Journal articles: 'Single Category Implicit Association Test'

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Stieger, Stefan, Anja S. Göritz, Andreas Hergovich, and Martin Voracek. "Intentional Faking of the Single Category Implicit Association Test and the Implicit Association Test." Psychological Reports 109, no. 1 (August 2011): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.09.22.28.pr0.109.4.219-230.

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) provides a relative measure of implicit association strengths between target and attribute categories. In contrast, the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC–IAT) measures association strength with a single attribute category. This can be advantageous if a complementary category—as used in the IAT—cannot be composed or is undesired. If the SC–IAT is to be a meaningful supplement to the IAT, it should meet the same requirements. In an online experiment with a large and heterogeneous sample, the fakability of both implicit measures was investigated when measuring anxiety. Both measures were fakable through specific instruction (e.g., “Slow down your reactions”) but unfakable through nonspecific faking instruction even though nonspecific instruction was given immediately before the critical blocks (e.g., “Alter your reaction times”). When comparing the methodological quality of both implicit measures, the SC–IAT had lower internal consistency than the IAT. Moreover, with specific faking instructions, the SC–IAT was possible to fake to a larger extent than the IAT.

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Karpinski, Andrew, and Ross B. Steinman. "The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 1 (2006): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16.

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Wu, Rui, and Qingke Guo. "Implicit Attitudes of Chinese University Students towards Altruism: Evidence from Single Category Implicit Association Test." Psychology 07, no. 07 (2016): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.77097.

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Chevance, Guillaume, Nelly Héraud, Agata Guerrieri, Amanda Rebar, and Julie Boiché. "Measuring implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behaviors: Test-retest reliability of three scoring algorithms of the Implicit Association Test and Single Category-Implicit Association Test." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 31 (July 2017): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.04.007.

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Bardin, Brigitte, Stéphane Perrissol, Jacques Py, Céline Launay, and Florian Escoubès. "Personalized SC-IAT: A Possible Way of Reducing the Influence of Societal Views on Assessments of Implicit Attitude toward Smoking." Psychological Reports 115, no. 1 (August 2014): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/18.07.pr0.115c10z8.

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is used to assess attitude beyond the limitations of explicit measurements. Nevertheless, the test requires opposition between two attitude objects and also measures an extra-personal dimension of attitude that may reflect associations shared collectively. The first limitation can be overcome by using a Single Category IAT and the second by a personalized version of IAT. This study compares attitudes to smoking measured using a Single Category IAT with a personalized version of the test. The results, collected from 111 students, showed that the Single Category IAT did not distinguish smokers from non-smokers; smokers had negative scores. The personalized version did distinguish smokers from non-smokers, and smokers' scores seem to be neutral.

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Tian, Li li, Wang Liu, and Rich Gilman. "Explicit and implicit school satisfaction." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 1345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.10.1345.

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A total of 124 high school students reported their explicit and implicit school satisfaction using the School Satisfaction Subscale (SSS) of the Adolescent's School Well-being Scale and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The results showed that gender and grade significantly influenced explicit – but not implicit – school satisfaction for senior high school students.

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Hempel, I. S., N. M. L. Buck, K. R. Goethals, and H. J. C. van Marle. "Unraveling Sexual Associations in Contact and Noncontact Child Sex Offenders Using the Single Category – Implicit Association Test." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 25, no. 5 (November 2, 2012): 444–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063212464660.

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Bardin, Brigitte, Stéphane Perrissol, Jacques Py, Yoann Fos, and Nicolas Souchon. "Testing of a paper-and-pencil Personalized Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT-P)." International Review of Social Psychology 29, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/irsp.35.

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Johann, David, and Kathrin Thomas. "Need for support or economic competition? Implicit associations with immigrants during the 2015 migrant crisis." Research & Politics 5, no. 2 (April 2018): 205316801876813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168018768136.

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How did the Austrian public think about immigrants at the peak of the 2015 migrant crisis? News media and policy makers suggested a cleavage in public opinion along the lines of humanitarian support and economic competition. We empirically disentangle these groups using a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The data were collected by Project Implicit as a part of an online panel survey initiated by the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES). The analyses reveal that Austrian citizens predominantly associate immigrants with the need for support. However, implicit associations also seem to vary depending on citizens’ backgrounds and beliefs. The findings further indicate that implicit associations towards immigrants affect citizens’ policy preferences.

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Rebar, Amanda L., Nilam Ram, and David E. Conroy. "Using the EZ-diffusion model to score a Single-Category Implicit Association Test of physical activity." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 16 (March 2015): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.09.008.

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Chevance, Guillaume, Nelly Heraud, Agata Guerrieri, Amanda Rebar, and Julie Boiché. "Corrigendum to “Measuring implicit attitudes toward physical activity and sedentary behaviors: Test-retest reliability of three scoring algorithms of the Implicit Association Test and Single Category-Implicit Association Test” [Psychol. Sport Exerc. 31 (2017) 70–78]." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 35 (March 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.006.

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Plotka, Irina, Nina Blumenau, and Zhanna Vinogradova. "RESEARCH OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GAMBLING FOR GAMBLERS AND NON-GAMBLERS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 26, 2016): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1529.

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The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.

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Siebler, Frank, Roberto González, Gabriela Ordóñez, Gerd Bohner, Andrés Haye, David Sirlopú, Andres Millar, Pablo de Tezanos-Pinto, and David Torres. "The Category-Focus Implicit Association Test 1It is journal policy that submissions coauthored by a current editor are handled by a guest editor. We thank Ulrich Wagner, who handled the current manuscript, for his efforts." Social Psychology 41, no. 2 (January 2010): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000015.

