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Journal articles on the topic 'Single-Mode Fibers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 June 2025

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1

Rashidi, Kamyar, Davood Fathi, Javad Maleki, Hussein Taleb, Seyed Mohammad Mirjalili, and Derek Abbott. "Design of Single-Mode Single-Polarization Large-Mode-Area Multicore Fibers." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (2023): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101901.

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In laser science and industry, considerable effort is directed toward designing fibers for fiber laser and fiber amplifier applications, each of which offers a particular advantage over the others. Evanescently coupled multicore fibers, however, have been studied less extensively due to the relatively small mode area in the single-mode regime. Here, by proposing a new structure with stress-applying parts in a 37-core fiber and optimizing this structure through a comprehensive framework, we present 21 solutions characterized by large-mode-area and high beam quality in the single-mode, single-polarization regime. Different fiber designs are optimal for different output parameters. In one design, the mode area can significantly increase to above 880 μm2, which is comparable with that of photonic-crystal fibers. Moreover, besides the single-mode operation, the beam quality factor (M2 factor) of the fundamental mode is considered an output parameter in the bent state and is improved up to 1.05 in another design. A comprehensive tolerance analysis is then performed to assess the performance of the designs under deviations from normal conditions. Moreover, in spite of the shifts in the loss of modes, the proposed high beam quality LMA fibers maintain single-polarization, single-mode operation across a wide range of core pitches, bending orientation angles, and bending radius deviations. Our results highlight the potential of multicore fibers for the efficient operation of fiber lasers and amplifiers.

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2

M. Hmood, Wasan, and Aqeel R. Salih. "Calculation of Mode Properties for Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers at 633 nm." Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 35, no. 4 (2022): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/35.4.2851.

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The need for optical fibers has emerged for their ability to transmit information with less attenuation over long distances. This work studies four optical fibers with core radii from 1 µm to 4.75 µm in steps of 1.25 µm and a numerical aperture of 0.17. furthermore, The mode properties were calculated at a wavelength of 633 nm by using RP Fiber Calculator (free version 2022). Also, the effect of increasing the core radius on the studied properties has been studied. Multimode fibers can be obtained when the radius of the fiber core is large compared with the fiber's operating wavelength, which is less than the cutoff wavelength of the mode. Moreover, single-mode fiber is obtained. It has been concluded that all the calculated properties increase with increasing core radius, and More than half of the power is contained in the core. Finally, Intensity profiles of all modes were illustrated.

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3

Tatam, R. P. "Single-mode fibers:." Optics & Laser Technology 21, no. 3 (1989): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-3992(89)90053-4.

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4

Aqeel R. Salih. "Calculation of Fundamental Mode Properties for Single-Mode Fibers." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 26, no. 6 (2021): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v26i6.195.

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In this research, properties for the fundamental mode of single-mode step-index optical fibers with core diameters 9.8–15.6 µm, core refractive index and cladding refractive index are calculated at a wavelength of 1.55 µm by using RP Fiber Calculator and then compared with the results obtained from equations. It is shown that there is a good agreement for all properties. These results can be useful for designing practical fibers

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5

Tandon, Pushkar, Ming-Jun Li, Dana C. Bookbinder, Stephan L. Logunov, and Edward J. Fewkes. "Nano-engineered optical fibers and applications." Nanophotonics 2, no. 5-6 (2013): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0032.

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AbstractThe paper reviews optical fibers with nano-engineered features and methods to fabricate them. These optical fibers have nano-engineered regions comprising of randomly distributed voids which provide unique properties for designing next generation of fibers. Discussion of impact of void morphology on fiber optical properties is presented, along with the methods to control the void characteristics. Use of nano-engineered fibers for different applications (ultra-low bend loss single mode fiber, quasi-single mode bend loss fiber, endless single-mode fiber, light diffusing fibers) is discussed and the unique optical attributes of the fibers in these applications is highlighted.

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6

Olivero, Massimo, Alberto Vallan, Renato Orta, and Guido Perrone. "Single-Mode–Multimode–Single-Mode Optical Fiber Sensing Structure With Quasi-Two-Mode Fibers." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 67, no. 5 (2018): 1223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2771998.

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7

Chen, Xin, Jason E. Hurley, Jeffery S. Stone, and Ming-Jun Li. "Chromatic Dispersion Measurements of Single-Mode Fibers, Polarization-Maintaining Fibers, and Few-Mode Fibers Using a Frequency Domain Method." Photonics 10, no. 2 (2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020215.

