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Chang, Tao-Ku, and Fu-Hao Yeh. "Using the Same PayWord Chains Associated with a Single Account from Multiple Mobile Devices." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (November 20, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882655.
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Customer awareness and interest in mobile payments are increasing. However, security and privacy risks remain major barriers to their adoption, with customers worrying about their personal data being hacked or intercepted. In this paper, we present the design of a secure scheme for mobile payments that can guarantee mutual nonrepudiation between the customer, merchant, and banker. A customer can use the proposed scheme to make a payment with the same PayWord chains of a single account from multiple devices.
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SALPUTRA, G., F. CHANTREUIL, and K. HANRAHAN. "Policy harmonized approach for the EU agricultural sector modelling." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 2 (2008): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611797215655.
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Policy harmonized (PH) approach allows for the quantitative assessment of the impact of various elements of EU CAP direct support schemes, where the production effects of direct payments are accounted through reaction prices formed by producer price and policy price add-ons. Using the AGMEMOD model the impacts of two possible EU agricultural policy scenarios upon beef production have been analysed full decoupling with a switch from historical to regional Single Payment scheme or alternatively with re-distribution of country direct payment envelopes via introduction of EU-wide flat area payment. The PH approach, by systematizing and harmonizing the management and use of policy data, ensures that projected differential policy impacts arising from changes in common EU policies reflect the likely actual differential impact as opposed to differences in how common policies are implemented within analytical models. In the second section of the paper the AGMEMOD models structure is explained. The policy harmonized evaluation method is presented in the third section. Results from an application of the PH approach are presented and discussed in the papers penultimate section, while section 5 concludes.;
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Blaas, G. "Slovak agriculture and the integration into the EU." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 3 (2012): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5174-agricecon.
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The paper is briefly outlining the expected changes in the economic and financial pre-conditions for Slovak farming during the period after the country’s accession to the EU. The starting point of authors reasoning is the current piece of knowledge, saying that the economic performance of individual farms is widely differentiated and the ability of individual farms to meet the future challenges and to use the opportunities is very unevenly distributed among them. Also the competitiveness if a particular agricultural commodity varies. Despite of expectations concerning the price development after accession, not all commodities will be competitive on the single market. The economic situation of farms will considerably benefit from direct payments. Nevertheless, the fact that the Slovak government opted for the Single Area payment Scheme will have some adverse effects on possible gains from payments in productive regions and in farms with high output performance. In order to mitigate these redistribution effects the author is proposing to implement a different scheme of allocation of national top-up is to direct payments. In the final part of his paper the author gives a comprehensive review on payments aimed to promote rural development and payments from the Guidance section of the EAGGF targeted at enhancement of farm re-structuring.
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Yoo, Youngseo, Dongil Seo, and Minhyun Kim. "Payment Guaranteed Polynomial Exchange Rate Scheme and Its Application to Cryptocurrency Swaps." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 4, no. 1 (2020): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2020.01.004.
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In this paper, we introduce a scheme, called Polynomial Exchange Rate Scheme (PERS), to generate ex-change rate functions for token swap systems, and show that the functions generated are consistent, stable, and resilient. We show that payments are guaranteed in PERS if the Single Circulation Source principle is adopted (i.e., PG-PERS). Compared to the existing deposit-based exchange rate schemes, PG-PERS is a scheme that requires no initial key token deposit and its price changes have relatively stable rates especially in extreme cases. As an application of PG-PERS, we present a token swap service, called Fanco Swap, for swapping the ERC20 token used on aFan, an incentivized social media platform, and Ether coin. We also cover several practical issues such as precision and computation cost problems and the solutions to them, which adopted in the implementation of Fanco Swap. The paper contains a comprehensive survey on exist-ing cryptocurrency exchange services and their pricing mechanism, followed by a formal development of the proposed exchange rate scheme and its comparison with one of the most representative existing ex-change rate schemes.
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Drenková, L., P. Schwarcz, and A. Bandlerová. "Utilisation of the direct EU payments in Slovak agriculture after the 2003 Common Agricultural Policy reform." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 8 (2009): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2629-agricecon.
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The paper analyses and compares the EU direct payments in the conditions of the Slovak Republic during the monitored period 2004–2006. The 2003 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (hereafter CAP) introduces a considerable simplification of the EU producers’ support and a general improvement of the market orientation of agriculture. The Slovak Republic has temporarily adopted the system of the Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS) which is used in the old member states. The Slovak Republic can use this system until the end of the year 2010. The amount of the direct payments in 2004 was 53.1% of the EU average. The prediction for 2007 was 70% of the EU average, provided that the state co-finances 30%.
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Takáč, Ivan, Jarmila Lazíková, Ľubica Rumanovská, Anna Bandlerová, and Zuzana Lazíková. "The Factors Affecting Farmland Rental Prices in Slovakia." Land 9, no. 3 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9030096.
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Agricultural land is a limited natural resource with increasing economic value. This study analyses land rental relationships in Slovakia, including legal rental regulations, and identifies the impact of certain factors, such as the European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments, and geographical and economic factors on land rental prices. From the results of econometric models, it was found that certain CAP payments have an effect on rental prices, mainly the single area payment scheme (SAPS), payments for agri-environmental-climate schemes (AECS), and animal welfare, which were found to have positive effects. Other important factors found to influence rental prices are economic indicators (such as total revenue share of total costs, share of revenue from agricultural production in terms of total revenue, share of production costs as a percentage of total costs, wages, and number of employees) and geographical factors (such as region or partial production areas). However, the distance of the farm from the district city (LAU 1) and the share of farmland affected by natural constraints do not considerably affect rental prices in Slovakia. Land consolidation is a statistically significant factor according to the models; however, its impact is almost zero. Knowledge of these factors constitutes important know-how, not only for policy makers but also for the actors operating in the land rental market (e.g., landlords, tenants, experts on land valuation, and real estate agents).
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Alcock, Pete, Jane Shepherd, Gill Stewart, and John Stewart. "Welfare Rights Work into the 1990s—a Changing Agenda." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 1 (1991): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940001847x.
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ABSTRACTThe authors discuss the development of welfare rights advisory work in Britain, tracing its origins from the Community Development Projects of the late 1960s to services which are funded mainly by local government. Changes in social security legislation in 1980 introduced a largely non-discretionary regulated scheme which was quickly exploited by welfare rights advisers to maximise the take-up of single payments. Advisers and social workers were blamed for generating a deluge of claims by informing claimants of their right to extra benefit. Hence, in 1986, the government restricted entitlement to single payments. It is argued, on the basis of a survey of single payment queries made to welfare rights advisory agencies, that those restrictions foreshadowed the coming of the social fund—with its discretion, cash limit and extremely limited eligibility. The implications for welfare rights work in this changed climate are considered.
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Martinho, Vítor João Pereira Domingues. "Output Impacts of the Single Payment Scheme in Portugal." Outlook on Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2015): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2015.0203.
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Xia, Zhe, Yining Liu, Ching-Fang Hsu, and Chin-Chen Chang. "An Information Theoretically Secure E-Lottery Scheme Based on Symmetric Bivariate Polynomials." Symmetry 11, no. 1 (2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010088.
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E-lottery schemes have attracted much interest from both industry and academia recently, because they are not only useful to raise funds for charity institutions, but also can be used as the major building blocks to design micro-payment systems. In the literature, a number of e-lottery schemes have been introduced over the last two decades. However, most of these schemes rely on some computational assumptions. In this paper, we introduce a novel e-lottery scheme that achieves information theoretical security. Our proposed scheme is designed using symmetric bivariate polynomials, and it satisfies the required security properties, such as correctness, unpredictability, verifiability, and robustness. Moreover, the winning number is generated in a distributed fashion, so that no trusted third party needs to be involved and the danger of a single point of failure is minimized.
