Relevant bibliographies by topics / Single lepton

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Single lepton'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Single lepton"

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KUZMIN, KONSTANTIN S., VLADIMIR V. LYUBUSHKIN, and VADIM A. NAUMOV. "LEPTON POLARIZATION IN NEUTRINO–NUCLEON INTERACTIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 38 (2004): 2815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304016172.

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We derive generic formulas for the polarization density matrix of leptons produced in νN and [Formula: see text] collisions and briefly consider some important particular cases. Next we employ the general formalism in order to include the final lepton mass and spin into the popular model by Rein and Sehgal for single pion neutrinoproduction.
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Roberts, Winston. "Partial-wave analysis of lepton-pair annihilation into two photons." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 10 (1986): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-241.

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The partial-wave (Jp) composition of the process ℓ+ℓ− → γγ is analyzed in lowest order quantum electrodynamics. The results for low-momentum leptons are as expected, the partial wave with Jp = 0− being dominant. At high energies, the partial wave with Jp = 2+ has the largest single partial cross section. At all energies, it is found that lepton pairs in the triplet state give rise exclusively to positive-parity final states, whereas pairs in the singlet state give rise to negative-parity final states.Some features of the differential cross section are also explained in terms of the spin state of the annihilating lepton pair. Possible implications for e+e− → γγ → hadrons and [Formula: see text] hadrons are briefly discussed.
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Peñuñuri, F., F. Larios, and Antonio O. Bouzas. "Single Top quark production at lepton colliders." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 378 (August 10, 2012): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/378/1/012018.

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Giele, W. T., E. W. N. Glover, and David A. Kosower. "Single lepton production at large transverse momentum." Physics Letters B 309, no. 1-2 (1993): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)91528-u.

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SCHLEGEL, MARC. "ESTIMATING THE SIGN AND SIZE OF THE TRANSVERSE SINGLE TARGET-SPIN ASYMMETRY IN INCLUSIVE DIS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 25 (January 2014): 1460012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451460012x.

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The single-spin asymmetry of unpolarized leptons scattering deep-inelastically off transversely polarized nucleons is discussed. This observable is generated by a two-photon exchange between lepton and nucleon. In a partonic description of the asymmetry the non-perturbative part is given in terms of multiparton correlations: quark-gluon correlation functions and quark-photon correlation functions. Using input from models and data fits for these twist-3 correlation functions, estimates for the single-spin asymmetries for a proton and a neutron are presented.
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SCHMITZ, NORBERT. "HADRON PRODUCTION IN HIGH ENERGY LEPTON-NUCLEON AND LEPTON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 03, no. 09 (1988): 1997–2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x88000849.

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Recent experimental results on the production of hadrons in collisions of muons, neutrinos and antineutrinos with nucleons and nuclei at high energies are reviewed and discussed in the framework of the quark-parton model. Data are presented on the following topics: Multiplicities, fragmentation functions, transverse momenta and jet properties, azimuthal asymmetry, distribution of quantum numbers, production of strange and charmed particles, test of PCAC and shadowing, single meson production, and Bose-Einstein correlations.
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Coutinho, Y. A., J. A. Martins Simões, C. M. Porto, and P. P. Queiroz Filho. "Single heavy lepton production in hadron-hadron collisions." Physical Review D 57, no. 11 (1998): 6975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.57.6975.

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Papoulias, D. K., and T. S. Kosmas. "Studying background processes of the exotic neutrino-nucleus reactions." HNPS Proceedings 21 (March 8, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1998.

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The background processes of the flavour changing neutral current (FCNC) processes, predicted by various new-physics models to occur in the presence of nuclei, are examined by computing the relevant nuclear matrix elements within the context of the quasi-particle RPA using realistic strong two-body forces. Our main goal is to explore the role of the non-standard interactions (NSI) in the leptonic sector and specifically: (i) in lepton flavour violating (LFV) processes involving neutrinos νl and ν ̃l, l = e, μ, τ and (ii) in charged lepton flavour violating (cLFV) processes involving the charged leptons l− or l+. As concrete nuclear system we have chosen the stopping target of μ− → e− conversion experiment, i.e. the 48Ti nucleus of the PRIME/PRISM experiment at J-PARC. This experiment has been designed to reduce the single event sensitivity down to 10−16–10−18 in searching for charged lepton mixing events. We also present, stringent constraints on the flavour violating parameters entering the NSI Lagrangians that have been obtained by taking advantage of our detailed nuclear structure calculations and exploiting the present limits or the sensitivity of the proposed exotic μ− → e− experiments.
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Almeida, F. M. L., Y. A. Coutinho, J. A. Martins Simões, and M. A. B. do Vale. "Single neutral heavy lepton production at electron–muon colliders." Physics Letters B 494, no. 3-4 (2000): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(00)01195-3.