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Chromatic dispersion is an important fiber attribute affecting transmission performance over optical fibers. Various chromatic dispersion measurement methods have been developed primarily for single-mode fibers. In the literature, measurement techniques were also developed to characterize few-mode fibers and multi-mode fibers. These methods are often subject to some limitations. In this paper, a simple and robust measurement method for chromatic dispersion measurement of single-mode fibers, polarization--maintaining fibers, and few-mode fibers is presented using a frequency domain instrument and a vector network analyzer. The method is applied to all three types of fibers through one measurement methodology uniformly. Using a vector network analyzer, the measurement instrument obtains the complex transfer function of fiber transmission. The inverse Fourier transform of the measured complex transfer function is used to determine the group delays for each mode of the fiber. Although the sampling is highly under-sampled for the whole fiber link, through proper treatment of the data, we can de-alias the signals and obtain accurate values of the group delays of each mode. By measuring the group delays over different wavelengths, the data can yield the chromatic dispersion of each mode over the wavelength window.

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8

Borzycki, Krzysztof. "Temperature dependence of polarization mode dispersion in tight-buffered optical fibers." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 1 (June 25, 2023): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2008.1.863.

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—Experiments and theoretical analysis of influence of temperature on polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in single mode optical fibers and cables are presented. Forces generated by contracting buffer create optical birefringence and increase fiber PMD at low temperatures. Single mode fiber (SMF) in 0.9 mm polymeric tight-buffer can exhibit an extra component of PMD exceeding 0.3 ps/√km in such conditions. On the other hand, tight-buffered spun nonzero dispersion-shifted fibers (NZDSF) and optical units with stranded single mode fibers have showed good stability of PMD over wide range of temperatures. This is due to presence of circular strain in the core, blocking accumulation of mechanically induced birefringence.

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9

Saktioto, Saktioto, Khaikal Ramadhan, Dedi Irawan, Preecha Yupapin, and Haryana Mohd Hairi. "Core multi-layer dispersion on single-mode optical fiber." Science, Technology and Communication Journal 3, no. 3 (2023): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.59190/stc.v3i3.235.

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Optical technology has experienced extraordinary developments in recent years and the development of optical fibers continues to be carried out for various applications, namely optical sensors, long-distance communications, and health monitoring so that they can be applied in monitoring high temperatures in petroleum plants. Optical fiber has properties that cannot interfere with electromagnetic waves, which is an advantage compared to conventional cables besides optical fibers are able to transmit data quickly and reach very far across continents. However, the signal in the optical fiber that is carried in the form of pulses can experience widening, this widening is a result of changes in the refractive index, constituent materials, and losses due to fiber optic connection which will decrease the quality of the received signal. One way to reduce the pulse widening in a single-mode optical fiber is to split the fiber core into several layers to obtain zero dispersion in the single-mode optical fiber. Another thing is that we can influence the effect of the inner layer of the fiber core on the desired zero dispersion. After designing the optical core by making several layers, it was found that the dispersion was not found in the 6 and 7 core layers while the fibers with layers 2, 3, 4, and 5 had different wavelengths for zero dispersion. Furthermore, the effective area or area that is passed by the optical signal and the largest fiber mode diameter is obtained on 3-layer fibers with a value of 230.0454 mm2 and 17.1144 mm each seen from the delay of layer groups 2, 5, 6, and 7 experiencing a group decline for each wavelength while fiber With layers 3 and 4 experiencing an increase in group delay from the experimental data it was found that cores with 6 and 7 layers would not find the desired zero dispersion while optical fibers with the best layers transmit signals were cores with 3 layers.

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10

Wu, Wen Hong, Chun Li Chang, and Chi Hung Hwang. "A Study on Cutting Glass Fibers by CO₂ Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.192.

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This The multi-mode fiber has been widely used in high data traffic applications since the transmitting rate of interface between data storages was larger than the capacity of fiber-optic communication with single mode fiber. The quality of end surface of fiber dominates the data transmitting efficiency. A good cutting end surface of single mode fiber can obtain by the traditional mechanical fiber cleaving methods. But, the multi-mode fiber has much larger core diameter than single mode fiber’s and the quality of cutting end surfaces which cut by the traditional mechanical fiber cleaving methods was not good enough. In the recent year, the pulse CO2 laser processing methods were introduced to cleave the fibers. In this research, a glass fiber laser cutting system was developed. The shapes of laser focusing spot and the concepts of laser cutting optical design were discussed in this paper. The experimental results show that the fiber cutting end surfaces with great quality, which were inspection by interferometer, can be obtained by the developed laser cutting system.

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11

Wu, Fengqing, David Machewirth, Elias Snitzer, and George H. Sigel. "An efficient single-mode Nd3+ fiber laser prepared by the sol-gel method." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 10 (1994): 2703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2703.

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High quality Nd-doped single-mode fibers have been prepared by using a sol-gel process. The longest fluorescence lifetime measured was 520 μs in an Al: SiO2 glass fiber containing 0.47 wt.% neodymium oxide. An efficient neodymium fiber laser with a slope above threshold of 42% was successfully demonstrated with the sol-gel prepared Nd-doped single-mode fibers as a fiber laser oscillator.

