Journal articles: 'Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961)'

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Teguh, Rahmad. "Kedudukan Hukum Pidana Terkait Adanya Peredaran Narkotika di Indonesia Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika." JURNAL RECHTENS 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/rechtens.v9i1.661.

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This study is understood as a library research (library research), such as a study onsecondary data. In conclusion, the law enforcement against Narcotic Crimes according to Law on Narcotics shall give sanction of imprisonment, criminal fines, life imprisonment and other sanctions. The protection of child abuse of narcotics from victimology aspects is rehabilitated due to the child as a perpetrator and victim. The International Law on drug trafficking is the policy on preventing narcotic crimes originally provided in the United Nation's Single Convention on narcotic drugs in 1961.

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Storehagen, Live, Friha Aftab, Christine Årdal, Miloje Savic, and John-Arne RØttingen. "Should Antibiotics Be Controlled Medicines? Lessons from the Controlled Drug Regimen." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, S1 (2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782919.

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This study aimed to identify the antibiotic-relevant lessons from the controlled drug regimen for narcotics. Whereas several elements of the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) could be advantageous for antibiotics, we doubt that an international legally binding agreement for controlling antibiotic consumption would be any more effective than implementing stewardship measures through national AMR plans.

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Bewley-Taylor, David, and Martin Jelsma. "Regime change: Re-visiting the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs." International Journal of Drug Policy 23, no. 1 (January 2012): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.08.003.

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Mills, James H. "The IHO as Actor The case of cannabis and the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961." Hygiea Internationalis 13, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.1613195.

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Corte, Cristián Gimenez. "The Forms of International Institutional Law: An Historical Analysis of the scheduling Decisions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances taken by the United Nations' Commission on Narcotics Drugs." International Organizations Law Review 7, no. 1 (2010): 171–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237310x523786.

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AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the legal form of the drug scheduling decisions made by the United Nations' Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) to place a given narcotic drug or psychotropic substance under international control in accordance with the drug control treaties. In particular, this study will focus upon the historical evolution of the legal form of the decisions of the CND from the inception of the 1961 Single Convention until the latest decision on this matter in 2007. This study will also seek to show how and to explain why the form of the decisions 'evolved' from a very informal and vague way to a strict and concrete legal form. By doing so, this study will interpret these decisions, systematizing them within the general framework of UN law. This exercise will lead, ultimately, to the determination of the meaning of the decisions.

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Latimer. "60 years of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs." Socialist Lawyer, no. 87 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/socialistlawyer.87.0040.

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Taylor, Allyn L. "Addressing the Global Tragedy of Needless Pain: Rethinking the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 4 (2007): 556–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00180.x.

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Important medical advances over the last several decades have vastly improved the technical capacity to control human pain. Millions of patients suffering from cancer, HIV/AIDS, and other conditions have been able to find relief from incapacitating chronic and acute pain. However, despite these developments, pain remains severely under treated worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The tragic consequence is that for millions of people around the globe, excruciating pain is an inescapable reality of life.

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IVERSEN, LESLIE. "Cannabis and the law — high time for reform?" European Review 12, no. 4 (October 2004): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000444.

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Cannabis is the most widely used illegal recreational drug in Europe; up to 5% of the total population are regular users in some countries. Smoking cannabis can damage the lungs, and some users may become psychologically dependent on the drug. Heavy cannabis use may also be associated with an increased risk of psychiatric illness — although no cause and effect relationship has been established. Nevertheless, there is a general consensus among medical and scientific experts that the health hazards of cannabis have been exaggerated. European countries differ widely in their attitude to enforcing the 1961 UN Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which declared cannabis to be an illegal narcotic. In the Netherlands the so-called ‘Dutch Experiment’ has decriminalized cannabis use for almost 30 years without any serious adverse social or public health consequences. On the other hand, most Scandinavian countries maintain a fiercely punitive legal regime, while other countries in Europe are moving towards a relaxation of the criminal penalties for possession and use. There is an urgent need for more debate about the need to reform the cannabis laws and for more consistency across Europe.

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Liberman, J. "Implications of international law for the treatment of cancer: The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the TRIPS Agreement." Public Health 125, no. 12 (December 2011): 840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2011.09.032.

