Relevant bibliographies by topics / Single channel conductance

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Single channel conductance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Single channel conductance"

1

Sunami, A., T. Sasano, A. Matsunaga, Z. Fan, T. Swanobori, and M. Hiraoka. "Properties of veratridine-modified single Na+ channels in guinea pig ventricular myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): H454—H463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.2.h454.

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Modification of single Na+ channels by the alkaloid neurotoxin veratridine was investigated in guinea pig ventricular myocytes using the cell-attached configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Pipette application of veratridine (50 microM) induced long-lasting openings with two different single-channel conductances of 7.6 and 3.0 pS, in addition to normal type of short openings with a single-channel conductance of 16 pS. The veratridine-modified high- and low-conductance channels appeared commonly, and they could coexist with the normal one in the same patch. The open-time distributions for the high- and low-conductance channels could be fitted by a single exponential. The mean open time for the high- and low-conductance events ranged between 19.1 ms at -120 mV and 86.0 ms at -10 mV and between 4.5 ms at -120 mV and 16.2 ms at -10 mV, respectively. The closed-time distributions for the two conductance channels consisted of at least two components, and their values and voltage dependence were similar. External Ca2+ block resulted in an apparent reduction of unitary current amplitudes with a similar voltage dependence and affinity for Ca2+ in the high- and low-conductance channels. However, the low-conductance channel was more resistant to tetrodotoxin than the high one. The probability of simultaneous occurrence of the high and low events was equal to the product of the probabilities of occurrence of the high event times that of the low event. Furthermore, we observed modified channel openings after a normal opening for the two conductance channels and a modified one turning into a normal one for the high-conductance channel. It is concluded that veratridine induces the two different types of modified Na+ channels in cardiac myocytes and these are correlated with normal openings.
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2

Fisher, R. E., R. Gray, and D. Johnston. "Properties and distribution of single voltage-gated calcium channels in adult hippocampal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.1.91.

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1. The properties of single voltage-gated calcium channels were investigated in acutely exposed CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons and granule cells of area dentata in the adult guinea pig hippocampal formation. 2. Guinea pig hippocampal slices were prepared in a conventional manner, then treated with proteolytic enzymes and gently shaken to expose the somata of the three cell types studied. Standard patch-clamp techniques were used to record current flow through calcium channels in cell-attached membrane patches with isotonic barium as the charge carrier. 3. Single-channel current amplitudes were measured at different membrane potentials. Single-channel current-voltage plots were constructed and single-channel slope conductances were found to fall into three classes. These were (approximately) 8, 14, and 25 pS, and were observed in all three cell types. 4. The three groups of channels differed from each other in voltage dependence of activation: from a holding potential of -80, the small-conductance channel began to activate at about -40 to -30 mV, the medium-conductance channel at about -20 mV, and the large-conductance channel at approximately 0 mV. 5. Ensemble averages of single-channel currents during voltage steps revealed differences in voltage-dependent inactivation. The small-conductance channel inactivated completely within approximately 50 ms during steps from -80 to -10 mV or more positive. Steps to less positive potentials resulted in less inactivation. The medium-conductance channel displayed variable inactivation during steps from -80 to 0 mV. Inactivation of this channel during a 160-ms step ranged from virtually zero to approximately 100%. The large-conductance channel displayed no significant inactivation during steps as long as 400 ms. 6. The large-conductance channel was strikingly affected by the dihydropyridine agonist Bay K8644 (0.5-2.0 microM), resulting in a high probability of channel opening, prolonged openings, and an apparent increase in the number of channels available for activation. The medium and small-conductance channels were not noticeably affected by the drug. 7. The large-conductance channel could be induced to open at very negative membrane potentials by holding the patch for several seconds at 20 or 30 mV and stepping to -30 or -40 mV. This process was enhanced by Bay K8644, resulting in prolonged openings at potentials as negative as -100 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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3

Llano, I., C. K. Webb, and F. Bezanilla. "Potassium conductance of the squid giant axon. Single-channel studies." Journal of General Physiology 92, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.92.2.179.

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The patch-clamp technique was implemented in the cut-open squid giant axon and used to record single K channels. We present evidence for the existence of three distinct types of channel activities. In patches that contained three to eight channels, ensemble fluctuation analysis was performed to obtain an estimate of 17.4 pS for the single-channel conductance. Averaged currents obtained from these multichannel patches had a time course of activation similar to that of macroscopic K currents recorded from perfused squid giant axons. In patches where single events could be recorded, it was possible to find channels with conductances of 10, 20, and 40 pS. The channel most frequently encountered was the 20-pS channel; for a pulse to 50 mV, this channel had a probability of being open of 0.9. In other single-channel patches, a channel with a conductance of 40 pS was present. The activity of this channel varied from patch to patch. In some patches, it showed a very low probability of being open (0.16 for a pulse to 50 mV) and had a pronounced lag in its activation time course. In other patches, the 40-pS channel had a much higher probability of being open (0.75 at a holding potential of 50 mV). The 40-pS channel was found to be quite selective for K over Na. In some experiments, the cut-open axon was exposed to a solution containing no K for several minutes. A channel with a conductance of 10 pS was more frequently observed after this treatment. Our study shows that the macroscopic K conductance is a composite of several K channel types, but the relative contribution of each type is not yet clear. The time course of activation of the 20-pS channel and the ability to render it refractory to activation only by holding the membrane potential at a positive potential for several seconds makes it likely that it is the predominant channel contributing to the delayed rectifier conductance.
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4

Yang, Youshan, and Fred J. Sigworth. "Single-Channel Properties of IKs Potassium Channels." Journal of General Physiology 112, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.112.6.665.