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We propose the Category-Focus IAT (CF-IAT) as an instrument to measure the implicit associations of single concepts. The CF-IAT directs respondents’ attention to a subset of the experimental materials. In a first study using the CF-IAT, Chilean adolescents (N = 49), members of either the indigenous minority (Mapuche) or the nonindigenous majority, completed CF-IATs assessing implicit attitudes toward these groups. Results revealed, in both groups, a neutral implicit evaluation of the ingroup, but a negative implicit evaluation of the outgroup. Process evidence suggests that the CF-IAT’s manipulation of attentional focus was successful.

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Choi, Yun Jung, and Dong Hee Cho. "Explicit and implicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19: Need for community mental health services." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10900.

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During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, social stigmatization of people who have been infected with the virus has been observed. This study measured the degree of social stigma by examining implicit and explicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19. Explicit attitudes were measured through self-reporting, taking into account the three components of behavior, cognition, and emotion, and we used the Single-Category Implicit Association Test to assess implicit attitudes. The findings show that explicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19 were positive, whereas implicit attitudes trended toward being negative. The results suggest that mental health services and policies are needed to reduce social stigma and prevent the risk of mental health problems among people who have been infected with COVID-19.

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Yi, Sunghwan, and Vinay Kanetkar. "Implicit measures of attitudes toward gambling: An exploratory study." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 24 (July 1, 2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2010.24.9.

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Gambling researchers have used self-report measures in order to assess gamblers' attitudes toward gambling. Despite their efficiency, self-report measures of attitudes often suffer self-presentation and social desirability bias when they are used to assess socially sensitive or stigmatized issues. This concern has led to the recent development of indirect, non-reactive measures of attitudes in psychology. These implicit measures of attitudes tend to reveal automatic, impulsive mental processes, whereas the self-report measures tap conscious, reflective processes (F. Strack & R. Deutsch, 2004). In this paper, we demonstrate how response latency-based measures can be used to investigate attitudes toward gambling. We report findings of our empirical study, in which evaluative priming (Fazio et al., 1995) and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 1996) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward gambling, and the Single Target IAT was adapted to assess implicit arousal-sedation associations of gambling. With a sample of 102 undergraduate students, we found that latency-based measures of attitudes toward gambling were not significantly correlated with self-report measures. Moderate-to-high-risk gamblers held more positive attitudes toward gambling in the SC-IAT and exhibited more positive and more negative attitudes toward gambling in the evaluative priming task than did low-risk gamblers.

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Locke, Sean R., and Tanya R. Berry. "Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations." Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 43, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2021-0031.

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To better understand exercise-related cognitive errors (ECEs) from a dual processing perspective, the purpose of this study was to examine their relationship to two automatic exercise processes. It was hypothesized that ECEs would account for more variance than automatic processes in predicting intentions, that ECEs would interact with automatic processes to predict intentions, and that exercise schema would distinguish between different levels of ECEs. Adults (N = 136, Mage = 29 years, 42.6% women) completed a cross-sectional study and responded to three survey measures (ECEs, exercise self-schema, and exercise intentions) and two computerized implicit tasks (the approach/avoid task and single-category Implicit Association Test). ECEs were not correlated with the two implicit measures; however, ECEs moderated the relationship between approach tendency toward exercise stimuli and exercise intentions. Exercise self-schema were differentiated by ECE level. This study expands our knowledge of ECEs by examining their relationship to different automatic and reflective processes.

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Abdelaziz, Bahoussa, and Masrhouni Ikrame. "Cognitive categorization of new hybrid products and implicit attitude formation: Empirical study of sensory stimulation." Innovative Marketing 18, no. 3 (October 3, 2022): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.18(3).2022.18.

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According to social psychology researchers, categorizing a new product may involve the formation of automatic judgments at the subconscious level. This study aimed to ascertain if attitudes might be formed unintentionally when categorizing a new hybrid product under the effect of associated sensory inputs. Data were collected using an explicit and implicit approach: an explicit categorization measure, an explicit attitude scale, and the “Single Category Implicit Association Test’’ (SC-IAT), from 280 Moroccan university students having a normal sense of smell and taste, under the effects of two types of sensory stimuli (smell and taste) and according to two learning conditions linked to two categories of existing products. The data were then computed and processed using the “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” and the “Inquisit Lab’’. The study’s findings revealed that the respondents were able to categorize the new product into one of the targeted categories (depending on the learning condition of each category) after exposure to sensory stimuli (olfactory and gustatory stimuli) related to this product and were also able to form an implicit and explicit attitude towards it. The occurrence of the categorization process and the formation of these two distinct types of attitudes can be explained by the olfactory and gustatory sensory stimulation during the experiment, which helped the participants recognize the basic domain of the new product and then transfer knowledge and affects to it.

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Agosta, Sara, Umberto Castiello, Davide Rigoni, Stefano Lionetti, and Giuseppe Sartori. "The Detection and the Neural Correlates of Behavioral (Prior) Intentions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 3888–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00039.

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Prior intentions are abstract mental representations that are believed to be the prime cause of our intentional actions. To date, only a few studies have focused on the possibility that single prior intentions could be identified in people's minds. Here, for the first time, we used the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT) in order to identify a specific prior intention on the basis of a pattern of associations derived from reaction times (Experiment 1). The aIAT is based on two critical blocks: the block associating intentions with true sentences (congruent block) gave rise to faster reaction times (RTs) than the block associating intentions with false sentences (incongruent block). Furthermore, when comparing intentions with hopes, it was revealed that the reported effect was intention-specific: The pattern of associations reflected a congruency effect when intentions and the logical category “True” were paired, but not when hopes and the “True” category were paired (Experiment 2). Finally, we investigated the neural bases of the congruency effect that leads to the identification of an intention (Experiment 3). We found a reduced late positive component (LPC) for the incongruent with respect to the congruent block, suggesting that the incongruent block needs additional resources of cognitive control with respect to the congruent block.