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Cleary, James F., Paul Hutson, and David Joranson. "Access to therapeutic opioid medications in Europe by 2011? Fifty years on from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs." Palliative Medicine 24, no. 2 (February 22, 2010): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216309360103.

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Lines, Rick, and Damon Barrett. "Cannabis Reform, ‘Medical and Scientific Purposes’ and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties." International Community Law Review 20, no. 5 (October 10, 2018): 436–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341384.

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Abstract Treaty interpretation has long been a subject of interest for international legal scholars. However, it is only recently that advocates for drug policy reform have taken up these questions. This article examines the proposition put forward by several authors that a legally regulated market in cannabis may be permissible under the international drug control treaties if considered as a policy ‘experiment’. These authors contend that such measures conform to the general obligation of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to limit uses of cannabis ‘strictly to medical and scientific purposes’. Reviewing this position using the formal methods set out in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, we conclude the interpretation proposed is untenable. While we share with these authors the objective of wider drug policy reform, we find the arguments supporting this position weak, and based on absent, flawed or incomplete interpretive methodology.

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Meacher, Baroness Molly. "Against the stream: drugs policy needs to be turned on its head." BJPsych Bulletin 43, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2018.98.

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SummaryHumans have always used mind-altering drugs. However, in 1961 the United Nations approved the Single Convention, under which the production, sale or possession of a number of drugs, including heroin, cocaine, ecstasy and cannabis, became illegal. The prohibitionist regime was then introduced by most countries around the world and has substantially remained in place ever since. Some countries, particularly those in Latin America, have never criminalised the use of cannabis. A small number of countries have introduced more liberal policies. This article examines the evidence of the consequences of policy liberalisation and argues that there is now a clear case for every country to examine its drug policies and to introduce evidence-based policies with a public health focus.Declaration of interestNone.

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Sowoya, Linda, Chifundo Akamwaza, Austin Mathews Matola, and Axel Klein. "Goodbye Nicky hello Goldie – exploring the opportunities for transitioning tobacco farmers into cannabis production in Malawi." Drugs and Alcohol Today 20, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-04-2020-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the opportunities for tobacco farmers in Malawi from diversifying to cannabis, and the potential benefits for reducing deforestation by producing a cannabis based alternative fuel. It further argues that there are tensions between the conflicting objectives of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Design/methodology/approach Field interviews were conducted with cannabis farmers, traders and sellers in different parts of Malawi. Findings The findings of this study show that there are opportunities for cannabis farmers but they have been blocked by legal impediments. Now that legislative reform have made cannabis cultivation possible, farmers need support in developing products. Research limitations/implications Any attempt to provide a precise assessment of the cannabis market in Malawi is constrained by the criminalised status of the product. The suitability of cannabis briquettes as an fuel has yet to be trialled in Malawi. Social implications There is an urgent need to revise the drug control conventions to address environmental degradation and deforestation. Originality/value The linkage between tobacco farming, deforestation and desertification in Malawi has not been made. This is the first time that hemp has been suggested as an alternative crop for farmers and as a solution to deforestation.

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Crnić, Katarina, and Mira Kovačević. "New psychoactive substances: Challenges." Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal 7, no. 3 (2020): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/hpimj2003983c.

