Academic literature on the topic 'Single Category Implicit Association Test'

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) provides a relative measure of implicit association strengths between target and attribute categories. In contrast, the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC–IAT) measures association strength with a single attribute category. This can be advantageous if a complementary category—as used in the IAT—cannot be composed or is undesired. If the SC–IAT is to be a meaningful supplement to the IAT, it should meet the same requirements. In an online experiment with a large and heterogeneous sample, the fakability of both implicit measures was investigated when measuring anxiety. Both measures were fakable through specific instruction (e.g., “Slow down your reactions”) but unfakable through nonspecific faking instruction even though nonspecific instruction was given immediately before the critical blocks (e.g., “Alter your reaction times”). When comparing the methodological quality of both implicit measures, the SC–IAT had lower internal consistency than the IAT. Moreover, with specific faking instructions, the SC–IAT was possible to fake to a larger extent than the IAT.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is used to assess attitude beyond the limitations of explicit measurements. Nevertheless, the test requires opposition between two attitude objects and also measures an extra-personal dimension of attitude that may reflect associations shared collectively. The first limitation can be overcome by using a Single Category IAT and the second by a personalized version of IAT. This study compares attitudes to smoking measured using a Single Category IAT with a personalized version of the test. The results, collected from 111 students, showed that the Single Category IAT did not distinguish smokers from non-smokers; smokers had negative scores. The personalized version did distinguish smokers from non-smokers, and smokers' scores seem to be neutral.

A total of 124 high school students reported their explicit and implicit school satisfaction using the School Satisfaction Subscale (SSS) of the Adolescent's School Well-being Scale and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The results showed that gender and grade significantly influenced explicit – but not implicit – school satisfaction for senior high school students.

How did the Austrian public think about immigrants at the peak of the 2015 migrant crisis? News media and policy makers suggested a cleavage in public opinion along the lines of humanitarian support and economic competition. We empirically disentangle these groups using a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The data were collected by Project Implicit as a part of an online panel survey initiated by the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES). The analyses reveal that Austrian citizens predominantly associate immigrants with the need for support. However, implicit associations also seem to vary depending on citizens’ backgrounds and beliefs. The findings further indicate that implicit associations towards immigrants affect citizens’ policy preferences.

Thesis advisor: Andrea Heberlein
Dehumanization of outgroup members in situations of intergroup competition has been widely reported (Haslam, 2006), but the effects of individual competition on dehumanization have not yet been extensively explored. A previous study in our lab examined this effect and found an unexpected gender difference, with women showing greater implicit dehumanization than men. The present study aimed to explore a possible mechanism for that gender difference: gendered expectations of maintaining positive interpersonal relations, and subsequent discomfort in competitive situations, may motivate the implicit dehumanization of competitors. Participants interacted briefly with a confederate and were then given instructions for a competitive or non-competitive game. Participants then completed two Single-Category Implicit Association Tests measuring dehumanization of their game partner. Participants also completed the Mind Perception Questionnaire, which measures explicit dehumanization of participants’ game partners. We predicted that in the Competition condition, female participants would implicitly dehumanize their game partners more than men would
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Psychology

In five studies, we are going to investigate the differential impact of automatic mental associations and consciously held beliefs on future choices by individuals who claim to be decided versus undecided. In the first study, we are going to demonstrate that it is possible to detect the implicit preference of individuals who define themselves as undecided prior to a political vote, by means of the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, Schwartz, 1998). This technique, even if considered a reliable measure of the automatic mental associations, so far has not been applied to undecided individuals. In the second study, we are going to investigate in a deeper way the explicit judgements of individuals who claim to be undecided, providing evidence that they show at level of consciously held beliefs a pattern of propositions that don’t allow participants to reach a definite choice. At the same time, they manifest at level of implicit preference a set of defined and well structured mental associations that are perfectly related to future decisions. The results of the third study are going to demonstrate that automatic associations of individuals who self-reported being undecided about a controversial political issue predict future choices and changes in consciously reported beliefs over a period of one week. Conversely, in the case of resolute decision makers, consciously reported beliefs predict future choices and changes in automatic associations over the same period. In the fourth and the fifth study we are going to try to have a first look at a possible strategy by which conscious beliefs of decided individuals consolidate themselves and influence automatic associations in the course of time. The achieved results suggest that conscious beliefs have a strong influence on selective choice of information, and we are going to demonstrate that selective exposure plays a partial mediation role in consolidating of conscious beliefs of decided people. Moreover, we are going to obtain indirect evidence that also the relationship between conscious beliefs and automatic associations should be in part mediated by selective choice of information. On the other hand, this strategy does not occur in the case of undecided people. The overall findings will be discussed in the general conclusions, stressing their important implications for social sciences which aim at predicting future choice decisions of public interest.