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Möllmann, Johannes, Marius Michels, and Oliver Musshoff. "German farmers’ acceptance of subsidized insurance associated with reduced direct payments." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 3 (2019): 408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2018-0071.
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Purpose The outstanding reform of the Common Agriculture Policy allows for changes regarding its most criticized component, the direct payment scheme. The purpose of this paper is to investigate farmers’ acceptance of subsidized whole farm income insurance (WFI) and single-crop, multi-peril revenue insurance (RI) that are associated with a reduction of direct payments. Design/methodology/approach By applying a generalized multinomial logit model on data of a discrete choice experiment, German farmers’ preferences, expressed as their willingness to pay (WTP), for WFI and RI are revealed. Findings The results show a positive WTP for WFI and RI. The average farmer has a higher WTP for WFI than for RI. By increasing the coverage level, the negative influence of a reduction of direct payments on WTP for insurance can be compensated. Individual risk attitude and assessed importance of direct payments for the farm business show a statistically significant influence on the WTP. Practical implications The results suggest that, even if direct payments were abolished in order to subsidize WFI or RI, German farmers’ WTP for both insurance products would remain positive. However, to finally assess whether subsidizing insurance is the right means of providing public support, it is necessary to assess whether farmers’ WTP meets the costs for such an insurance scheme. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study investigating German farmers’ WTP for WFI and RI using an experimental approach by explicitly considering the partial to complete replacement of direct payments by subsidized insurance.
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Lazíková, Jarmila, Anna Bandlerová, Ľubica Rumanovská, Ivan Takáč, and Zuzana Lazíková. "Crop Diversity and Common Agricultural Policy—The Case of Slovakia." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (2019): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051416.
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Crop diversity has an important role in sustainable agroecosystems. This study analyzed the crop diversity of agricultural holdings in particular regions (NUTS III) in Slovakia and identified the impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments on the crop diversity of agricultural holdings. There are regional disparities in crop diversity in Slovakia. The highest crop diversity is typical for the regions with the best soil quality. From the results of econometric models, it was found that some of the CAP payments have an effect on crop diversity, mainly single area payment scheme (SAPS) payments, which had a negative effect, and payments for areas facing natural constraints (ANC) and animal welfare, which were found to have positive effects. It can be concluded that the second pillar of the CAP is able to improve or at least maintain crop diversity in Slovakia. Other important factors found to influence crop diversity are irrigation, total crop area corresponding with the farm size, geographical location including the soil quality, and the legal structure of agricultural holdings. However, the distance of the farm from the city, the education of managers, and membership in farmers’ associations are not important factors for crop diversity in Slovakia.
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Walker, Robert, and Dorothy Lawton. "Social Assistance and Territorial Justice: The Example of Single Payments." Journal of Social Policy 17, no. 4 (1988): 437–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400017013.
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ABSTRACTSocial assistance in many countries is administered locally. Centralised, uniform schemes, such as those which operate in Britain are often assumed to guarantee, or at least to enhance, territorial equity, that is the equal treatment of individuals with identical needs irrespective of where they live. This assumption is examined with respect to the system of single payments—lump sum payments to meet exceptional needs—which existed prior to the 1988 social security reforms. Although much of the geographic variation in the volume of awards which used to exist is explicable in terms of variations in the level of need, territorial inequity is demonstrated to have occurred in what was a nationally administered and closely regulated scheme. The reasons for the inequity seem in part to have been due to variations in office work flow and working practices, welfare rights activity and unidentified processes linked in some way to the regional administrative structure of DHSS.
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Isern-Deyà, Andreu Pere, M. Magdalena Payeras-Capellà, Macià Mut-Puigserver, and Josep L. Ferrer-Gomila. "Anonymous and Fair Micropayment Scheme with Protection against Coupon Theft." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 4, no. 2 (2013): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaras.2013040103.
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The development of new applications of electronic commerce (e-commerce) that require the payment of small amounts of money to purchase services or goods opens new challenges in the security and privacy fields. These payments are called micropayments and they provide a trade-off between efficiency and security requirements to pay low-value items. It is usual to assume low value fraud to achieve efficiency in micropayment systems. In this paper the authors present an improved version of an efficient and secure micropayment scheme which fulfils the security properties that guarantee no financial risk for merchants and the privacy of the customers. In addition, the proposed system defines a fair exchange between the coin and the desired good or service. In this fair exchange, the anonymity and untraceability of the customers are assured. Moreover, customers can request a refund whether they are no more interested on the services offered by merchants. As a novelty, an improvement of the scheme avoids customers to fraudulently use a refund operation to gain a little amount of money (called coupon). Thus, a new resolution subprotocol allows the merchant to avoid the loss of any single coupon.
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Widhiasthini, Ni Wayan, Ni Putu Bayu Widhi Antari, Nyoman Sri Subawa, Ni Nyoman Sri Wisudawati, and Ida Nyoman Basmantra. "Collaborative Governance Implementation in Cash-For-Work Schemes, Case Study in Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 3 (2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.8.
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Due to the new governance paradigm, the government involves civil society and private and public sectors instead of being a single actor in its activities. This paradigm represents a collaborative governance practice with the New Public Management principles. The government optimizes the village funds through a cash-for-work scheme that implements village development by allocating 30% wages. The purpose of this study is to examine the government's efforts to reduce cash payments and workforce in various activities. The research problem is focused on the impact of collaborative governance implementation in cash-for-work schemes in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province. Furthermore, the collaborative governance principles are examined as a state administration's new paradigm. Jembrana Regency was selected as the research location because it highly utilizes the village funds with a cash-for-work scheme than other regencies in Bali Province. This study used descriptive analysis and determined informants purposively. The results show that collaborative governance has a socio-economic impact on cash-for-work schemes, reducing the urban bias and related practices. Moreover, these results indicate counter-disruption in cash-for-work schemes, which do not apply to non-cash payments, digitization, and workforce reduction. The limitations of this study lie in the locus coverage and research focus.
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Czyzewski, Bazyli, Radoslaw Trojanek, and Anna Matuszczak. "The effects of use values, amenities and payments for public goods on farmland prices: Evidence from Poland." Acta Oeconomica 68, no. 1 (2018): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.1.7.
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The article contributes to the debate on how land prices are affected by production values, by farming subsidies and by environmental amenities. The authors carried out a comprehensive review of the literature on the actual determinants of land value and made an attempt to classify different approaches to this matter. Then they performed an empirical case study of the drivers of agricultural land values in a leading agricultural region of Poland. The aim of the study is to establish how the use values of land, amenities and policy payments contribute to land values in the Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS), which operates in Poland. The study is based on a sample of 653 transactions during the years 2010–2013. A hierarchical regression (ML-IGLS method) was used, where the unobserved heterogeneity is attributed to the location-specific factors at different levels of analysis. Results indicate that the policy payments for public goods decapitalise the value of land, whereas the environmental amenities have a relatively strong influence on farmland prices.
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Cardwell, Michael, and Christopher Rodgers. "Reforming the WTO Legal Order for Agricultural Trade: Issues for European Rural Policy in the Doha Round." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2006): 805–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei131.