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12

Saitoh, K., and M. Koshiba. "Single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fibers." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 15, no. 10 (2003): 1384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2003.818215.

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13

Sun, Kexiong, Shicheng Zhu, Li Li, Chang Hu, and Xiuquan Ma. "Large Mode Area Single Mode Fiber with a Twisted Polygon-Shaped Core." Photonics 9, no. 4 (2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040221.

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We present numerical studies on twisted polygon-shaped core fibers for achieving single mode operation with a large mode area propagation in this paper. These large mode area fibers can achieve single mode operation due to twisting-induced high losses to higher order modes and coupling higher order modes with leaky modes. A tail-like profile will appear in higher order modes when they couple with leaky modes, and the tail-like profile also indicates that these modes carry angular momentum. Numerical simulations show that twisted octagon-shaped core fiber with a core diameter of 80 μm can obtain first higher order mode losses larger than 19 dB/m while maintaining fundamental mode losses at about 0.15 dB/m. In the case of twisted heptagon-shaped core, an 80 μm diameter fiber design exists with more than 17 dB/m first higher order modes propagation losses and less than 0.14 dB/m fundamental mode losses.

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14

Bogachkov, I. V., and N. I. Gorlov. "Determination of the Mandelstam – Brillouin Scatter Frequency Characteristic in Optical Fibers of Various Types." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2182, no. 1 (2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2182/1/012089.

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Abstract The results of researches of the Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering frequency characteristics in single-mode optical fibers of various types are presented in this paper. A technique for obtaining the spectral characteristics of Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering for predefined acoustic mode distributions in single-mode optical fibers is considered. The procedure for determining the frequency characteristics of the Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering for a given structure of the radial distribution of the optical fiber refractive index is discussed. The Mandelstam – Brillouin scattering frequency characteristics of single-mode optical fibers obtained by mathematical modeling and experimental studies are presented. A comparative analyze of obtained results is carried out.

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15

Ratuszek, M., M. J. Ratuszek, and J. Hejna. "The study of thermal connecting of telecommunication optical fibers (SiO2: GeO2) and EDF (SiO2: Al2O3, Er) fibers." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 61, no. 1 (2013): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2013-0026.

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Abstract. This paper presents the research on optimization of the splicing process in the electric arc of telecommunication optical fibers and erbium doped EDF fibers. The results of the calculations of diffusion coefficients GeO2 in telecommunication optical fibers and diffusion coefficients Er and Al2O3 (together) in the fiber EDF are presented. Diffusion coefficients were determined for the fusion temperature in the electric arc ≈2000°C, on the basis of changes, along the splice, of spliced thermoluminescence intensity profiles of the fibers. On the basis of knowledge of diffusion coefficients simulation calculation of loss joints of MC SMF fiber (Matched Cladding Single Mode Fiber - SiO2: GeO2) and NZDS SMF (Non Zero Dispersion Shifted - Single Mode Fiber - SiO2: GeO2) with EDF (Erbium Doped Fiber - SiO2: Al2O3, Er) was performed and presented as a function of diffusion time. Experimental studies of optimization of thermal connected MC SMF and NZDS SMF with EDF were presented and compared with theoretical results. This paper presents the results of microscopic observations of defects and diffusion, and X-ray microanalysis in the spliced areas of single-mode telecommunication optical fibers: MC SMF, NZDS-SMF and erbium doped active single mode optical fibers. Studies were performed with the use of the scanning electron microscope JSM5800LV and JSM6610A microscope equipped with EDS X-ray spectrometer. Results showing the influence of heating time on the diffusion of core dopants and the formation of deformations in the splice areas were presented.

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16

Borzycki, Krzysztof. "Testing of highly doped and photonic crystal optical fibers." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (June 26, 2023): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2008.3.889.

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The paper presents optical measurements – spectral loss, OTDR and PMD, temperature cycling and mechanical tests – bending, twist and crush, performed on Yb-doped single mode fibers and small-core photonic crystal fibers (PCF). Several issues related specifically to characterization of such specialty fibers, like measurement errors and artifacts as well as coupling of test instruments to samples are presented. Of particular importance is reliable and low-loss fusion splicing of specialty fibers to standard single mode fibers (SMF), as most commercially available fiber test instruments are fitted with SMF interfaces only.

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17

Xiao, Zhi Gang, Yao Jiang, and Xiao Xiao. "A Cascaded Multi- and Single-Mode Fiber Transporting for Laser Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.222.

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A model to calculate the butt-joint coupling efficiency between a multi-mode fiber to a single-mode fiber is presented based on a mode field coupling theory. The dependence of the coupling efficiency between the multi- and single-mode fibers on the core radius of the multi-mode fiber is investigated. A experiment is conducted with 532nm laser to measure the butt joint coupling efficiency of a multi-mode fiber to a single-mode fiber. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. A cascaded multi- and single-mode fiber relay system is proposed to transport a laser beam with high power and good beam quality.