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Liashenko, A. K. "Associations between Categorization Rules and Categorical Visual Search." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 43, no. 5 (2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920021476-9.

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One of the tasks of modern categorization theories is the search for cognitive functions associated with categorical learning. Foreign research has demonstrated an association between visual search and continuum category learning (categorical representation): success of the visual search based on single-feature categorical rules does not change with increasing number of distractors, but collapses when the search is supported by information integration categorical rules. The purpose of the current study was to identify links between learning discrete categories and the success of visual search in order to test the previously obtained effect on another type of categories — verbal rules (explicit type) and prototypes (implicit type). It was assumed that, since the representation based on prototypes would have a lower level of awareness, its support for the visual search based (success) would be lower than while forming verbal rules. Participants (N = 121) completed a task where they learnt a new artificial category belonging to one of two types of rules and immediately after that performed a categorical visual search task where they were asked to search for a target relevant to the category they learnt. We found that after learning the verbal rule as well as forming prototypes, visual search success did not collapse with increasing number of distractors. We also found that the higher the success rate in learning a new category, the more effective the visual search was, regardless of the type of rule. Thus, we have shown for the first time that visual search can be supported by different types of categories, both explicit and implicit. We explain the present results and their difference from the results of the previous study by the fact that categories based on discrete features (as opposed to continuums) allows to create more robust representations that are easier to use in non-categorical tasks such as visual search.

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Pathak, Abhishek, and Gemma Anne Calvert. "Sooo Sweeet! Presence of Long Vowels in Brand Names Lead to Expectations of Sweetness." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11020012.

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Throughout the history of languages, poets and writers have used linguistic tools to enhance euphony in their creations. One of the widely used tools to convey melody in any written (or spoken) creative art form is the use of long vowels. This paper examines the linkages between long (vs. short) vowel sounds and taste expectations of sweetness. Across four studies, we demonstrate that people expect products with brand names containing long vowels to taste sweeter than those including short vowel sounds. In studies 1 and 2, we demonstrate this association with the use of self-reported measures, and in studies 3 and 4, we employ indirect measures (implicit taste–shape correspondence and Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) paradigm) to show the effect holds at a subconscious level of processing. Previous research in this field has typically linked vowel position (high vs. low or front vs. back) with product or brand attribute expectations. This paper contributes to the growing body of literature in this field by demonstrating the importance of vowel length in sound symbolism, and more precisely, how it pertains to the taste continuum.

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Fleischhauer, Monika. "The Moving-IAT." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 6 (November 2017): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000305.

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Abstract. Accumulated evidence suggests that indirect measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) provide an increment in personality assessment explaining behavioral variance over and above self-reports. Likewise, it has been shown that there are several unwanted sources of variance in personality IATs potentially reducing their psychometric quality. For example, there is evidence that individuals use imagery-based facilitation strategies while performing the IAT. That is, individuals actively create mental representations of their person that fit to the category combination in the respective block, but do not necessarily fit to their implicit personality self-concept. A single-block IAT variant proposed by attitude research, where compatible and incompatible trials are presented in one and the same block, may prevent individuals from using such facilitation strategies. Consequently, for the trait need for cognition (NFC), a new single-block IAT version was developed (called Moving-IAT) and tested against the standard IAT for differences in internal consistency and predictive validity in a sample of 126 participants. Although the Moving-IAT showed lower internal consistency, its predictive value for NFC-typical behavior was higher than that of the standard IAT. Given individual’s strategy reports, the single-block structure of the Moving-IAT indeed reduces the likelihood of imagery-based strategies.

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Gao, Xinyue, Daisuke Sawamura, Ryuji Saito, Yui Murakami, Rika Yano, Satoshi Sakuraba, Susumu Yoshida, Shinya Sakai, and Kazuki Yoshida. "Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): e0275914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275914.

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Smoking is a global health risk for premature death and disease. Recently, addictive behaviors, like smoking, were considered to be guided by explicit and implicit processes. The existence of a dissociation between the two attitudes in nonsmokers and the causes of the differences in implicit attitudes toward smoking have not been fully investigated. We investigated the explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking via a self-reported scale and the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT), respectively, among undergraduate and graduate health sciences students. In addition, we applied the drift-diffusion model (DDM) on the SC-IAT and examined the behavioral characteristics that caused differences in implicit attitude toward smoking between smokers and nonsmokers. The results showed the existence of a dissociation between explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking among nonsmokers. In addition, nonsmokers had a higher decision threshold than smokers and a higher drift rate in the condition where negative words were associated with smoking. Nonsmokers engaged in SC-IAT with more cautious attitudes and responded more easily in a negative condition since it was consistent with their true attitudes. Conversely, smokers did not show a significant difference in the drift rate between the conditions. These results suggested that the differences in an implicit attitude between smokers and nonsmokers were caused by differences in evidence accumulation speed between the positive and negative conditions. The existence of dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking may indicate the difficulty of measuring true attitude in nonsmokers in a questionnaire survey. Additionally, the DDM results explained the difference of implicit attitude between smokers and nonsmokers; it may provide information on the mechanisms of addictive behaviors and a basis for therapy. However, whether these results are affected by cultural differences requires further investigation.

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Zhang, Shan, Xinlei Zang, Sainan Zhang, and Feng Zhang. "Social Class Priming Effect on Prosociality: Evidence from Explicit and Implicit Measures." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073984.

