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Journal articles on the topic 'Single channel marketing of agricultural products'
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KULIKOV, I. M., and I. A. MINAKOV. "Commercial Activity of Agricultural Producers." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).26.
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The article considers the existing sales system of agricultural products, which does not allow bringing the manufactured products to the consumer promptly and without losses, as well as reveals the features of agricultural production that affect commercial activity, such as dependence of production output on natural and climatic conditions, guaranteed demand, the uneven supply of products to the market, perishable and poorly transportable products, and the concentration of demand in large cities. It is established that the main suppliers of many types of products to the domestic market are agricultural organizations. This is explained by their large production output and a high level of product marketability. The main channel for selling agricultural products is processing enterprises and wholesale trade. It accounts for 77.0% (by wool) to 98.0% (by sugar beet). The sale prices of products vary by distribution channels; this stipulates the different levels of sales profitability. Export is one of the product sales channels; however, it leads to a reduction in the supply of products in the domestic market. The article substantiates the areas for improvement of commercial activity, which include the use of marketing, increasing the competitiveness of products based on improving their quality, creating consumer marketing cooperatives and agro-industrial establishments that combine production, storage, processing, and sale into a single process, participating in fairs, state and regional tenders, using Internet resources, organizing a system of wholesale food markets and logistics centers.
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Varchenko, O. M., I. Gerasimenko, A. Dmytryk, and N. Vernyuk. "Features of formation of distribution marketing channels of agricultural production of personal peasant economy (PF)." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1(162) (April 22, 2021): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2021-162-1-198-212.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of marketing channels for the distribution of agricultural products PF and identifies strategic directions for their development. The urgency of studying this issue is due to ambiguity in the development of sales activities of PF, on the one hand, their role in shaping the supply of agricultural products, and on the other - complicated sales process and lack of appropriate distribution infrastructure, which does not contribute to their effective development. It is proved that the absence of a single conceptual apparatus for the definition of the distribution channel and the composition of its functions significantly complicates the interaction of scientific developments and practical approaches to the organization of distribution of agricultural products. It is reasonable to consider under the marketing channel an orderly sequence of organizations that perform one or more functions necessary to ensure the ability to purchase products by the end consumer in a convenient place, time, in the required quantity and quality at minimal cost. The main difficulties in organizing the supply of agricultural products PF on the basis of a survey of rural households, including the following: lack of planning in production and marketing activities, episodic and spontaneous trade, its toning, lack of long-term cooperation with processing enterprises, lack of civilized infrastructure and distribution. The peculiarities of the functioning of the main channels of distribution of agricultural products of PF - trade and intermediary structures, retail and food markets, places of spontaneous trade, dairy and meat processing enterprises, procurement organizations are highlighted. The main difficulties in the development of economic relations of farms with processing enterprises and procurement organizations are substantiated: low prices, lack of partnerships that would provide "supplier development", not an objective definition of quality, and so on. In order to support targeted sales activities by peasant households, tools have been proposed to stimulate the development of sales marketing cooperatives, local wholesale and distribution centers with units for the organization of agricultural products from PF and to establish scientific and advisory support for business-type sales activities. higher agricultural education and a network of regional research centers. Key words: marketing distribution channels, personal peasant economy, agricultural products, elements of distribution infrastructure.
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Barua, Prabal, Syed Hafizur Rahman, and Maitri Barua. "Sustainable management of agriculture products value chain in responses to climate change for South-Eastern coast of Bangladesh." Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications 3, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 98–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mscra-07-2020-0020.
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PurposeThis paper is designed to assess the sustainable value chain approaches for marketing channel development opportunities for agricultural products in coastal Bangladesh to combat climate change through an approach of community-based adaptation options.Design/methodology/approachThe study was designed to select the potential value chain candidate and to analyze and establish a value chain map to benefit the crop farmers. In this connection, the resources of the whole context were evaluated. The approach uses few tools to generate three outputs, the last of which are the final list of value chains selected for in-depth assessment to design interventions as community-based adaptation practices of the study to combat climate change in the study areas.FindingsThe study demonstrated that the difference in the institutional circumstances of the end markets of the agriculture products is connected to the different categories of harmonization and control of the facilitating environment throughout the supply chains. National and local networks improve the value chain in terms of the value addition of the agriculture products, technology improvement, market access and profitability of the products. Strengthening the weak financial structure, focus more on formal financial systems and resolving sociocultural and climate change-induced hazard concerns are the major concerns on the development of value chains in the countries. Apparently, guarantee for good governance, checking illegal and unregulated market contexts, proper mitigation measures to climate change are some paramount important issues for the sustainable management of livelihood, yield, income and development.Practical implicationsAll kinds of stakeholders of the agriculture product value chain should focus on competitiveness and productivity and look for and exploit multiple ways to add value once initial success has been attained with a single deal. Ensuring sustainability within the value chains is an important feature to cater to the challenges and changing demands of the age.Originality/valueThe study will help to established a sustainable value chain approach in response to climate change, which process will help to existent opportunities for firms to manage the issue of climate risk by codeveloping and employing adaptation options that may be more preferred or accepted by consumers across the entire chain for the sustainable management of livelihood, yield, income and development.
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HANZHURENKO, Irina, and Viktoriya FEDOROVA. "LOGISTIC ACTIVITIES IN THE MARKETING OF AGRARIAN ENTERPRISES PRODUCTS." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-31.
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Introduction. The article emphasizes the importance of the role of the sales channels and the logistics system of the agricultural enterprise. This necessitates their improvement in order to en-sure marketing activities. Forms of product promotion are determined in accordance with economic content, economic and economic conditions of distribution, production and economic relations, place on the market. Choosing distribution channels is a difficult decision for the manufacturer, because of the need to take into account many aspects of the functioning of logistics systems. The purpose of scientific research is to determine the nature and role of logistic activity in the marketing and sailing of agricultural products. Results. The zero-distribution channel, which is most often used by producers in the activities of agricultural enterprises, is characterized. The conditions, under which it is appropriate to use this sales channel, are identified. The specifics of logistics activities and the relationship between the intermediary and the manufacturer are outlined. The essence of two-level and three-level sales channels is characterized, their participants are defined and the conditions for effective interaction between them. The factors that influence the choice of direct or indirect channel of interaction between producer and consumer are systematized. The logistics system and distribution channels are identified as one of the most important components in ensuring the competitiveness of agricultural products. The role and essence of marketing communications in the process of logistic activity of agricultural enterprises is established. The effectiveness of Internet communications, including information portals, is highlighted. The influence of state authorities on the logistic systems formation of agricultural enterprises in the process of products sale is determined. The essence of marketing infrastructure is outlined. Formation of grain marketing channels for logistic activity of domestic agricultural enterprises is proposed. The purpose of the sales department of the agricultural enterprise in its logistic activity is characterized. Conclusions. Logistics activities are important in the marketing of agricultural products. Domestic manufacturers need to consider a large number of factors to determine the feasibility of using different types of distribution channels in the logistics system. Improvement of logistic activity of agrarian enterprise is the key to maintaining the proper level of competitiveness of its products. Keywords: logistics, logistic activity, logistics system, marketing, marketing of agricultural products, agrarian enterprise, sales channel, marketing communications.
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Liu, Yuying, Wanglin Ma, Alan Renwick, and Xinhong Fu. "The role of agricultural cooperatives in serving as a marketing channel: evidence from low-income regions of Sichuan province in China." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 2 (March 13, 2019): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0058.
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Although cooperative organizations aim to enhance agricultural production and marketing, in some countries such as China, not all members sell their products through agricultural cooperatives. This study examines the determinants of using agricultural cooperatives as a marketing channel and its effects on farm income and household income, using survey data collected from cooperative members in low-income regions of Sichuan province in China. We employ both propensity score matching model and inverse probability weighting estimator with regression adjustment to address the sample selection bias issue. The empirical results show that risk attitude, farm size, machine ownership, sales ability, and demonstration level of cooperatives are main factors that determine the members’ decision to use agricultural cooperatives as a marketing channel, and the marketing channel users obtain significantly higher farm income and household income than non-users. Our findings highlight the importance and necessity of promoting agricultural cooperatives as a marketing channel among non-users.
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Krasavac-Chroneos, Biljana, Katica Radosavljević, and Aleksandra Bradić-Martinović. "SWOT analysis of the rural tourism as a channel of marketing for agricultural products in Serbia." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 65, no. 4 (2018): 1573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj1804573k.
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Danyliuk, V. O., and D. R. Dashkevych. "The Peculiarities of Sales Management in Business Organizations of Various Industries." Business Inform 9, no. 512 (2020): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-9-276-283.
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The article is aimed at distinguish the peculiarities of the process of management of sales activities of business organizations working in agriculture, processing industry, engineering, trade, light industry and service sector, and identifying specific aspects arising at the junction of sales management and other functional spheres of business organization management. A number of universal principles for any business organization that should be taken into account in the process of forming a general strategy and planning and implementing sales management is provided. Specific features of construction of channels for distribution of finished products in business organizations of different activities are analyzed. The main aspects of interaction of business organizations with other subjects of sales activity are considered and recommendations on its more effective organization are made. It is defined that the main methods of product promotion to achieve the goals of the sales subsystem in the process of sales management are: advertising, sales incentives and personal sales. The main differences in the work of the sales subsystem of business organizations of different industries are identified and the peculiarities of sales management are singled out. It is shown that a feature of sales activities of business organizations in the service sector is the use of a zero sales channel, but for the vast majority of engineering business organizations it is important to operate a «marketing center» organized on a functional principle, the purpose of which is to interact with all departments of the business organization, and for industrial business organizations in which the supply of products to the place of sale depends on the location of production, it is crucial to comply with such conditions as achieving maximum satisfaction of the consumers’ needs and optimizing the cost of supplying products.