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18

Thévenaz, Luc, Vincent de Coulon, and Jean-Pierre Von der Weid. "Polarization-mode interferometry in birefringent single-mode fibers." Optics Letters 12, no. 8 (1987): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000619.

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19

Skaljo, Edvin, Aljo Mujcic, Petr Munster, et al. "Powering over single mode fiber by shortening working time of IoT device." ITM Web of Conferences 42 (2022): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224201018.

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Fiber optics has revolutionized telecommunication with its superior bandwidth and distance it can span. For its use in IoT networks, some of the limiting factors are the high cost of new installations and the need to power the end device by electrical current. The installations are a part of long-term investments, and one can expect this to be an ever-smaller issue as more fibers are installed. Typically, the newly installed cables contain single-mode fibers. There are a lot of reports on transport of power over fiber, however, majority recommend using multi-mode fibers with a large core or double-clad fibers. In our approach, instead of increasing the core of the fiber, we focus on the possibility of shortening the working time of IoT devices, using the existing single-mode fiber for powering. Also, instead of an expensive PV (photo voltaic) cell with small dimensions and a high efficiency, we propose using the commercially available larger PV cells with an air gap between the end of the fiber and the cells. In accordance with our approach, we successfully conducted an experiment.

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20

Borzycki, Krzysztof. "Influence of temperature and aging on polarization mode dispersion of tight-buffered optical fibers and cables." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2005.3.319.

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This paper presents results of laboratory tests investigating influence of temperature on polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in variety of single mode optical fibers and cables. Research was focused primarily on tight-buffered fibers, where most pronounced effects resulting from buffer shrinkage or expansion were expected. The goal was to verify performance of optical fiber cable exposed to extreme temperatures and to compare behavior of different cables. Very strong temperature dependence of PMD was detected in standard single mode fibers with 0.9 mm tight buffer, commonly used in indoor cables, and in complete cable with such fiber. However, both nonzero dispersion-shifted fibers, spun during drawing and optical unit used in optical ground wire (OPGW), where 12 fibers are stranded showed good stability of PMD during thermal cycling. The same optical unit extracted from OPGW exhibited excellent PMD stability also during accelerated life test.

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21

Turov, Artem T., Yuri A. Konstantinov, D. Claude, et al. "Comparison of the Sensitivity of Various Fibers in Distributed Acoustic Sensing." Applied Sciences 14, no. 22 (2024): 10147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142210147.

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Standard single-mode telecommunication optical fiber is still one of the most popular in distributed acoustic sensing. Understanding the acoustic, mechanical and optical features of various fibers available currently can lead to a better optimization of distributed acoustic sensors, cost reduction and adaptation for specific needs. In this paper, a study of the performances of seven fibers with different coatings and production methods in a distributed acoustic sensor setup is presented. The main results include the amplitude–frequency characteristic for each of the investigated fibers in the range of acoustic frequencies from 100 to 7000 Hz. A single-mode fiber fabricated using the modified chemical vapor deposition technique together with a polyimide coating has shown the best sensitivity to acoustic events in the investigated range of frequencies. All of this allows us to both compare the studied specialty fibers with the standard single-mode fiber and choose the most suitable fiber for a specific application, providing an enhancement for the performance of distributed acoustic sensors and better adaptation for the newly aroused potential applications.

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22

Obeidat, Amjad T., Alexander E. Kaplan, Jacob B. Khurgin, and Michael Stern. "Single-Fiber Two-Photon Fluoroprobe for Biological Markers." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 06, no. 03 (1997): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863597000228.

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We demonstrate the feasibility of using a single optical fiber to simultaneously excite and collect two-photon-induced fluorescence in fluorophores. We show that single-mode fibers are more efficient as a source and detector than available multimode fibers.

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23

Bogachkov, I. V. "Determination of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scatter spectrum profile in optical fibers of various types." Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/1998-6920-2021-15-2-88-99.

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The research results of the frequency characteristics of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering in single-mode optical fibers are presented in this article. A method for obtaining the distribution characteristics of optical and acoustic modes in single-mode optical fibers is considered. The procedure for determining the profile of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scatter spectrum with known fiber structure is demonstrated. The profiles of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scatter spectrum of singlemode optical fibers obtained during experimental studies are presented.

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24

van Putten, Lieke Dorine, Ali Masoudi, James Snook, and Gilberto Brambilla. "Numerical Modelling of a Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Ultra-Low Loss-Enhanced Backscattering Fibers." Sensors 21, no. 20 (2021): 6869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206869.