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Expressed in Xenopus oocytes, KvLQT1 channel subunits yield a small, rapidly activating, voltage- dependent potassium conductance. When coexpressed with the minK gene product, a slowly activating and much larger potassium current results. Using fluctuation analysis and single-channel recordings, we have studied the currents formed by human KvLQT1 subunits alone and in conjunction with human or rat minK subunits. With low external K+, the single-channel conductances of these three channel types are estimated to be 0.7, 4.5, and 6.5 pS, respectively, based on noise analysis at 20 kHz bandwidth of currents at +50 mV. Power spectra computed over the range 0.1 Hz–20 kHz show a weak frequency dependence, consistent with current interruptions occurring on a broad range of time scales. The broad spectrum causes the apparent single-channel current value to depend on the bandwidth of the recording, and is mirrored in very “flickery” single-channel events of the channels from coexpressed KvLQT1 and human minK subunits. The increase in macroscopic current due to the presence of the minK subunit is accounted for by the increased apparent single-channel conductance it confers on the expressed channels. The rat minK subunit also confers the property that the outward single-channel current is increased by external potassium ions.
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5

Poole, Keith, Thomas R. Parr Jr., and Robert E. W. Hancock. "Phosphate-selective porins from the outer membranes of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-011.

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Phosphate starvation induced oligomeric proteins from the outer membranes of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, and Pseudomonas chlororaphis were purified to homogeneity. The incorporation of the purified proteins into planar lipid bilayer membranes resulted in stepwise increases in membrane conductance. Single channel conductance experiments demonstrated that these proteins were all capable of forming small channels, similar to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa phosphate porin protein P, with average single channel conductances in 1 M KCl of between 233 and 252 pS. Single channel conductance measurements made in salts of varying cation or anion size indicated that the channels were uniformly anion selective. The measurement of single channel conductance as a function of KCl concentration revealed that all channels saturated at higher salt concentrations, consistent with the presence of an anion-binding site in the channel. Apparent Kd values for Cl− binding were calculated and shown to vary only twofold (180–297 mM) among all channels, including protein P channels. Phosphate competitively inhibited chloride conductance through these channels with apparent I50 values of between 0.59 and 2.5 mM phosphate at 40 mM Cl− and between 9.7 and 27 mM phosphate at 1 M Cl−. These data were consistent with the presence of a phosphate-binding site in the channels of these phosphate-regulated proteins. Furthermore, they indicated that these channels exhibit at least a 20- to 80-fold higher affinity for phosphate than for chloride.
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Lopez-Escalera, Ricardo, Robert J. French, and Paul P. M. Schnetkamp. "Cation fluxes and cation channels in outer segment membranes of bovine retinal rods: contamination by antibiotics applied to cattle?" Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-092.

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Membrane vesicles were prepared from intact rod outer segments (ROSs) isolated from bovine retinas and were examined for the presence of cation-selective conductances. We performed macroscopic flux measurements in an ensemble of ROS membrane vesicles and single-channel measurements after fusion of ROS membrane vesicles with planar bilayer membranes. Two K+-permeable conductances were observed, the well-established cyclic GMP (cGMP) gated channel and an apparently new K+ channel with some unusual properties. Flux and single-channel data showed that the new conductance passed K+, Rb+, and Cs+ equally well but was much less permeable to Na+, Li+ and protons. Single-channel measurements revealed a linear current–voltage relationship and three unitary conductance states of 15, 11, and 8 pS, using symmetric 150 mM KCl solutions. Measured macroscopic K+ fluxes varied considerably among different preparations, suggesting some unknown regulation of the channel; the variability appeared to arise from variation in the channel's open probability, not the unit conductance or the number of channels present. The recorded single-channel events and the selectivity data are remarkably similar to those reported for antibiotic channel-forming ionophore gramicidin. We believe that the variability in both macroscopic permeability experiments and single-channel experiments may reflect a variable contamination with gramicidin applied to the animals as the topical antibiotic V-Sporin.Key words: cyclic GMP gated channel, ion channel, rod photoreceptor, gramicidin.
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Moorhouse, Andrew J., Angelo Keramidas, Andrey Zaykin, Peter R. Schofield, and Peter H. Barry. "Single Channel Analysis of Conductance and Rectification in Cation-selective, Mutant Glycine Receptor Channels." Journal of General Physiology 119, no. 5 (April 15, 2002): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20028553.