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AbstractEuropean farm policy has undergone radical change in recent years, culminating in the Agenda 2000 reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy agreed in 1999 and then their Mid-Term Review in 2003. In particular, subsidy payments have been substantially ‘decoupled’ from production and switched decisively towards providing income support for farmers under a new ‘single farm payment’ scheme. These reforms have been predicated upon the need to win acceptance for Community farm subsidies in the Doha Round of WTO negotiations. This article examines the new law of the Common Agricultural Policy against the background of the domestic support reduction commitments contained in the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. It questions the extent to which the single farm payment scheme fulfils the requirements for ‘green box’ exemption from such commitments. Options for the re-negotiation of the Agreement on Agriculture are discussed, including measures to improve the justiciability of its terms and to exclude discriminatory and trade-distorting domestic support. The article also considers the implications of the recent WTO Appellate Body Decisions inUnited States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton and European Communities-Export Subsidies on Sugar. It concludes that the Community will have difficulty gaining acceptance for its reforms among WTO Members. Whatever the legitimacy of its subsidy regime within the framework of the current Agreement on Agriculture, the emergence of a strong negotiating position among developing countries, posited on opposition to the volume of farm support maintained by the Community and United States, may present even greater obstacles to the conclusion of a new Agreement on Agriculture in the Doha Round.
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Boland, M., J. Hill, and P. O’Connor. "Changing the milk supply to increase cheese yield: The Kaikoura experience." BSAP Occasional Publication 25 (2000): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500040899.
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AbstractThis paper describes the steps that were taken to increase the productivity of a commercial cheese company by genetically altering the milk composition. These steps included validation of the effect of b–lactoglobulin polymorphism on casein production and cheese yield under typical New Zealand pastoral farming conditions, manufacture and ripening of cheese from single variant milks, selection of a suitable company to trial breeding for a single variant, development of a suitable payment scheme to reflect the additional value of the higher casein milk, development of a testing regime to support the payment system and getting buy–in from the company. These steps have all been taken, and the company has pursued the recommended breeding strategy for 3 years, purchased instrumentation and elected to move to the new testing and payment scheme for the current dairy season.
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HARRISON, MARGARET. "The Reformed Australian Child Support Scheme." Journal of Family Issues 12, no. 4 (1991): 430–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251391012004003.
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The Australian child support reforms were introduced in two stages between mid-1988 and late 1989. The first stage sought to increase the collection and payment of money due by reason of a court order, by establishing the Child Support Agency within the Taxation Office. This agency assumes responsibility for locating missing liable parents and, where possible, withdraws the amount owed from the salaries of liable parents. The second stage uses the collection and payment mechanisms established under Stage 1 and also assesses amounts due administratively by applying a formula that takes account of parental taxable income and the number of children for whom there is a support liability. Results of an evaluation of the first stage of the scheme are discussed. Although single-parent poverty will not be resolved by measures such as those initiated by the Australian government, the evidence is that amounts awarded under Stage 1 are higher than they were prior to the introduction of the reforms and that administrative assessment under Stage 2 is yielding higher amounts.
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Schmitz, Andrew, Troy G. Schmitz, and Paul Schure. "High Commodity Prices and the EU's Single Payment Scheme: Some Consequences of Double-Dipping." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 56, no. 4 (2008): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2008.00145.x.
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Palšová, Lucia, and Pavol Schwarcz. "Development of Legal Regulation of the Direct Support of Agriculture in The Period of 2004 – 2013." EU agrarian Law 2, no. 1 (2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2013-0004.
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Abstract The Accession Treaty allowed the new Member States to temporarily establish a different system of payment subsidies in agriculture, compared to the system in force in the old Member States. It is a system of the so called Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS). This system can be used in the Slovak Republic until the end of 2013. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the rules for the direct support of agriculture within the SAPS and its actual implementation in the period 2004 - 2013.
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Zaki Awang Chek, Mohd, Isma Liana Ismail, and Nur Faezah Jamal. "Optimising Contribution Rate for SOCSO’s Invalidity Pension Scheme: Actuarial Present Value (APV)." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.33 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.33.23491.
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This study proposes the optimization of the contribution rate for Social Security Organization (SOCSO)’s Invalidity Pension Scheme (IPS). This study aims to statistically analyses the current situation of the contribution fund collection and the claim benefits payment under SOCSO’s IPS. It seeks to develop an actuarial formulation based on the benefits coverage from SOCSO’s IPS. It attempts to determine an optimal contribution rate to support the benefits provided under SOCSO’s IPS using an actuarial approach. It proposes an appropriate contribution rate to be implemented by SOCSO. Currently, the contribution rate for SOCSO’s IPS is 1%, which is shared equally between employer and employee. This contribution rate is directly deducted from the employee’s monthly gross salary. This contribution rate needs to be adjusted upwards by SOCSO soon to ensure that all payments of claims are sufficiently covered. Based on the 9th Actuarial Valuation Report issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO), recent statistics show that immediate revision of contribution rate is necessary to achieve the minimum loss ratio (max 20%) in SOCSO’s IPS funding systems. In this study, the Actuarial Present Value Approach is applied to all benefits under SOCSO’s IPS. SOCSO data from 1985 until 2014 are used in this study. Seven assumptions are made in this study namely mortality rate, salary ceiling, interest rate, retirement age, increment salary rate, age entry, and salary entry. By optimizing the worst-case scenario (single simulation), this study has found that the optimal contribution rate is 2.2% rather than the current 1%. This can be attributed to the fact that since 1969, many changes have occurred in the workplace, working conditions are different and many new jobs have been created. Therefore, an Actuarial Present Value Approach with regards to actuarial modeling was conducted to optimize SOCSO’s IPS contribution rate. In conclusion, an optimal contribution rate of 2.2% should be introduced and implemented in the future as part of the efforts to reduce society’s burden whilst ensuring that adequate protection is provided to the nation’s workforce.
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Sakulyeva, T. N. "The MaaS system and its problems." E-Management, no. 2 (March 13, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2018-2-30-37.
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Essence of conception «Mobility-as-a-Service» (MaaS) is to place an user in the center of transport services and offer to him the personalized method of movement taking into account individual necessities. MaaS integrates the various methods of movement the different types of transport in single service that is accessible on demand. Service comes true through a single account with monthly payment. One of the main conditions for the successful operation of MaaS is the ability of smartphones to access different modes of transport. For the first time, the MaaS concept was implemented in the Swedish city of Gothenburg, offering excellent public transport conditions and sustainable urban mobility. The aim of a transport politics is support of a transport system that provides the movement of passengers and commodities. MaaS is examined as an increase of comfort of journeys and development of the system of safe and reliable transport. The most famous MaaS system was due to Helsinki, where they were able to offer a convenient and competitive platform. Since public transport is the core of the MaaS system, the city must offer quality public transport services so that users can easily move around the city without having their own car.The following conditions are required for the implementation of the MaaS system: different types of urban public transport; most transport operators open their data, including real-time data, to third parties; most transport operators allow third parties to sell their services; most transport operators support an electronic payment system to access their services. In spite of different business models, successful projects of introduction and positive reviews of users about the pilot schemes of MaaS, there is a row of global questions about further applicability and development of the system, requiring decisions : touching the openness of these ferrymen, users; about the scale of the use of the system MaaS; single user ID, single informative space; payments of passage of the different systems of transport from one application; competitions with existent providers; to the peculiar.
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Bruns, F. J., P. Seddon, M. Saul, and M. L. Zeidel. "The cost of caring for end-stage kidney disease patients: an analysis based on hospital financial transaction records." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 9, no. 5 (1998): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v95884.