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R, Dayanandan, and Tadele Yaya Ataro. "Determinants of cassava production and its marketing channel efficiency - an assessment." Journal of Management and Science 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2018.12.
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Cassava production has got an international attention and currently different organizations and foundations are involved in research and development activities. But cassava producers in the study area are facing different challenges in production system and marketing for cassava products. Hence, the main focus of this research paper is to see the determinants of cassava production and its marketing channel efficiency in the study area. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to address the objectives and the primary data was collected from 181 sample farmers drown from three cassava producer rural villages using multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to summarize the data. Furthermore, inferential statistics like multiple linear regression model was employed to identify the determinants of cassava production. The study results indicate that the production trend of cassava in the area has been increasing time to time. The regression analysis results also disclosed that educational level, access to agricultural input, age of the farmers, pests attack, extension visit, fertility of the soil, farm size, irrigation, experience and family size were the variables that significantly influence households cassava production. It is also found that direct sale (producers sell their cassava products to the final consumers) brings the biggest price share (35%) for the farmers and it is the best channel to increase efficiency and the wealth of farmers. The challenging factors influencing the cassava producers in the study area are shortage of farm landholding, marketing chain efficiency, soil fertility, high population pressure, and drought etc. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the government, non-government, cooperatives and agricultural research centers should support the cassava producer farmers by giving improved variety and promote the non-producer farmers to participate in cassava production and create market chain in the study area.
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Xiong, Yazhou, Shujie Yun, Jingyuan Xing, Xiaorong Huang, and Wei Shu. "An Empirical Study on Evaluation of Marketing Channel Risk in Agricultural Products via PCA and Cluster Analysis." Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 6, no. 4 (April 10, 2014): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/ajfst.6.72.
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Schmit, Todd M., and Stephen E. Hadcock. "Assessing Barriers to Expansion of Farm-to-Chef Sales: A Case Study from Upstate New York." Journal of Food Research 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n1p117.
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<p>Columbia County Bounty is a local organization made up of farmer and culinary business members, with a mission that includes promoting connections between local agricultural producers and culinary businesses. A case study was conducted to address questions raised by CCB related to expanding farm-to-chef marketing in their area. Common barriers for restaurants included larger time commitments, inconvenience, and consistency in product volumes and quality; however, satisfaction with local wholesale distributors may create new opportunities for farmers to work collaboratively with them in including more local products in their distribution. A closer inspection of channel performance by farms in the study will drive changes in future channel strategies and utilization of farm-to-chef marketing, as farms are already benefiting from strong direct marketing channels and restaurants procuring local products from these channels.</p>
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Waridin, Waridin, and Zulfikar Al- Hafidz. "A value chain analysis of sweet potato commodity marketing." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v24i1.3166.
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A thorough analysis of farmers’ purchasing power is very important because of agricultural products’ unique characteristics that likely position farmers more vulnerably. In this respect, we seek to anayze farmers’ purchasing power and market conditions of an agricultural product (sweet potatoes) by using the value chain and SCP (structure, conduct, performance) analyses. This study is administered in Bergas Sub-district, Semarang Regency that exhibit high potentials of sweet potato products. Our research sample are farmers, marketing institutions, and governments that are selected with the purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. The results show that sweet potatoes marketing in this sub-district has four marketing channels and the market structure is oligopoly. The concentration ratio (CR4) of 0.52 indicates that the market has weak concentration with the Minimum Efficiency Scale (MES) score of 65%, implying that new competitors are obstructed to enter the market. Further, the fourth market channel has efficient marketing system performance with the marketing margin of Rp 1,500/ kg and farmers’ market share of 57.14%. Overall, our results suggest that farmers have to select short marketing chains and sell their products to final consumers.
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Lai, Jing-Jing, Nai-Yuan Pai, and Wen-Cheng Wang. "The Environmental Awareness Influence Urban Female's Purchasing Intention of Organic Agricultural Products." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 12, no. 2 (April 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.2020040101.
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In 2018, the number of internet users in Taiwan reached 18.66 million. The online rate was 79.2%, which was 0.4% higher than that in 2017. Moreover, the annual growth rate of Taiwan's online shopping market is double digits, suggesting the rapid expansion of online shops and the popular trend in online shopping. Managing a store on the internet platform offers many advantages, such as low operating cost, cheaper fees, greater sources of customers, and keyword marketing. As online shopping becomes prevalent in Taiwan, online shops are considered effective sales channels. Among the online shops, there are many small organic shops operated by farmers, as well as chain organic stores. However, researches on Taiwan's online purchase and sales of organic agricultural products (vegetables and fruits) are very sparse. The subjects were mostly urban women, who are white-collar workers, have middle to upper income levels, a high level of education, and are highly frequent internet shoppers. The findings indicate that in the booming online shopping market, urban women's attitude and perceived behavioral control positively, affect their intention to buy organic agricultural products (vegetables and fruits) online. Chain stores and farmers should consider internet marketing as an important sales channel targeting urban women.
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Zhang, Xue-Mei, Ying-Ying Li, Zhi Liu, and Qian-Wen Li. "Coordination Contracts of Dual-Channel Supply Chain Considering Advertising Cooperation." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 55–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2021010103.
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To study the impact of advertising cooperation on the decisions of dual-channel supply chain, a dual-channel supply chain system consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer is considered. The manufacturer can sell products to customers either through a direct marketing channel or through a traditional retail channel. This paper analyses the level of advertising investment and supply chain profits of centralized and decentralized dual-channel supply chains based on a Stackelberg game. Then, the decision models of dual-channel supply chain under different contracts are constructed, and how manufacturers can optimize the profits of both sides through an effective coordination mechanism is analyzed. The research results show that the improved advertising costs and revenue sharing contract can perfectly coordinate the dual-channel supply chain system. Numerical experiments illustrate the impacts of parameters on the optimal decision results.
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Hanzhurenko, Iryna. "Adaptability of marketing and logistics systems of agricultural business entities." Actual problems of innovative economy, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2524-0455-2019-3-6.
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Introduction. The effective development of the internal market for agricultural products is hampered by the viola-tion of the income distribution proportionality between the subjects of its production and the circulation. This is due to the influence of many factors, so it is necessary to find ways to increase the adaptability level of marketing and logistics systems of agricultural business entities. The purpose of scientific research is to develop theoretical and practical aspects of adaptability of marketing and lo-gistics systems of agricultural business entities. Results. The formalization necessity of the quantitative estimation method of the realization nature of economic in-terests of subjects was established in production spheres and the circulation of internal agricultural production. No competi-tive situation has been identified at different levels of the marketing infrastructure of the given market. The formula is pro-posed for calculating the indicator, which characterizes the subjects’ dominance of circulation, and calculates its value for the markets of wheat grains of the third class, marketable sunflower, pork, poultry in all categories, milk. The interpretation of the analysis results is given. The possibility of using the methodology to determine the dominance level of a certain group of subjects in the agrarian market, influencing the behavior of other participants of market processes is substantiated. It is suggested to use this technique to analyze the realization completeness of entities economic interests serving the sales chan-nels. The object markets were ranked according to the increase in the production profitability and the products sales by the manufacturers. The process of the object market development is characterized. The interpretation in the indicator values change is given from the point of view of economic processes in the agricultural market. The laws of formation and function-ing of the strategic management system of marketing and logistic activity have been determined. Comparison of the classes and types of marketing and logistic strategies of agricultural enterprises is presented. The principles of the construction and orientation of the strategic management system of marketing and logistic activity are outlined. Conclusions. It is necessary to maintain an adequate level of adaptability in order to ensure the proper functioning of marketing and logistics systems of agricultural business entities. This property depends on the financial condition, activity parameters, economic potential and other characteristics of the agricultural enterprise. Adaptability of marketing and logistics systems contributes to the profitability increase of agricultural enterprises in the sphere of production and circulation. Keywords: logistics, logistic activity, logistics system, marketing, marketing of agricultural products, agrarian enterprise, sales channel, marketing communications.
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Tang, Jia-Wei, Ming-Lun Chen, and Tsai-Hsin Chiu. "An Exploratory Study on Local Brand Value Development for Outlying Island Agriculture: Local Food System and Actor–Network Theory Perspectives." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114186.
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Due to the sweeping influence of capitalism, most food processing is now done through standardized production workflows in order to quickly replicate and churn out a large quantity of products. This has led to an increasing number of homogenized and delocalized products flooding the market and a disconnection between consumers and local food producers. Penghu outlying island is rich in unique local agricultural products but seriously lacks brand images and channel strategies, as manifested in an unstable demand and supply, a high degree of homogeneity (in products) and the majority of farmers producing and selling their products autonomously. This study applies the local food system and actor–network theory as the basis of theoretical frameworks as well as agricultural practices in Penghu as the research object. We used field investigation, in-depth interview and the means–end chain method to examine important contextual factors’ influence on the local agricultural food system, important actors and challenges and key influential factors for local brand value that affect the development of the local agricultural food system in Penghu outlying island. The actor–network perceptual map of local brand value proposed in this study can help agricultural practitioners when making decisions and can formulate strategies for their products to increase the product visibility and recognition. This perceptual map can also facilitate the expansion of the target customers and channel distributions suitable for individual agricultural products. Our study presents the following recommendations: increase the manpower of agricultural practices through the working holiday approach; local government should provide support enabling agriculture producers to gain professional knowledge in marketing; and agriculture producers should form cooperatives which focus on the unique local agricultural products that are produced and marketed locally in Penghu.
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陈, 婉梅. "Research on the Internet Ecological Marketing Channel of Agricultural Products—Taking the Tea of Anxi Tieguanyin in Fujian for Example." Sustainable Development 08, no. 04 (2018): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/sd.2018.84031.