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Barger, V., J. Ohnemus, and R. J. N. Phillips. "Event shape criteria for single-lepton top-quark signals." Physical Review D 48, no. 9 (1993): R3953—R3956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.48.r3953.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single lepton"

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Rehnisch, Laura. "Search for singly produced vector-like down-type quarks in single-lepton final states with ATLAS." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17493.

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In dieser Arbeit wird die Suche nach vektorartigen und angeregten Quarks mit einer elektrischen Ladung von Q = 1/3 mit dem ATLAS-Detektor vorgestellt. Die Existenz solcher Quarks wird von verschiedenen Modellen jenseits des Standardmodells vorhergesagt, die bestimmte Schwächen der Theorie beseitigen können. Es wird nach einzeln produzierten Quarks aus zwei verschiedenen Modellen gesucht, da für diesen Produktionsmodus höhere Wirkungsquerschnitte im untersuchten Massenbereich vorhergesagt sind als für die Paarproduktion. Die Suche beschränkt sich auf Zerfälle der Quarks in W-Bosonen und Top-Quarks, wobei letztere fast ausschließlich in W-Bosonen und Bottom-Quarks zerfallen. Verlangt man, dass eines der W-Bosonen leptonisch zerfällt, erhält man Endzustände mit einem Lepton (Elektron oder Myon in diesem Fall), mehreren Jets, von denen einer als von einem Bottom-Quark stammend identifiziert werden kann, und fehlender Energie in der Transversalebene, die durch das beim leptonischen Zerfall entstandene und nicht detektierbare Neutrino hervorgerufen wird. Die daraus berechnete invariante Masse des neuen Quarks wird zur Unterscheidung zwischen Signal und Untergrund verwendet. Die Suche wurde auf dem am LHC im Jahr 2012 aufgenommenen Datensatz von Proton-Proton-Kollisionen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 8 TeV ausgeführt. Es wurde kein signifikanter Unterschied zum vorhergesagten Untergrund gemessen und deshalb Ausschlussgrenzen für Parameter der untersuchten Modelle berechnet. Da die vorgestellte Suche Gebrauch von der geboosteten Topologie der Signalereignisse im untersuchten Massenbereich macht, übertreffen die Ergebnisse bei Weitem die Ausschlussgrenzen für das angeregte Quarkmodell, die in der Vorgängersuche auf dem Datensatz von 2011 erhalten wurden und sind vergleichbar mit kürzlich auf dem Datensatz von 2012 mit dem CMS-Detektor gewonnenen Ergebnissen. Darüber hinaus ist es die erste Suche nach einzeln produzierten vektorartigen Quarks im untersuchten Modell.<br>A search for vector-like and excited down-type (Q = 1/3) quarks with the ATLAS detector is presented in this thesis. The existence of these quarks is predicted by various models beyond the Standard Model, motivated by some limitations of that theory. Quarks from two specific models are searched for in single production mode, as this is predicted to yield higher cross-sections than pair production in the investigated mass range. The search focuses on decays of the heavy quarks to a W boson and a top quark, the latter of which subsequently decays almost exclusively into another W boson and a bottom quark. Requiring one of the two W bosons to decay leptonically leads to final states containing exactly one lepton (electron or muon in this case), several jets, one of which can be identified as originating from a bottom quark, and some amount of missing energy in the transverse plane stemming from the neutrino of the leptonic W decay. The reconstructed mass of the heavy quark is used to discriminate between signal and background. This search was performed on 20.3 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data collected at the Large Hadron Collider in the year 2012 with a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. No significant excess of the data over the background could be observed and therefore exclusion limits were set on model parameters. The search presented here makes use of the boosted event topology that is prominent in the explored range of signal masses, allowing it to by far exceed the exclusion bounds obtained in the preceding search for the excited quark model on the 2011 data set, and producing results that are comparable to those from a recent search performed with the CMS detector on the 2012 data set. Additionally, it is the first search in the single production mode for that specific vector-like quark model.
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Bielski, Rafal. "Top quark pair production measurements in the single lepton channel using the ATLAS detector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/top-quark-pair-production-measurements-in-the-single-lepton-channel-using-the-atlas-detector(ff46d1b0-0102-47d5-a60c-3a9e4ae07c07).html.