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The costs of care for end-stage renal disease patients continue to rise because of increased numbers of patients. Efforts to contain these costs have focused on the development of capitated payment schemes, in which all costs for the care of these patients are covered in a single payment. To determine the effect of a capitated reimbursement scheme on care of dialysis patients (both hemodialysis [HD] and peritoneal dialysis [PD]), complete financial records (all reimbursements for inpatient and outpatient care, as well as physician collections) of dialysis patients at a single medical center over 1 year were analyzed. For the period from July 1994 to July 1995, annualized cost per dialysis patient-year averaged $63,340, or 9.8% higher than the corrected estimate from the U.S. Renal Data Service (USRDS; $57,660). The "most expensive" 25% of patients engendered 44 to 48% of the total costs, and inpatient costs accounted for 37 to 40% of total costs. Nearly half of the inpatient costs resulted from only two categories (room charges and inpatient dialysis), whereas other categories each made up a small fraction of the inpatient costs. PD patients were far less expensive to care for than HD patients, due to reduced hospital days and lower cost of outpatient dialysis. Care for a university-based dialysis population was only slightly more expensive than estimates predicted from the USRDS. These results validate the USRDS spending data and suggest that they can be used effectively for setting capitated rates. Efforts to control costs without sacrificing quality of care must center on reducing inpatient costs, particularly room charges and the cost of inpatient dialysis.
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Su, Chun-yan, Xin-hong Lu, and Tao Wang. "Influence of Different Payment Schemes on the Clinical Outcome in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 36, no. 2 (2015): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2014.00132.
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Background Cost is always a big issue for dialysis patients. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of different payment schemes on dialysis adequacy and clinical outcome in our peritoneal dialysis program. Methods This is a single-center cohort study. A total of 175 patients who began dialysis from January 2006 to December 2007 were included. Baseline data, including volume status, dietary intake and nutrition status, dialysis adequacy, and sodium removal were collected at 6 months after peritoneal dialysis. Based on the different payment schemes, the patients were divided into 2 groups, higher payment group (GHP, 130 cases, with more than 85% reimbursement), and lower payment group (GLP, 45 cases, with less than 50% payment or totally self-paid). Patients were followed up until dropout or until December 31, 2013. Results At baseline, patients in the 2 groups had nearly the same residual renal function. But the GLP group patients dialyzed at a lower dose (4,516.91 ± 1,768.20 mL vs 6,058.17 ± 2,013.43 mL, p < 0.001). They had lower creatinine clearance (51.64 ± 24.23 L/w vs 70.54 ± 30.27 L/w, p < 0.001), sodium removal (2.23 ± 1.29 g vs 2.77 ± 1.29 g, p = 0.027), and fluid removal (970.33 ± 545.97 mL vs 1,146.66 ± 460.93 mL, p = 0.038). Normalized by height (in meters), the GLP group patients still had a lower normalized dialysis dose (2,890.61 ± 1084.44 mL/m vs 3,761.34 ± 1,237.10 mL/m, p < 0.001). Baseline nutritional and dietary parameters were comparable except that a lower daily protein intake (42.73 ± 10.99 g vs 47.26 ± 14.30 g, p = 0.032) and higher serum urea level (23.43 ± 6.88 mmol/L vs 19.84 ± 5.92 mmol/L, p < 0.001) were presented in the GLP group. There was no difference in volume status. During the follow-up, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that there was no significant difference in patient survival and technique survival. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, after adjusting for related factors, payment was again not a strong predictor of survival in the study population. Conclusion Our study found that GLP group patients were adherent to lifestyle modification with lower dialysis doses, and they also had nearly the same long-term clinical outcome as the GHP group patients. Thus, lower dialysis doses combined with controlled dietary intake may be an effective approach to solve the dialysis problem for the low socio-economic status (SES) population.
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Michalek, J., P. Ciaian, and d. Kancs. "Capitalization of the Single Payment Scheme into Land Value: Generalized Propensity Score Evidence from the European Union." Land Economics 90, no. 2 (2014): 260–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.90.2.260.
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Csótó, Mihály. "The electronic claiming for the Single Area Payment Scheme (eSAPS) in Hungary: the evaluation of a new system." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 34 (September 2, 2009): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2822.
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The agricultural subsidies play a crucial role in the policy of the European Union. Remarkable part of the EU budget is dedicated to agriculture and rural development. The enlargement of the EU, the global changes in the market and other challenges are raising the demand for a better and more efficient way of work in the organization, using information and communication technologies, and especially the implementation of e-governmentservices. The article presents the Hungarian electronic claiming system (called eSAPS) for European founds in agriculture, and evaluates the first year of its operation.
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Jørgensen, Jesper, and Panos Kefalas. "The use of innovative payment mechanisms for gene therapies in Europe and the USA." Regenerative Medicine 16, no. 4 (2021): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme-2020-0169.
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Innovative reimbursement mechanisms have long been considered potential solutions to the data uncertainty associated with one-off, high-value gene therapies that have long-term therapeutic potential, combined with limited supporting evidence at launch. The launches of increasing numbers of such gene therapies in Europe and the USA in the past 5 years provide valuable exemplars of how innovative reimbursement mechanisms are used by healthcare system decision makers in practice. This review details the use of such reimbursement schemes for recently launched gene therapies in key European countries and the USA, and shows that they are more widespread in Europe than in the USA. Although innovative payment schemes are increasingly used across countries, differences in healthcare system structures (e.g., single- vs multi-payer systems) and willingness to pay mean that decision makers in different countries have different incentives to manage uncertainties around long-term, real-world product value.
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Pendleton, Andrew, and Andrew Robinson. "The productivity effects of multiple pay incentives." Economic and Industrial Democracy 38, no. 4 (2016): 588–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x15583099.
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Drawing on recent incentive theory and the growing use of multiple incentives by firms, this article examines the effects of combining incentives on workplace labour productivity. Utilizing data from the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey, the article explores whether multiple incentives are more effective than single incentives. It is found that the productivity effects of individualized incentives are enhanced by profit sharing though not by collective payment by result schemes (PBR). Profit sharing also enhances the effect of collective PBR, and it is found that two group incentives are more effective than a single individual incentive. However there are limits on the number of incentive schemes that can be combined effectively. The effects of mixed incentives tend to be greater in workplaces with worker discretion and task variety, thereby providing support for a contingency perspective.
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Wang, Lu, and Wu Song Wen. "Design of RFID Reader Based on Protocol of ISO/IEC 14443 TYPE A." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1855.
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The technology of RFID is used extensively in access control for office buildings, payment systems for public transport, and other applications. In this paper, using the Texas Instruments semiconductor chip of TRF7960 and the single-chip microcomputer of PIC16F877, a new design scheme of RFID reader is proposed, which conforms to ISO/IEC 14443 TYPE A standard. And the methods of anti-collision, three pass authentication, coding and decoding are discussed in detail. Test results present that this reader has high accuracy ratio, can identify the contactless smart cards in about ten centimeters, and it supports multiple card identification well.
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Tsai, Chien-Hua, and Pin-Chang Su. "An ECC-Based Blind Signcryption Scheme for Multiple Digital Documents." Security and Communication Networks 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8981606.