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Busquier, Mario, Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez, Alejandro Mestre-Quereda, Elena Navarro, María P. González-Dugo, and Luciano Mateos. "Exploring TanDEM-X Interferometric Products for Crop-Type Mapping." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111774.
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The application of satellite single-pass interferometric data to crop-type mapping is demonstrated for the first time in this work. A set of nine TanDEM-X dual-pol pairs of images acquired during its science phase, from June to August 2015, is exploited for this purpose. An agricultural site located in Sevilla (Spain), composed of fields of 13 different crop species, is employed for validation. Sets of input features formed by polarimetric and interferometric observables are tested for crop classification, including single-pass coherence and repeat-pass coherence formed by consecutive images. The backscattering coefficient at HH and VV channels and the correlation between channels form the set of polarimetric features employed as a reference set upon which the added value of interferometric coherence is evaluated. The inclusion of single-pass coherence as feature improves by 2% the overall accuracy (OA) with respect to the reference case, reaching 92%. More importantly, in single-pol configurations OA increases by 10% for the HH channel and by 8% for the VV channel, reaching 87% and 88%, respectively. Repeat-pass coherence also improves the classification performance, but with final scores slightly worse than with single-pass coherence. However, it improves the individual performance of the backscattering coefficient by 6–7%. Furthermore, in products evaluated at field level the dual-pol repeat-pass coherence features provide the same score as single-pass coherence features (overall accuracy above 94%). Consequently, the contribution of interferometry, both single-pass and repeat-pass, to crop-type mapping is proved.
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Fedik, O. V. "Design of measures to increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.36.
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The functioning of enterprises is possible while ensuring the competitiveness of products produced by enterprises, this is especially true for various forms of ownership of agricultural enterprises, because it is their economic activity and, accordingly, their products is one of the most important strategic vectors of Ukraine's economy. It is extremely important to design measures that are based on a strategic approach, and in the application of which it will be possible to increase the competitiveness of agricultural products that will ensure high economic efficiency and enable them to take a leading competitive position in the long perspectives.
The most effective strategies for ensuring the competitiveness of agricultural products will be the use of strategies to minimize costs, differentiation and focus. The cost of agricultural products can be reduced through the introduction of energy-saving and advanced production technologies; application of the most effective forms of organization of production and expansion of scales of production; improvement of logistics, etc.
We propose to use the differentiation strategy when limiting land or material resources by offering services or goods that have no analogues in terms of consumer characteristics on the market, which can be realized through the production of products with high quality consumer characteristics than potential competitors, such as: better quality products; environmentally friendly products; products with improved taste or properties, etc. When applying the focus strategy, it is necessary to emphasize the improvement of a particular type of product or its sales channel, producing products of narrow specialization, which is aimed at a particular segment of consumers or the formation of innovative channels for its implementation. Particular attention should be paid to improving the quality of agricultural enterprises and the implementation of well-developed marketing strategies. The application of all the above measures will increase the competitiveness of agricultural products that will ensure the competitiveness of enterprises as a whole.
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Yan, Bo, Jing Fan, and Ji-Wen Wu. "Channel choice and coordination of fresh agricultural product supply chain." RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no. 2 (March 2021): 679–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021014.
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By constructing a dual-channel fresh agricultural product (FAP) supply chain consisting of a retailer and a supplier, this paper considers the effect of fresh-keeping level on the freshness of perishable products and constructs a time-varying demand function based on freshness. The operating cost of the internet channel to the supplier has also been considered in the model. Optimal pricing strategy and profits of supply chain members under dual channels are investigated respectively in this paper. Comparing the optimal profit under traditional single-channel and dual-channel supply chain, we obtain the condition that the internet operating cost should satisfy. Given the situation where the supplier obtains profit while the retailer loses after the supplier introduced the internet channel, this paper proposes a revenue-sharing contract to make up for the loss of the retailer and achieves a win–win situation. Research shows that in the numerical analysis the supplier’s and the retailer’s profit can only be improved when the operating cost of the internet channel c0 and revenue-sharing ratio ψ are within a certain range. When ψ ≥ 0.4 and $ 0\le {c}_0\le \sqrt{\frac{2.34{\psi }^2+1.25\psi +7.39}{8.43{\psi }^3+4.62{\psi }^2+5.72\psi +9.05}}+8.64$, Pareto improvement will be attained on both sides in the supply chain.
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Riabchyk, Alla, Olena Babicheva, Olena Nahorna, Olena Korchynska, and Tamila Bilousko. "Ensuring the Marketing Activities of Agricultural Enterprises: Strategic and Tactical Decisions." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 9, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.009.00.3723.
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The strategy of agricultural enterprises is transformed under the influence of external requirements. Limited opportunities for agricultural enterprises to adapt to harsh economic and environmental conditions, especially in developing countries, determine strategic opportunities and decisions. The purpose of an article was to study the features of the strategy and tactics of marketing activities of agricultural enterprises to identify their effectiveness in order to support the development of activities. The methodology is based on the theory of strategic decision-making and the concept of sustainable agriculture to identify the effectiveness of strategies and tactics of marketing activities of agricultural firms in Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia. The results show a low level of strategic orientation of rural enterprises. State support does little effort to stimulate differentiation and niche specialization of agricultural producers, as evidenced by the constant dynamics of agricultural production. Investing in physical assets is the most effective tool to support the agricultural sector. Cooperation and collaboration among enterprises is not widespread and single-owner farming is the most common organizational form in the agricultural sector. Producers' pricing policies remain stable and depend on market conditions: product prices fluctuated slightly. The practical value of the results lies in taking into account the identified effective ways of state support for agricultural producers in promoting the strategy of differentiation of agricultural products.
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Staudt, Yves, and Joël Wagner. "What policyholder and contract features determine the evolution of non-life insurance customer relationships?" International Journal of Bank Marketing 36, no. 6 (September 3, 2018): 1098–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-11-2016-0175.
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Purpose Over the last decade, technological and social trends have significantly influenced the relationship between customers and insurers. New buying patterns, price comparison platforms and the usage of different interaction channels driving single-product purchases and impacting lapses have influenced insurers’ customer portfolios and development. The purpose of this paper is to study the features driving the customer relationship along three areas, namely, customer acquisition, development and retention. Design/methodology/approach After defining 14 related hypotheses, the authors use econometric analyses to quantitatively support these hypotheses in the three areas of interest. The authors build on a large-scale longitudinal data set from a Swiss insurance company covering the period from 2005 to 2014 and including 2,757,000 customer-years. The data comprise information on private customers, their contract history, including coverage and losses and the channels used for buying insurance. This analysis focuses on the two most common non-life insurance products, namely, household/liability and car insurance. Findings The authors provide descriptive statistics and results from econometric analyses to determine the significant features and patterns affecting customer development and retention. Among the main results, the authors underline the significant influence on cross-selling given by the customer’s age and the interaction channel. Customers from rural regions are more loyal and likely to conduct cross-buying when compared to their peers from urban regions. Car insurance holders are more likely to lapse than household/liability insurance clients. Finally, while newly acquired customers tend to buy only a single product, the authors show the importance of cross-selling for retaining customers. In fact, customer retention is positively influenced by the number of products hold. Research limitations/implications This work is relevant for academics and practitioners alike, adding a quantitative basis to the understanding of managing customer relationships and for the development of further prospective models. Further work could investigate or add products, extend the study to other companies and focus on customer development with time. Originality/value This study explores a large-scale longitudinal data set. The analyses of customer acquisition, development and retention can support insurers to construct their own models for customer relationship management.
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Hanzhurenko, Iryna. "Management of marketing and logistics in the strategic management system of agrarian enterprise competitiveness." Actual problems of innovative economy, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2524-0455-2019-4-7.
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Introduction. The use of a systematic approach to the distribution of agricultural products involves taking into account combinations of elements of the marketing and logistic system. Systematic management of product distribution is the key to the success of an agricultural enterprise. This helps to mobilize the available resources of the entity. The purpose of the scientific research is to develop theoretical aspects of management of marketing and logic in the strategic management system of the agro-business competition. Results. It is determined that the reproduction process depends on the formation and functioning of the distribution system. The dependence of the formation and functioning of the production distribution system from the influence of external and internal factors is substantiated. The influence factors on the formation and functioning of the production distribution system are determined. The effect of factors on extended and simple types of reproduction is characterized. It is established that the intensity of factors influence depends from the duration of the influence period. The factors classification by the appearance intensity of the factors action, by the systematic signs, by the mediocrity of influence and formation is proposed. The role of state factors in the formation and functioning of the products distribution system is noted. Principles are presented and the essence is characterized of the organizational and economic mechanism of the system formation of the enterprise product market division. The influence means of formation of the production distribution system are given. The enterprise product division from the standpoint of the systematic approach is considered. Conclusions. The necessity of formalization of the organizational and economic mechanism of the distribution system formation is conditioned by the synthesis of the economic base and the organizational measures. It is suggested to consider the involvement of economic and organizational means of influence at the enterprise level as a reaction to the application of a certain list of influence means by macro environments. The impact is carried out with the use of a wide range of production and sales tools in accordance with certain conditions of the agricultural enterprise activity. Keywords: logistics, logistic activity, logistics system, marketing, marketing of agricultural products, agricultural enterprise, sales channel.
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Vasylieva, Natalia, and Harvey James, Jr. "Application of the marketing mix to the world export of animal products." Innovative Marketing 16, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.16(1).2020.08.
