, understanding and application of the concept. (2) Judging from the synthesis of instructional efficiency and ii 5 instructional involvement score, participants in the experimental group belonged to learners of high involvement high achievement learning style while participants in the control group were described as learners of low involvement and low achievement learning style. Neither teachin

Major energy-consuming countries implemented new laws on energy-efficiency during the course of 2013. The new energy-efficiency law make provision for a 16% reduction in energy intensity by 2015 in China. New law in the United States of America requires new fuel-economy standards. European Union law aims for a cut of 20% in energy demand for the countries forming part of the European Union. Japan, with the country's new energy strategy aims to decrease electricity demand with 10% by 2030 as stipulated in the new energy strategy. South Arica is currently experiencing a shortage in electricity generating capacity and operates within its reserve margin. The construction of new power stations is in process to address the shortage but Eskom must finance these assets by increasing the electricity tariff. Electricity prices are predicted to double from 2013 to 2017. In addition to the tariff increases, the Energy Conservation Scheme (ECS) is also planned by Eskom whereby all electricity consumers have to reduce their electricity consumption by 10% or face penalties. Energy efficiency initiatives in South Africa will help meet some of the country's social, economic, and environmental goals. These initiatives are important as they immediately tackle the problem of electricity shortages and are a cost-effective way of increasing available electricity supply. The aim of this study was to determine the need for businesses in the Vaal Triangle to be resource efficient and practice clean production in order to be able to capitalise on that need. With the current knowledge and technology available, Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production (RECP) will prove to be a future necessity for industry. To determine the perceived readiness towards a green economy contribution is thus of importance. The study did a review on RECP, energy efficiency, supply of energy in South Africa, focus areas for energy efficiency and the benefits thereof. The study discussed energy efficiency incentive schemes and subsidisation funds available in South Africa. The study assessed the primary fields for RECP, the drivers and barriers to RECP and the willingness to participate in RECP initiatives in the Vaal Triangle. The study concluded that there exists a need in the Vaal Triangle for RECP initiatives and that there exists potential for the start of a green economy in the region. The research indicated the reaction towards RECP initiatives to be very positive in the studied region.<br>MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>理學院科技與數位學習學程<br>102<br>In view of the low achievement students have difficulties in learning congruence of triangles, this study investigated the impact of three different context of materials for remedial teaching in congruence of triangles. Where "Analytic group" fixed a side then analyzing how many conditions are required to ensure that the two triangles are congruent and "Constructive group" fixed a side then thinking how to find the third vertex to ensure that two triangles are congruent relative to "Ruler group" understanding the significance of congruence of triangles by ruler and compass construction. The research is based on analysis of covariance quasi-experimental design. Ninety low achievement students from a New Taipei City junior hight school are participated in this study. Summarizing the results: (1) there is no significant difference in learning effect between three groups, (2) three groups have significant progress in the post-test, (3) "Analytic group" and "Constructive group" have significant progress in the delayed posttest. So we can see students learning congruence of triangles through understanding, in addition to enhance learning effect, but also have better performance in the delayed posttest.

碩士<br>國立高雄師範大學<br>數學系<br>105<br>Abstract The main purpose of this study was to investigate the error types in the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles made by the 8th graders at a certain junior high school in Kaohsiung, and further explore and analyze the causes of the errors. This study adopted the survey research design and conducted the investigation in two phases. The first phase was the preparation phase, focusing on the literature review, analysis of junior high school math teaching materials, self-made junior high school math teaching materials, reference to the test questions in the previous Basic Competence Tests for Junior High School Students, the Comprehensive Assessment Programs for Junior High School Students and various versions of practice exams to compile the examination paper of “Analysis of the Error Types in the Relationships between the Sides and the Angles of Triangles.” A total of 31 8th graders and 32 9th graders were selected using non-random sampling and convenience sampling methods as the pre-test samples to write the examination paper. The results of the pre-test were used for further discussion and modification in order to complete the formal examination paper. The second phase was the formal test and analysis phase. A total of 236 8th graders were selected as the samples of the formal test. Further, in order to understand these students’ thoughts when answering the questions and to analyze the causes of their errors, several of them were randomly selected to conduct the semi-structured interviews. The results of this study are listed as follows: 1. The error types that students made in the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles could be divided into the following categories: (1) did not understand the basic definition, (2) used the wrong operation rules, (3) did not understand the meaning of the questions, (4) made mistakes during graphic drawing, (5) guessed only by the graphs, (6) deducted by intuition, (7) made unreasonable deduction. 2. This study found that the most common error type that students made in the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles was they tended to guess only by the graphs, and they could not effectively use the basic rules to deduct and judge. The second common error type was the mistakes made during the operation of inequality and the interpretation of questions since they simply did not know how to deal with the questions. Keywords: relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles, geometry, auxiliary line, error types