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The popularity of the Internet has comprehensively altered the traditional way of communication and interaction patterns, such as e-contract negotiations, e-payment services, or digital credential processes. In the field of e-form systems, a number of studies investigate the ability of the blind signature to fulfill the basic properties of blindness and untraceability. However, most literatures exploring the blind signature mechanisms only address research and technology pertaining to single blind signature issues. Further, most of the topics only deal with signing rather than encryption. Thus, we propose a new blind signature scheme for multiple digital documents based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Our scheme incorporates the design of signcryption paradigm into the blind signature scheme to strengthen high levels of security. This innovative method also enhances computational efficiency during processing multiple electronic documents since the ECC provides a shorter key length and higher processing speed than other public-key cryptosystems on equivalent secrecy. The analysis results show that the present scheme achieves better performance at low communication overheads as well as with higher level of security. By helping the design of the intrinsic properties, the proposed cryptosystem can be applied to many areas to protect sensitive data in ubiquitous computing environments.
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Alshanbari, Huda M., Abd Al-Aziz H. El-Bagoury, Md Al-Amin Khan, Soumen Mondal, Ali Akbar Shaikh, and Abdur Rashid. "Economic Order Quantity Model with Weibull Distributed Deterioration under a Mixed Cash and Prepayment Scheme." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9588685.
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Two distinct inventory models are investigated for a deteriorating item under the frequency of advertisement and market price-sensitive aggregate demand where the deterioration percentage complies with Weibull distribution. In one model, the stock-out environment is not studied, while another one handles the stock-out situation by moderately backordering based upon the waiting time duration for the products. Advance payment, another realistic feature, is implemented by paying off a fraction of the acquisition cost amid single or many equal segments from the order placing moment to receiving moment whereas the remaining fraction is accomplished at the order delivery instant by the practitioner to the supplier. The utmost aim is computing the inventory policy along with the market price and marketing strategy to reach the highest total profit for both models. The models formulated here extend several inventory studies previously developed in the literature and suggest several important outcomes. This makes two exceedingly nonlinear and mixed-integer optimization problems, which are elucidated by constructing two efficacious algorithms. Two numerical illustrations are accomplished to perceive the working competence of the algorithms and the consequences of the parameters on the practitioner’s optimal policy are highlighted in a tabular form executing a sensitivity examination. Based on the performed analyses, finally, some decision-making salient findings are obtained.
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Ciaian, P., J. Pokrivčák, L. Bartová, and D. Drabik. "The impact of the CAP reform and exchange rates on Slovak agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 3 (2008): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/456-agricecon.
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This paper uses a dynamic, partial equilibrium econometric model to analyze the impact of the 2003 CAP reform and changes of exchange rate on agricultural markets and agricultural incomes in Slovakia. We evaluate three scenarios: (1) baseline scenario with no change in agricultural policies (Single Area Payment Scheme and top-ups are assumed until 2015), (2) CAP reform scenario with full decoupling from 2007 and with modulation from 2013, and (3) exchange rate scenario. In the baseline scenario, production increases. Consumption increases with some exceptions (like pork). Agricultural income rises significantly in the baseline scenario. The full decoupling has a minor impact on agricultural markets relative to the baseline. Weak Euro would lead to higher prices and higher production but lower consumption. Change in the exchange rate causes substitution in consumption of certain commodities due to the relative price changes.
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Rani, Sasi Kala K., D. Ramya, D. Gokul, C. Sibiya, and S. Sreya. "Bitcoin: A Meticulous Analysis." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 2 (2019): 786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.7810.
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Bitcoin is the worldwide crypto currency and it is the digital payment system known as the decentralized digital currency. All the transactions are recorded in a public ledger known as block chain. It has no central authority or no single administrator. This paper studies about the technical view of the bitcoin system, the problems faced in the peer-to-peer network, schemes used for improving the quality of transactions, and also the security issues faced by the user while proceeding with these transactions. It includes the major advantages of bitcoin transactions and its worldwide usage. The other side of bitcoin includes the usage of it in ransom ware attack and in other illegal activities. Finally this paper also comprises why bitcoin is not widely accepted in India.
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Zhang, Jie. "Average-Case Approximation Ratio of Scheduling without Payments." Algorithmica 83, no. 6 (2021): 1638–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-020-00796-2.
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AbstractApart from the principles and methodologies inherited from Economics and Game Theory, the studies in Algorithmic Mechanism Design typically employ the worst-case analysis and design of approximation schemes of Theoretical Computer Science. For instance, the approximation ratio, which is the canonical measure of evaluating how well an incentive-compatible mechanism approximately optimizes the objective, is defined in the worst-case sense. It compares the performance of the optimal mechanism against the performance of a truthful mechanism, for all possible inputs. In this paper, we take the average-case analysis approach, and tackle one of the primary motivating problems in Algorithmic Mechanism Design—the scheduling problem (Nisan and Ronen, in: Proceedings of the 31st annual ACM symposium on theory of computing (STOC), 1999). One version of this problem, which includes a verification component, is studied by Koutsoupias (Theory Comput Syst 54(3):375–387, 2014). It was shown that the problem has a tight approximation ratio bound of $$(n+1)/2$$ ( n + 1 ) / 2 for the single-task setting, where n is the number of machines. We show, however, when the costs of the machines to executing the task follow any independent and identical distribution, the average-case approximation ratio of the mechanism given by Koutsoupias (Theory Comput Syst 54(3):375–387, 2014) is upper bounded by a constant. This positive result asymptotically separates the average-case ratio from the worst-case ratio. It indicates that the optimal mechanism devised for a worst-case guarantee works well on average.
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Li, Haomiao, Yingchun Chen, Hongxia Gao, et al. "Effect of an Integrated Payment System on the Direct Economic Burden and Readmission of Rural Cerebral Infarction Inpatients: Evidence from Anhui, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (2019): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091554.
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Rural China is piloting an integrated payment system, which prepays a budget to a medical alliance rather than a single hospital. This study aims to evaluate the effect of this reform on the direct economic burden and readmission rates of cerebral infarction inpatients. The settlement records of 78,494 cerebral infarction inpatients were obtained from the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) database in Dingyuan and Funan Counties in the Anhui Province. The direct economic burden was estimated by total costs, out-of-pocket expenditures, the out-of-pocket ratio, and the compensation ratio of the NRCMS. Generalized additive models and multivariable linear/logistic regression were applied to measure the changes of the dependent variables along with the year. Within the county, the total costs positively correlated to the year (β = 313.10 in 2015; 163.06 in 2016). The out-of-pocket expenditures, out-of-pocket ratios, and the length-of-stay positively correlated to the year in 2015 (β = 105.10, 0.01, and 0.18 respectively), and negatively correlated to the year in 2016 (β = −58.40, −0.03, and −0.30, respectively). The odds ratios of the readmission rates were less than one within the county (0.70 in 2015; 0.53 in 2016). The integrated payment system in the Anhui Province has considerably reduced the direct economic burden for the rural cerebral infarction inpatients, and the readmission rate has decreased within the county. Inpatients’ health outcomes should be given further attention, and the long-term effect of this reform model awaits further evaluation.
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Oglethorpe, D. R. "Livestock production post CAP reform: implications for the environment." Animal Science 81, no. 2 (2005): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc50470189.
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AbstractOn 1 January 2005, the direct support schemes directed at UK livestock farmers as part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) were replaced with a Single Farm Payment, decoupled from production. In practical term, this means that farmers now have freedom of choice over the particular farm enterprises they engage in since their income support is no longer dependent on their type of production. Farmer policy-response will be dependent on their previous dependence on the direct subsidies being replaced, which, as the paper shows, is considerable for UK livestock farmers. The paper suggests a dichotomous shift of farmer objective in the livestock sector in the future, with ‘environmental managers’ and ‘market managers’ focusing on different outputs. The outcome will be a significant down-sizing of the UK livestock sector but with probable net gains to the environment.