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Agricultural trade is complicated owing to perishable goods and high requirements for safety and quality, especially by animal products. Intensifying their exports is a major priority in the context of augmenting competitive negotiations and providing global food security to cover a shortage of an animal protein intake. To address such challenges, this study aimed at improving marketing performance necessary for developing the world exports of animal products. The methodological research framework was the Marketing Mix model, which included Product, Price, Place, and Promotion, and was amplified by Innovation. The model components were presented by the average export prices and indicators for Infrastructure, ICT adoption, and Innovation capability evaluated for each exporting country. For testing hypotheses about homo- and heterogeneity of top exporters, this research utilized the single factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The offered approach was applied to the most valuable export segments of poultry, livestock, and dairy world markets. They engaged from 75 to 140 countries and had total export values between USD 3.2 billion and USD 33.2 billion. The study outcomes captured similarities and differences of Price, Place, Promotion, and Innovation components among the First 10, Second 10, and Third 10 ranked exporters. Given the found indicators of the top world exporters, the study clarifies prospects and attainable goals on developing exports of animal products at a country level.
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Ardila, Dinda Dara, Titin Agustina, and Sri Subekti. "SALURAN DAN MARGIN PEMASARAN KOPI CAP LERENG TANCAK KEMBAR DI DESA ANDUNGSARI KECAMATAN PAKEM KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 15, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v15i2.27430.
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<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>Arabica and robusta coffees as the agricultural commodities are cultivated in Pakem sub-district, Bondowoso regency. One of the companies processing arabica and robusta coffees in Bondowoso is Lereng Tancak Kembar agroindustry. However, the agroindustry often experiences some obstacles to market its products because road access to the area is quite difficult, so the condition increases transportation costs. Therefore, it is necessary to know about the marketing channel of Lereng Tancak Kembar, so it affects the price and margin of coffee marketing to the last consumers. The reserach area was determined purposively. Descriptive data analysis was used to analyze the coffee marketing channel, and marketing margin analysis was used to know the coffee marketing margin. The findings indicated that: (1) the marketing of Lereng Tancak Kembar coffee had four marketing channels, consisting of two Arabica coffee marketing channels and two robusta coffee marketing channels. The first marketing channel of arabica coffee included: agroindustry - sales - retailers - consumers. The second marketing channel included: agroindustry - retailers - consumers. The first marketing channel of robusta coffee included: agro-industry - sales - retailers - consumers. The second marketing channels of robusta coffees included: agroindustry - retailers - consumers. (2) the marketing margin for the first channel of arabica coffee was Rp. 86,660.00, and the second channel was Rp. 53,330.00. The marketing margin for the first channel of robusta coffee was Rp. 100,000.00, and the second channel was Rp. 85,000.00.</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Kopi arabika dan kopi robusta merupakan komoditas pertanian yang banyak dibudidayakan di Kecamatan Pakem Kabupaten Bondowoso. Salah satu perusahaan yang mengolah kopi arabika dan kopi robusta di daerah tersebut adalah agroindustri Lereng Tancak Kembar. Namun agroindustri tersebut sering mengalami hambatan untuk memasarkan produknya dikarenakan akses jalan ke daerah tersebut cukup sulit sehingga meningkatkan biaya transportasi, maka perlu diketahui bagaimana saluran pemasaran kopi cap Lereng Tancak Kembar, sehingga akan mempengaruh terhadap harga dan margin pemasaran kopi pada konsumen akhir. Penentuan daerah penelitian menggunakan metode secara sengaja. Analisis data secara diskriptif digunakan untuk menganalisis saluran pemasaran kopi, dan analisis margin pemasaran digunakan untuk mengetahui margin pemasaran kopi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pemasaran kopi cap Lereng Tancak Kembar memiliki empat saluran pemasaran, terdiri dari dua saluran pemasaran kopi arabika dan dua saluran pemasaran kopi robusta. Saluran pemasaran 1 kopi arabika meliputi: agroindustri - <em>sales</em> - pedagang pengecer - konsumen akhir. Saluran pemasaran 2 kopi arabika meliputi: agroindustri - pedagang pengecer - konsumen akhir. Saluran pemasaran 1 kopi robusta meliputi: agroindustri - sales - pedagang pengecer - konsumen akhir. Saluran pemasaran 2 kopi robusta meliputi: agroindustri - pedagang pengecer - konsumen akhir, (2) margin pemasaran kopi arabika saluran 1 sebesar Rp. 86.660,00, dan saluran 2 sebesar Rp. 53.330,00, serta margin pemasaran kopi robusta saluran 1 sebesar Rp. 100.000,00, dan saluran 2 sebesar Rp. 85.000,00.</p>
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Ahmed, Raisuddin. "652 Beyond Subsistence: The Prospects and Problems of Horticultural Products in Agricultural Diversification of Developing Countries." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 510C—510. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.510c.
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Transformation of developing, subsistence economies into commercial and industrialized societies accompanies a declining share of agriculture in the gross domestic product (GDP). However, the shares of high-value products like horticultural, livestock and fish products increase with the decline of low-value products like cereals. This process of transformation is generally endogenous to various forces of supply and demand and, therefore, its pace can be influenced by policies. The forces in the demand side include income and income parameters of domestic consumers, and the ability to exploit foreign demand through exports of horticultural products. On the supply side, a large number of factors constrain the production of horticultural products. Agro-ecological constraints are country-specific. Technological backwardness, lack of quality control and standardization, weak marketing infrastructure including risk insurance, comparative advantages and institutional weakness in linking with world markets and exploiting economies of scale are some of the fundamental problems confronted by most developing countries. Export of horticultural products from developing countries is perhaps the most crucial factor that can impact the process of transformation mentioned above. Macro-economic policies that maintain a stable incentive structure for exports are important. But policies that respond to the constraints in the channel linking farmers in developing countries to supermarkets in the developed world are perhaps more important. Developing countries currently share only about 27% of world trade in horticultural products. More than 80% of this trade is, however, shared by only 31 developing countries. Barriers to entry into the developed market by new exporters of horticultural products are enormous. Whether the emerging forces of globalization under the auspices of WTO would make the entry problem more difficult or easier for vast majority of the developing countries is an open, but critical, question.
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Lomovskykh, L., M. Ponomarova, L. Chip, E. Krivosheya, and O. Lisova. "MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF STRENGTHENING THE MARKETING ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE AND MAINTAINING EFFICIENT AGRO BUSINESS." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (April 30, 2021): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230255.
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Abstract. The analysis of the activity of agricultural enterprises indicated its inherent high degree of risk. Unlike other industries, a significant share of integrated risk for agriculture is weather risk. It is this risk that necessitates the diversification of agricultural marketing into three forms: with a deficit of the main commodity product of the agricultural enterprise in the market; with the balance of sales and supply and with the market surplus of marketable products. It is pointed out that in order to reduce the risk, a significant number of medium-sized producers rely on multi-product production and management has to simultaneously make use of all the intended forms of marketing. It has been established that the marketing activities of agricultural enterprises for a number of reasons: established tradition, lack of financial resources, etc. are often sporadic, fragmented, not a systematic, purposeful activity with defined goals, well considered tools, adequate funding and resources. Therefore, a number of specific steps have been proposed for the implementation of effective agribusiness: changing the traditional way of thinking; formation of a holistic systematic approach to marketing policy as a single coordinated complex of management and marketing; thorough study of the market of products manufactured by the agricultural enterprise, and the formation of the forecast for the next season. To strengthen marketing activities and conduct effective agribusiness, algorithms have been developed to gain a competitive advantage. It is shown that agricultural marketing today is becoming a broader field of activity than providing pure production and marketing using the main levers — price, product, sales and communication. It must best meet the needs and requirements of consumers, in particular, by shifting the main emphasis from price and sales aspects to communication. This is one of the main ways to ensure the function of agribusiness efficiency. It is proposed to use the experience of developed countries and more widely employ modern information technologies of management and marketing, in particular, decision support systems and analysis of risks and forecasts for the next period. The following ways are proposed for the use of modern decision support systems, risk analysis and forecasts in Ukrainian agricultural management and marketing: cooperation, use of these information systems on the basis of lease or, less relevant, expert risk assessment. A mathematical method of taking into account the degree of risk in the business processes of agricultural enterprises is proposed. Keywords: marketing, management, management, manager, agricultural management, agribusiness, information technology marketing. JEL Classification M11, M31, Q13 Formulas: 1; fig.: 3; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 22.
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Resigia, Elara, and Syahrial Syahrial. "Pengembangan Komoditas Unggulan Tanaman Pangan Propinsi Sumatera Barat." TATALOKA 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.1.41-49.
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The development of food crops commodities is one of the priorities of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-2019 of the Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia in terms of guarantee of food availability. West Sumatra Province is one of the central areas of production of food crops commodities in Indonesia. The objectives of this research are 1) to analyze food crops of West Sumatera Province; 2) to analyze the availability and completeness of facilities for the development of superior commodities of food crops; and 3) to formulate the strategy of developing the superior commodities of food crops. The data used in this research covers the area of harvest, the number of production, and the number of facilities area by time series (2011-2015). Data analysis used in this research include LQ, scalogram and SWOT analysis. The results showed rice commodity as a pre-eminent commodity in West Sumatera Province. There are six areas of development of commodities seeded rice that is in the hierarchy I. SWOT matrix analysis results obtained some superior commodity development strategies include; SO strategy 1) Establish and enhance the role of partnership with all stakeholders (government, farmers, traders, and cooperatives); 2) the use of agricultural cropping technology; WO strategy; 1) Development of agricultural development infrastructure (irrigation channel, village axis road) and application of agricultural technology (cultivation); 2) Institutional strengthening of farming capital; strategy ST: 1) Leading commodity marketing policy / regulation by West Sumatera Provincial Government, 2) Gapoktan and Farmers Household (RTP) Empowerment 1); WT strategy: 1) Development and training of management and marketing of agricultural products by government 2) Optimalization of institutional function and capital of farming to support improvement of marketing quality of agricultural products
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Zhou, Zhong Ren. "Sustainable Development of The “Four-in-One” Model in Rural Areas of Northern China: A Village Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 4771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4771.