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Introduction: The United Nation Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines "new psychoactive substances" (NPS) as substances for abuse that are not under the control of the 1961 Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but may constitute the definition of a group of different substances, which have been developing very rapidly since 2000 and are difficult to identify due to frequent changes in pharmacological and toxicological properties.The health risk assessment of consumers has been insufficiently researched.The use of NPS is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide and poses an increasing danger to the individual and public health. There are several basic groups of NPS, according to their chemical composition and pharmacological properties. All NPS cannot be safely differentiated according to these groups, and their effects, potency and risk profile are not similar to the substances from which they are derived. The highest percentage of abused NPS is from the group of synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids. Clinicaly, NPS abuse is categorized as acute intoxications, which is more common, because NPS is most often used on certain occasions (outings, musical events) or as an addiction. Acute intoxications with different types of NPS are severe, with numerous mental and physical symptoms, often life-threatening and with fatal outcomes. Adequate diagnosis is uncertain, diagnostic laboratory tests for drugs are generally not applicable to NPS. Symptomatic internal medicine and psychiatric therapy are used in the treatment because there are no specific antidotes, except for the group of synthetic opioids, (naltrexone). Patients with more serious complications are taken care of in intensive care units. Addiction to certain types of NPS is diagnosed and treated according to the principles of treatment of addiction to already known drugs. Methods: The paper presents an overview of available foreign and domestic literature and experiences of various authors on the topic of NPS from the previous 10 years, as well as the latest reports of regulatory bodies in the USA and Europe, in charge of monitoring epidemiological data on NPS. Topic: The main goal of the paper is to draw the attention of the professional public to the problem of the epidemic wave of new psychoactive substances in the world, as well as significant amounts of knowledge and experience and developing new strategies for registration, monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of abuses and dependence on these substances. Conclusion: These facts impose the need to raise the vigilance of the health and legal system according to the presence of NPS on the market and the prevalence of use in the population, their health risks, as well as connecting with European organizations for monitoring NPS and developing new strategies for their control and prevention.

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Vukonjanski, Igor, and Vladimir Kostić. "TRAFFICKING OF SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS AND NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AS A GENERAL SECURITY RISK AND THE INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL SYSTEM." Facta Universitatis, Series: Law and Politics, July 9, 2020, 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fulp2001001v.

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The global drug control system, enshrined by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of. 1971, and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. The UN body mandated to monitor the implementation of the Conventions, the International Narcotics Control Board, and the various control mechanisms prescribed by the Conventions provide a robust control system for the licit trade, production and manufacture of drugs. With the development of new psychoactive substances (NPS), in particular non-scheduled synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and its analogues, create new risks and dangers to the general public, as well as to the front-line officers most directly exposed to them in the drug supply chain. Author's of this paper wishes is to present to the general public the organization and operation of the International Narcotics Control Board and the various control mechanisms prescribed by the said conventions.Also, as mass drug use and drug offenses impair the security of each country, this problem is of global importance. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present this problem in the right way, but also to show the unity of humanity in the fight against this problem. At the same time, this paper contains several recommendations that are current for every country in the world and for the Republic of Serbia.

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Tesalonika, Novia Sinta, and Natasya Kusumawardani. "International Law Non-Compliance: Assessing Uruguay’s Decision to Legalize Cannabis under Jose Mujica Regime." AEGIS : Journal of International Relations 3, no. 1 (August 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/aegis.v3i1.729.

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Uruguay has ratified the international drug control conventions that consist of Single Convention on narcotic drugs 1961 as amended 1972 protocol, the convention on psychotropic substance 1971, and United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. Since then, the Uruguayan government has been a part of the ‘War on Drugs" campaign. In 2012, Jose Mujica proposed the policy of cannabis legalisation. The proposal was signed and passed into Uruguay law no 19172 that allow and regulate the plant, consumption and sale of cannabis on December 20th, 2013. This policy has violated international drug control conventions and received critics from the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), the body of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Despite the critics from INCB, the government stood against the norm of the treaty. This article analyses the causative factors that trigger this behavioural change. The increasing number of drugs users caused many problems in Uruguay especially the increasing numbers of criminal acts. It created national problems and hampering the government's efforts to fight drug trafficking and ensuring the safety of society. By all mean, it became threats to their national interest. Thus, the government believed that compliance with the conventions could not help them to overcome these threats. Uruguay case has shown that state behaviour towards international law will change along its changing national interest.

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"The main provisions of the international treaty — the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 year." Legal Ukraine, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-4(208)-3.