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Marazzi, Alfio, Lucien Gardiol, and Hong Dung Duong. "New approaches to reimbursement schemes based on patient classification systems and their comparison." Health Services Management Research 20, no. 3 (2007): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095148407781395928.
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We propose reimbursement schemes based on patient classification systems (PCSs) that include adjustments for length of stay (LOS) and exceptional costs and are designed to minimize undesirable effects of economic incentives. In addition, a statistical approach to compare the schemes and the underlying PCSs is proposed, where costs and LOSs for two successive years are used. The first year data provides estimates of the class cost means and the next year's reimbursements which are compared with the second year's costs. This method focuses on the predictive power of a PCS and differs from the usual retrospective analyses based on the proportion of explained variance for single year data. The approach is applied to discharge data of Swiss hospitals where stays are grouped according to five PCSs: All Patient Diagnosis-Related Groups (AP-DRGs), All Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (APR-DRGs), International Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (IR-DRGs), Australian Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (AR-DRGs), and SQLape. When adjusting for LOS and outliers, these systems do not differ substantially in their ability to predict cost of stay. Therefore, increasing the number of classes does not necessarily improve cost predictions. However, the payment of a fixed amount per diem (not exceeding the marginal cost) and correcting the reimbursements for exceptional costs substantially reduces the average discrepancy between costs and reimbursements.
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Palšová, Lucia. "Legislation on The Protection of Agricultural Land in the context of the implementation of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in Slovak Conditions." EU agrarian Law 3, no. 1 (2014): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2014-0004.
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Abstract (EN) Protecting the qualitative aspect of the agricultural land is in the interest of European Union policies and Slovakia as well. The EU adopted in 2006 a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection to ensure protection and sustainable use of land, including agricultural land. The aim of this paper is to analyze and evaluate legislation protecting agricultural land in the context of the implementation of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in Slovakia. The basic legislation for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia is the Act No. 220/2004 Coll. on the conservation and use of agricultural land and amending Act No. 245/2003 Coll. concerning integrated pollution prevention and control and amending certain laws, as amended, which provides a basic framework for conservation of the agricultural land. In terms of preserving, agricultural land has significant importance in the Common Agricultural Policy -pillar I and II which stipulate cross-compliance requirements, requirements for agri-environmental measures for applicants for single area payment scheme, for applicants for support under agri-environmental measures respectively.
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Ying, Zuobin, Longyang Yi, and Maode Ma. "BEHT: Blockchain-Based Efficient Highway Toll Paradigm for Opportunistic Autonomous Vehicle Platoon." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8868656.
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Autonomous vehicle platoon is a promising paradigm towards traffic congestion problems in the intelligent transportation system. However, under certain circumstances, the advantage of the platoon cannot be fully developed. In this paper, we focus on the highway Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) charging problem. We try to let the opportunistic platoon pass the ETC as a whole. There are three main issues in this scenario. Firstly, the opportunistic platoon is temporarily composed; vehicles do not trust each other. Secondly, single vehicle may try to escape from the ETC charging by following the platoon. Finally, platoon members may collude with each other and try to underreport the number of vehicles in the platoon so as to evade payment. To solve these challenges, we propose a blockchain-based efficient highway toll paradigm for the opportunistic platoon. The driving history, credential information of every registered vehicle, is recorded and verified from the blockchain. A roadside unit (RSU) is adopted to distinguish the single vehicle from the platoon and in charge of lane allocation. Additionally, an aggregate signature is introduced to accelerate the authentication procedure in the RSU. We analyse the potential security threats in this scenario. The experimental result indicates that our scheme is efficient and practical.
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Sidiq, Muhammad Fajar, Akbari Indra Basuki, Halim Firdaus, and Muhammad Aldi Baihaqi. "Sentralisasi Pengawasan Informasi Jaringan Menggunakan Blockchain Ethereum." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer 7, no. 6 (2020): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jtiik.2020722662.
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<p class="Abstrak">Pengawasan jaringan pada beberapa kantor yang berlokasi berjauhan sangat sulit dilakukan kerana keterbatasan tenaga ahli, biaya, dan teknologi pendukung. Penelitian yang sudah ada tidak dapat menyediakan sistem pengawasan jaringan yang mampu menjamin tiga aspek keamanan sekaligus, yaitu: <em>availability</em>, <em>integrity</em>, dan <em>confidentiality</em>. Teknologi <em>blockchain</em> mampu menyediakan sistem pengawasan jaringan secara terpusat dan aman dengan menjamin keamanan sistem komunikasi pelaporan dan sistem basis data pelaporan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan purwarupa sistem pengawasan konfigurasi dan statistik jaringan menggunakan jejaring <em>blockchain</em> Ethereum. Metode pengawasan mengharuskan program c<em>ontroller</em> pada setiap jaringan kantor untuk secara berkala menarik informasi <em>flow-rules</em> dari setiap perangkat jaringan dan melaporkan data tersebut dalam sebuah transaksi ke jejaring <em>blockchain</em>. Pada penelitian ini dianalisa dua jenis skema pengiriman transaksi: transaksi berbasis <em>smart contract</em> dan transaksi berbasis <em>zero-payment</em>. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, transaksi berbasis <em>zero-payment</em> secara rerata hanya membutuhkan sekitar 6 % dari biaya transaksi <em>smart contract</em>. Perkiraan biaya bulanan untuk pensamplingan informasi setiap 10 menit adalah sekitar 1,19 ether per-perangkat jaringan. Meskipun demikian, metode pada penelitian ini lebih sesuai untuk diterapkan pada jejaring Ethereum jenis <em>Proof-of-Authority</em> (PoA) dibandingkan jenis <em>Proof-of-Work</em> (PoW) karena harga Ether yang mahal.</p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Abstract"><em>Centralized monitoring of remote networks is hard to implement due to the high cost, lack of experts, and the missing key technologies. The existing researches are unable to provide a secure, centralized monitoring system that satisfies three security aspects, namely: availability, integrity, and confidentiality. Blockchain technology meets those three requirements by providing a reliable reporting and immutable database system. In this paper, we proposed a prototype of a centralized monitoring system that records network statistics and configurations into the blockchain ledger. The method requires the network controller to periodically fetch network information from every network device and submit it as a single blockchain transaction. We compare two kinds of transaction schema, smart-contract based and zero-payment based reporting schemes. The evaluations show that zero-payment transactions only cost 6 % of the smart-contract transactions. The estimation of the monthly cost is 1.19 ether per-device for 10-minutes data sampling. Nevertheless, the proposed method is applicable only for the Proof-of-Authority (PoA) Ethereum networks. It is not feasible for the Ethereum main network that uses Proof-of-Work (PoW) due to the high cost of Ether. </em></p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>
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Darmayasa, I. Nyoman, Yuyung Rizka Aneswari, and Elana Era Yusdita. "MENINGKATKAN KEPATUHAN DAN PENERIMAAN PAJAK MELALUI WITHHOLDING TAX SYSTEM." InFestasi 12, no. 2 (2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/infestasi.v12i2.2769.