In cinque studi indagheremo il differente ruolo che le associazioni mentali automatiche e le credenze consapevoli giocano nel determinare le future scelte di coloro che riguardo ad una controversa questione di carattere politico sociale o prima di una tornata elettorale si definiscono certi della scelta che realizzeranno, oppure dichiarano di non aver ancora maturato una decisione definitiva. Da un punto di vista concettuale, le associazioni mentali automatiche sono non intenzionali, non sono controllabili e possono essere attivate al di fuori della consapevolezza dell’individuo (Bargh, 1994; Gawronski, Bodenhausen, 2006). Tali associazioni automatiche vengono generalmente contrapposte alle credenze consapevoli, che possono essere descritte come quei contenuti mentali che un individuo esprime intenzionalmente e in in seguito ad una attenta e accurata valutazione (Strack, Deutsch, 2004; Gawronski, Bodenhausen, 2006). La misurazione delle associazioni automatiche si è resa possibile grazie allo sviluppo delle così dette misure implicite che consentono di inferire opinioni, credenze, atteggiamenti e intenzioni delle persone a partire dalla rilevazione dei tempi di risposta dei partecipanti in compiti di categorizzazione o di decisione lessicale che vengono svolti grazie all’ausilio del computer. Le credenze consapevoli vengono invece misurate utilizzando strumenti espliciti di self-report come i questionari di atteggiamento o i sondaggi d’opinione. Nel primo capitolo saranno presentati i risultati dello Studio 1 in cui abbiamo indagato la validità predittiva dell’Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, Swartz, 1998), dimostrando che, nel caso di partecipanti che prima di una tornata elettorale dichiarano di non aver ancora maturato una scelta definitiva, consente di anticipare il comportamento che realizzeranno il giorno delle elezioni. Nel secondo capitolo discuteremo i risultati dello Studio 2 e dello Studio 3. Con lo Studio 2, analizzando in maniera più approfondita i giudizi espliciti delle persone che si dichiarano indecise, saremo in grado di mettere in luce che le credenze consapevoli sono effettivamente costituite da un insieme di proposizioni contrastanti. Tali strutture d’atteggiamento esplicito, da un lato sono la ragione per cui il partecipante non è in grado di esprimere una scelta chiara e dall’altro non consentono di predire la decisione che successivamente verrà realizzata. Allo stesso tempo, i partecipanti indecisi hanno fatto emergere a livello implicito un insieme di associazioni automatiche già strutturate, che si sono rivelate stabili nel tempo e coerenti con la decisione realizzata a distanza di una settimana. Grazie ai risultati dello Studio 3 dimostreremo che le associazioni automatiche di coloro che si dichiarano indecisi rispetto ad una controversa questione di carattere politico sociale predicono in maniera univoca le scelte future e i cambiamenti nell’atteggiamento esplicito dopo un periodo di una settimana. Al contrario, nel caso di coloro che si dichiarano decisi, sono le credenze consapevoli che predicono in maniera univoca le scelte future e i cambiamenti nelle associazioni automatiche dopo uno stesso periodo di tempo. Con il terzo capitolo, proveremo a dare un primo sguardo ad una possibile strategia attraverso cui le credenze consapevoli delle persone decise si consolidano e influenzano le associazioni automatiche nel tempo. I risultati dello Studio 4 e dello Studio 5 consentiranno di dimostrare che il processo di esposizione selettiva è una strategia primariamente proposizionale e gioca un ruolo di mediazione parziale nel consolidamento delle credenze consapevoli delle persone decise. All’opposto, questa strategia sembra non realizzarsi nel caso delle persone indecise. Tutti questi risultati saranno discussi nelle conclusioni generali, dove si cercherà di sottolinearne le importanti implicazioni per le scienze sociali che mirano a predire le future decisioni delle presone riguardo a questioni di pubblico interesse.