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The article discusses the reasons for the adoption of the Unified Convention of 1961, which was to create a unified international system for controlling the circulation of these dangerous substances. It is shown that the authors of the document focused on issues of international trade, control over the circulation of these substances and terminology. A feature of the document was the presence in it of four lists of narcotic substances, depending on the degree of their danger and the negative impact on human health. There are three reasons for the relevance of the research topic. First, the need to combat the spread of drugs in Ukrainian society by increasing the effectiveness of measures to combat illicit trafficking in such drugs. Today in Ukraine there is a steady trend of increasing the number of drug addicts, which affects the level of criminogenicity of society. Secondly, at the present stage, drug crime is becoming more professional, significant financial resources allow drug addiction to undermine the economy and political foundations of the state. In such circumstances, there is a situation where any state alone is unable to counter drug trafficking. Based on this, there is a need for close international cooperation between different states in order to combat such dangerous phenomena. Third, the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs played an important role in uniting many countries in the fight against drug crime. The interest in this international treaty is not accidental, due to the fact that the Convention has become the basis of legal policy of many countries aimed at combating drug trafficking, so the content of this document needs more detailed study. At the same time, the need for Ukraine’s participation in international cooperation is exacerbated by the country’s location in the middle of Europe, which leads to the use of its territory as one of the ways of drug trafficking. Key words: international treaty, UN convention, narcotic drugs, legal liability, quantitative indicators.

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VINTAN, MAILY, Dessy Hasanah Siti Asiah, and MAULANA IRFAN. "KEBERFUNGSIAN SOSIAL BAGI MAHASISWA PENYALAHGUNA NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE DI UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN." Prosiding Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v4i2.14266.

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Saat ini, muncul fenomena baru dalam bidang narkotika. Ada jenis baru yang disebut dengan New Psychoactive Substance atau NPS. NPS merupakan narkotika yang tidak tercantum dalam Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs tahun 1961 atau Single Convention on Psychotropics Substances tahun 1971 oleh UNODC. Di Indonesia, beberapa jenis NPS dicantumkan oleh Kementrian Kesehatan dalam Permenkes no 02 tahun 2017 dan Permenkes no 03 tahun 2017 tentang penambahan daftar lampiran undang-undang narkotika dan psikotropika. Dengan beredarnya NPS di Indonesia, maka ada berbagai macam efek yang ditimbulkan, temasuk ancaman kesehatan, efek psikologis dan ancaman bahaya lainnya. Berdasarkan kajian tersebut, maka muncul sebuah penelitian mengenai penggunaan NPS di kalangan mahasiswa di Universitas Padjadjaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa konsep, yaitu mengenai NPS, permasalahan NPS di Indonesia, dan dampak dari NPS tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengenai keberfungsian sosial bagi penyalahguna NPS. Adanya fenomena mengenai penyalahgunaan NPS menjadi alasan dipilihnya kualitatif sebagai suatu metode yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini.

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Morais, D., and M. Silva. "The spirit of Vienna: health strategies in managing the world drug problem." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1210.

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Abstract Health sciences have always had a lot of influence in the formulation of drug policies. However, the international system for the control of illicit drugs is distant from the World Health Organization, for example. It was in the name of health and well-being protection that the Single Narcotics Convention (1961) established a ban on drugs as a rule, with the exception of medical and scientific uses. But it was also in the name of a health category, Harm Reduction, that the so-called Vienna consensus began to break in 2009: it is about the global bipolarization around drug policy, locating member states in two groups. Taking strategy as a means designed to achieve a purpose, which updates the position of agents in the International Drug Control System and which operates the renunciation of the other (FOUCAULT, 2001), we ask: what, in the last decade, was their strategy groups of countries in managing the global drug problem? To answer this question, an ethnography of events and documents was carried out, in addition to semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The field research was the 62nd Ministerial Segment of the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Vienna, 2019), when the last 10 years of drug policy were evaluated and the next decade was planned. Following the Brazilian resolution, created in partnership with Norway, entitled “Promoting measures to prevent transmission of HIV for women who use drugs, including by improving access to post-exposure prophylaxis”, it was possible to observe the effort to maintain that space as a place where health has no voice. Categories such as 'women who use drugs' and 'emergency contraceptives' have been the subject of controversy among diplomats, who have backed down to maintain the already weakened consensus. It is concluded that health is historically used as a strategy for the prohibition of substances, but it can be a tool for changing the paradigm if observed as an instrument in dispute and based on Harm Reduction Key messages Health is the strategy to legitimize drug prohibition, but it can also be the protagonist of the paradigm shift in drug policy if it is anchored in harm reduction. There is an effort to keep the UN's international illicit drug control system out of the health field.