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Although abundant research has explored the relationship between social class and prosociality, it remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of social class priming on prosociality among college students. Experiment 1 was an explicit experiment in which we employed the MacArthur scale to prime participants’ social class and then used a donation task. The results showed that students in a low social class priming group had more donation behaviors compared to ones in a high social class priming group. Experiment 2 was an implicit experiment in which we used a single category implicit association test (SC-IAT) to investigate the relationship between the self-concepts of different social classes and prosociality after priming participants’ social class. The results indicated that students in a low social class priming condition had a stronger connection between self-concepts and prosocial inclinations than ones in a high social class priming condition. Thus, our study demonstrated that students primed with low social class were more prosocial than those primed with high social class, and supported the empathy-altruism theory of prosocial behavior. These findings are of great practical significance to promote prosocial behavior of individuals of different social classes.

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Li, Guangming. "Implicit Attitudes of New-Type Drug Abstainers towards New-Type Drugs and Their Relapse Tendencies." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13030200.

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Over the last decade, new-type drugs have been replacing traditional-type drugs in China. However, studies of implicit attitudes towards new-type drugs are insufficient and contradictory results exist. Previous studies have suggested that implicit attitudes and relapse tendencies are a dual structure model, but that is for traditional or mixed drug addicts. For new drug addicts, is the dual structure model completely suitable or partially supported? This study attempts to explore this point. At a drug rehabilitation center, we randomly selected 50 abstainers (25 males and 25 females; age range: 21–41 years) who only took new-type drugs prior to abstention to participate in this study. Participants complete the General Situation Questionnaire, the Drug Use Characteristics Questionnaire, the Drug Relapse Risk Scale (DRRS), and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The relationship between implicit attitudes and relapse tendencies of new-type drug abstainers towards new-type drugs was investigated. The results showed: (1) abstainers had negative attitudes towards new-type drugs, and the data had statistical correlation with abstainers’ drug use characteristics and each relapse risk index; (2) females held relatively positive implicit attitudes towards new-type drugs; (3) being female and divorced could significantly predict abstainers’ implicit attitudes; (4) there is no significant correlation between implicit attitudes and relapse tendencies of new-type drug abstainers towards new-type drugs, which partially supports the dual structure model; (5) fender influences the self-assessment of relapse probability. Compared with traditional or mixed drug addicts, the dual structure model is only partially supported for new-type drug abstainers towards new-type drugs. That is because being female and divorced are the main factors influencing implicit attitudes and relapse tendencies. A few women or divorced people regard consuming new drugs as the source of happiness and forget the harm brought by the drugs themselves in their implicit attitude, which leads to more drug abuse in their explicit behavior. Therefore, we should pay more attention to women who have become new-type drug addicts and pay special attention to the impact of divorce.

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Sriram, N., and Anthony G. Greenwald. "The Brief Implicit Association Test." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 4 (January 2009): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.283.

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The Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) consists of two blocks of trials with the same four categories and stimulus-response mappings as the standard IAT, but with 1/3 the number of trials. Unlike the standard IAT, the BIAT focuses the subject on just two of each block’s four categories. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that attitude BIATs had satisfactory validity when good (but not bad) was a focal category, and that identity IATs had satisfactory validity when self (but not other) was a focal category. Experiment 2 also showed that a good-focal attitude BIAT and a self-focal identity BIAT were psychometrically similar to standard IAT measures of the same constructs. Experiment 3 presented each of six BIATs twice, showing that procedural variables had no more than minor influences on the resulting implicit measures. Experiment 4 further demonstrated successful use of the BIAT to measure implicit stereotypes.

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Popa-Roch, Maria, and Florian Delmas. "Prejudice Implicit Association Test Effects." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 218, no. 1 (January 2010): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/a000007.

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Self-concept is accessible information that can be used when facing a demanding task. Based on findings suggesting that effects observed in Implicit Association Tests (IATs) could be partially explained by the procedural features of the task, we investigated the role of participants’ self-inclusion in target categories for group IATs. We propose that IAT constraints lead participants to use self-relevant heuristics related to their membership of target categories in order to respond rapidly, which contributes to IAT group preferences. Thus positive IAT effects should dramatically diminish if participants were induced not to use self-related heuristics. Study 1 showed that when mapping outgroup names and idiosyncratic characteristics of participants onto the same category during the IAT task, the IAT effect no longer occurs. Study 2 replicated these findings when associating outgroup-participants’ idiosyncratic characteristics prior to the completion of the standard IAT. Therefore inhibiting the use of self-related heuristics reduces IAT effects. The implications of our results for the construct validity of prejudice IATs are discussed.

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Jae-Ho Lee. "Sex Differences of Gender Category Representation in Implicit Association Test." Korean Journal of Woman Psychology 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18205/kpa.2007.12.1.001.

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Penke, Lars, Jan Eichstaedt, and Jens B. Asendorpf. "Single-Attribute Implicit Association Tests (SA-IAT) for the Assessment of Unipolar Constructs." Experimental Psychology 53, no. 4 (January 2006): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.4.283.

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A major problem with Implicit Association Tests (IATs) is that they require bipolar attributes (e.g., good-bad). Thus, IAT effects for an attribute category can be interpreted only relative to an opposite category. Problems arise if there is no clear opposite category; in this case, a neutral category can be used, although it induces systematic error variance and thus reduces validity. The present study suggests that this problem can be solved using single-attribute IATs (SA-IATs). Sociosexuality (the tendency to engage in uncommitted sex) was expected to be related at the implicit level to stronger stranger-sex associations relative to partner-sex associations. An IAT was constructed that used conversation as a neutral attribute; it showed satisfactory reliability but only low correlations with explicit sociosexuality. An alternative SA-IAT with sex as the only attribute showed a similar reliability but higher correlations with explicit sociosexuality.