While the benefits of participating in regular leisure-time exercise are well known, many individuals fail to exercise regularly. Contemporary research into exercise motivation has identified automatic cognitive processes, such approach-avoidance biases, as at least partly involved in motivating exercise behaviour. Approach-avoidance biases refer to automatic and implicit dispositions to approach or avoid certain cues in the environment. These biases can be examined by measuring immediate action tendencies to approach or avoid, or by examining implicit approach-avoidance associations stored in long-term memory. Specifically, approach-avoidance associations reflect pre-existing links in memory between a target concept (e.g., exercise) and behavioural tendencies to approach or avoid. To date, existing research has not yet demonstrated a link between implicit approach-avoidance associations with exercise cues and exercise behaviour. Identifying whether participation in leisure-time exercise is associated with the strength of approach-avoidance associations may provide insight into why some individuals are automatically motivated to pursue exercise as a form of leisure and others are not. Therefore, the overarching aim of this thesis was to contribute to current understanding of exercise motivation by investigating the relationship between approach-avoidance memory associations and leisure-time exercise engagement. Study 1 used a Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (IAT-RF) to examine the relationship between self-reported leisure-time exercise engagement and implicit approach-avoidance memory associations with exercise in a sample of healthy adults (N = 104). Results revealed stronger exercise-approach versus exercise-avoidance memory associations, indicative of an implicit approach bias for exercise cues. In addition, approach bias scores positively correlated with self-reported time spent on leisure-time exercise, and discriminated between individuals who did or did not meet global recommendations of weekly physical activity during their leisure time (i.e., >150 minutes of weekly physical activity). A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that approach bias scores explained unique variance in self-reported exercise behaviour when controlling for explicit exercise intentions and self-determined exercise motivation. The findings provided preliminary evidence that higher amounts of leisure-time exercise were associated with a stronger implicit cognitive bias to approach exercise-related cues in the environment. Study 2 utilised a Single Category Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT-RF) to measure approach-avoidance associations with exercise cues using a sample of healthy undergraduate students (N = 110). Study 2 also investigated whether exercise habit strength moderated the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and self-reported exercise behaviours, operationalised as time spent on leisure-time exercise during a typical week and as average duration of exercise sessions. Consistent with the findings of Study 1, participants in Study 2 demonstrated an implicit approach bias for exercise-related cues, as measured by the SC-IAT-RF. However, when controlling for explicit exercise intentions, approach bias scores on the SC-IAT-RF were not significantly associated with self-reported exercise behaviour. Moreover, exercise habit strength did not moderate the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and self-reported behaviour. Intentions and habit were both found to independently predict time spent on leisure-time exercise, whereas only intentions significantly predicted average workout duration. While these findings did not support the role of approach-avoidance associations in exercise, they have suggested that intentions and habit may be important factors in predicting leisure-time exercise behaviour. Study 3 (N = 93) measured approach-avoidance associations using both the IAT-RF and the SC-IAT-RF and examined the relationship between approach bias for exercise, self-reported exercise behaviour, and immediate performance on a stationary cycling task. Study 3 also examined whether the relationships between approach bias, exercise intentions, and immediate exercise performance were moderated by situational demands on cognitive capacity. Results revealed that approach bias scores on the IAT-RF and the SC-IAT-RF positively correlated with