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>政治學研究所<br>99<br>A core claim of liberal international relations theory is that economic exchange engenders peaceful interstate relations through the creation of common interests. International businessmen desire that their home governments avoid national policy lines that offend the foreign countries on which their businesses depend. As a result, if such offensive behaviors occur, businessmen protest to their politicians, who then act to moderate their governments&apos;&apos; political-security policy. This thesis examines the liberal claim using the case of Japan&apos;&apos;s relationship with China since the Koizumi administration began in April 2001. During this ten-year period, Japan&apos;&apos;s economic dependence on China grew rapidly, with China overtaking the United States as Japan&apos;&apos;s number-one trading partner in 2004, and becoming the top destination for Japan&apos;&apos;s foreign direct investment in 2010. Given the weakness of Japan&apos;&apos;s domestic economy, this booming interaction with China was seen as helping Japan to rise out of its long recession and recover vitality. During this decade, China evolved into an indispensible economic partner for Japanese businesses, as a source for manufacturing capability, inexpensive labor, natural resources, and, most promisingly, consumption of Japanese products. Yet, contrary to the liberal claim, Japan&apos;&apos;s economic dependence on China did not moderate Tokyo&apos;&apos;s political-security policy toward Beijing. At the same time that Japanese trade and investment flows to China intensified, Tokyo&apos;&apos;s political and security relations with Beijing became complicated by nationalist conflicts and China&apos;&apos;s growing military power. Due to different views of history, Japanese people grew frustrated and lost affinity toward Chinese people. In response to concern about the assertive activity of the PLA Navy in the East China Sea,the Japanese government exercised several countermeasures, including strengthening the capability of the SDF and enhancing cooperation inside the Japan-US alliance. This thesis reviews the economic, political, and security aspects of Japan&apos;&apos;s interaction with China since the Koizumi administration, which show contradictory developments in Japan&apos;&apos;s economic policy and political-security policy toward China during these ten years. It then looks deeper at the political significance of Japan&apos;&apos;s economic dependence on China, through inspecting three hypothetical causal linkages across which economic dependence can moderate national policy. With a few notable exceptions, the scarcity of evidence to support these linkages underlines the absence of economic dependence&apos;&apos;s pacifying effect on Japanese political-security policy toward China. Based on this finding, the thesis concludes that Japan&apos;&apos;s economic reliance on China did not bring Tokyo closer to Beijing on political and security issues between 2001 and 2011, and did not significantly influence the strategic structure of the China-Japan-US triangle.

Three-level diode-clamped inverter is being widely used these days. Extensive research has been carried out on pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for a three-level inverter. The most widely used PWM strategies are sine-triangle pulse width modulation (SPWM) and centered space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM). The influence of these PWM strategies on the DC-link capacitor current and voltage ripple is studied in this thesis. The sizing of the DC capacitor depends on value of the maximum RMS current flowing through it. In this work, an analytical expression for capacitor RMS current is derived as a function of operating conditions like modulation index, power factor angle of the load and peak load current. The worst case current stress on the capacitor is evaluated using the analytical expression. The capacitor RMS current is found to be the same in SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The analytical expression is validated through simulations and experiments on a 3kVA MOSFET based three-level inverter. Harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is helpful in better evaluation of capacitor power loss. Therefore, harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is carried out, using the techniques of geometric wall model and double Fourier integral for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The theoretical predictions are validated through experiments. The capacitor RMS current is divided into low-frequency RMS current (where low frequency component is defined as a component whose frequency is less than half the switching frequency) and high-frequency RMS current. The capacitor voltage ripple is estimated analytically for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes, using the low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor RMS current. The voltage ripples due to SPWM and CSVPWM schemes are compared. It is found that the voltage ripple with SPWM is higher than that with CSVPWM. A simplified method to estimate the capacitor power loss, without the requirement of FFT analysis of capacitor current, is proposed. The results from this simplified method agree reasonably well with the results from the detailed method. A space vector based modulation scheme is proposed, which reduces the capacitor RMS current at high power factor angles. However, the proposed method leads to higher total harmonic distortion (THD) than CSVPWM. Simulation and experimental results, comparing CSVPWM and the proposed PWM, are presented.