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The research aimed to understand deeply about withholding tax system in Indonesia and propose taxation strategy to maximize withholding tax according to self assessment system. The research use interpretive paradigm with literature method approach. The result of the research indicate that first, tax compliance in Indonesia is still low category so it need efforts to improve. Second, with withholding tax system will assurance due tax payment because tax taker is more discipline to cut tax for tax payer. Third, withholding tax system can control effectively and efficiently to minimize examination object not for personal tax payer but for work or income giver. Fourth, through the withholding tax system, tax payers would cut taxes when the conditions of high economic capacity. Fifth, several proposals to improve the maximization WHT include expanding the tax base and direct tax cuts were not final is still possible into the final tax in the scheme of withholding tax, giving rewards to a third party who is disciplined and obedient, open access to the Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) on the banks of the effectiveness of tax policy and make the Single Identification Number (SIN) to attract new taxpayers. This study contributes to the formulation of policies Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP).
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Mashinskiy, V. V. "Application of German State Policy Practice Towards Carsharing in Russia." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 17, no. 4 (2020): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-4-205-214.
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Carsharing is one of the major recent trends in urban mobility in many countries of Asia, Europe and North America. Russia is one of the leading countries in the industry in terms of growth rates and fleet volume in certain market segments. The purpose of this study is to analyze the key features of German carsharing market and policies regarding carsharing and highlight the possibilities of their application in Russia. As a result of the study a number of recommendations for carsharing development in Russia were outlined. According to several studies, stationbased schemes seem to be environmentally more beneficial compared to free-float carsharing. Station-based carsharing stimulation should be considered as a means to facilitate the development of the industry. A new metamobility policy is required, which implies carsharing, public transport, micromobility and private cars all become part of a single multimodal transport system. A transparent regulatory framework is required. New billing and payment methods, combined tariffs and a single mobile application for all means of public transport and carsharing should be considered as viable measures to stimulate the development of carsharing industry and transport system in general. Parking fees for carsharing should be reduced or waived. Leasing subsidies and preferential business conditions should be introduced to support carsharing operators. Additional taxes for personal vehicles as well as fees for parking and entering the city center using private transport should also stimulate carsharing development.
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Wiedermann, Krzysztof. "Koncepcja efektów mnożnikowych w wyznaczaniu wpływu przedsiębiorstw na otoczenie społeczno-gospodarcze." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 11 (January 1, 2008): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.11.7.
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The subject of this paper is presentation of a method of calculating multiplier effects in order to determine the influence of enterprises on their environment. Emergence or development of economic activity in a given area may bring about an increase in income and employment in many other enterprises, as well as to an increase taxes collected by the local authority. This increase is labelled multiplier effects, and its value enables the evaluation of the enterprise’s activity on the functioning of neighbouring firms.In literature, the most frequently discussed types of multiplier effects are the supply and income effects. The first result from the demand created by the emerging and developing enterprises, which fosters the development of their goods and services suppliers. The second type, the income effects, result from the increase in purchasing power of the inhabitants, owing to the employees’ remuneration, and this means fostering the development of firms that satisfy consumers’ needs. These enterprises create greater demand themselves, thus triggering new cycles of multiplier effects.The calculation of created workplaces for the supply effects was conducted by using a designed algorithm. It allows calculating the new workplaces in the supplier firms on the bases of data concerning income of enterprises, participation of supply in the revenue, and employment-related costs. The growth of employment and payment is correlated with the increase in the income multiplier effects, generated by single enterprises. This work presents a scheme for calculation of new workplaces created as a result of new investments.
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Bali, Azad Singh, and M. Ramesh. "Governing healthcare in India: a policy capacity perspective." International Review of Administrative Sciences 87, no. 2 (2021): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00208523211001499.
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After decades of neglect, in 2008, the Indian government launched a national health insurance programme to address the needs of the bulk of the population that could not afford healthcare. This was followed by the launch of another national programme in 2018 that further expanded insurance coverage. These schemes envision a large single-payer, insurance-based system covering about 110 million families. The central objective of this article is to assess the government’s capacity to implement these ambitious programmes. We employ the policy capacity framework developed by Wu et al. to examine the types of capacities needed to achieve desired objectives in the health sector. The central argument of the article is that there are critical capacity deficits, especially along operational dimensions. Our conclusions are generalisable to other middle-income countries currently in the process of implementing similar prospective-payment health policy reforms. Points for practitioners This article highlights the need for governments to prioritise the capacity for implementing health policy reforms. Efforts to achieve and sustain universal healthcare are contingent not only on appropriate policy design, mobilising required resources and building political support, but also on overcoming capacity deficits in implementation. The framework presented in this article serves as a useful tool for governments to diagnose strengths and weaknesses in the specific types of capacities (analytical, operational, and political) needed for universal health coverage.
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Motro, Daphna, Tamar Kugler, and Terry Connolly. "Back to the basics: how feelings of anger affect cooperation." International Journal of Conflict Management 27, no. 4 (2016): 523–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-10-2015-0068.
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Purpose The authors propose that angry individuals are much more likely to consider the emotional state of their partner than are neutral individuals. They then apply a lay theory dictating that anger decreases cooperation and react accordingly by lowering their own level of cooperation. Design/methodology/approach The authors report four experiments involving different samples, manipulations, payment schemes and interfaces. The methodological approach was to capitalize on the positives of experimental research (e.g. establishing causality) while also trying to conceptually replicate the findings in different settings. Findings The authors found evidence for a lay theory (i.e. expectation) that anger decreases cooperation, but that actual cooperation was lowest when angry individuals were paired with other angry individuals, supporting the hypotheses. Research limitations/implications Anger can spill over from unrelated contexts to affect cooperation, and incidental anger by itself is not enough to decrease cooperation. However, the findings are limited to anger and cannot necessarily be used to understand the effects of other emotions. Practical implications Before entering into a context that requires cooperation, such as a negotiation, be wary of the emotional state of both yourself and of your partner. This paper suggests that only if both parties are angry, then the likelihood of cooperation is low. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, they are the first researchers to address the question of how incidental anger affects single-round cooperation. By going back to the basics, the authors believe that the findings fill a gap in existing research and offer a building block for future research on anger and cooperation.
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Bianchi, Daniele. "I cinquant'anni della Pac e il suo futuro." AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, no. 2 (August 2009): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2008-002003.
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- It has been qualified as a quiet or silent revolution, a revolution that European farmers have lived from the post-war period, the revolution that the CAP has brought into the agriculture world at European and International level. Since then, the role of agriculture in national economies has changed substantially and with it the very foundations of agriculture and agricultural policy. Since the end of 2007, how many front pages were devoted to agriculture? The significant increase in prices of agri-food products, the food versus fuel, the use of biotechnology, food fraud, speculation all these issues refocus attention on agriculture. But regardless of the breaking news, this is also the sign of the new role that agriculture plays since a long time. The farmer no longer produces food. The job of a farmer has become more complex. After having quickly recalled the evolution and achievements of fifty years of agricultural policy, attention will be particularly dedicated to the health check of PAC done in 2008, in the context (rectius different contexts) in which CAP will be called to operate in view of 2013 - end of the budget period - and, mainly, in view of the post 2013. After having analysed the procedural innovations that the Lisbon Treaty introduces into the 2003 CAP reform, we will tackle the long-lasting issue of CAP funding in the persistent global economic crisis and in a context of multilateral negotiations stalling. And in particular, we will wonder how the current single payment scheme in close cooperation with the second pillar (rural development) and with the flexibility tools introduced in the health check can provide an answer to the perennial question of justification for Community support to farmers.Parole chiave: Politica agricola comune (Pac), Health check, Trattato di Lisbona, futuro della Pac.Key words: Common Agricolture Policy (CAP), Health Check, Lisbon Treaty, Future of CAP.
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Atanassova-Kalaydzhievа, Todorka. "AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN BULGARIA: STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND DEVELOPMENT." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.055.