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Nosek, Brian A., and Frederick L. Smyth. "A Multitrait-Multimethod Validation of the Implicit Association Test." Experimental Psychology 54, no. 1 (January 2007): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.54.1.14.

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Abstract. Recent theoretical and methodological innovations suggest a distinction between implicit and explicit evaluations. We applied Campbell and Fiske's (1959) classic multitrait-multimethod design precepts to test the construct validity of implicit attitudes as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Participants (N = 287) were measured on both self-report and IAT for up to seven attitude domains. Through a sequence of latent-variable structural models, systematic method variance was distinguished from attitude variance, and a correlated two-factors-per-attitude model (implicit and explicit factors) was superior to a single-factor-per-attitude specification. That is, despite sometimes strong relations between implicit and explicit attitude factors, collapsing their indicators into a single attitude factor resulted in relatively inferior model fit. We conclude that these implicit and explicit measures assess related but distinct attitude constructs. This provides a basis for, but does not distinguish between, dual-process and dual-representation theories that account for the distinctions between constructs.

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Chang, Betty P. I., and Chris J. Mitchell. "Discriminating between the Effects of Valence and Salience in the Implicit Association Test." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.586782.

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most widely used indirect measure of attitudes in social psychology. It has been suggested that artefacts such as salience asymmetries and familiarity can influence performance on the IAT. Chang and Mitchell (2009) proposed that the ease with which IAT stimuli are classified (classification fluency) is the common mechanism underlying both of these factors. In the current study, we investigated the effect of classification fluency on the IAT and trialled a measure—the split IAT—for dissociating between the effects of valence and salience in the IAT. Across six experiments, we examined the relationship between target classification fluency and salience asymmetries in the IAT. In the standard IAT, the more fluently classified target category was, all else being equal, compatible with pleasant attributes over unpleasant attributes. Furthermore, the more fluently classified target category was more easily classified with the more salient attribute category in the split IAT, independent of evaluative associations. This suggests that the more fluently classified category is also the more salient target category.

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Rothermund, Klaus, and Dirk Wentura. "Figure-Ground Asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test (IAT)." Experimental Psychology 48, no. 2 (April 2001): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.94.

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Abstract. Based on the assumption that binary classification tasks are often processed asymmetrically (figure-ground asymmetries), two experiments showed that association alone cannot account for effects observed in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Experiment 1 (N = 16) replicated a standard version of the IAT effect using old vs. young names as target categories and good and bad words as attribute categories. However, reliable compatibility effects were also found for a modified version of the task in which neutral words vs. nonwords instead of good vs. bad words were used as attribute categories. In Experiment 2 (N = 8), a reversed IAT effect was observed after the figure-ground asymmetry in the target dimension had been inverted by a previous go/nogo detection task in which participants searched for exemplars of the category “young.\ The experiments support the hypothesis that figure-ground asymmetries produce compatibility effects in the IAT and suggest that IAT effects do not rely exclusively on evaluative associations between the target and attribute categories.

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Steffens, Melanie C., and Inga Plewe. "Items’ Cross-Category Associations as a Confounding Factor in the Implicit Association Test." Experimental Psychology 48, no. 2 (April 2001): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.123.

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Abstract. The introduction of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) has stimulated numerous research activities. The IAT is supposed to measure the degree of association between concepts. Instances have to be assigned to these concepts by pressing appropriate keys as quickly as possible. The reaction time difference between certain conditions, termed the IAT effect, is used as an indicator of the degree of the concepts’ association. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of association between one concept (or category) and the instances of the other presented concept also influences reaction times. In our experiment, the instances in the target categories, male and female names, were kept constant. The adjectives in the evaluative categories were manipulated: Either the pleasant adjectives were female-associated and the unpleasant adjectives were male-associated, or vice versa. These stereotypic associations were indeed found to exert a substantial influence on the size of the IAT effect. This finding casts doubt on the assumption that the IAT effect may be interpreted as a pure measure of the degree of association between concepts.

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Ricceri, A., S. Fronza, E. Galimberti, and L. Bellodi. "Implicit associations in eating disorders: An experimental study using implicit associations test." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72426-9.

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IntroductionGreenwald et al. (1998) developed The implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure automatic concept-attribute associations. The assumption of the test is that strongly associated (compatible) attribute-concept pairs should be easier to classify together than are weakly associated or opposed (incompatible) attribute concepts. Ease of classifying is measured by the response times and errors in performing such categorizations.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was the evaluation, at an implicit level, of the attitude concerning fat people in a sample of Eating Disorders (ED).MethodsA IAT modeled to assess self-esteem the attitude concerning fat and slim persons has been administered to 17 Anorexia Nervosa (AN), 14 Bulimia Nervosa (BN), 17 Binge Eating (BED) patients and 32 healthy controls (HC). In IAT, the target categories were represented by the words «FAT-SLIM» and «good / bad». Stimuli were images of faces of overweight and normal weight people and positive/negative word. A positive IAT effect underline an implicit tendency to associate the category «FAT» with positive attributes, instead a negative IAT effect suggest an implicit tendency to associate the same category with negative attributes.ResultsResults showed a significant difference between HC and clinical groups in implicit attitude concerning overweight persons. HC showed positive IAT effect, instead AN, BN and BED showed a negative IAT effect. No correlations between implicit attitude and clinical variables were found.ConclusionThese results suggest a common implicit tendency in ED’s groups, compared with controls, to negatively judge overweight persons.