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Based on an investigation of a typical village in northern China, we found that the “Four-in-One” ecological model for homes (sunlight greenhouse, pig house, toilet, and biogas digester) achieved benefits with regard to economy, society, energy use, and a cleaner environment once it was established. However, problems still impede the sustainable expansion of the model. The main problems are a relative lag in the management of biogas digesters, challenges in the production and distribution of farm products, home layout and piggery sanitation, competition for labor between agricultural production and outside work, and problems with land resources, investment and credit expenses, and infrastructure. In the end, some countermeasures are proposed, namely, perfecting the technical service system, strengthening farm training and improving agricultural production skills, establishing a stable distribution channel for marketing farm products and a suitable agriculture management model, selecting appropriate households for the Four-in-One model, and so on.
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Borda, Armando, Gonzalo Guerra García, Carlos Cordova, and Miguel Cordova. "Ferrari five: How to recover control of the traditional channel in Colombia?" Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2019-0115.
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Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: to analyze host market characteristics and consumer behavior to develop sound value propositions; to distinguish the characteristics of traditional retail as opposed to the ones of modern retail; to identify the potential benefits and challenges of working with traditional retail; to discuss how informality may affect business relations; and to identify potential avenues to align divergent interests between the focal firm and traditional retailers. Case overview/synopsis The case described the situation faced by French International Company (FICO), a leading manufacturer of cigarettes, after the acquisition of Fosforera Colombiana (FOCOSA) in Colombia. FICO aimed to leverage the leadership position of FOCOSA and of its flagship brand Ferrari Lights that possess a 60% market share. However, after just a few months, it was clear that the acquired subsidiary was not performing adequately. The financial results obtained were disastrous. To face this situation, FICO appointed as the new marketing director to Waldo Tarantini who has experienced dealing with informal markets. To be aligned to the Colombian consumption pattern of five cigarettes daily, Waldo decided to launch a new presentation of the leading brand denominated Ferrari five, a package of 5 cigarettes at COP 1000. Considering that more than 60% of the sale can be explained by traditional retail, it was mandatory to secure its participation. Nevertheless, traditional retailers obtained up to 56% margin by selling single sticks. Waldo and his team rapidly needed to craft a commercial strategy to secure the participation of traditional retailers in a market plagued by informality, smuggling products and lack of control from national authorities. Complexity academic level The case is intended to be used at the early stages of post-graduate studies and in executive education programs addressing issues such as emerging markets, informality, the base of the pyramid, trade marketing and product launches. In particular, the case can be used in MSc in Marketing’s students, first-year MBA students or executives following short courses. The field of studies in which the case should be taught is marketing or trade marketing in particular when analyzing emerging economies. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
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Benedek, Zsófia, Imre Fertő, Cristina Galamba Marreiros, Pâmela Mossmann de Aguiar, Cristina Bianca Pocol, Lukáš Čechura, Anne Põder, Piia Pääso, and Zoltán Bakucs. "Farm diversification as a potential success factor for small-scale farmers constrained by COVID-related lockdown. Contributions from a survey conducted in four European countries during the first wave of COVID-19." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0251715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251715.
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This paper explores to what extent product and marketing channel diversification contributed to the economic success of small-scale agricultural producers involved in short food supply chains after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted between April and July 2020 in four countries of the European Union–Estonia, Hungary, Portugal and Romania,–resulting in a relatively large sample of farmers (N = 421). The analysis was built on a semi-nonparametric approach. Approximately 19 percent of small-scale producers were able to increase sales during the first wave of the pandemic, although country-level variation was significant. Fruits and vegetables were by far the most popular products. The importance of specific channels varied across countries, but farm gate sales were among the most important marketing channels both before and during the first wave. The importance of channels that were based on digital resources and home delivery increased. Our evidence indicates that diversification was a strategy that paid off, both in terms of marketing channels and different product categories. However, the impact appears to be nonlinear; the initial advantage generated by diversification rapidly tapered off, either temporarily (in the case of products), or permanently (in the case of marketing channels). Later research may clarify whether these findings are generalizable in other socio-economic contexts, as well as in a non-COVID situation.
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Claro, Danny P., Denys Vojnovskis, and Carla Ramos. "When channel conflict positively affect performance: evidence from ICT supplier-reseller relationship." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-11-2016-0272.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the positive impact of functional conflict and conflict management in improving supplier–reseller relationship performance in multi-channel setting (reseller together with supplier’s sales reps). The authors develop four hypotheses, including direct and mediated effects, about conflict management, conflict and the impact on channel performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ sample of suppliers in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry in Brazil consists of an interesting setting of multi-channel distribution, as suppliers deal with sales reps in combination with reseller channels to offer products to customers. The sample is representative of the industry, including more than 60 per cent of the ICT suppliers. The model was tested with partial least squares in the context of ICT industry in Brazil. Findings The empirical test shows that although an increase in functional conflict improves channel performance (direct effect), an excessive increase may amplify the dysfunctional conflict, thereby damaging channel performance (indirect effect). The negative interplay between the two natures of conflicts is counterbalanced with conflict management. Results show that conflict management improves channel performance by decreasing the harmful effects of dysfunctional conflict. This paper contributes to the theory by deepening our understanding of conflict, a critical challenge underlying supplier–reseller relationships in marketing channels. For managers, this research clarifies the importance of considering and managing conflict of different nature in the context of multi-marketing channels. Originality/value The contribution of the authors’ study is twofold. First, they develop an integrative mediating model with key constructs of multi-channels’ conflict and channel performance. They incorporate the causal relationships between functional and dysfunctional conflict, conflict management and channel performance into a single conceptual framework. This integrative mediating model to the best of their knowledge has not been developed before. Second, they provide managers with a broad understanding of conflict management implications to supplier’s multi-channel strategy, and how functional conflict can actually be beneficial for channel performance.
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Arnautović, Ivan, Maja Jokić, Bogdan Laban, Dragana Popović, Slobodan Popović, and Sanda Nastić. "The importance of introducing a direct food distribution manufactured by agricultural production in a single economy." Poljoprivredna tehnika 45, no. 4 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2004001a.
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The agricultural sector should be organized in such a way that agricultural products that create highways in the form of production and sale of food should be supplied through direct food supply distribution chains. In addition, the food distribution system should target food produced and sold locally, which has gained increasing importance over the last three decades. Thus, agrarian observation enables fierce market competition, high distribution and logistics costs, as well as small individual size of shipments, etc. Using agricultural business modeling and design approaches requires new aspects of innovative logistics and modern information and communication technologies. All this makes it possible to evaluate and evaluate different ways of distributing food. This paper draws attention to the importance of the direct model as a channel of distribution and access in the organization of agriculture as an activity. After that, it is possible to make precise analyzes that can be used to refine the model of business processes with the formation of various ways of food distribution.
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Herijgers, M. L. C., and Henk L. W. Pander Maat. "How to evaluate multichannel communication packages: a case study on mortgage information." International Journal of Bank Marketing 33, no. 6 (September 7, 2015): 857–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-12-2014-0173.
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Purpose – Complex decision-making is often supported not by single messages but by multichannel communication packages that need to be evaluated in their own right. The purpose of this paper is to present a new analytic approach to this package evaluation task combining textual analysis, functional analysis (FA) and media synchronicity theory. Design/methodology/approach – The authors combine textual analysis, FA and media synchronicity and demonstrate this in a single case analysis of a multichannel communication package offering mortgage information. Findings – When applied to a mortgage communication package for consumers, the evaluation reveals significant problems concerning the contents and timing of mortgage information and the channels chosen to convey it. Research limitations/implications – This paper outlines a new direction for evaluating multichannel consumer information, in that it does not focus on user channel preferences but on channel requirements stemming from the communicative task to be performed. Practical implications – This paper enables designers to optimize the design of multichannel communication packages and its individual components to support customer’s decision-making processes with regards to complex products. Social implications – Improving information to guide complex decision-making processes leads to better informed consumers. Originality/value – Research into effective multichannel communication within marketing is in its infancy. This paper offers a new perspective by focusing on channel requirements stemming from the communicative task rather than consumers’ channel preferences.
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Karpriana, Angga Permadi, and Yuli Arif Tribudi. "TATA NIAGA PEMASARAN AYAM PEDAGING POLA MANDIRI DI KECAMATAN RASAU JAYA KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA KALIMANTAN BARAT." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 7, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v7i2.p230-233.
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Livestock is one of the agricultural sub-sectors. Currently, broiler farming business attacks have many attention for researchers to be studied. Trading system becomes an integral part in the entire business activity, so do in broiler farming business. The trading system in broiler farming business is included in the downstream agribusiness sub-system so the farmers are able to be easier in distributing their livestock products to consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trading system of broiler chicken with self-operating model in Rasau Jaya sub-district, Kubu Raya district, West Kalimantan from January to March 2018. Total of 32 livestock keepers and 8 traders were used as samples. Both of the primary and secondary data were collected. This study was performed using descriptive survey method. Snowball sampling method was also applied for sample collection. Trading system of broiler farming business in the studied location is divided into two channels. Channel I consisted of breeders, collectors, consumers, while Channel II consisted of farmers, collectors, retailers, consumers. It could be concluded that channel II was more complex than Channel 1 because in Channel II there was a retailer that had a function as intermediary between traders and consumers. Keywords: Broiler Chicken, Farming Bussiness, Marketing, Self-Operating Model, Trading System
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Zavalniuk, Kateryna. "Diversification as a modern growth strategy in agriculture." Annals of Marketing Management and Economics 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/amme.2017.3.1.11.