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Members of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily mediate fast synaptic transmission in the nervous system. In this study, we investigate the molecular determinants and mechanisms of ion permeation and ion charge selectivity in this family of channels by characterizing the single channel conductance and rectification of α1 homomeric human glycine receptor channels (GlyRs) containing pore mutations that impart cation selectivity. The A-1'E mutant GlyR and the selectivity double mutant ([SDM], A-1'E, P-2'Δ) GlyR, had mean inward chord conductances (at −60 mV) of 7 pS and mean outward conductances of 11 and 12 pS (60 mV), respectively. This indicates that the mutations have not simply reduced anion permeability, but have replaced the previous anion conductance with a cation one. An additional mutation to neutralize the ring of positive charge at the extracellular mouth of the channel (SDM+R19'A GlyR) made the conductance–voltage relationship linear (14 pS at both 60 and −60 mV). When this external charged ring was made negative (SDM+R19'E GlyR), the inward conductance was further increased (to 22 pS) and now became sensitive to external divalent cations (being 32 pS in their absence). The effects of the mutations to the external ring of charge on conductance and rectification could be fit to a model where only the main external energy barrier height for permeation was changed. Mean outward conductances in the SDM+R19'A and SDM+R19'E GlyRs were increased when internal divalent cations were absent, consistent with the intracellular end of the pore being flanked by fixed negative charges. This supports our hypothesis that the ion charge selectivity mutations have inverted the electrostatic profile of the pore by introducing a negatively charged ring at the putative selectivity filter. These results also further confirm the role of external pore vestibule electrostatics in determining the conductance and rectification properties of the ligand-gated ion channels.
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8

Gray, Daniel A., Gustavo Frindt, and Lawrence G. Palmer. "Quantification of K+ secretion through apical low-conductance K channels in the CCD." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 289, no. 1 (July 2005): F117—F126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00471.2004.

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Outward and inward currents through single small-conductance K+ (SK) channels were measured in cell-attached patches of the apical membrane of principal cells of the rat cortical collecting duct (CCD). Currents showed mild inward rectification with high [K+] in the pipette (Kp+), which decreased as Kp+ was lowered. Inward conductances had a hyperbolic dependence on Kp+ with half-maximal conductance at ∼20 mM. Outward conductances, measured near the reversal potential, also increased with Kp+ from 15 pS (Kp+ = 0) to 50 pS (Kp+ = 134 mM). SK channel density was measured as the number of conducting channels per patch in cell-attached patches. As reported previously, channel density increased when animals were on a high-K diet for 7 days. Addition of 8-cpt-cAMP to the bath at least 5 min before making a seal increased SK channel density to an even greater extent, although this increase was not additive with the effect of a high-K diet. In contrast, increases in Na channel activity, assessed as the whole cell amiloride-sensitive current, due to K loading and 8-cpt-cAMP treatment were additive. Single-channel conductances and channel densities were used as inputs to a simple mathematical model of the CCD to predict rates of transepithelial Na+ and K+ transport as a function of apical Na+ permeability and K+ conductance, basolateral pump rates and K+ conductance, and the paracellular conductance. With measured values for these parameters, the model predicted transport rates that were in good agreement with values measured in isolated, perfused tubules. The number and properties of SK channels account for K+ transport by the CCD under all physiological conditions tested.
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Stuenkel, E. L. "Single potassium channels recorded from vascular smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): H760—H769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.3.h760.

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Single-channel activities were recorded from smooth muscle cells of vascular fragments isolated from rat pancreas. Three K-selective channel types were identified and characterized from cell-attached and inside-out membrane patches. Mean single-channel slope conductances of the three channel types, under conditions of symmetrical K (145 mM), were 43, 91, and 276 pS. The channel types exhibited differential sensitivity to tetraethylammonium (TEA) and intracellular Ca concentrations ([Ca2+]i). Intracellular TEA (10 mM) was effective in blocking the small conductance channel whereas the large conductance channel was found to be sensitive to [Ca2+]i. The properties of the large-conductance K channel are consistent with its identification as a calcium-activated maxi K channel described in a variety of tissues. Each of the channel types showed sensitivity to membrane potential, with increasing opening transitions at depolarizing membrane potentials. The small conductance channel type was observed to be active at resting membrane potentials. The generality of each of these channel types to other smooth muscle cell preparations and possible physiological implications are discussed.
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Wang, X. Y., P. J. Harris, and R. E. Kemm. "Ba(2+)-sensitive K+ channels in basal membrane of confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 267, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): F1007—F1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1994.267.6.f1007.

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A method is described for gaining access to the basolateral membranes of confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells by surgical reflection of the cell layer overlying fluid-filled domes. Single-channel recordings from cell-attached inside-out and outside-out configurations revealed two K+ channels located in the basal membranes of the highly differentiated monolayers. With 140 mmol/l KCl in pipette, the intermediate-conductance K+ channel displayed outward rectification in cell-attached configuration with channel conductances of 65 pS for outward part and 17 pS for inward part. In excised-patch recording, this channel had a conductance of 92 pS with 140 mmol/l KCl on the extracellular side of the patch and 5 mmol/l KCl on the cytosolic side. The maximum conductance obtained in symmetrical KCl (140 mmol/l) solution was 140 pS. Ba2+ (1 mmol/l) and tetraethylammonium (5 mmol/l) blocked this channel reversibly. Channel open probability (Po) was reduced from 0.41 at cytosolic pH 7.4 to 0.14 at pH 6.8 and increased to 0.64 at pH 8.0. The channel activity was significantly inhibited by elevation of intracellular Ca2+. A small-conductance K+ channel was also observed mainly in excised patches with single-channel conductance of 48 pS in symmetrical KCl solutions. However, the activity of this channel was partially obscured by the intermediate-conductance K+ channel and further analysis was not possible. A physiological role of these channels in mediating K+ recycling through the monolayer is suggested.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single channel conductance"

1

Livesey, Matthew Robert. "Molecular determinants of single channel conductance and ion selectivity in cationic Cys-loop receptor channels." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510623.