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In this study, a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) was numerically modeled based on the non-ideal optical components with their noises and imperfections. This model is used to compare the response of DAS systems to standard single-mode fibers and ultra-low loss-enhanced backscattering (ULEB) fibers, a fiber with an array of high reflective points equally spaced along its length. It is shown that using ULEB fibers with highly reflective points improves the signal-to-noise ratio and linearity of the measurement, compared with the measurement based on standard single-mode fibers.

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25

Gao, You Long, Guang Li Xu, Jun Yi Zhang, and Qi Lang Le. "Experimental Study of Temperature Correction on Single-Mode Sleeve Fiber for Distributed Strain Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 340 (September 2011): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.340.136.

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Because of the temperature effect of the distributed strain observation, it is not easy to analyze the real strain in tested data. Experiments of fibers under different temperatures and force conditions are carried out. The bare fiber, Φ 0.9 SM and Φ 2.0 SM single-mode sleeve fibers are chosen in the experiment scheme. It was found that the temperature effect of the distributed strain is independent with the force condition. The additional strain of fibers under the stress and different temperatures are discussed. For practices using, temperature correction equations on single-mode sleeve fiber are proposed to reduce the temperature effect.

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26

Chakraborty, Subhalaxmi, Chintan Kumar Mandal, and Sankar Gangopadhyay. "Prediction of Fundamental Modal Field for Graded Index Fiber in the Presence of Kerr Nonlinearity." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 1 (2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0126.

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Abstract The power series formulation for modal field of single-mode graded index fibers by Chebyshev technique has worked excellently in predicting accurately different propagation characteristics in simple fashion. Here we develop a simple iterative method involving Chebyshev formalism to predict the modal field of single-mode graded index fiber in the presence of Kerr-type nonlinearity. Taking step and parabolic index fibers as typical examples, we show that our results match excellently with the available exact results obtained vigorously. Thus, the reported technique can be considered as an accurate alternative to the existing cumbersome techniques. Accordingly, this formalism will be beneficial to the technologies for evaluation of modal noise in single-mode Kerr-type nonlinear graded index fibers.

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27

Por, E. H., and S. Y. Haffert. "The Single-mode Complex Amplitude Refinement (SCAR) coronagraph." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731616.

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Context. The recent discovery of an Earth-mass exoplanet around the nearby star Proxima Centauri provides a prime target for the search for life on planets outside our solar system. Atmospheric characterization of these planets has been proposed by blocking the starlight with a stellar coronagraph and using a high-resolution spectrograph to search for reflected starlight off the planet. Aims. Due to the large flux ratio and small angular separation between Proxima b and its host star (≲10−7 and ≲2.2λ/D respectively; at 750 nm for an 8 m-class telescope) the coronagraph requires high starlight suppression at extremely-low inner working angles. Additionally, it must operate over a broad spectral bandwidth and under residual telescope vibrations. This allows for efficient use of spectroscopic post-processing techniques. We aim to find the global optimum of an integrated coronagraphic integral-field spectrograph. Methods. We present the Single-mode Complex Amplitude Refinement (SCAR) coronagraph that uses a microlens-fed single-mode fiber array in the focal plane downstream from a pupil-plane phase plate. The mode-filtering property of the single-mode fibers allows for the nulling of starlight on the fibers. The phase pattern in the pupil plane is specifically designed to take advantage of this mode-filtering capability. Second-order nulling on the fibers expands the spectral bandwidth and decreases the tip-tilt sensitivity of the coronagraph. Results. The SCAR coronagraph has a low inner working angle (∼1λ/D) at a contrast of < 3 × 10−5 for the six fibers surrounding the star using a sufficiently-good adaptive optics system. It can operate over broad spectral bandwidths (∼20%) and delivers high throughput (> 50% including fiber injection losses). Additionally, it is robust against tip-tilt errors (∼0.1λ/D rms). We present SCAR designs for both an unobstructed and a VLT-like pupil. Conclusions. The SCAR coronagraph is a promising candidate for exoplanet detection and characterization around nearby stars using current high-resolution imaging instruments.

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28

Ju, Jian, and Wei Jin. "Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors for Strain and Temperature Measurement." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/476267.

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This paper discusses the applications of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) for strain and temperature measurement. Long-period grating sensors and in-fiber modal interferometric sensors are described and compared with their conventional single-mode counterparts. The strain sensitivities of the air-silica PCF sensors are comparable or higher than those implemented in conventional single-mode fibers but the temperature sensitivities of the PCF sensors are much lower.

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29

Calvani, R., R. Caponi, and F. Cisternino. "Polarization measurements on single-mode fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 7, no. 8 (1989): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.32381.

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30

Garth, S. J. "Birefringence in bent single-mode fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 6, no. 3 (1988): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.4022.

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31

Garvey, D. W., K. Zimmerman, P. Young, et al. "Single-mode nonlinear-optical polymer fibers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 13, no. 9 (1996): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.13.002017.