Three-level diode-clamped inverter is being widely used these days. Extensive research has been carried out on pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for a three-level inverter. The most widely used PWM strategies are sine-triangle pulse width modulation (SPWM) and centered space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM). The influence of these PWM strategies on the DC-link capacitor current and voltage ripple is studied in this thesis. The sizing of the DC capacitor depends on value of the maximum RMS current flowing through it. In this work, an analytical expression for capacitor RMS current is derived as a function of operating conditions like modulation index, power factor angle of the load and peak load current. The worst case current stress on the capacitor is evaluated using the analytical expression. The capacitor RMS current is found to be the same in SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The analytical expression is validated through simulations and experiments on a 3kVA MOSFET based three-level inverter. Harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is helpful in better evaluation of capacitor power loss. Therefore, harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is carried out, using the techniques of geometric wall model and double Fourier integral for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The theoretical predictions are validated through experiments. The capacitor RMS current is divided into low-frequency RMS current (where low frequency component is defined as a component whose frequency is less than half the switching frequency) and high-frequency RMS current. The capacitor voltage ripple is estimated analytically for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes, using the low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor RMS current. The voltage ripples due to SPWM and CSVPWM schemes are compared. It is found that the voltage ripple with SPWM is higher than that with CSVPWM. A simplified method to estimate the capacitor power loss, without the requirement of FFT analysis of capacitor current, is proposed. The results from this simplified method agree reasonably well with the results from the detailed method. A space vector based modulation scheme is proposed, which reduces the capacitor RMS current at high power factor angles. However, the proposed method leads to higher total harmonic distortion (THD) than CSVPWM. Simulation and experimental results, comparing CSVPWM and the proposed PWM, are presented.

Duwamish people are “the People of the Inside,” “the Salmon People”—Coast Salish people who occupied a large territory inside the Olympic Mountains and the Cascade range. Ninety Longhouses were situated where Seattle and several neighbouring cities now stand. Today, over six hundred Duwamish are urban Indigenous people without legal recognition as an American Indian tribe, still battling for rights promised by the Point Elliott Treaty of 1855. Portrayals of Duwamish history since the time of colonization are often incomplete or incorrect. A tribe member myself, I set out to record and present family stories concerning the period 1850 to the present from participants from six Duwamish families. I gathered histories told in the words of the people whose family experiences they are. It is history from a Duwamish perspective, in Duwamish voices. Collected family stories are recorded in the appendices to my dissertation. In my ethnographic study, I inquire as to what strengths have carried Duwamish people through their experiences since colonization. The stories reveal beliefs and practices which have supported the Duwamish people, and hopes for the future. Data was gathered using multiple methods, including fieldwork—visiting a master weaver; attending tribal meetings; and visiting historic sites—reading existing documents by Duwamish authors and by settlers, and interviewing, including looking at photos to elicit information. Five themes emerged from the data: Finding a True History; What Made Them Strong; Intermarriage; Working for the People; and Working with the Youth. These themes together constitute what I term the Indigenous Star of Resilience (see Figure One in Chapter Six). For me, this study has truly been swit ulis uyayus—“work that the Creator has wrapped around me” (Vi Hilbert, quoted in Yoder, 2004); work that is a gift.<br>Graduate<br>0727<br>0452<br>0740<br>juliemorgana@yahoo.ca

The second term of the presidency of Barack Obama was an active phase of interactions among Russia, the United States, and China. At that time, many issues came up to be able to shake the international situation (e.g., the rise of ISIS, the South China Sea issue, the THAAD, TPP, Ukrainian crisis). The author selected four issues (trade, counterterrorism, the South China Sea issue, the THAAD) to analyze how the states were interacting among themselves (Russia-US, US-China, China-Russia) and how it influenced the international order. Two basic international theories will be applied - realism and liberalism (offensive realism, neo-liberal institutionalism, economic interdependency, and theory of triangle) to understand the interactions and discuss them.