self-reported time spent on leisure-time exercise. Moderated regression analyses revealed that intentions, but not approach bias, positively predicted objectively measured distance cycled irrespective of demands on cognitive capacity. Further, neither approach bias nor intentions predicted average percentage of maximum heart rate. The findings from Study 3 further supported the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and current levels of leisure-time exercise engagement, but indicated that further research is needed to identify the strength of the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and prospective exercise behaviour. In summary, this thesis has provided an original contribution to knowledge by demonstrating a relationship between self-reported leisure-time exercise behaviour and implicit approach-avoidance memory associations with exercise cues. Broadly, the current results have revealed that individuals who reported engaging in higher amounts of leisure-time exercise displayed a stronger implicit cognitive bias to approach exercise-related cues. These findings offer important theoretical insight into the factors that may influence exercise behaviour and have demonstrated that both controlled and automatic processes are linked to leisure-time exercise participation. Practically, the conclusion of this thesis that automatic processes play an important role in motivating exercise behaviour may be used to inform future public health campaigns. Alternatively, these findings may aid in the development of intervention strategies that aim to increase engagement in exercise and physical activity.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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As tradicionais formas de mensuração dos valores humanos fazem uso de medidas explícitas, tais como os questionários de autorrelato. Estas medidas são suscetíveis à influência da desejabilidade social e podem inibir e/ou enviesar os resultados. Como alternativa, buscando controlar a tendência para respostas subjacentes, outras formas de mensuração veem sendo utilizadas. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo construir e buscar evidências de validade de um Teste de Associação Implícita, baseado em Categoria Única (SC-TAI-Valores-Schwartz), para avaliação de valores, fundamentado na Teoria dos Valores de Schwartz. Participaram da pesquisa 61 voluntários com idade acima de 18 anos. Foi utilizado o software Inquisitpara apresentação dos estímulos e mensuração do tempo de reação manual. A Análise Multidimensional (PROXSCAL) para o SC-TAI-Valores-Schwartz revelou, em comparação com as proposições teóricas, diferenças entre o obtido e o esperado. Foram encontradas polaridades, no entanto, a estrutura não retrata o modelo circumplexo proposto pelo teórico. A obtenção de uma disposição dos valores distinta da apresentada na teoria pode ser justificada pelo contexto cultural. Procedimentos de análise semelhantes foram utilizados para a versão do SC-TAI-Valores baseado na teoria de Gouveia (1998), sendo observada, nos resultados, a reprodução do modelo teórico, confirmando as proposições, tendo em vista a clara divisão de polos, considerando, principalmente, o modelo hexágono sugerido pelo autor. Houve, no entanto, uma inversão inesperada entre experimentação e realização. No que diz respeito ao estudo de validade convergente foram verificadas diversas correlações positivas entre as medidas explícitas, Questionário de Valores de Schwartz (QVS) e Questionário de Valores Básicos de Gouveia (QVB). Com relação às medidas implícitas computadorizadas (SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira) e sua validade convergente com as medidas explícitas (QVS e QVB), não foram observadas correlações substanciais. O mesmo foi observado no estudo de validade convergente entre as medidas implícitas SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira, sugerindo baixas correlações. Na investigação da validade discriminante, foi observada discriminância entre ambos os instrumentos (SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira) e a Escala de Desejabilidade Social, no entanto com uma análise inconsistente. Considera-se que esta dissertação cumpriu com seus objetivos, construindo a medida implícita de Valores Humanos baseada na Teoria de Schwartz, demonstrando sua aplicabilidade e representando um novo processo de avaliação para investigação de outros construtos.