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Steffens, Melanie C. "Is the Implicit Association Test Immune to Faking?" Experimental Psychology 51, no. 3 (June 2004): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165.

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Abstract. One of the main advantages of measures of automatic cognition is supposed to be that they are less susceptible to faking than explicit tests. It is an empirical question, however, to what degree these measures can be faked, and the response might well differ for different measures. We tested whether the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) cannot be faked as easily as explicit measures of the same constructs. We chose the Big-Five dimensions conscientiousness and extraversion as the constructs of interest. The results show, indeed, that the IAT is much less susceptible to faking than questionnaire measures are, even if no selective faking of single dimensions of the questionnaire occurred. However, given limited experience, scores on the IAT, too, are susceptible to faking.

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Fadda, E., S. Fronza, E. Galimberti, and L. Bellodi. "The implicit “Thin Ideal” in eating disorders." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72425-7.

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IntroductionGreenwald and co-workers developed The implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit automatic concept-attribute associations. Evidences have suggested that Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) were characterized by “Ideal Thin” construct.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was the evaluation, at an implicit level, of Ideal Thin construct in a sample of Eating Disorders (ED) patients.MethodsAn “Ideal thin” Implicit Association Tests (Ideal thin IAT) has been modeled, to evaluate the implicit ideal thin in ED patients compared with an healthy control group. IAT test has been administered to a sample composed by 17 AN patients, 14 BN patients, 17 Binge Eating patients (BED) and 32 healthy controls (HC). The target categories, were “OVERWEIGHT / UNDERWEIGHT” and “POSITIVE / NEGATIVE”. Stimuli included pictures of overweight and normal weight models and positive/negative words. A positive IAT effect underlines an implicit tendency to associate the category “UNDERWEIGHT” with negative attributes, instead a negative IAT effect suggest an implicit tendency to associate the same category with positive attributes.ResultsResults showed no significant difference between HC and clinical groups in implicit “Ideal Thin construct”. All groups showed positive IAT effect. No correlations between implicit attitude and clinical variables were found.ConclusionResults show a common implicit tendency generalized in the sample to positively judge underweight. This implicit tendency was stronger in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (0,30), than patents with Bulimia Nervosa (0,41), than Healthy Control (0,42), followed by patients with BED (0,56).

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Robinson, Michael D., Brian P. Meier, Kimberlee J. Zetocha, and Kevin D. McCaul. "Smoking and the Implicit Association Test: When the Contrast Category Determines the Theoretical Conclusions." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 3 (September 2005): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2703_2.

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Lee, Kwang-Ho, and Dae-Young Kim. "Explicit and implicit image cognitions toward destination: Application of the Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT)." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 6, no. 4 (December 2017): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.06.006.

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Bongers, Peggy, Anita Jansen, Katrijn Houben, and Anne Roefs. "Happy eating: The Single Target Implicit Association Test predicts overeating after positive emotions." Eating Behaviors 14, no. 3 (August 2013): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.06.007.

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Plotka, Irina, Nina Blumenau, Elena Ozola, Svetlana Pogildjakova, and Jelena Drozdova. "RESEARCH OF SELF-ESTEEM OF YOUTH USING IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TESTS AND SELF-REPORTED PROCEDURES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 26, 2016): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1511.

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Research aim is to investigate self-esteem of young people, using Single-Category Implicit Association Tests (SC-IAT) and self-reported procedures. Research questions: Are there differences between effects of implicit self-associations: performance, social, appearance and general? What factors can describe a set of measured implicit and explicit variables, characterizing self-esteem? Are the results of implicit and explicit measurements independent from each other? What are the features of the contribution of explicit global self-esteem, state self-esteem (performance, social, appearance) and implicit self-associations (performance, social, appearance) into the implicit general self-associations? Is there the compliance of measurement results of self-esteem obtained with SC-IAT and self-reported procedures? Method: Participants – 132, age 18-30 years (M=25.4, SD=4.0). Implicit measures: Modified versions of SC-IAT: SC-IAT_1 (Performance self-associations, D(P)), SC-IAT_2 (Social self-associations, D(S)), SC-IAT_3 (Appearance self-associations, D(A)), SC-IAT_4 (General self-associations, D(SA)), developed on the basis of SC-IAT. Explicit measures: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and State Self-Esteem Scale by Heatherton and Polivy. Results: Partial correspondence of measurements’ results using IAT and self-reported procedures was found. It was found that the main contribution to the General self-associations is made by the Social self-associations, Appearance self-associations and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem. The results of implicit and explicit measurements are independent from each other.

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Grumm, Mandy, Sascha Hein, and Michael Fingerle. "Predicting aggressive behavior in children with the help of measures of implicit and explicit aggression." International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 4 (July 2011): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411405955.

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Aggressive behavior between children in schools is a topic that receives much interest as violence and aggressive behavior cause many maladaptive social outcomes in the school setting. In the current study the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted as a measure of children’s implicit aggression, by assessing the association of the self category (vs. other) with the attribute concept of aggressive (vs. peaceful). In addition to the IAT, a questionnaire measure to assess explicit aggression was utilized. The main goal of the present contribution was to examine the predictive validity of measures of implicit as well as explicit aggression in predicting the scores in a competitive computer game as an indicator of children’s aggressive behavior. Taken together, the results indicated that measures of implicit and explicit aggression could serve as reliable predictors of children’s aggressive behavior and that the IAT possesses incremental validity in addition to the self-report measure.

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Rothermund, Klaus, and Dirk Wentura. "It’s Brief But Is It Better? An Evaluation of the Brief Implicit Association Test." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000060.