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32

Faustini, L., and G. Martini. "Bend loss in single-mode fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 15, no. 4 (1997): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.566689.

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33

Taylor, H. "Acoustooptic modulators for single-mode fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 5, no. 7 (1987): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.1987.1075602.

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34

Lai, Y., K. Zhou, L. Zhang, and I. Bennion. "Microchannels in conventional single-mode fibers." Optics Letters 31, no. 17 (2006): 2559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.002559.

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35

Chen, Xin, Jason E. Hurley, John L. Nord, et al. "Measurements of Group Delay and Chromatic Dispersion of Hollow-Core Fiber Using a Frequency Domain Method." Photonics 12, no. 1 (2025): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010047.

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Although hollow-core fibers are intended to be single-mode, they can potentially carry slightly higher-order mode content depending on the specific fiber structure. The presence of one or more higher-order modes makes the measurement of group delay and chromatic dispersion difficult if one relies on an instrument that is designed to work with single-mode fiber, in particular, a commercial instrument. In this work, we present the measurements of hollow-core fibers using a frequency domain method by acquiring the complex transfer function over a range of modulation frequencies. The measurement technique is immune to the higher-order mode nature presented by some of the hollow-core fibers. We measured hollow-core fibers with a five-capillary structure and a six-capillary structure. We obtained the absolute group delay as well as the chromatic dispersion information. In particular, we were able to measure one hollow-core fiber with at least two modes. The measured chromatic dispersion values are consistent with the modeling and those reported in the literature.

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36

Mohammed, Miami A. "Birefringence for Elliptical-Core Fibers with Low Ellipticities." Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 35, no. 1 (2022): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/35.1.2798.

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Model birefringence was measured for elliptical-core fibers with low ellipticities, note the birefringence depends strongly on the frequency, especially when fiber is being operated near the higher mode cutoff where ν for circular fiber of the single-mode type that correspond to the birefringence maximum. When ν this also correspond to the birefringence maximum that can be introduced in an elliptical core fiber while still operating in the single-mode regime near the higher mode cutoff. Also the birefringence is proportional to the fiber core ellipticity when core ellipticity is much less than unity, but this birefringence deviates from the linear for the large core ellipticities.

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37

Dwi, Bayuwati, and Budi Waluyo Tomi. "Macro-Bending Loss of Single-Mode Fiber beyond Its Operating Wavelength." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 16, no. 1 (2018): 142–50. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i1.6666.

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A standard telecommunication-grade single-mode optical fiber is designed to have a low macro-bending loss in its entire operating wavelengths to comply with the ITU-T Recommendation G.652. In this paper, we described the potential use of such a fiber as an intensity-based sensor due to the macro-bending loss as an alternative to using a bendingsensitive fiber. We calculated the macro-bending loss of several single-mode optical fiber patchcords using the classical Marcuse equation at several wavelengths, and measured its transmission loss due to bending using an optical spectrum analyzer. For each type of fibers there is a wavelength with a significant macro-bending loss of the LP11 mode when the Vnumber of the fiber lies between 2.4 and 4, and that of the LP01 mode when the V-number of the fiber lies between 1 and 2.4. This work shows a thorough mathematical and experimental analysis for the posibility in using standard telecommunication fibers for intensity based-fiber sensor taking the benefit of bending loss phenomenon using commercial light sources.

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An, Yi, Zhi-Yong Pan, Huan Yang, et al. "400-W single-mode single-frequency laser output from homemade tapered fiber." Acta Physica Sinica 70, no. 20 (2021): 204204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20210682.

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In recent years, the high-power single-frequency fiber lasers have developed rapidly, and they have been used in nonlinear frequency conversion and gravitational wave detection. The main factors limiting the output power of single-frequency fiber lasers are the nonlinear effect and transverse mode instability (TMI) effect. In general, large-core fibers can mitigate nonlinear effects while small-core fibers help to suppress the TMI effect. Owing to the core diameter varying in the longitudinal direction, tapered double clad fiber (T-DCF) is a promising solution to simultaneously suppress the nonlinearity and TMI effects. In the present study, we have fabricated a piece of 2.2-m-long Ytterbium-doped T-DCF. The core diameter and the cladding diameter of this fiber vary gradually from 30.3 μm to 49.3 μm and from 245 μm to 404 μm, respectively. Using this homemade fiber, we constructe an all-fiberized single-frequency master oscillator power amplifier system, which is pumped by laser diodes with a central wavelength of 976 nm. The seed of the system has a central wavelength of 1064 nm, and output power of 30 mW. The T-DCF is coiled on a piece of cooling plate, whose output end is cleaved at a 8° angle. The laser is output to free space and collimated by a free-space collimator. After the collimator, dichroic mirror is utilized to strip out the residual pump power for measuring power, spectrum, time-domain signal and beam quality. The output power increases linearly with the pumping power increasing. When the pumping power is 502 W, the output power reaches 400 W. And there is no stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) nor TMI under the power level. The corresponding slope efficiency is 81.7% while the <i>M</i><sup>2</sup> is measured to be 1.29, exhibiting the single-mode output characteristic of the system. When the output power is further increased to 418 W, the TMI effect is observed, which limits further the power scaling of the single-mode output. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power of single-frequency fiber laser based on home-made gain fibers. The results indicate that T-DCFs can simultaneously suppress the nonlinearity and TMI, thus providing a useful reference for further power scaling of single-frequency fiber lasers. Higher output power is expected by optimizing the parameters of T-DCF and the structure of system.