Traditional ways of measuring human values use explicit measures, such as self-report questionnaires. These measures are susceptible to the influence of social desirability and can inhibit and / or skew the results. Alternatively, seeking to control the tendency to underlying responses, other forms of measurement has being used. This study aimed to develop and search for evidence of validity of the Implicit Association Test, based on Single Category (SC-TAI-values Schwartz) for values’ evaluation,which is based on the theory of Schwartz values. The participants were 61 volunteers aged above 18 years. The Inquisit software was used for stimuli’s presentation and to measure the manual reaction time. Multidimensional analysis (PROXSCAL) of Tai-SC-Schwartz values found differences between the obtained and expected, in comparison with the theoretical statements. Polarities was found, nevertheless, it does not portray the circumplex structure proposed by the theoretical model. The cultural context can explain an array of distinct values presented in theoryand obtained on this research. Similar analysis procedures were used on the version of SC-TAI-values based on Gouveia's theory (1998), in which results showed the reproduction of the theoretical model, confirming the proposals, given the clear Poles’ division of Poles, mainly considering the hexagon model suggested by the author. Notwithstanding, there was an unexpected inversion of testing and implementation. On the convergent validity’s study, there were found several positive correlations between explicit measures, Schwartz Values Survey (QVS) and Values Questionnaire Gouveia Basic (QVB). Regarding computerized implicit measures (SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira), and its convergent validity with explicit measures (QVS and QVB), significant correlations were observed.The same was observed in the study of convergent validity between implicit measures SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira, suggesting low correlations. In the discriminant validity investigation, a differentiation between both instruments (SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira) and the Social Desirability Scale was observed, however, with an inconsistent analysis. It is considered that this dissertation achieved its objectives, developing the implicit measure of human values based on Schwartz's theory, showing its applicability and representing a new evaluation process for investigation of other constructs.

Information systems researchers typically use self-report measures, such as questionnaires to study consumers’ online risk perception. The self-report approach captures the conscious perception of online risk but not the unconscious perception that precedes and dominates human being’s decision-making. A theoretical model in which implicit risk perception precedes explicit risk evaluation is proposed. The research model proposes that implicit risk affects both explicit risk and the attitude towards online purchase. In a direct path, the implicit risk affects attitude towards purchase. In an indirect path, the implicit risk affects explicit risk, which in turn affects attitude towards purchase. The stimulus used was a questionable web site offering pre-paid credit card services. Data was collected from 150 undergraduate students enrolled in a university. Implicit risk was measured using methods developed in social psychology, namely, single category-implicit association test. Explicit risk and attitude towards purchase were measured using a well-known instrument in the e-commerce risk literature. Preliminary, unconditioned analysis suggested that (a) implicit risk does not affect explicit risk, (b) explicit risk does not affect attitude to purchase, and (c) implicit risk does not affect attitude towards purchase.

Die Dissertation besteht aus einem Einleitungsteil und drei empirischen Beiträgen. Die Einleitung gibt eine Einführung in das Themengebiet der Selbstwertschätzung und deren Erfassung mit indirekten Verfahren. Vor allem aber dient sie dazu, die empirischen Befunde der Beiträge zu integrieren. Die ersten beiden Artikel widmen sich der Überprüfung der psychometrischen Qualität indirekter Verfahren. Das Augenmerk des ersten Beitrags liegt auf der Prüfung, ob verschiedene indirekte Verfahren konvergieren und ob explizite und implizite Selbstwertschätzung korrespondieren, wenn implizite Selbstwertschätzung reliabel erfasst wird. Außerdem werden strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten der indirekten Verfahren in die Betrachtungen mit einbezogen. Der zweite Beitrag komplettiert die Untersuchungen zur Güte der Verfahren. Der Fokus dieses Beitrags liegt im Nachweis der prädiktiven Validität verschiedener indirekter Verfahren. Dabei werden Kriterien herangezogen, die nicht im Selbstbericht erhoben werden. Im Detail wird eine doppelte Dissoziation zwischen expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung geprüft. Der dritte Beitrag rundet diese Arbeit ab, da er sich auch einem anwendungsbezogenen Aspekt der Persönlichkeitspsychologie widmet. Untersucht wird der Zusammenhang zwischen defensiven Verhaltensweisen und Selbstwertdiskrepanzen, also der Kombination expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung