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The aim of the article is to examine the theoretical foundations of diversification strategy and identify the characteristics of its application in agriculture. The relevance of diversification strategy research is that its implementation allows additional income to be made, ensures financial stability for enterprise when demand for basic products fluctuates, and strengthens the competitive position in chosen markets. The importance for enterprise of implementing growth strategy is discussed, as is the economic essence of “marketing strategy”. Dynamic changes in the market force producers to review their activity and seek a more optimum development strategy. Diversification can be the optimal strategy when market conditions are uncertain. The article analyzes the essence and types of diversification along with the benefits and disadvantages of diversification strategy. As a result of the research, features of diversification strategy for the agricultural sector were analysed, the essence of which may be found in the unification of agricultural products with other kinds of activity. This is done to decrease the risk arising from receding demand for main agricultural products. The study found that the most effective and least risky strategy is vertical diversification, which involves obtaining a synergistic effect and reducing transaction costs (through the use of a single production chain from field to consumer).
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Akcura, M. Tolga, Ian Clark Sinapuelas, and Hui-Ming Deanna Wang. "Effects of multitier private labels on marketing national brands." Journal of Product & Brand Management 28, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-10-2017-1623.
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Purpose This paper aims to understand empirically how shares of standard and premium private label (PL) products affect a retailer’s marketing mix decisions toward national brands (NBs). Design/methodology/approach Using a comprehensive store-level data set covering 52 categories and 130 stores of two retailer chains during 2003-2009, this paper examines how shares of standard and premium PLs affect retailer marketing strategies for NB retail prices, promotions and product assortments. The empirical analysis uses a simultaneous equations model estimated by the generalized method of moments approach and controls for endogeneity between PL shares and NB decisions and potential confounding variables including consumer, manufacturer and retailer factors. Findings Standard PL shares are associated positively with NB retail prices and negatively with NB promotions and assortments. In contrast, premium PL shares are associated positively with NB retail prices, promotions and assortments. Research limitations/implications The results indicate that retailers make strategic NB decisions through multitier PLs. Specifically, the evidence suggests that retailers use standard and premium PLs differently in promotion and assortment decisions toward NBs. NB manufacturers need to be cognizant of the increasing marketing power of retailers through their multitier PLs. Originality/value Prior research has mainly focused on the role of PLs as a strategic weapon to gain power in the channel and its impact on NB pricing decisions in a single PL context. After accounting for potential confounding factors (retailer, consumer and manufacturer) and endogeneity, the authors find empirical evidence that retailers appear to leverage standard and premium PLs differently in some marketing mix decisions toward NB. In particular, the results reveal PL performance to be a determinant of retailer NB assortment decisions.
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Melović, Boban, Dragana Cirović, Tamara Backovic-Vulić, Branislav Dudić, and Katarina Gubiniova. "Attracting Green Consumers as a Basis for Creating Sustainable Marketing Strategy on the Organic Market—Relevance for Sustainable Agriculture Business Development." Foods 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111552.
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The aim of this paper was to analyze the main factors that affect green consumers’ choice regarding the purchase of organic agriculture products. The data collected through a survey of 559 green consumers were analyzed using explanatory factor analysis, the Relative Importance Index, and logistic regression. The results point out eleven main factors related to the offerings on the organic agriculture market that predominantly drive green consumers’ purchasing decisions. The Relative Importance Index identified health benefits that stem from a specific way of production as the main purchasing motive. This was also confirmed by the results of logistic regression, which showed that a respondent who buys organic agricultural products on a daily basis is approximately 71.5% less likely to disagree with the claim that organic products are healthier than non-organic, compared to a consumer who purchases organic products several times a week or month. However, as these benefits cannot be empirically confirmed, green consumers look for official labels on the product packaging. In order to assure the product quality, more than half of them find out very important information about producers: whether they have a product quality certificate (69.5%), how many years they are engaged in production (56.2%), and whether they have specific product packaging (54.9%). The Relative Importance Index also revealed that the main purchasing barriers that consumers face are scarce offerings and an insufficient development of the distribution channel, which were ranked in first and second place. The price as a barrier is of less importance. About 30.8% of the respondents are willing to pay up to 20% higher prices for organic food compared to conventional food, while 39.4% of them would pay even up to 40% higher prices. Based on the given results, there are clear suggestions for creating a sustainable marketing strategy for organic agriculture products as the main prerequisite for an increase of healthy food choices and fostering the future development of organic agriculture businesses at the local and global levels.
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Cheung, Man Lai, Guilherme Pires, and Philip J. Rosenberger. "The influence of perceived social media marketing elements on consumer–brand engagement and brand knowledge." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 695–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-04-2019-0262.
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PurposeThis paper investigates the impact of social-media marketing elements, namely entertainment, customisation, interaction, electronic word-of-mouth (EWOM) and trendiness, on consumer–brand engagement and brand knowledge.Design/methodology/approachUsing an online survey, the study collects data in Hong Kong from 214 experienced social-media users, as indicated by their consumption of a durable technology product, a smartphone. We used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS–SEM) to test the links between social-media marketing elements, consumer–brand engagement and brand knowledge.FindingsThe results reveal that interaction, electronic word-of-mouth and trendiness are the key elements directly influencing consumer brand engagement, then strengthening brand awareness and brand knowledge. This contrasts with the non-significant results found for the influence of entertainment and customisation on consumer–brand engagement.Research limitations/implicationsHaving cross-sectional nature, the study focuses on one single product, smartphones, at one location, Hong Kong. Future research may enhance the generalisability of the findings by replication in other countries with diverse cultures, such as countries in Latin America and Africa and examine other industries and other products, such as the service sector and convenience products with a low involvement level.Practical implicationsMarketers may strengthen consumer–brand engagement by using content that is trendy, along with encouraging interaction and positive EWOM on social-media platforms, in order to build strong and positive brand knowledge in consumers' minds.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the branding literature by providing an understanding of the role of social-media marketing elements in the brand-building process. Social media is a marketing channel recognised by its effectiveness in communicating brand-related information and its role as a means to stimulate consumers' brand engagement and brand knowledge. However, how effective these elements are for these purposes remains to be established. By empirically testing a theoretical model, this study confirms that specific social-media marketing elements, namely interaction, EWOM and trendiness, are critical drivers in the brand-building process in Hong Kong.
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Ruiz, Pablo, Raquel Tinoco-Egas, and Carlos Cevallos. "Neural States in Tourism Travel Videos." Proceedings 71, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecbs-08465.
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In marketing, there are many methods to relate reactions to products to customer preference. Current electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis in the neuromarketing field focuses mainly on correlations between selected electrodes and hemisphere-based analysis on single scalp measures. The present study shows microstate analysis of brain EEG signals in goal-oriented videos. We measured a 16 channel EEG with an Emotiv EPOC+ device. We used two oriented videos from the Ecuadorian Government to publicize Ecuador as a tourist destination. We used a Topographic Atomize and Agglomerate Hierarchical Clustering (TAAHC) microstate analysis for the duration of the EEG as the participants watched each video. We picked the four predominant, in total time and repeatability, microstate maps that represent more than 50% of the entire recording time. We also show, in time, how topographies are represented along the video, which in a later step could be correlated with the images observed in the videos. We show the existing relations between the existing microstates. A microstate analysis of brain signal behavior across time might be a valid methodology and useful tool to analyze videos with marketing purposes.
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Singh, Ramendra, Jitender Kumar, and Avilash Nayak. "AGROY: creating value through smart farming." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2018-0214.
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Learning outcomes This case study outlines the marketing, strategic and organizational issues facing the ever-expanding agri-inputs market in India, through the perspective of Agroy – an agri-products company. This case can be used to assist in the teaching courses such as marketing management, rural marketing, business strategy, operations and logistics management, among others, for students of MBA or other specialized courses in management. The case has been developed to make students aware and to understand the arduous nature of setting up a company catering to the huge Indian agri-inputs market. This case delves into the complexities of marketing in rural India that is characterized by low technological awareness, low volumes of digital transactions and immense language barriers. The Indian agricultural market is huge and has undergone a considerable amount of change owing to competition among multinational companies and traditional local micro-retailers. This case discusses the various challenges faced by multinational companies in entering India and how they need to strategize to modify their Western model of a distribution channel which faces huge challenges when put to test in India. Specific learning outcomes include: the case study would help students to comprehend the new business strategies that an MNC could adopt in emerging markets. Some companies work on changing traditional and conventional value chains of activities to fit the emerging market customer’s best and hence companies needs to figure out a unique business model to compete in emerging markets. This case study gives readers the opportunity to think about strategy in an uncertain environment. The case illustrates the challenges associated with innovating new business ideas that would help the company serve a greater number of people from a diverse background. It highlights the importance of thinking about real options, a portfolio of projects and the type of organizational structure required to tackle the uncertainties associated with foreign companies aiming to enter the Indian market. It also explores marketing and distribution issues – which are the type of customers to target and which are the suitable geographic areas with suitable linguistic compatibility in which there shall be ease in doing business. Finally, it is an avenue for students to think about the changes necessary throughout the distribution channel to successfully implement and commercialize a project in rural India. The case is intended to work well as a learning tool for strategy implementation where uncertainty is inherent and as an application to lectures on real options and risk or for discussions related to marketing and distribution channels and its challenges. Case overview/synopsis The Indian agricultural market plays an important role in India’s economy having a staggering 58 per cent of rural households depending on it as the principal means of livelihood. However they have very small landholdings, and hence, they find it difficult to order either large quantities or in bulk, as a result of which the cost of agricultural inputs gets enhanced. Agroy, an MNC, is one of the many companies that have stepped in to bridge this gap by trying to tap into the huge agricultural market. Agroy aspires to be the “UBER of agriculture.” Agroy is a cloud-based buying platform for farmers to buy agri-inputs efficiently at scale and at the best price from around the world. With big data and smart farming, the company aims to enhance farm sustainability and productivity. Agroy’s competitors like Agro Star and Big Heart also have similar business models and hence the competition is stiff. The three debatable questions that the case poses are: Will Agroy be able to shatter the age-old loyalty that Indian farmers have toward local retailers and other Indian companies that have an existing strong foothold in the market? Will similar distribution models as practiced in developed Western countries work in India, given the distribution challenges in deep rural Indian hinterland? Will Agroy be able to create sustainable business models by marketing agri-inputs at low prices in India? Complexity academic level MBA in courses such as entrepreneurial marketing, strategic marketing, agricultural marketing. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
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Kurdaningsih, Dian Marhaeni, and Choiril Anwar. "Pendampingan Keterampilan Berkomunikasi Public Speaking dalam Mendukung Pemasaran Produk UMKM Desa Gedawang Banyumanik Semarang." Indonesian Journal of Community Services 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ijocs.2.2.181-190.