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Sriram and Greenwald (2009) introduced a new variant of the Implicit Association Test, which they termed the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT). The BIAT differs from a standard IAT by using less trials and by instructing participants to focus on only two of the four categories in each block. We argue that the focus manipulation of the BIAT does not suffice to fully control for focusing and recoding processes in the task. Compatibility effects in the BIAT are therefore still subject to influences that are unrelated to the conceptual relation between the target and attribute categories of the task (e.g., salience asymmetries and stimulus-based effects). Highlighting these nonassociative influences, findings with the BIAT revealed strong asymmetries in compatibility effects, reliability, and convergent validity, depending on which of the two attribute categories was selected as a focal category in the BIAT. To eliminate these problems, we recommend the use of other, recently developed variants of the IAT that prevent recoding effects by eliminating the dual-block structure of the task.

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Z̄ivković, Momčilo. "Instructions for Additional Qualitative Scoring of the Initial-Letter Word-Association Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 2 (April 1994): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.467.

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An additional scoring method is based on grouping test-words according to whether the same sign is given by subjects to the test-words. In this way five test-word categories are formed, Eros (test-words with double plus signs), demi-Eros (single plus sign), demi-Thanatos (single minus), Thanatos (double minus), and Deviant (± and ø signs). The next step in scoring is to count the number of test-words in a given scoring category whose meanings do not conform. The greater the discrepancy between the test-word category and its meaning, the less well adapted is the subject. Several illustrative protocols are discussed.

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Zinkernagel, Axel, Wilhelm Hofmann, Friederike X. R. Dislich, Tobias Gschwendner, and Manfred Schmitt. "Indirect Assessment of Implicit Disgust Sensitivity." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000078.

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We propose a single-block, single-target, Implicit Association Test (SB-ST-IAT) for measuring implicit disgust sensitivity. Based on dual process theories, we tested the construct validity of this new measure using a sample of N = 75 participants. Incremental validity of the newly developed SB-ST-IAT was demonstrated using a disgust sensitivity questionnaire as a direct measure of disgust sensitivity, as well as two behavioral criteria. A controlled approach versus avoidance task with disgusting stimuli (worms) was employed as a measure of controlled behavior. Facial disgust expression and withdrawal of hands and upper body from the disgust stimuli were used as indicators of automatic behavior. Implications of our research for the validation of indirect measures are discussed.

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Thompson, Ashley E., Elle A. Moore, Kassie Haedtke, and Aaron T. Karst. "Assessing Implicit Associations with Consensual Non-monogamy Among U.S. Early Emerging Adults: An Application of the Single-Target Implicit Association Test." Archives of Sexual Behavior 49, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01625-x.

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Pinter, Brad, and Anthony G. Greenwald. "Clarifying the Role of the “Other” Category in the Self-Esteem IAT." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 1 (January 2005): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.1.74.

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Abstract. A. Karpinski (2004 ) recently criticized Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures of self-esteem, arguing that their measurements of self-associations are compromised by their contrasting self with a putatively extremely negative second category, the nonspecific other. The present data show, to the contrary, that the nonspecific other category in the self-esteem IAT is near neutral in valence. Validity of the self-esteem IAT is most appropriately assessed by examining its correlations with conceptually related measures. That has been done in several previous studies that are reviewed here. The nonspecific other category is only one of several choices for representing the concept of other in self-esteem IATs. Choice of the appropriate other category to contrast with self in self-esteem IATs should be guided by the needs of the research question being addressed.

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Schnabel, Konrad, and Jens B. Asendorpf. "Free Associations as A Measure of Stable Implicit Attitudes." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 1 (January 2013): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1890.

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Two studies explored the psychometric properties of free association methods for the assessment of attitudes. Even though the stability of the actual associations was rather low, psychometric properties of the valence estimates of the free associations were highly satisfactory. Valence estimates of associations were provided by independent judges who rated the valence of the associations that were generated by participants. Valence estimates of the associations showed satisfactory internal consistencies and retest reliabilities over three weeks. Additionally, valence estimates of the associations were significantly and independently related to both explicit self–reported attitudes and implicit attitudes that were assessed with an Ossi–Wessi Implicit Association Test. Free association methods represent a useful complement to the family of implicit measures and are especially suitable for the assessment of non–relative attitudes towards single attitude objects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Vinogradova, Zhanna, Irina Plotka, Iveta Smirnova, Nina Blumenau, and Dmitry Igonin. "STUDY OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USE OF MOBILE PHONES WHILE DRIVING WITH IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TESTS AND SELF-ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 7 (May 25, 2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3397.

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Analysis of studies shows that in studying attitudes towards risky and safe driving only few researches are based on the use of implicit methods. The aim of the study: the study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with the use of Implicit Association Tests and self-assessment procedures. Participants: 69, age 21-59, M = 42, SD = 9.02, 27 female and 42 male, all with B category driver licenses, driving experience 9-24 years. Implicit measurements: two experimental procedures of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by the authors for measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving: IAT and self-concept IAT Explicit measurements: a self-assessment procedure developed by the authors "Scale of measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving," cross-cultural Personality Questionnaire ZKPQ-50-CC (Aluja, Rossier, García, Angleitner, Kuhlman, & Zuckerman, 2006). A positive relationship between the results of measurements using IAT and self-concept IAT was found in participants with high anxiety. The effect size obtained with the IAT is larger than the effect size obtained with self-concept IAT. A relationship between the results of measurement of attitudes towards the use a mobile phone while driving, measured by experimental procedures and the personal factors was found.

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Thomson, Jaime W., Shilpa Patel, Steven M. Platek, and Todd K. Shackelford. "Sex Differences in Implicit Association and Attentional Demands for Information about Infidelity." Evolutionary Psychology 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 147470490700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500307.