The dissertation consists of an introduction and three empirical journal articles. The introduction gives the theoretical background about self-esteem and its assessment with indirect measures, and primarily, integrates the three journal articles. The first article investigates the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of indirect measures of self-esteem. The second article complements the examination of the psychometric properties. It contributes evidence to the predictive validity of indirect self-esteem measures. With using non-self-reported criteria, a double dissociation between explicit and implicit self-esteem is tested. The third article brings into focus an applied aspect of personality psychology. It is analyzed how defensive reactions are related to self-esteem discrepancies, that are different combinations of explicit and implicit self-esteem

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a computer-based psychological test that measures implicit attitudes, stereotypes and beliefs. In an effort to better understand the applicability and limitations of the IAT researchers have investigated the effects of manipulating a variety of procedural variables that comprise the IAT, not least the IAT categories and the exemplars that are instances of those categories. This study investigated the effects of manipulating the IAT's target categories that define the attitudinal domain that the IAT measures. Experiments were devised to determine the IAT's sensitivity to minor and major semantic manipulations to its target categories while keeping exemplars and attribute categories constant. It was found that the IAT was sensitive to major semantic differences in its target categories, but was apparently insensitive to minor semantic category differences, implying that it is unable to discriminate between subtle distinctions in attitude. It was hypothesised that this latter finding could have been partly due to a temporary cognitive re-definition of the categories in accordance with the salient characteristics of the exemplars.
Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

The current climate surrounding adolescent marijuana use in the U.S. is facing unprecedented circumstances. Rates of daily use are at or near all-time highs and perceptions of risk are at an all-time low in the history of the Monitoring the Future study among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. These rates are occurring despite research demonstrating worse long-term health outcomes associated with earlier age of marijuana use onset and increasing THC levels among marijuana products. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify risk factors that may represent screening markers of risk or targets for prevention and intervention among adolescents. One important risk factor for alcohol and tobacco is the extent to which one identifies with each substance. This aspect of identity can be measured with adaptations of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a reaction time measure that aims to assess associations held in memory between constructs (e.g., marijuana and one’s self-concept). The aim of the current study was to develop and test two Marijuana Identity IATs among late adolescents in Washington State, one using images and another using words to represent marijuana and its control category. The current study included 169 adolescents between the ages of 15-18 (Mean age = 16.9, SD age = 0.9, 50% female, 66% high school student) with recruitment stratified by marijuana use (to include participants that range from non-users to heavy users) and gender. Data described here come from the online baseline assessment that included the Marijuana Identity IATs and self-report measures of marijuana use, consequences, and explicit (i.e., self-reported) marijuana identification. Results from the IATs reveal two normal distributions of IAT scores that were both positive on average indicating faster reaction times when marijuana was categorized with the self (and a neutral category categorized with other people). Split-half reliabilities of the IATs revealed internal consistencies in the range of previous substance-related IATs (word-based IAT, r = 0.52; imaged-based IAT, r = 0.40). In negative binomial regression models that controlled for age and sex, both IATs were significantly associated with use and consequences such that faster reaction times categorizing marijuana with the self were associated with more marijuana use and consequences (ps< .01). When controlling for self-reported identification marijuana, only the image-based IAT was significantly associated with marijuana use and consequences (ps< .05). The findings demonstrate relationships between IAT performance and marijuana use outcomes that compare favorably to past marijuana-related IATs lending support to implicit associations between the marijuana and the self as an important marker of marijuana use behaviors. Despite this promise, the relative inferiority of the internal consistency of these IATs to self-report measures may limit their utility as tools for screening. Future experimental and longitudinal research is warranted however, to examine identification with marijuana as a causal candidate for marijuana misuse to examine its potential as a prevention and intervention target.