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Desa Gedawang Banyumanik Semarang memiliki banyak potensi. Di saat usaha melimpah mereka memanen hasil bumi akan tetapi sebagian dari mereka mendirikan usaha berbasis UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah) dari berbagai sektor. Peluang ini menciptakan masyarakat berinisiatif membangun usaha home industry. Tantangan para pengusaha home industry ini memproduksi produknya berdasarkan banyak sedikitnya pesanan. Mereka belum memanfaatkan media promosi sebagai sarana pemasaran. Beberapa alasan yang muncul diantaranya adalah karena belum dikuasainya teknologi informasi. Kegiatan ini bertujuan memberikan pemahaman dan keterampilan berkomunikasi berupa public speaking kepada warga Gedawang dalam upaya peningkatan standar mutu dan kesejahteraan UMKM mereka. Pendampingan dilakukan dalam bentuk pelatihan public speaking dan pendampingan pelaksanaan pemasaran dengan mengandalkan keterampilan public speaking hingga mampu memasarkan secara mandiri. Pendampingan juga dilakukan dalam bentuk mencarikan relasi atau channel pemasaran agar produk-produk UMKM ini dikenal di masyarakat luas. Dari hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan pendampingan ini diharapkan warga dapat melakukan presentasi, wawancara atau menyampaikan laporan yang lebih baik setelah mengikuti kegiatan ini.Gedawang Village Banyumanik Semarang has a lot of potential. When the business is abundant they harvest agricultural products, but some of them establish SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) from various sectors. This opportunity creates the community to take the initiative to build a home industry business. The challenge for home industry entrepreneurs is to produce their products based on the number of orders. They have not used promotional media as a marketing tool. Some of the reasons that arise include the lack of mastery of information technology. This activity aims to provide understanding and communication skills in the form of public speaking to Gedawang residents in an effort to improve quality standards and the welfare of their SMEs. Assistance is carried out in the form of public speaking training and mentoring in marketing implementation by relying on public speaking skills to be able to market independently. Assistance is also carried out in the form of finding relationships or marketing channels so that SMEs products are known to the wider community. From the results of the implementation of this assistance activity, it is hoped that residents can make presentations, interviews or submit better reports after participating in this activity.
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De Niyogi, Trisha, and Sushil S. Chaurasia. "Niyogi books: making a difference in the Indian book publishing industry." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2016-0107.
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Subject area Marketing strategy. Study level/applicability The course is well suited for MBA and Executive MBA class on Strategic Management, Marketing Strategy, Brand Management, Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Change in emerging economies. The case can also be taught to senior undergraduate students to explore the issues mentioned in the case as an integrative case for courses like Strategic Management and Marketing Strategy. Case overview Niyogi Books had positioned itself as an independent publishing house with a focus on the niche area of trade books. Due to the internet, digitalization and globalization the dynamics of the book publishing industry had changed considerably, and the company needed to think and reflect on its current position and future strategy. Niyogi Books had added new products and new markets along with other innovations to succeed in the business of publishing. But the way ahead for Niyogi Books was to innovate in light of fast-paced technological advancement. The company needed to balance the digitization of content as well as retailing with its existing print strategy. A related issue is the need to plan an innovative and cost-effective communication strategy to boost sales. Expected learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: analyze the business environment of the publishing industry, realize the need for a branding strategy for small business and apply communication strategies single/multi-channel setting, understand the need of an organization to purposefully adapt an organization’s (self-) resource base (management capability to effectively coordinate and redeploy internal and external competences) and analyze the role of a growth strategy and how it can be used to devise a product/marketing strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.
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Kuan, Mei-Yin, Szu-Yung Wang, and Jiun-Hao Wang. "Investigating the Association between Farmers’ Organizational Participation and Types of Agricultural Product Certifications: Empirical Evidence from a National Farm Households Survey in Taiwan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 9429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169429.
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Agricultural product certifications have proliferated due to the growing concerns in many countries over food safety and environmental sustainability. Encouraging farmers to self-organize was regarded as a useful tool to enhance the adoption of agricultural product certifications in Taiwan. However, previous studies solely focused on the association between membership in a production organization and single food certifications. Moreover, little is known of how different types of organizational participation could improve the adoption of agricultural product certifications. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap by employing multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) to investigate factors affecting farmers’ decisions to participate in agricultural product certification. Special attention is paid to the role of different types of organizational participation in farmers’ choices for agricultural product certification. The study used a nationally representative sample of core farmers in Taiwan, and its results revealed evident differences in farmers’ organization types. For example, the farm operators who participate in agricultural cooperatives (co-ops) tend to use organic labels. In contrast, farm operators who participate in agricultural production and marketing groups (APMGs) tend to adopt the Traceable Agricultural Products (TAP) label. Moreover, age, education level, farming experience, farm labor, farm type, agricultural facilities, and regional location have a significant effect on farmers’ choices for participating in agricultural product certification across different models. The findings suggest that policymakers should consider these differences in the organizational operation of APMGs and co-ops and provide customized measures by promoting different types of agricultural product certifications.
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Osipenko, Maria, Zhiwei Shen, and Martin Odening. "Is there a demand for multi-year crop insurance?" Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2014-0043.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the aggregate demand for single- and multi-year crop insurance contracts and to discuss market potential for multi-year crop insurances. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper the authors develop a dynamic discrete choice model of insurance alternatives, in which single- and multi-year insurance contracts are offered to heterogeneous risk averse farmers. The farmers determine their insurances choices based on inter-temporal utilities. Findings – The results show that in a competitive insurance market with heterogeneous risk averse farmers, there is simultaneous demand for both insurance contracts. Moreover, the introduction of multi-year contracts enhances the market penetration of insurance products. Research limitations/implications – The effect of introducing multi-year crop insurance is moderate when applying the model to US corn production. In practice, however, the increase of insurance demand could be more pronounced because we did not consider marketing and administrative costs and thus ignore this cost reduction potential of multi-year insurance. Originality/value – This study adds to the literature analyzing the feasibility of multi-year crop insurance and also shows that there is market potential for multi-year crop insurance.
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Wang, Junbin, and Xiaojun Fan. "Co-production strategy, retail competition, and market segmentation." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 607–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-10-2018-0408.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of manufacturers’ co-production strategy on market segmentation and channel performance under retail competition. Design/methodology/approach It differs from previous empirical studies by primarily focusing on the increment in consumer value accompanying co-production. The authors establish a game-theoretical model to analyze the impact of co-production on market segmentation and the profitability of channel members in a competitive retail environment. Findings The results reveal that manufacturers introducing co-production expand market coverage and benefit all channel members, when the intensity of competition is sufficiently high, especially for retailers with low-quality levels, who are out of the market without co-production. Furthermore, with the increase in customer valuation through co-production, employing a co-production strategy is always a dominant strategy for manufacturers. Research limitations/implications First, although the authors assume a monopoly manufacturer and two duopoly retailers, adding competition between manufacturers should enrich the model. Multiple products with vertical or horizontal differentiation could also be introduced into the model. Second, the authors use the multiplicative utility function to model the value co-creation effect on consumers; however, different utility functions may yield significantly different results and implications. Third, the authors model a one-shot game in a single product selling period; future studies may employ multi-period games to obtain further insight into co-production strategy. Finally, the model assumes that all consumers are homogenous in the extent of value creation and hassle cost. Future research may find it interesting to consider heterogeneity in these characteristics. Practical implications The business world today already sees the power of leadership in a supply chain to have shifted from manufacturers to retail giants such as Walmart, Home Depot and Best Buy. The findings also propose a new route to counteract the emergence and rise of dominant retailers. On the other hand, with the application of new technology in the retail industry such as 3D avatar, AR/VR, Internet of Things, consumers are more likely to participate in various forms of co-production activities, how to execute the co-production strategy has become more and more important for managers. Social implications The conclusion of this study points out the way to achieve a win–win outcome under which both channel members including manufacturer and retailers and consumers can be better off, that is, the channel can reach Pareto improvement, so the social welfare is increased accordingly. Originality/value The authors propose an analytical framework to examine the effects of co-production and competition on market segmentation and profitability, and prove that co-production is a powerful marketing tool that can attract consumers and increase profitability, which manufacturers can incorporate into their products even in a competitive environment.
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Reichenbach, Marion, Ana Pinto, Sven König, Raghavendra Bhatta, and Eva Schlecht. "Dairy production in an urbanizing environment—Typology and linkages in the megacity of Bengaluru, India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255791.