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Spreadbury, Ian Clive. "Single channel recordings form the BK channels of outer hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322611.

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Geng, Yanyan. "A Large Entrance To the Inner Cavity of BK Channels Is Required For Their Large Conductance." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/315.

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Large conductance voltage and Ca2+ activated K+ (BK) channels control electrical excitability in many cell types. BK channels have the largest conductance (~250 pS) of all K+ selective channels. To explore whether a large entrance to the inner cavity of BK channels is required for their large conductance, I examined if changing the size of the entrance alters the single-channel current amplitude. Previous studies suggest that residues E321/E324 in BK channels are located at the entrance to the inner cavity. To test if positions 321/324 are accessible to intracellular ions, I compared single-channel outward current before and after attaching thiol reagents at E321C/E324C. Attachment of MBB and MTSET altered single-channel currents, indicating that positions 321/324 are accessible to the conduction pathway. Decreasing the size of the entrance to the inner cavity by substituting residues with larger side chains, such as tyrosine and tryptophan, at positions 321/324 decreased the conductance, whereas increasing the size of the entrance had little effect on conductance. Increasing [K+]i from 0.15 to 2.5 M negated differences in single-channel outward current associated with side chain volume. Substitutions had less effect on inward currents. Plots of conductance vs. substituted side chain volume could be approximated with a simple model for the conduction pathway described by two resistors in series, R1 and R2. R2 is a variable resistor, with the resistance proportional to the inverse of the volume of the entrance to the inner cavity not occupied by the side chains. R1 is a fixed resistor arising from the other parts of the conduction pathway including the selectivity filter. Fitting the experimental observations indicated that R1+R2 ~5.4 GΩ for glycine substitution, with an R1/R2 ratio of ~17, and an effective radius and length of the entrance to the inner cavity of ~9.0 and 5.4 Å, respectively. The volume of K+ and water were not taken into account. Taken together, the above observations suggest that a large entrance to the inner cavity is needed for the large conductance of BK channels, as my study shows that the entrance is large and that decreasing the entrance size decreases the currents.
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Hoyles, Matthew, and Matthew Hoyles@anu edu au. "Computer Simulation of Biological Ion Channels." The Australian National University. Theoretical Physics, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20010702.135814.

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This thesis describes a project in which algorithms are developed for the rapid and accurate solution of Poisson's equation in the presence of a dielectric boundary and multiple point charges. These algorithms are then used to perform Brownian dynamics simulations on realistic models of biological ion channels. An iterative method of solution, in which the dielectric boundary is tiled with variable sized surface charge sectors, provides the flexibility to deal with arbitrarily shaped boundaries, but is too slow to perform Brownian dynamics. An analytical solution is derived, which is faster and more accurate, but only works for a toroidal boundary. Finally, a method is developed of pre-calculating solutions to Poisson's equation and storing them in tables. The solution for a particular configuration of ions in the channel can then be assembled by interpolation from the tables and application of the principle of superposition. This algorithm combines the flexibility of the iterative method with greater speed even than the analytical method, and is fast enough that channel conductance can be predicted. The results of simulations for a model single-ion channel, based on the acetylcholine receptor channel, show that the narrow pore through the low dielectric strength medium of the protein creates an energy barrier which restricts the permeation of ions. They further show that this barrier can be removed by dipoles in the neck of the channel, but that the barrier is not removed by shielding by counter-ions. The results of simulations for a model multi-ion channel, based on a bacterial potassium channel, show that the model channel has conductance characteristics similar to those of real potassium channels. Ions appear to move through the model multi-ion channel via rapid transitions between a series of semi-stable states. This observation suggests a possible physical basis for the reaction rate theory of channel conductance, and opens up an avenue for future research.
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Moffat, Jeffrey C. "Properties of Conductance and Inhibition of Proton Channels: M2 from Influenza A Virus and Fo from Escherichia coli ATP Synthase." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/479.

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Proton channels are essential for many of the processes of life. The influenza A viral protein M2 is responsible for sensing the conditions necessary for viral RNA release. The proton-translocating FoF1 ATPase (ATP synthase) uses a proton gradient to drive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. We have directly measured proton uptake in vesicles containing reconstituted M2 or FO by monitoring external pH after addition of valinomycin to vesicles with 100-fold diluted external [K+]. This proton flux assay was utilized to quantify proton flux through single M2 and Fo channels. Contrary to previous reports, proton uptake by M2 was not significantly altered by acidification of the extravesicular pH. We conclude that pH only weakly affects proton flux through M2 in the pH range of 5.4 - 7.0. Theoretical analysis utilized for such vesicle uptake assays illuminates the appropriate time scale of the initial slope and an important limitation that must be placed on inferences about channel ion selectivity. The rise in pH over 10 seconds after ionophore addition yielded time-averaged single channel conductances of 0.35±0.2 aS and 0.72±0.4 aS at pH 5.4 and 7.0 respectively. Such a low time-average conductance implies that M2 is only conductive 10^-6 to 10^-4 of the time. M2 selectivity for hydrogen over potassium is ~10^7. Fo translocates protons across membranes, converting electrochemical energy to rotational inertia. Previous experiments have been partially confounded by a contaminating channel, CL, which co-purifies with Fo and leaks cations. CL activity is shown to not decrease following deletion of the previously uncharacterized yraM open reading frame of E. coli. Fo purified from a deletion strain lacking yraM is just as active as Fo purified from the wild-type strain. Using Fo from the deletion strain, the single-hit hypothesis of DCCD inhibition of passive proton flux through Fo was examined. A DCCD-induced reduction in ATP synthase activity correlates with a reduction in the total initial slope, the number of functional Fo per µg protein, and the single channel proton flux. At least 2 DCCD per Fo are required to totally inactivate passive proton flux. M2 and Fo have similar single channel conductances but different open probabilities.
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Spruce, Austen Edwin. "Potassium conductances of skeletal muscle investigated using single channel recording." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33614.