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Drug Policy Consortium, International. "IDPC Advocacy Note - Bolivia’s Legal Reconciliation with the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1908775.

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ROOM, Robin, and Jenny CISNEROS ÖRNBERG. "A Framework Convention on Alcohol Control: Getting Concrete about Its Contents." European Journal of Risk Regulation, November 9, 2020, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.73.

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This article proposes and discusses the text of a Framework Convention on Alcohol Control, which would serve public health and welfare interests. The history of alcohol’s omission from current drug treaties is briefly discussed. The paper spells out what should be covered in the treaty, using text adapted primarily from the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but for the control of trade from the 1961 narcotic drugs treaty. While the draft provides for the treaty to be negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization, other auspices are possible. Excluding alcohol industry interests from the negotiation of the treaty is noted as an important precondition. The articles in the draft treaty and their purposes are briefly described, and the divergences from the tobacco treaty are described and justified. The text of the draft treaty is provided as Supplementary Material. Specification of concrete provisions in a draft convention points the way towards more effective global actions and agreements on alcohol control, whatever form they take.

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Daniel, Angualia. "International Narcotics Control, an Analysis of Uganda’s Level of Compliance with its Obligations Under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1966." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1673773.

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Martín Herrera, David. "«War on Drugs»y«hate crimes» Acercamiento histórico-legislativo y adaptación de las convenciones antidrogas en Indochina: internamiento forzoso de «Drug users»." Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), no. 11 (July 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.11.2012.11144.

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Tras más de seis décadas del inicio de la mal denominada «war on drugs», las Convenciones Antidrogas (CA) perseveran en la línea trazada pese a su constatada ineficacia y conflictos entre los diferentes Estados signatarios. De la lectura de la Convención Única de 1961 (CU) y de las consecuentes legislaciones internas, comprobaremos que taxativamente se han sobrepasado los límites de la propia Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (DUDH), mediante la criminalización y consecuente discriminación per se, hacia los pequeños productores y consumidores tradicionales o voluntarios, resultando así estos, de iure, víctimas directas de «delitos de odio». Consecuencia directa de esta discriminación internacional, son las conocidas desorbitadas cifras económicas que rodean el mundo del narcotráfico, refugiadas bajo el conocido secreto bancario que año tras año, colaboran al sostenimiento y fortalecimiento del crimen organizado. Sin obviar el denotado animus negocialis de la industria farmacéutica, monopolizada de lex lata, mediante la restricción internacional a la producción y consumo voluntarios o tradicionales, trataremos de exponer, como la comunidad internacional fijó unos objetivos de imposible cumplimiento, sin respetar su propio ius naturale, dando lugar a disparidad de interpretaciones y contundentes legislaciones, como las de la región Indochina, en las que las medidas de prevención y rehabilitación se confunden con la prisión permanente. After more than six decades since the beginning of the wrongly denominated «war on drugs» against the widespread consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, United Nations Drug Conventions persevere –and this despite their proven ineffectiveness of persecution against a diffused enemy and severe conflicts of interests among the signatory states. A reading of the 1961 Convention (SC ) and the consequent legislation shows that limits of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) itself have been clearly exceeded. Proof of this is the criminalization, and consequent discrimination per se, of small producers and traditional or voluntary consumers of some of the substances prohibited in the Drug Conventions– being as a result de iure direct victims of «hate crimes». A direct result of this international discrimination are the exorbitant sums surrounding the world of drug trafficking, sheltered under the well-known bank secrecy in tax havens, which year after year collaborate in the maintenance and reinforcement of organized crime. All this without forgetting the so-called animus negocialis of the pharmaceutical industry, monopolized by international restriction of production and of voluntary or traditional consumption. With this study, we try to expose how the international communities have fixed some excessive goals, without taking into account the resulting collateral damage and without guaranteeing the respect of their own jus naturale, which can lead to numerous possible interpretations in the different legislations –like in Indochina, where prevention and rehabilitation centers are often understood as livelong imprisonment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961)'

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