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39

Girard, Sylvain, A. Boukenter, Y. Ouerdane, and J. P. Meunier. "Radiation-Induced-Defects Localization in Single-Mode Optical Fibers." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.329.

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We studied the defects at the origins of the permanent radiation-induced attenuation in four g-rays irradiated single-mode germanosilicate optical fibers (~1 MeV; 1.2 kGy; 0.3 Gy/s) in the spectral range 400 - 1700 nm. We determined the wavelength dependence of the following cladding codopant influences: germanium (0.3 %), phosphorus (0.3 %), fluorine (0.3 %) on the germanosilicate (13 %) fiber radiation responses. We identified some of the different color centers produced by g-rays and we evaluated their localization in the fiber cross-section through the determination of the radial distribution of the radiation-induced absorption at 633 nm. We also evidenced the strong interactions between these three codopants. In particular, our results showed that the properties of the phosphorus-related color centers, which mainly determine the fiber infrared radiation sensitivity, are strongly influenced by the germanium- and fluorine-codoping.

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Borzycki, Krzysztof, and Tomasz Osuch. "Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (2023): 10699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910699.

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Hollow-core optical fibers (HCFs) have unique properties like low latency, negligible optical nonlinearity, wide low-loss spectrum, up to 2100 nm, the ability to carry high power, and potentially lower loss then solid-core single-mode fibers (SMFs). These features make them very promising for communication networks and similar applications. However, this class of fibers is still in development. Current applications are almost exclusively limited to low-latency data links for High-Speed Trading (HST); other uses are in the trial stage now. In this paper, we comprehensively review the progress in the development of HCFs including fiber design, fabrication and parameters (with comparisons to conventional single-mode fibers) and support technologies like splicing and testing. A variety of HCF applications in future telecom networks and systems is analyzed, pointing out their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we review the influence of filler gas and entry of contaminants on HCF attenuation, and propose a new fusion splicing technique, avoiding the destruction of the fiber’s photonic cladding at high temperature.

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41

Wu, Jiadong, Chunxiang Zhang, Jun Liu, et al. "Over 19 W Single-Mode 1545 nm Er,Yb Codoped All-Fiber Laser." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7408565.

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We report a high-power cladding-pumped Er,Yb codoped all-fiber laser with truly single transverse mode output. The fiber laser is designed to operate at 1545 nm by the use of a pair of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to lock and narrow the output spectrum, which can be very useful in generating the eye-safe ~1650 nm laser emission through the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in silica fibers that is of interest in many applications. Two pieces of standard single-mode fibers are inserted into the laser cavity and output port to guarantee the truly single-mode output as well as good compatibility with other standard fiber components. We have obtained a maximum output power of 19.2 W at 1544.68 nm with a FWHM spectral width of 0.08 nm, corresponding to an average overall slope efficiency of 31.9% with respect to the launched pump power. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power reported from simple all-fiber single-mode Er,Yb codoped laser oscillator architecture.

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42

Kong, Fanting, Christopher Dunn, Joshua Parsons, et al. "Large-mode-area fibers operating near single-mode regime." Optics Express 24, no. 10 (2016): 10295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.010295.

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43

Artiglia, M., G. Coppa, P. Di Vita, M. Potenza, and A. Sharma. "Mode field diameter measurements in single-mode optical fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 7, no. 8 (1989): 1139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.32374.

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44

Das, U. K., I. C. Goyal, and R. Srivastava. "Mode field radius of dispersion flattened single mode fibers." Optics Communications 61, no. 1 (1987): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(87)90116-7.

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45

Feng, Xian, Joanne C. Flanagan, Ken E. Frampton, et al. "Developing Single-Mode Tellurite Glass Holey Fiber for Infrared Nonlinear Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 55 (September 2008): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.55.108.