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Three measurements of top-quark pair production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV using data collected by the ATLAS experiment are presented. The single-lepton final states are used, where one electron or muon, two b-jets and two other jets can be identified. The inclusive ttbar production cross section is measured to be sigma(ttbar) = 817 +/- 13 (stat.) +/- 103 (syst.) +/- 88 (lum.) pb, which is in good agreement with predictions and with other measurements. Absolute and relative differential cross sections of ttbar production are also measured, showing an overall good agreement with predictions, except for the top-quark transverse momentum distribution. As already reported in measurements at lower proton-proton collision energies, this distribution is shifted towards higher momenta in all predictions with respect to the observations. Total and differential fiducial cross sections of ttbar production in association with heavy-flavour jets are also presented. All tested models are found to agree with data within the uncertainties of these measurements.
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Edmonds, Keith Morgan [Verfasser]. "Supersymmetry searches in the single lepton final state with the ATLAS detector / Keith Morgan Edmonds." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1019194596/34.

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Biedermann, Dustin. "Search for Single Production of Vector-like Quarks Decaying into Wb in pp Collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21025.

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In dieser Dissertation wird die Suche nach einzeln erzeugten vektorartigen T-Quarks mit einer elektrischen Ladung +2/3 und Y-Quarks mit einer elektrischen Ladung von -4/3 vorgestellt. Diese exotischen Teilchen werden von verschiedenen Modellen jenseits des Standardmodells vorhergesagt, welche versuchen das Verständnis der elektorschwachen Symmetriebrechung zu erweitern und somit das Naturalness Problem zu lösen. Hierfür werden die in 2015 und 2016 bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 13 TeV und einer integrierten Luminosität von 36.1 inversen fb vom ATLAS Detektor am LHC aufgezeichneten Proton-Proton-Kollisionen ausgewertet. Die Ereignisselektion ist auf leptonisch zerfallende W-Bosonen der Y/T nach Wb Zerfälle ausgerichtet, weshalb ein hochenergetischer, von einem Bottom-Quark stammender Jet, ein einzelnes Lepton, ein in Vorwärtsrichtung emittierter Jet sowie fehlende transversale Energie, neben verschiedenen Isolationskriterien, verlangt wird. Es konnte keine signifikante Abweichung zur Vorhersage des Standardmodells gemessen werden. Aus diesem Grund wurden obere Grenzen for die Kopplungsstärke und den Mischungswinkel von T-Quarks in einem Singulett-Modell sowie Y-Quarks eines (B,Y)-Dublett bzw. (T,B,Y)-Triplett-Modells mit Quarks der dritten Generation des Standard Modells bestimmt. Hierbei wurden erstmalig Interferenzeffekte mit Standardmodellprozessen berücksichtigt. Die obere Grenze für den Mischungswinkel wurden für ein T-Singulett-Modell bei einer Masse von 800 GeV zu |sin(theta_L)|= 0.18, für ein Y eines (B,Y)-Dublett-Modells zu |sin(theta_R)|= 0.17 sowie für ein Y eines (T,B,Y)-Triplett-Modells zu |sin(theta_L)|= 0.16 bestimmt. Die ermittelten Grenzen innerhalb des (B,Y)-Dublett-Modells im Massenbereich 800 GeV bis 1250 GeV sind zu indirekten, aus elektroschwachen Präzisionsvariablen abgeleiteten Schranken kompetitiv.<br>This thesis presents a search for singly produced vector-like T quarks with charge +2/3 or Y quarks with charge -4/3. These exotic particles are predicted by several beyond-the-standard-model theories which try to shed light on the mechanism of electro-weak symmetry breaking, thus addressing the Naturalness Problem. The analysis is performed on a proton-proton collision data set with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 inverse fb at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The focus is on leptonically decaying W bosons from Y/T to Wb decays of the heavy quarks and the event selection requires a jet leading in transverse momentum and being b-tagged, exactly one lepton, a forward jet as well as missing transverse energy beside several isolation requirements. No significant deviation from the expected Standard Model background is observed. Therefore, upper limits on the coupling strength and mixing angle between third generation Standard Model quarks and a T from a singlet model as well as a Y from a (B,Y) doublet or a (T,B,Y) triplet model are computed using the CLs method. This search represents the first analysis in which the interference effects with the Standard Model background are taken into account. The smallest upper limits are found to be |sin(theta_L)|= 0.18 for a T singlet for a mass of 800 GeV, |sin(theta_R)|= 0.17 in the (B,Y) doublet case at 800 GeV and |sin(theta_L)|= 0.16 for the (T,B,Y) triplet model. The observed limits on the mixing parameter |sin(theta_R)| are competitive with indirect bounds from electroweak precision observables in the mass range between about 800 GeV and 1250 GeV.
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Mergelmeyer, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Measurement of the Associated Production of a Single Top Quark and a W Boson in Single-Lepton Events with the ATLAS Detector / Sebastian Mergelmeyer." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110718455X/34.