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This thesis describes studies of unitary currents flowing through two different potassium (K) channels present in sarcolemmal vesicles of the frog, Rana temporaria. The ATP-regulated K-channel is described first and the results are divided into three parts. Firstly, ATP applied to the cytoplasmic face of a membrane patch closes the channels in a dose-dependent fashion. Different nucleotides and other metabolic substances are used in order to find chemicals which can substitute for ATP or which regulate its effect. Secondly, the permeability properties of the channel are described. Ion flux is non-independent. Rubidium (Rb) is permeant, and anomalous mole-fraction behaviour is demonstrated in mixtures of K+and Rb+. The final part investigates the kinetic properties of the channel. Both voltage and ATP affect the rate constants regulating transitions between closed and open states of the channel. In particular, ATP causes the channel to occupy a very long-lived closed state. Block of the channel by tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions applied to either membrane surface is described as well. Block by external TEA+ is very fast and it is suggested that the channel cannot close when blocked. The block by internal TEA+ is slower and some evidence of voltage dependency is seen. The delayed rectifier K-channel is investigated. The first of two parts describes Rb+ permeability of the channel and its effect on open and closed times. The Hodgkin-Huxley model of the channel is questioned by the very different times of occupancy of closed states and differing voltage dependencies of the steps leading to opening of the channel. The second part describes block of the channel by externally applied TEA+ and the blocking reaction is shown to be very fast and voltage dependent.
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Weber, Alexander M. "Single Channel Conductance of the CaV2.2 Calcium Channel." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18991.

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Calcium ions (Ca2+) are admitted into presynaptic nerve terminals through voltage gated calcium channels and diffuse to bind and activate the secretory vesicle discharge mechanism. Current research favors a highly ‘modal’ organization where the release sites are activated by one or a few closely apposed channels (Stanley, 1997). To fully understand the nanophysiology of transmitter release site activation, it is necessary to determine the rate of Ca2+ flux through individual channels at normal physiological external concentrations. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between CaV2.2 channel conductance and external Ca2+ across the physiological range. CONCLUSION: The conductance of the CaV2.2 channel was determined across the range of 1-100 mM [Ca2+]EXT . With 2 mM [Ca2+]EXT, the conductance was determined to be 2.76 ± 0.24 pS.
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8

"High conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channel modulation by acetylcholine in single pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells of the Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893134.

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Kattaya-Annappa-Seema.
Thesis submitted in: December 2006.
"2+" and "+" in the title are superscripts.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-188).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.viii
Abstracts published based on work in this thesis --- p.ix
Table of contents --- p.x
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Pulmonary circulation and its functions --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pulmonary vascular diseases and symptoms --- p.3
Chapter 1.2 --- Muscarinic Receptor functions --- p.5
Chapter 1.3 --- Acetylcholine (ACh) and its function --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- ACh receptors in pulmonary vascular bed --- p.11
Chapter 1.5 --- Potassium channel classification and functions --- p.12
Chapter 1.5.1 --- "Importance of High-conductance, Ca2+ activated potassium channel (BKca) in vascular smooth muscle functions" --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Modulation of BKca channel by various cations --- p.18
Chapter 1.6 --- Calcium signaling and homeostasis --- p.20
Chapter 1.7 --- Role of sodium in hypertension --- p.22
Chapter 1.8 --- Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE) functions --- p.25
Chapter 1.9 --- Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in vascular smooth muscle cells --- p.29
Chapter 1.10 --- Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)
Chapter 1.10.1 --- Hypertension in SHR --- p.32
Chapter 1.10.2 --- BKca in smooth muscle vasculature of SHR --- p.33
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY --- p.34
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Material and methods
Chapter 2.1 --- Material
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Solutions and Drugs --- p.35
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemicals and Enzymes --- p.39
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Isolation of single pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electrophysiological measurement --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Data analysis --- p.44
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Receptor-mediated activation of BKca Channel
Chapter 3.1 --- BKCa activation by ACh/ Carbachol (CCh) --- p.45
Chapter 3.2 --- Role of extracellular sodium ([Na+]o）on BKca activation --- p.49
Chapter 3.3 --- Receptor-mediated activation of BKca in a [Na+]o-containing solution --- p.51
Chapter 3.4 --- Receptor-mediated activation of BKca in a [Na+]o-free solution --- p.55
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Non-receptor mediated activation of BKCa Channel
Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on BKCa activation --- p.60
Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of SNP on BKca activation in a [Na+]o-containing and [Na+]o-free solutions --- p.62
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Role of NHE in modulating activation of BKCa Channel
Chapter 5.1 --- Effect of Monensin on BKca activation
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Effect of monensin on CCh-mediated activation of BKca in a [Na+]o-containing solution --- p.70
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of monensin on CCh-mediated activation of BKca in a [Na+]o-free solution --- p.74
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Effect of monensin on SNP- mediated activation of BKca in [Na+]o-containing and [Na+]o-free solutions --- p.78
Chapter 5.2 --- Effect of 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyI) amiloride (EIPA) on BKCa activation
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of EIPA on CCh-mediated activation of BKca in a [Na+]o-containing solution --- p.85
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of EIPA on CCh-mediated activation of BKca in a [Na+]。-free solution --- p.89
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of EIPA on SNP-mediated activation of BKCa in [Na+]o-containing and [Na+]o-free solutions --- p.93
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Role of NCX in modulating activation of BKCa Channel
Chapter 6.1 --- Effect of KB-R7943 on CCh-mediated activation of BKCa in a [Na+]o-containing solution --- p.100
Chapter 6.2 --- Effect of KB-R7943 on CCh-mediated activation of BKCa in a [Na+]o-free solution --- p.104
Chapter 6.3 --- Effect of KB-R7943 on SNP-mediated activation of BKca in [Na+]o-containing and [Na+]o-free solutions --- p.109
Chapter Chapter 7: --- Effect of intracellular sodium ([Na+]i) on BKCa channel activation
Chapter 7.1 --- Effect of CCh on BKCa channel activation with elevated [Na+]i pipette solution --- p.117
Chapter 7.2 --- Effect of SNP on BKca channel activation with elevated [Na+]j pipette solution --- p.130
Chapter Chapter 8: --- Discussion
Chapter 8.1 --- Modulatory effect of ACh and SNP --- p.138
Chapter 8.2 --- Role of ion exchangers: NHE and NCX in modulating BKca channel function --- p.144
Chapter 8.3 --- Modulatory effect of elevated [Na+]i on BKca activation --- p.153
CONCLUSION --- p.161
References --- p.162
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Book chapters on the topic "Single channel conductance"