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We review our progress in developing single-mode tellurite glass holey fiber for infrared nonlinear applications. Tellurite glass preforms with complex holey structure were fabricated by using glass extrusion technique. The fabrication of single-mode tellurite holey fibers with the effective mode area ranging from 2.6-3000mm2 and the effective nonlinearity γ ranging from 0.23- 280W-1km-1 were demonstrated. By controlling the microstructured features in the holey cladding, the dispersion profile and the zero dispersion wavelength of this type of single-material optical fiber were tailored within a broad range. Broadband supercontinuum spectra from 0.9 to 2.5mm were generated from the fabricated fibers by using femtosecond laser. Attenuations due to the impurities, such as transition metal ions, rare-earth ions and hydroxyl groups, were also investigated in the bulk tellurite glass and fiber from visible to mid-infrared regimes.

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46

Tripathi, Saurabh Mani, Arun Kumar, Manoj Kumar, and Wojtek J. Bock. "Temperature insensitive single-mode–multimode–single-mode fiber optic structures with two multimode fibers in series." Optics Letters 39, no. 11 (2014): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.003340.

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47

Sudas, Dmitriy P., Viktor A. Jitov, and Petr I. Kuznetsov. "Various Types of Light Guides for Use in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136049.

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A comparative study of figure-of-merit fiber sensors of the mass concentration of NaCl solutions based on single-mode and multi-mode fibers was carried out. Lossy mode resonance is realized on chemically thinned sections of optical fibers to various diameters (from 26 to 100 μm) coated with ZnTe. Thin-film coatings were applied using the method of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Samples of single-mode and multi-mode fiber sensors were created in such a way that the depth and spectral position of resonances in aqueous NaCl solutions coincided. Sensors implemented on a single-mode fiber have a higher sensitivity (5930 nm/refractive index unit (RIU)) compared to those on a multi-mode fiber (4860 nm/RIU) and a smaller half-width of the resonance in the transmission spectrum. According to the results of experiments, figure-of-merit sensors are in the range of refractive indices of 1.33–1.35 for: multi-mode fiber—25 RIU−1, single-mode fiber—75 RIU−1. The sensitivity of the resulting sensors depends on the surface roughness of the ZnTe coating. The roughness of films synthesized on a single-mode fiber is four times higher than this parameter for a coating on a multi-mode fiber. For the first time, in the transmission spectrum during the synthesis of a thin-film coating on a multi-mode fiber, the possibility of separating the first nine orders of resonances into electric and magnetic transverse components has been demonstrated. The characteristics of sensors with the operating wavelength range in the visible (500–750 nm) and infrared (1350–1550 nm) regions of the spectrum are compared. The characteristics of multi-mode lossy mode resonance sensors are demonstrated, which make them more promising for use in applied devices than for laboratory research.

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48

Konstantinou, Georgia, Karolina Milenko, Kyriaki Kosma, and Stavros Pissadakis. "Multiple Light Coupling and Routing via a Microspherical Resonator Integrated in a T-Shaped Optical Fiber Configuration System." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (2018): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100521.

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We demonstrate a three-port, light guiding and routing T-shaped configuration based on the combination of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and micro-structured optical fibers (MOFs). This system includes a single mode optical fiber taper (SOFT), a slightly tapered MOF and a BaTiO3 microsphere for efficient light coupling and routing between these two optical fibers. The BaTiO3 glass microsphere is semi-immersed into one of the hollow capillaries of the MOF taper, while the single mode optical fiber taper is placed perpendicularly to the latter and in contact with the equatorial region of the microsphere. Experimental results are presented for different excitation and reading conditions through the WGM microspherical resonator, namely, through single mode optical fiber taper or the MOF. The experimental results indicate that light coupling between the MOF and the single mode optical fiber taper is facilitated at specific wavelengths, supported by the light localization characteristics of the BaTiO3 glass microsphere, with spectral Q-factors varying between 4.5 × 103 and 6.1 × 103, depending on the port and parity excitation.

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Wang, Jian, Qianke Wang, Jun Liu, and Dawei Lyu. "Quantum orbital angular momentum in fibers: A review." AVS Quantum Science 4, no. 3 (2022): 031701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0101179.

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The field of quantum communication is thriving as a complement to conventional telecommunication with its distinctive feature of absolute security. As the core technology for delivering quantum information, substantial advances in quantum communication have already been demonstrated on various platforms, including photonic systems. Among all of them, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons with its infinite Hilbert space has attracted much attention and has been widely employed in both classical and quantum regimes. In particular, many types of fiber have been designed and fabricated to allow transmitting OAM of photons. Here, we review recent progress in transmitting OAM quantum states through different types of fiber, including few-mode fibers, multi-mode fibers, ring-core fibers, and single-mode fibers. We also discuss the challenges and prospects of quantum OAM in fibers.

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50

Shuto, Y., S. Yanagi, S. Asakawa, M. Kobayashi, and R. Nagase. "Fiber fuse phenomenon in step-index single-mode optical fibers." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 40, no. 8 (2004): 1113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2004.831635.

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