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Rehnisch, Laura [Verfasser], Heiko [Akademischer Betreuer] Lacker, Arno [Akademischer Betreuer] Straessner, and Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Haller. "Search for singly produced vector-like down-type quarks in single-lepton final states with ATLAS / Laura Rehnisch. Gutachter: Heiko Lacker ; Arno Straessner ; Johannes Haller." Berlin : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1100447555/34.

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Ferrara, Valentina. "Extraction of the top quark mass from the total top quark pair production cross section in the single lepton channel." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16727.

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In dieser Arbeit wird eine Messung des totalen {\ttb} Produktions-Wirkungsquerschnitts im Einzellepton-Kanal vorgestellt. Der Wirkungsquerschnitt wird mittels einer Profile-Likelihood-Anpassung von Templates bestimmt, welche \"uber einen Lieklihood-Klassifikator unter Benutzung von vier kinematischen Variablen konstruiert werden. F\"ur ein Top-Quark der Masse $m_t=172.5$ GeV ergibt sich ein gemessener Wirkungsquerschnitt von $178.9 \pm 12$ pb, welcher innerhalb einer Standardabweichung mit den aktuellsten theoretischen Vorhersagen \"uberein stimmt. Um die Massenabh\"angigkeit des experimentellen Wirkungsquerschnitts zu bestimmen, wird die Messung f\"ur sieben weitere Werte der Top-Quarkmasse im Bereich zwischen 140 GeV und 200 GeV wiederholt. Mittels Vergleich dieser Massenabh\"angigkeit mit theoretischen Vorhersagen h\"oherer Ordnung wird die Top-Quarkmasse ermittelt. Diese Methode erlaubt die Bestimmung von zwei verschiedenen theoretischen Massenparametern: der Top-Quarkmasse im On-Shell-Schema $m_t^{\mathrm{pole}}$ sowie der Masse im $\overline{MS}$-Schema $\overline{m}_t(\overline{m}_t)$. Der Messwert mit der h\"ochsten erhaltenen Genauigkeit liegt bei $m_t^{\mathrm{pole}} = 171.2\pm 4.5$ GeV, und wird durch Verwendung der derzeit pr\"azisesten Berechnungen h\"oherer Ordnung im $\overline{MS}$-Schema erhalten. Dieser Wert stimmt innerhalb einer Standardabweichung mit den derzeitig besten Mittelwert von Messungen der Top-Quarkmasse am Tevatron \"uberein.<br>A measurement of the total {\ttb} production cross section in the single lepton channel is presented. The cross section is extracted in a profile likelihood fit of templates constructed from a likelihood classifier using four kinematic variables. For a top quark of mass $m_t=172.5$ GeV, the measured cross section is $178.9 \pm 12$ pb. The measurement agrees within one-standard deviation with the latest theoretical predictions. The cross section measurement is repeated for seven other values of the top quark mass ranging from 140 GeV to 200 GeV to obtain the mass dependence of the experimental cross section. By comparing this with the mass dependence of different higher-order predictions, the top quark mass is extracted. This method allows the determination of two different theoretical mass parameters: the top quark mass in the on-shell scheme $m_t^{\mathrm{pole}}$ and in the $\overline{MS}$ scheme $\overline{m}_t(\overline{m}_t)$. The most precise measurement obtained is $m_t^{\mathrm{pole}} = 171.2\pm 4.5$ GeV, obtained when employing the most precise higher-order calculations in the $\overline{MS}$ scheme. This value agrees within one-standard deviation with the latest Tevatron average of the best top quark mass measurements.
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Arrubarrena, Paola [Verfasser], and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Mann. "Searches for supersymmetric top squarks and Higgsinos in single-lepton final states with the ATLAS detector / Paola Arrubarrena ; Betreuer: Alexander Mann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239049579/34.