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Urbanization is a main driver of agricultural transition in the Global South but how it shapes trends of intensification or extensification is not yet well understood. The Indian megacity of Bengaluru combines rapid urbanization with a high demand for dairy products, which is partly supplied by urban and peri-urban dairy producers. To study the impacts of urbanization on dairy production and to identify key features of dairy production systems across Bengaluru’s rural-urban interface, 337 dairy producers were surveyed on the socio-economic profile of their household, their dairy herd and management, resources availability and, in- and output markets. A two-step cluster analysis identified four spatially explicit dairy production systems based on urbanization level of their neighborhood, reliance on self-cultivated forages, pasture use, cattle in- and outflow and share of specialized dairy genotypes. The most extensive dairy production system, common to the whole rural-urban interface, utilized publicly available feed resources and pasture grounds rather than to cultivate forages. In rural areas, two semi-intensive and one intensive dairy production systems relying on self-cultivation of forage with or without pasture further distinguished themselves by their herd and breeding management. In rural areas, the village’s dairy cooperative, which also provided access to inputs such as exotic genotype through artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and health care, was often the only marketing channel available to dairy producers, irrespective of the dairy production system to which they belonged. In urban areas, milk was mostly sold through direct marketing or a middleman. Despite rapidly progressing urbanization and a population of 10 million, Bengaluru’s dairy sector still relies on small-scale family dairy farms. Shifts in resources availability, such as land and labor, are potential drivers of market-oriented intensification but also extensification of dairy production in an urbanizing environment.
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Sajib, Md Qutub Uddin, and Tao Wang. "Estimation of Land Surface Temperature in an Agricultural Region of Bangladesh from Landsat 8: Intercomparison of Four Algorithms." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061778.
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The presence of two thermal bands in Landsat 8 brings the opportunity to use either one or both of these bands to retrieve Land Surface Temperature (LST). In order to compare the performances of existing algorithms, we used four methods to retrieve LST from Landsat 8 and made an intercomparison among them. Apart from the direct use of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE), Single-Channel Algorithm and two Split-Window Algorithms were used taking an agricultural region in Bangladesh as the study area. The LSTs retrieved in the four methods were validated in two ways: first, an indirect validation against reference LST, which was obtained in the Atmospheric and Topographic CORection (ATCOR) software module; second, cross-validation with Terra MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily LSTs that were obtained from the Application for Extracting and Exploring Analysis Ready Samples (A ρ ρ EEARS) online tool. Due to the absence of LST-monitoring radiosounding instruments surrounding the study area, in situ LSTs were not available; hence, validation of satellite retrieved LSTs against in situ LSTs was not performed. The atmospheric parameters necessary for the RTE-based method, as well as for other methods, were calculated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) database using an online atmospheric correction calculator with MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) codes. Root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) against reference LST, as well as mean bias error against both reference and MODIS daily LSTs, was used to interpret the relative accuracy of LST results. All four methods were found to result in acceptable LST products, leaving atmospheric water vapor content (w) as the important determinant for the precision result. Considering a set of several Landsat 8 images of different dates, Jiménez-Muñoz et al.’s (2014) Split-Window algorithm was found to result in the lowest mean RMSE of 1.19 ° C . Du et al.’s (2015) Split-Window algorithm resulted in mean RMSE of 1.50 ° C . The RTE-based direct method and the Single-Channel algorithm provided the mean RMSE of 2.47 ° C and 4.11 ° C , respectively. For Du et al.’s algorithm, the w range of 0.0 to 6.3 g cm−2 was considered, whereas for the other three methods, w values as retrieved from the NCEP database were considered for corresponding images. Land surface emissivity was retrieved through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-threshold method. This intercomparison study provides an LST retrieval methodology for Landsat 8 that involves four algorithms. It proves that (i) better LST results can be obtained using both thermal bands of Landsat 8; (ii) the NCEP database can be used to determine atmospheric parameters using the online calculator; (iii) MODIS daily LSTs from A ρ ρ EEARS can be used efficiently in cross-validation and intercomparison of Landsat 8 LST algorithms; and (iv) when in situ LST data are not available, the ATCOR-derived LSTs can be used for indirect verification and intercomparison of Landsat 8 LST algorithms.
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Brock, Philippa M., Phillip Graham, Patrick Madden, and Douglas J. Alcock. "Greenhouse gas emissions profile for 1 kg of wool produced in the Yass Region, New South Wales: A Life Cycle Assessment approach." Animal Production Science 53, no. 6 (2013): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12208.
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The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to determine environmental impacts of agricultural production, as well as production by other industry sectors has increased. LCA provides an internationally accepted method to underpin labelling and marketing of agricultural products, a valuable tool to compare emissions reduction strategies and a means to identify perverse policy outcomes. A single-issue LCA focussing on greenhouse gas emissions was conducted to determine the emissions profile and carbon footprint of 19-micron wool produced in the Yass Region on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. Greenhouse gas emissions (in carbon dioxide equivalents; CO2-e) from the production of all enterprise inputs and from the production of wool on-farm were included. Total emissions were found to be 24.9 kg CO2-e per kg of greasy wool at the farm gate, based on a 4941 breeding ewe enterprise on 1000 ha, with a total greasy wool yield of 65.32 t per annum. The co-products included 174 t sheep meat as liveweight from wethers and cull ewes plus 978 maiden ewes sold off-farm as replacement stock. Total emissions from all products grown on 1000 ha were 2899 t CO2-e per annum. The relative contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from different components of the production system was determined. Direct emission of methane on-farm (86% of total) was the dominant emission, followed by nitrous oxide emitted from animal wastes directly (5%) and indirectly (5%), and decomposition of pasture residue (1%). Only 2% of total emissions were embodied in farm inputs, including fertiliser. The emissions profile varied according to calculation method and assumptions. Enteric methane production was calculated using five recognised methods and results were found to vary by 27%. This study also showed that calculated emissions for wool production changed substantially, under an economic allocation method, by changing the enterprise emphasis from wool to meat production (41% decrease) and by changing wool price (29% variability), fibre diameter (23% variability) and fleece weight (11% variability). This paper provides data specific to the Yass Region and addresses broader methodological issues, to ensure that future livestock emissions calculations are robust.
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Winarso, Bambang, Rosmiyati Sajuti, and Chaerul Muslim. "Tinjauan Ekonomi Ternak Sapi Potong di Jawa Timur." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 23, no. 1 (August 18, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v23n1.2005.61-71.
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<strong>English</strong><br />East Java Province is one of potential regions in the country for beef cow development. This is facilitated with sufficient feed from agricultural by-products, the farmers’ habits in raising beef cows for additional income, and cows as working animals in farm land. The province produces significant beef cows not only sufficient for satisfying regional demand but also for supply of the outside regions. The beef cow farms develop well in the province due to integration of livestock and farm business. This paper assesses performances of livestock farms and agribusiness consisting of livestock business, marketing channel, and the constraints encountered. <br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Secara nasional wilayah Provinsi Jawa Timur merupakan salah satu wilayah pengembangan ternak sapi potong yang sangat potensial. Hal ini ditunjang ketersediaan pakan dari limbah pertanian yang mencukupi, kebiasaan masyarakat yang menjadikan ternak sapi potong sebagai alternatif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ekonomi keluarga maupun sebagai ternak kerja di pertanian. Wilayah ini mampu berswasembada daging sapi, bahkan mampu mensuplai kebutuhan daging ke luar daerah. Kegiatan usaha ternak yang diupayakan pada pemanfaatan limbah pertanian menunjukkan bahwa antara usaha ternak dan usaha tani merupakan suatu sistem usaha yang berkembang diwilayah ini. Kajian ini bertujuan melakukan tinjauan kinerja usaha ternak dan kinerja agribisnis dalam arti luas. Aspek kajian meliputi usaha ternak secara keseluruhan, distribusi mata rantai dan mekanisme pemasaran, serta menelaah kendala dan hambatan yang dihadapi. Bahan kajian berasal dari review hasil-hasil penelitian peternakan sapi potong di Jawa Timur.
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GREGORY, PETER, ROBERT H. POTTER, FRANK A. SHOTKOSKI, DESIREE HAUTEA, K. V. RAMAN, VIJAY VIJAYARAGHAVAN, WILLIAM H. LESSER, GEORGE NORTON, and W. RONNIE COFFMAN. "BIOENGINEERED CROPS AS TOOLS FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 3 (July 2008): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006352.
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SUMMARYCrop bioengineering provides unique and dramatic opportunities for international agricultural development. However, we consider the technology not as a ‘silver bullet’ or panacea for crop improvement in the developing world but as an increasingly important tool that can be used to complement conventional methods of crop improvement. The number of bioengineered crops ready for commercial release in developing countries is expected to expand considerably in the next few years. But the multi-national life sciences companies that are leading the research, development and commercialization of bioengineered crops focus primarily on major crops that have high commercial value and extensive international markets. These companies also hold proprietary gene technology for many other crops of extreme importance to subsistence and resource-poor farmers but do not pursue product development and commercialization because of low anticipated returns. Such crops have traditionally been overlooked and are sometimes referred to as ‘orphan crops’ because of the relative lack of research and development applied to them. We propose a strategy for the development and delivery of bioengineered crops, including orphan crops, for developing countries. Consulting local public and private sector stakeholders to determine their highest priority needs for agricultural products is the first step. This ensures local stakeholder buy-in and that we do not invest in technology that is unlikely to be adopted. Next, the feasibility of developing and delivering the product is assessed. If the result is positive, the work is organized into ‘product commercialization packages’ (PCPs) that integrate all elements of the research, development and commercialization processes. The main elements of each PCP include (i) technology development; (ii) policy-related issues such as intellectual property and licensing, as well as gaining regulatory approval by the relevant national authorities; (iii) providing public information to producers and consumers about the benefits, risks and correct management of these new products; and (iv) establishing, or verifying, the existence of marketing and distribution mechanisms to provide farmers access to planting material. Our strategy involves integration of needs-based capacity building, socio-economic impact studies and product stewardship into each PCP. Whenever appropriate, opportunities are sought to create public–private partnerships to help leverage public funds, help absorb development costs and provide a broader distribution channel. To illustrate how our strategy is being translated into action we include, as a case study, examples of work by the US Agency for International Development-funded, Cornell University-led Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project II on the research, development and delivery of bioengineered fruit and shoot-borer-resistant eggplant varieties (Solanum melanogena) for South and Southeast Asia.