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Sex differences in reaction to a romantic partner's infidelity are well documented and are hypothesized to be attributable to sex-specific jealousy mechanisms that solve sex specific adaptive problems. There have been few cognitive-based investigations of jealousy, however. Here we investigated sex differences in implicit processing of jealousy-based information. In Experiment 1, we used the implicit association test (IAT) to investigate sex-differentiated biases in classifying sexual or emotional infidelity information as being positive or negative. Men made significantly more errors when asked to classify as pleasant, words indicating sexual infidelity. In Experiment 2, we modified the Stroop task to include words that depicted infidelity-related topics in three priming conditions: sexual infidelity priming, emotional infidelity priming, and a no priming control. Men were significantly slower to respond after being primed with sexual infidelity scenarios. The effect of sexual infidelity priming was not word-category specific, suggesting that cognition about a partner's sexual infidelity hijacks general cognitive and attentional processing. These findings suggest that men may automatically classify information about sexual infidelity as negative and that the automatic negative processing of sexual infidelity takes precedent over other types of immediate cognition.

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Teichert, Thorsten, Alexander Graf, Sajad Rezaei, Philipp Wörfel, and Helen Duh. "Measures of Implicit Cognition for Marketing Research." Marketing ZFP 41, no. 3 (2019): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2019-3-48.

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Academics and managers need to know that key mental processes occur below the conscious awareness threshold. While unconscious processes largely influence consumer decision-making processes, self-report measures do not reveal these processes adequately. Consequently, marketers need to utilise psychologists’ indirect measures that infer unconscious mental content from reaction-time tasks. Three well-known tools are explicated in the present article: the Emotional Stroop Task, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Each test taps into a different facet of implicit cognition. This research describes these test instruments’ experimental setups and alternative procedures to guide academics and practitioners when they apply implicit measures. The Ask Your Brain (AYB) survey software is presented as an online research platform for executing all three test types and provides a cost-efficient alternative to lab experiments. In this paper’s conceptual part, we outline the three test instruments’ research paradigms and describe their past applications in the marketing domain. We describe each implicit measurement instrument’s conceptual background, summarize its standard test procedures, and briefly discuss relevant methodological criticisms. We describe how the obtained measurement data should be prepared, condensed, and analysed. Subsequently, we present an empirical case to illustrate the concrete application of the different measurement instruments, utilising empirical data gained from a consumer protection study of 104 South African students. These young adults were confronted with alcohol stimuli in the Emotional Stroop Task, IAT, and AAT. They subsequently performed a discrete choice task related to alcoholic drinks and soft drinks. Based on their drink choices, we explore the extent to which the implicit measures relate to their choice behaviour. The Emotional Stroop Task is based on the premise that emotional stimuli attract more visual attention than neutral stimuli. This distraction causes a delay in response when participants are asked to name a displayed word's colour as fast as possible. Although our study could not directly support this premise, alcohol-inclined participants generally reacted more slowly to alcohol and neutral stimuli. The IAT confronts participants with combinations of a bipolar target category and a bipolar attribute category. Category combinations corresponding to the respondent's intuition (compatible) facilitate task performance and result in shorter reaction times. In our study, those individuals who chose significantly more drinks containing alcohol reacted faster to combinations of “alcohol” and “active” (rather than “alcohol” and “miserable”). This finding shows that the IAT can indeed predict choice behaviour. Finally, the AAT postulates that individuals move faster to a desired object and away from an undesired object. Both the reaction times and the error rates indicated this pattern. Individuals were slower and produced more errors during incongruent tasks (push positive items; pull negative items) than congruent tasks (pull liked items, push disliked items). This finding show that implicit measures can identify consumers´ approach and avoidance tendencies. This paper provides methodological insights into three prominent implicit cognition measures, as well as practical suggestions for practitioners and academics. We exemplify each method’s usage for research questions in marketing and consumer research. We particularly suggest using the Emotional Stroop Task for studies on attention-based processes, for example, advertisement exposure. The IAT is recommended for assessing richer cognitive processes, such as product or brand images, and the AAT when studying visceral and biological influences on impulsive consumption. Overall, we encourage marketing researchers to add implicit measures to their toolbox and to explore their contributions further for a better understanding of consumer decision making.

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Ross, Veerle, Nora Reinolsmann, Jill Lobbestael, Chantal Timmermans, Tom Brijs, Wael Alhajyaseen, and Kris Brijs. "Relating Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Trait Driving Anger in Young and Adult Males: A Pilot Study Using Explicit and Implicit Measures." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041850.

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Driving anger and aggressive driving are main contributors to crashes, especially among young males. Trait driving anger is context-specific and unique from other forms of anger. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of trait driving anger to develop targeted interventions. Although literature conceptually distinguished reactive and proactive aggression, this distinction is uncommon in driving research. Similar, cognitive biases related to driving anger, measured by a combination of explicit and implicit measures, received little attention. This pilot study related explicit and implicit measures associated with reactive and proactive aggression to trait driving anger, while considering age. The sample consisted of 42 male drivers. The implicit measures included a self-aggression association (i.e., Single-Target Implicit Association Test) and an attentional aggression bias (i.e., Emotional Stroop Task). Reactive aggression related positively with trait driving anger. Moreover, a self-aggression association negatively related to trait driving anger. Finally, an interaction effect for age suggested that only in young male drivers, higher proactive aggression related to lower trait driving anger. These preliminary results motivate further attention to the combination of explicit and implicit measures related to reactive and proactive aggression in trait driving anger research.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Single Category Implicit Association Test'

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