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Sperlich, Dennis. "Search for the production of a single excited b quark in the Wt final state with a single lepton in pp collisions at sqrt s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/24063.

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In dieser Dissertation wird eine Suche nach einem angeregten $b$ Quark, $b^*$, durchgeführt. Für diese $b^*$ wird eine anomale Kopplung an Bosonen aus dem Standard Modell vorhergesagt. Diese Kopplung führt zu der Produktion in hochenergetischen Proton-Proton Kollisionen. In der Suche zielen wir auf Ereignisse, bei denen eines der zwei $W$ Bosonen in ein Elektron oder Muon zerfällt und das andere in ein Hadronenpaar. Da es nur ein Neutrino in diesem Prozess gibt, kann das ganze Ereigniss kinematisch rekonstruiert werden. Damit ist es möglich, die Masse des $b^*$ als diskriminierende Variable zu verwenden. Als Datenquelle dienen die Daten, die der ATLAS Detektor in den Jahren 2015 und 2016 bei Proton-Proton Kollisionen mit einer Schwerpunksenergie von $\sqrt s = \SI{13}{\tera\electronvolt}$ aufgezeichnet hat. Dabei entspricht diese Datenmenge einer integrierten Luminosität von $\L_{int} = \SI{36.1}{\femto\barn^{-1}}$. Da die Analyse auf hochmassige $b^*$ abziehlt, kann man davon ausgehen, dass das Hadronenpaar aus dem $W$ Zerfall in einen Jet mit großen Radius passt. Es wurde kein signifikanter Überschuss über den Untergrund gefunden. Damit können nur obere Ausschlussgrenzen bezüglich der Wirkungsquerschnitte in dem entsprechenden Zerfallskanal abgeleitet werden. Unter Annahme von einer Kopplungskonstanten von 1, sind Zerfälle von $b^*\to Wt$ bis zu einer Masse $m_{b^*,\mathrm{obs}}= \SI{2.5}{\tera\electronvolt}$ ausgeschlossen, wobei erwartet wurde, dass die Ausschlussmasse bei $m_{b^*,\mathrm{exp}}= \SI{2.4}{\tera\electronvolt}$ liegen würde.<br>A search for an excited $b$ quark, $b^*$, in events containing a top quark and a $W$ boson is investigated. These $b^*$ are predicted to have some anomalous couplings to Standard Model bosons aiding the production in high energy proton-proton collisions. The search is aiming for events, where one of the two $W$ bosons decays into an electron or muon, while the other decays hadronically. With only one neutrino, the event can be kinematically fully reconstructed. This enables the use of the mass of the $b^*$ as the discriminant variable. The data source under investigation is the data taken by the ATLAS detector at the LHC accelerator in the years 2015 and 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt s = \SI{13}{\tera\electronvolt}$. The combined dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $\L_{int} = \SI{36.1}{\femto\barn^{-1}}$. The analysis targets high mass excited $b^*$ quarks, where the products of the hadronically decaying $W$ are contained within a large-radius jet. No significant excess over the expected background is observed and upper limits on the cross-section times branching ratio and coupling limits are derived. Assuming unit coupling, $b^*$ decaying into $Wt$ are excluded up to $m_{b^*,\mathrm{obs}}= \SI{2.5}{\tera\electronvolt}$, with an expected exclusion limit of $m_{b^*,\mathrm{exp}}= \SI{2.4}{\tera\electronvolt}$.
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Sperlich, Dennis [Verfasser]. "Search for the production of a single excited b quark in the Wt final state with a single lepton in pp collisions at sqrt s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector / Dennis Sperlich." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-110-18452/24063-4.