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Althoff, Gerd, Holger Lill, and Wolfgang Junge. "The Single Channel Conductance of CF0." In Techniques and New Developments in Photosynthesis Research, 271–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8571-4_35.

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Reinhardt, R., K. Janko, and E. Bamberg. "Single Channel Conductance Changes of the Desethanolamine-Gramicidin Through pH Variations." In Electrical Double Layers in Biology, 91–102. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8145-7_7.

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Neumann, Eberhard, and Theo Schürholz. "The Electrochemical Signal Transmission by the Acetylcholine Receptor: Single Channel Conductance Events and Oligochannels." In Bioelectrochemistry IV, 195–217. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2576-9_10.

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Nguyen, Nguyen V., Aleksandra Gruslova, Wojciech A. Kosiba, and Bin Wang. "Combined Single-Channel and Macroscopic Recording Techniques to Analyze Gating Mechanisms of the Large Conductance Ca2+ and Voltage Activated (BK) Potassium Channel." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 133–47. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_10.

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Althoff, Gerd, Holger Lill, and Wolfgang Junge. "The Single Channnel Conductance of CFO." In Current Research in Photosynthesis, 2039–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_467.

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Welte, Wolfram, Kay Diederichs, Michael Przybylski, Michael O. Glocker, Roland Benz, and Jason Breed. "X-Ray Crystallographic and Mass Spectrometric Structure Determination and Functional Characterisation of Succinylated Porin from Rhodobacter Capsulatus: Implications for Ion Selectivity and Single-Channel Conductance." In New Methods for the Study of Biomolecular Complexes, 239–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9046-4_20.

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Bezanilla, Francisco. "Voltage Dependent Conductances: Gating Currents and Single Channel Recordings." In Cell Membrane Transport, 39–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9601-8_3.

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Pelzer, D., A. Cavalié, V. Flockerzi, F. Hofmann, and W. Trautwein. "Reconstitution of Solubilized and Purified Dihydropyridine Receptor from Skeletal Muscle Microsomes as Two Single Calcium Channel Conductances with Different Functional Properties." In The Calcium Channel: Structure, Function and Implications, 217–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73914-9_19.

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CHURCHILL, DENNIS, and STANLEY CAVENEY. "Double whole-cell patch-clamp of gap junctions in insect epidermal cell pairs: single channel conductance, voltage dependence, and spontaneous uncoupling." In Gap Junctions, 239–45. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89871-5.50039-0.

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Koch, Christof. "Phase Space Analysis of Neuronal Excitability." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0013.