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The aim of the present article is to study and analyze the present state of agricultural farms in Bulgaria, and to provide directions for their development. The following tasks have been set in order to accomplish this goal: to establish the main difficulties in farm functioning; to discover the factors with an impact on their development; to offer adequate measures for sustainable growth. The study encompasses the period from the beginning of the transition to market economy in the 1990s to the end of the first programme period after Bulgaria’s accession to the EU. The sources of information used in the analysis include data from national statistics, agrarian reports from the Ministry of Healthcare and Food, literature by other authors, as well as our own research. Main conclusions: the agricultural reform in Bulgaria in the 1990s led to establishing a production structure of private agriculture farms; the latter is strongly polarized – with a large number of small size and few large size farms. Part of the small farms is maintained by people who have no other employment opportunities. Many of them start working with limited production resources and knowledge, they have an insufficient access to loans and professional training. These and several other factors obstruct successful farm functioning and decrease production results. Bulgaria’s accession to the EU deepened the polarization between small and big agricultural farms. This process was also affected by the EU Common Agriculture Policy, and most of all - the single payment scheme per unit of used land area. To stimulate the growth and development of family agriculture business in Bulgaria, the state needs to provide special conditions: young people will require professional entrepreneurship culture, they must acquire experience in developing successful agricultural farms at home and abroad; cooperation with research institutions is needed, as well as preferential crediting, introduction of “green” production technologies, etc.
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Stepanov, R., V. Bredikhin, and D. Domenuk. "DIRECTIONS OF LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON RECYCLING OF WASTE IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." Series: Economic science 2, no. 162 (2021): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-2-162-99-104.
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The article considers the research of the process of supply of resources for construction taking into account the logistical needs of reversible logistics. The result will be the gradual formation of logistics systems in the construction industry, which should lead to the formation of a single logistics system of the construction industry. This will create a set of integration effects. First of all, to identify the main objectives of the logistics system in the construction industry as a whole, it is necessary to determine the basic economic parameters of each system participant, decompose the logistics system, and then determine the integrated economic characteristics of its activities. It is noted that the current level of logistics development and the growing specialization of its individual functional areas require a focus on the whole chain of causal relationships. Most logistics systems are focused on one direction of movement of inventory - from producer to end consumer. As a result, the process of decomposition of the logistics system of the construction industry according to the main economic parameters of operation was created. The current trends in logistics development that emerged during the pandemic have been identified. The general and basic concepts of waste management of construction companies are considered. The scheme of the waste management hierarchy is given. It is established that the main principles of economic regulation in the construction industry of waste management are to reduce the amount of waste and involve them in economic turnover; payment for waste disposal; economic incentives in the field of waste management. The main problems of reverse logistics facing the business and the possibility of solving them through the introduction of a system of reverse logistics or recycling are identified. In conclusion, the introduction of integrated logistics systems was proposed, which is especially effective in large construction projects located in urban centers, where massive material flows must be managed.
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Abraham, Georgi, Vishnu Kumar, Karopadi Shivanand Nayak, et al. "Predictors of Long-Term Survival on Peritoneal Dialysis in South India: A Multicenter Study." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30, no. 1 (2010): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2008.00028.
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BackgroundLittle is known about survival on peritoneal dialysis (PD) in Indian patients since the initiation of continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) in India in 1991. Survival data from single centers with small numbers have been published.ObjectiveA retrospective 4-center analysis for predictors of survival >3 years in south Indian chronic PD patients.MethodsA total of 309 patients were trained during the observation period (from 1999 to 2004) and were analyzed in a multicenter study (4 centers), including 150 patients (male:female 109:41) that survived ≥ 3 years and 59 patients that did not survive ≥ 3 years (nonsurvivors; male: female 43:16) that were taken as controls. The patients were on chronic PD, predominantly CAPD, using double-bag disconnect systems. They were supervised by 4 nephrologists. Mean age in the nonsurvival group was 56.6 ± 10.6 years. In the survival group, mean age was 50.9 ± 14.9 years; there were 92 (62%) nondiabetics and 58 (38%) diabetics; the majority were nonvegetarians; 148 patients were doing 6 – 8 L exchanges and 2 were doing >8 L exchanges daily; 93 of 102 patients were average transporters based on peritoneal equilibration testing. At the beginning, mean combined Kt/V was 2.31 and weekly creatinine clearance was 73 L. Patients making one lifetime payment were 46% and 21% belonged to the full reimbursement group.ResultsBody mass index (BMI) was normal in 114 patients (76%). Ultrafiltration volume was 1377 ± 452 at the start and 1400 ± 461 mL/day after 3 years. Anuric patients at the start were 12% and after 3 years 44%; urine output decreased from 527 ± 26 to 253 ± 14 mL/day from the start to after 3 years. Peritonitis rate was 1 episode/75 patient-months at the beginning and after 3 years it was 1 episode/30 patient-months. Exit-site care was done daily by 88% and 3 times weekly by 12%. Nonsmokers were 92% and smokers were 8%. Those that lived in the city were 62% and rural areas were 38%. Mean blood pressure was 143 ± 16/88 ± 10 and 136 ± 18/85 ± 9 mmHg, calcium × phosphorus product 44.6 ± 15.6 and 45.9 ± 15.7 mg2/dL2, albumin 3.33 ± 0.5 and 3.25 ± 0.4 g/dL, hemoglobin 9.18 ± 2 and 9.48 ± 1.8 g/dL at the beginning and after 3 years, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant fall in both systolic ( p ≤ 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure ( p ≤ 0.05), an increase in BMI ( p ≤ 0.01), and a decrease in blood urea ( p ≤ 0.001) in the survival group. Those with Hb ≥ 11 g/dL survived longer ( p ≤ 0.001), those with serum albumin ≥ 3 g/dL had better survival ( p = 0.001), and anuric patients survived longer ( p = 0.001).ConclusionThis multicenter cohort study of prevalent continuous PD patients in south India showed nondiabetics, average transporters, nonsmokers with reasonable nutritional status, with Hb 11 g/dL, with low peritonitis rate, with over 1 L ultrafiltration volume per day, the great majority that joined the once per lifetime payment scheme, and the reimbursement group survived for 3 years or longer.
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Gibson, Dot. "Standing up for today's and tomorrow's pensioners." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 16, no. 1 (2015): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-11-2014-0034.
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Purpose – The National Pensioners’ Convention aims to challenge the case for current government policies to raise the age of retirement from paid work and to diversify routes to and amounts of pensions entitlement. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This policy-oriented commentary draws on evidence and arguments presented in the National Pensioners’ Convention Manifesto about the relative affluence of socio-economic class groups and their length of life after 65. Findings – In contrast to government claims of simplifying pensions by introducing single-tier state pensions, three different pension schemes will coexist for many years and in many cases these will provide less than current entitlements. Other universal pensioner benefits such as concessionary travel and winter fuel payments are now also the target of financial cost savings. Access to home care and residential care is increasingly restricted by service cuts and wider means testing. Practical implications – National Pensioners’ Convention Manifesto argues that the standard of care and support for older people needs to be guaranteed to be set above current poverty levels, to be linked to price and consumer indices and earnings, for universal pensioner benefits to be maintained, for a National Health and Care Service to be free at the point of use, funded through taxation and for standards to be improved through a legally binding Dignity code. Originality/value – This commentary expresses the views of a non-party campaigning organisation run by pensioners themselves to highlight their case for ways in which they may gain increased rather than decreased support for maintaining active living in later life.