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Books on the topic "Single lepton"

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Henrichs, Anna Christine. Top Quark Pair Production: Precision Measurements of the Top Quark Pair Production Cross Section in the Single Lepton Channel with the ATLAS Experiment. Springer, 2013.

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Henrichs, Anna Christine. Top Quark Pair Production: Precision Measurements of the Top Quark Pair Production Cross Section in the Single Lepton Channel with the ATLAS Experiment. Springer, 2016.

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Neumann, Elena, Klaus Frommer, and Ulf Müller-Ladner. Acute-phase responses and adipocytokines. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0058.

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Adipokines, also called adipocytokines, are highly bioactive substances mainly expressed by adipose tissue. In addition to adipocytes, different cell types resident in various tissues produce adipokines under pathophysiological conditions. Adipokines include a growing number of pluripotent molecules such as adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and visfatin. Since distinct effects of adipokines on inflammation have been described, their influence on the (innate) immune system has been investigated in rheumatology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge about the influence which adipokines have on the immune system and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases.
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Book chapters on the topic "Single lepton"

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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "The Standard Model (SM) of fundamental interactions." In Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834625.003.0023.

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The Standard Model (SM) 2020 of weak, electromagnetic and strong interactions, based on gauge symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking, describes all known fundamental interactions at the microscopic scale except gravity and, perhaps, interactions with dark matter. The SM model has been tested systematically in collider experiments, and in the case of strong interactions (quantum chromodynamics) also with numerical simulations. With the discovery in 2012 of the Higgs particle at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN), all particles of the SM have been identified, and most parameters have been measured. Still, the Higgs particle remains the most mysterious particle of the SM, since it is responsible for all the parameters of the SM except gauge couplings and since it leads to the fine-tuning problem. The discovery of its origin, and the precise study of its properties should be, in the future, one of the most important field of research in particle physics. Since we know now that the neutrinos have masses, the simplest extension of the SM implies Dirac neutrinos. With such a minimal modification, consistent so far (2020) with experimental data, the lepton and quark sectors have analogous structures: the lepton sector involves a mixing matrix, like the quark sector (three angles have been determined, the fourth charge conjugation parity (CP) violating angle is still unknown).
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Neumann, Elena, Klaus Frommer, and Ulf Müller-Ladner. "Acute-phase responses and adipocytokines." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0058_update_001.

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Adipokines, also called adipocytokines, are highly bioactive substances mainly expressed by adipose tissue. In addition to adipocytes, different cell types resident in various tissues produce adipokines under pathophysiological conditions. Adipokines include a growing number of pluripotent molecules such as adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and visfatin. Since distinct effects of adipokines on inflammation have been described, their influence on the (innate) immune system has been investigated in rheumatology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge about the influence which adipokines have on the immune system and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases.
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Nicolaides, Demetris. "The Changing Universe." In In Search of a Theory of Everything. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098353.003.0007.

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Everything is constantly changing, and nothing is ever the same, Heraclitus proposed, and in accordance with Logos, the intelligible eternal law of nature. Thus, everything is in a state of becoming (in the process of forming into something) instead of being (reaching or already being in an established final state beyond which no more change will take place). This means that things, permanent things, no longer exist—for they contradict his theory of constant change—only events and processes exist. His doctrine has found strong confirmation in modern physics, for, according to it, absolute restfulness and inactivity are impossibilities. Points in Einstein’s four-dimensional space-time continuum are events, and so are the quarks and leptons—for, unlike in deterministic Newtonian physics, matter in probabilistic quantum physics lost its permanence and identity because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Moreover, all happenings, evidence suggests, are consistent with a single universal law.
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Gross, Alan G. "Steven Weinberg: The Conjectural Sublime." In The Scientific Sublime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637774.003.0007.