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The previous chapter provided a detailed description of the currents underlying the generation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant axon. The Hodgkin-Huxley (1952d) model captures these events in terms of the dynamical behavior of four variables: the membrane potential and three state variables determining the state of the fast sodium and the delayed potassium conductances. This quantitative, conductance-based formalism reproduces the physiological data remarkably well and has been extremely fertile in terms of providing a mathematical framework for modeling neuronal excitability throughout the animal kingdom (for the current state of the art, see McKenna, Davis, and Zornetzer, 1992; Bower and Beeman, 1998; Koch and Segev, 1998). Collectively, these models express the complex dynamical behaviors observed experimentally, including pulse generation and threshold behavior, adaptation, bursting, bistability, plateau potentials, hysteresis, and many more. However, these models are difficult to construct and require detailed knowledge of the kinetics of the individual ionic currents. The large number of associated activation and inactivation functions and other parameters usually obscures the contributions of particular features (e.g., the activation range of the sodium activation particle) toward the observed dynamic phenomena. Even after many years of experience in recording from neurons or modeling them, it is a dicey business predicting the effect that varying one parameter, say, the amplitude of the calcium-dependent slow potassium current (Chap. 9), has on the overall behavior of the model. This precludes the development of insight and intuition, since the numerical complexity of these models prevents one from understanding which important features in the model are responsible for a particular phenomenon and which are irrelevant. Qualitative models of neuronal excitability, capturing some of the topological aspects of neuronal dynamics but at a much reduced complexity, can be very helpful in this regard, since they highlight the crucial features responsible for a particular behavior. By topological aspects we mean those properties that remain unchanged in spite of quantitative changes in the underlying system. These typically include the existence of stable solutions and their basins of attraction, limit cycles, bistability, and the existence of strange attractors.
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Conference papers on the topic "Single channel conductance"

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Yamanaka, Shuji, Toshikazu Arai, and Hideki Yayama. "Electrical Conductance of Single Channel 1D Electron System on Liquid Helium." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355253.

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Creasy, M. Austin, and Donald J. Leo. "Single channel conductance modeling of the peptide alamethicin in synthetically formed bilayers." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Raúl J. Martín-Palma and Akhlesh Lakhtakia. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.880565.

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Stahl, John, and Damon A. Miller. "Initial comparison of energy measures for neural stimulation in a single conductance channel." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7592124.

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Effertz, T., L. Becker, D. Beutner, and AJ Ricci. "Cell membrane lipids affect the mechano-electrical transduction channel. PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphat) specifically modulating single channel conductance and ion selectivity." In Abstract- und Posterband – 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Digitalisierung in der HNO-Heilkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1686365.

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Cha, Pil-Ryung, Jun Song, T. Kyle Vanderlick, and David J. Srolovitz. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Single Asperity Contact." In ASME/STLE 2004 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/trib2004-64335.

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Many state-of-art microelectronic, photonic and MEMS devices are based upon or created using small-scale contacts. These include, for example, high frequency, microscale electromechanical switches and nanopatterning of organic optoelectronic materials by contact adhesion, cold welding, and lift-off. The initial stages of contact occur between asperities of micro- and/or nano-scopic dimensions. As a consequence, understanding the processes that occur at the atomic level when two rough surfaces are bought into contact is fundamentally important for a wide range of problems including adhesion, contact formation, contact resistance, materials hardness, friction, wear, and fracture. The centrality of single asperities in the fundamental micromechanical response of contact between two rough surfaces has long been recognized. A wide range of experiments has shown that the conductance of small contacts changes abruptly as a function of contact size. In some cases, the conductance through individual asperities increases in a stepwise manner as the two surfaces are pressed into contact. These jumps conductance appear to be correlated with jumps in the force. The observed force-displacement relation appears to be poorly described by JKR theory during loading, while JKR provides a reasonable description of the behavior in unloading. In this presentation (see Acta Materialia 52, 3983 (2004) for more details), we report the results of molecular dynamics simulations of single asperity contact during multiple cycles of loading and unloading at room temperature. We focus on the mechanisms by which contact deformation occurs and the relationship between contact conductance (and contact area) and the deformation. These simulations account for adhesion, elastic deformation, dislocation generation and migration, the formation of other types of defects and morphology evolution. In order to study the elastic and plastic deformation of the asperities on a rough surface, we set up a model system, as shown in Fig. 1. For simplificity, we consider a single deformable asperity on a deformable substrate that interacts with a flat, rigid plate. We calculate the conductance of the contact during loading and unloading through the modified Sharvin model [12]. To our knowledge, this study represents the first dynamic, atomistic simulation of the elastic and plastic deformation behavior of a single asperity and the corresponding evolution of the contact area and contact conductance. The present simulation results reproduce a large body of existing nano-contact experimental results, including the stepwise variation of contact area and conductance with displacement and the hysteresis in the contact radius and contact resistance versus force curves.
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Tao, Yi, Chenhan Liu, Juekuan Yang, Kedong Bi, Weiyu Chen, and Yunfei Chen. "First Principles Study of Thermal Conductance Across Cu/Graphene/Cu Nanocomposition and the Effect of Hydrogenation." In ASME 2016 5th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2016-6318.

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In this work, the interfacial thermal conductance across Cu/graphene/Cu interfaces is investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) and the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method. In order to study how hydrogenation of graphene affects thermal transport behaviors at the interfaces of Cu/graphene/Cu, we also analyze the interfacial thermal conductance across Cu/hydrogenated-graphene/Cu (Cu/H-graphene/Cu) with both double-sided and single-sided hydrogenated graphene. Our results show that, the interfacial thermal conductance across Cu/H-graphene/Cu interfaces is almost twice of the value across Cu/graphene/Cu interfaces. For Cu/H-graphene/Cu with double-sided hydrogenated graphene (Cu/DH-graphene/Cu), the hydrogen atoms between graphene and Cu layers provide additional thermal transport channels. While for Cu/H-graphene/Cu with single-sided hydrogenated graphene (Cu/SH-graphene/Cu), the hydrogen atoms not only provide additional thermal transport channels at the hydrogenated side of graphene, but also reduce the equilibrium separation between graphene and Cu layers at the non-hydrogenated side of graphene due to the transfer of massive electrons, which enhances the interface coupling between graphene and Cu layers. The phonon transmission shows that both double-sided and single-sided hydrogenation of graphene can increase the heat transport across the interface. Our calculation indicates that the interfacial thermal conductance of Cu/graphene/Cu nanocomposition can be improved by hydrogenation.
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Theroff, Zachary M., Dre Helmns, and Van P. Carey. "Exploration of Variable Conductance Effects During Input and Extraction of Heat From Phase Change Thermal Storage." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88078.

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Previous efforts to model the effectiveness of heat input and extraction from a thermal storage unit have generally been based on the definition of a constant conductance of heat from the working fluid to the phase change storage material. In order to capture the effects of changing thermal resistance between the working fluid and melt front location, this paper presents a method using a resistor network analogy to account for thermal conductance as a function of melt fraction. This expression for thermal conductance is then implemented in an existing numerical framework. Results are validated by comparing calculations for a single unit cell using a quasi-steady Stefan problem approach, a finite difference scheme, and more general form solutions from literature. The variable approach is then compared with an average value for overall thermal conductivity, U, to characterize the performance of a thermal energy storage unit consisting of a series of these unit cells. Overall effectiveness in the thermal energy storage device is found to be within 0.6% agreement when comparing these methods, though local percent deviation can be as high as 113%. Depending on the needed accuracy and use case for such a numerical framework, suggestions are provided on whether an average value for U is sufficient for characterizing such a thermal energy storage device. Discussion is also provided on the flexibility of the computation schemes described by testing the sensitivity of the results via changes in dimension-less input parameters.
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Muzychka, Y. S. "Thermal Spreading Resistance in a Multilayered Orthotropic Circular Disk With Interfacial Resistance and Variable Heat Flux." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48243.

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Thermal spreading resistance in a multilayered orthotropic disk is considered. Interfacial resistance between each layer is prescribed by means of a contact conductance hc using a Robin type boundary condition. Orthotropic properties are considered by transforming the orthotropic system into an equivalent isotropic system using stretched coordinates. A recursive modeling approach is presented to account for the effects of two or more layers in the structure from the simple case of a single isotropic layer. This approach simplifies the analysis considerably. Finally, variable heat flux distribution is considered for three special cases: uniform, parabolic, and inverse parabolic. Numerous special cases can be derived from the general result including perfect interfacial contact and perfect sink plane conductance. Additional issues are also discussed in detail. The expressions for the total thermal resistance and spreading resistance can be easily implemented in any mathematical software or coded in Fortran, C, or BASIC. Since the method is strictly analytical, thermal analysts can quickly assess changes in layer properties, material sequence, heat flux distribution, and effects of interfacial contact resistance, with little extra effort.
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Liu, Chenhan, Jian Wang, Weiyu Chen, Zhiyong Wei, Juekuan Yang, and Yunfei Chen. "Interfacial Thermal Conductance Between Carbon Nanotubes From Nonequilibrium Green’s Function Method." In ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22094.

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In this paper, the interfacial thermal conductance between two single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is evaluated using the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method. The calculation results show that, for offset parallel contact type, interfacial thermal conductance increases almost linearly with the overlap length. This is because the coupling atom number in overlap region is the main contributor to heat flow through interface. With the same overlap length, interfacial thermal conductance of the nested contact type is much higher than that of the offset parallel contact type. By comparing the phonon transmission function between the two contact types, it is found that the nested contact type has much larger transmission function than the offset parallel contact type due to more atoms involving in the interfacial coupling in the overlap region. By adjusting the chirality of SWCNTs in the offset parallel contact type, it is found that the difference of phonon spectrum can reduce interfacial thermal transfer. We also find the transmission function profiles with only different overlap length are quite similar, that is, changing in the overlap length will not change the phonon transmission probability at the interface. Moreover, acoustic phonon is the main contributor to the interfacial thermal conductance and the radical breathing mode is the vital mode of coupling modes for CNT-CNT system. The calculated results in this paper indicate that increasing the coupling atom number between CNTs would increase the heat energy transfer in CNT-based composites.
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Tey, J. N., S. Gandhi, I. P. M. Wijaya, J. Wei, C. R. Suri, I. Rodriguez, and S. G. Mhaisalkar. "Liquid Gated Carbon Nanotubes Field Effect Transistors (LG-CNTFET) Platform for Herbicide Sensing." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10571.

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Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a one-dimensional system with all its carbon atoms present on the surface, hence its conductance is highly sensitive to the surrounding charge environment. Due to the extreme charge sensitivity, biocompatibility and chemical stability, SWCNT is particularly interested in biosensing application. In this paper, we demonstrated a practical approach of fabricating laminated SWCNT liquid gate field effect transistor (LGFET) through a solution processed route involving only two materials, PDMS and SWCNT. The laminated SWCNT LGFETs show great potential towards atrazine detection. The change in the detection signal in terms of conductance was deduced to be due to electrostatic gating mechanism caused by the localized interaction between CNT and the biomolecules. Although relatively high concentration was used in the experiment, the detection limit could be lowered down further by improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement, which can be done through either signal amplification, and/or noise reduction.
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