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Steven Weinberg had been working for some time on the problem of the strong force that holds together the components of an atom’s nucleus. He was getting nowhere. “Suddenly,” while driving home in his red Camaro, insight arrived. He did not have the wrong answer to the problem of the strong force but the right answer to a different, equally interesting problem: …And I realized the massless particle in this theory that had given me so much trouble had nothing to do with the heavy particles that feel the strong interaction; it was the photon, the particle of which light was composed, that is responsible for electric and magnetic forces and that indeed has zero mass. I realized that what I had cooked up was an approach not just to understanding the weak interaction but to unifying the theories of the weak and electromagnetic forces into what has since come to be called the electroweak theory… “A Model of Leptons” is a paper of which he is justly proud. It has garnered 4,503 citations; a copy has been offered for sale at $950. This is the physicist at his mathematical best, a language he speaks as if it were his native tongue. Another incident confirms Weinberg’s extraordinary talent. Physicist Rich Muller has a bright idea. After several tries, however, the mathematics continues to defeat him. Despondent, he walks down the hall to an office where Steven Weinberg is chatting with Freeman Dyson. The two agree to help: …Weinberg went to the blackboard, wrote down the first equation. “And then he did some manipulations on it,” said Muller, “and stood back.” Dyson said, “I think if you make a substitution of variables now— .” Weinberg said, “Oh, yes, of course,” and wrote several more lines. “I was taking notes,” Muller said, “but I wasn’t sure what he was doing.” Weinberg paused in his writing, and Dyson said, “Now evaluate the delta function,” and Weinberg said, “Oh, okay.” Weinberg wrote down a few more lines, and Dyson said, “Good. You’ve proven it.”
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Conference papers on the topic "Single lepton"

1

Canelli, Florencia. "Helicity of the W in Single-lepton $t\bar{t}$ Events." In Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776426_0015.

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Vallee, Claude. "Lepton events with missing transverse momentum and single top (FCNC) at HERA." In International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics. Sissa Medialab, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.007.0160.

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Ta-chung, Meng. "Inclusive meson and lepton-pair production in single-spin hadron-hadron collisions." In The 11th International symposium on high energy spin physics. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.48877.

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CARON, B. L., and J. L. PINFOLD. "EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF LUMINOSITY DETERMINATION AT THE LHC: LEPTON PAIR AND SINGLE GAUGE BOSON PRODUCTION." In Forward Physics and Luminosity Determination at LHC. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810915_0014.

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Bodek, Arie, and Tejin Cai. "Nuclear Potential of Final State Nucleons and Nucleons Plus Single Pions in Lepton Nucleus Scattering." In 40th International Conference on High Energy physics. Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.390.0117.

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Zarucki, Mateusz. "Search for SUSY with a Highly Compressed Mass Spectrum in the Soft Single Lepton Channel with the CMS Experiment." In An Alpine LHC Physics Summit. Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.330.0058.

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Zarucki, Mateusz. "Search for Supersymmetry with a Highly Compressed Mass Spectrum in the Single Soft Lepton Channel with the CMS Experiment at the LHC." In The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics. Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.314.0728.

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Heller, Ryan. "Search for supersymmetry in pp collisions at 13 TeV in the single-lepton final state using the sum of masses of large radius jets." In 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics. Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.282.0755.

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Lange, Clemens. "Measurement of the top quark cross-section in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at sqrt{s} = 7 TeV using kinematic fits and b-tagging information." In XXIst International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics. Sissa Medialab, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.134.0468.

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SOUTH, David. "Isolated leptons and single top at HERA." In XVIII International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects. Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.106.0209.

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Reports on the topic "Single lepton"

1

Canelli, Maria Florencia. Helicity of the $W$ boson in single - lepton $t \bar{t}$ events. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1419218.

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Cobal, M., S. Leone, and H. Grassman. Exploiting the single-lepton event structure in the search for the top quark. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/67496.

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Estrada Vigil, Juan Cruz. Maximal use of kinematic information for the extraction of the mass of the top quark in single-lepton t anti-t events at D0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1421397.

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Chan, Kwok Ming. Anomalous Gluon-top Quark-anti-top quark Coupling in Single-lepton Top-anti-topquark Events from Proton-anti-proton Collisions at Center of Mass Energy = 1.8-TeV. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1369274.

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Wu, Zhenbin. Measurement of the Single Top Quark Cross Section in the Lepton Plus Jets Final State in Proton-Antiproton Collisions at a Center of Mass Energy of 1.96 TeV Using the CDF II Detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151757.

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