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1

1956-, Kwok Pui-Yan, ed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms: Methods and protocols. Humana Press, 2003.

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2

Liu, Zhanjiang. Next generation sequencing and whole genome selection in aquaculture. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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3

1955-, Carracedo Ángel, ed. Forensic DNA typing protocols. Humana Press, 2005.

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4

Hamilton, Matthew Lloyd. COMT genotypes in pain responses. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0080.

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The landmark study discussed in this chapter is ‘COMT val158met genotype affects μ‎-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor’, published by Zubieta et al. in 2003. Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) is a key modulator of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. This study focused on a single nucleotide polymorphism of the COMT gene encoding the substitution of valine (val) by methionine (met) at Codon 158 (val158met), resulting in a three- to fourfold reduction in its activity. Individuals with the val/val genotype have the highest activity of COMT, val/met genotypes have intermediate activity, and met/met genotypes have the lowest activity of COMT. Using a mixture of PET imaging of the binding of μ‎-opioid receptors and correlation with clinical outcomes, this groundbreaking study provided evidence that confirmed their hypothesis and established the COMT val158met SNP as one of the first gene modifications with direct ramifications on human pain.
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5

Komar, Anton A. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, 2012.

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6

Kwok, Pui-Yan. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology). Humana Press, 2002.

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7

Osman, Marwa. In Silico Analysis and Modeling of Deleterious Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Snps) in Human Gata4 Gene. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2016.

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8

Carracedo, Angel. Forensic DNA Typing Protocols. Humana Press, 2004.

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9

Forensic DNA typing protocols. Humana Press, 2004.

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10

A Primer of Genome Science. Sinauer Associates, 2001.

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11

(Editor), Graham R. Taylor, and Ian N. Day (Editor), eds. Guide to Mutation Detection. Wiley, 2005.

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12

Lewis, Myles, and Tim Vyse. Genetics of connective tissue diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0042.

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The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has been an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of the genetic aetiology of autoimmune diseases. Substantial overlap has been found in susceptibility genes across multiple diseases, from connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, and psoriasis. Major technological advances now permit genotyping of millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Group analysis of SNPs by haplotypes, aided by completion of the Hapmap project, has improved our ability to pinpoint causal genetic variants. International collaboration to pool large-scale cohorts of patients has enabled GWAS in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis and Behçet's disease, with studies in progress for ANCA-associated vasculitis. These 'hypothesis-free' studies have revealed many novel disease-associated genes. In both SLE and systemic sclerosis, identified genes map to known pathways including antigen presentation (MHC, TNFSF4), autoreactivity of B and T lymphocytes (BLK, BANK1), type I interferon production (STAT4, IRF5) and the NFκ‎B pathway (TNIP1). In SLE alone, additional genes appear to be involved in dysregulated apoptotic cell clearance (ITGAM, TREX1, C1q, C4) and recognition of immune complexes (FCGR2A, FCGR3B). Future developments include whole-genome sequencing to identify rare variants, and efforts to understand functional consequences of susceptibility genes. Putative environmental triggers for connective tissue diseases include infectious agents, especially Epstein-Barr virus; cigarette smoking; occupational exposure to toxins including silica; and low vitamin D, due to its immunomodulatory effects. Despite numerous studies looking at toxin exposure and connective tissue diseases, conclusive evidence is lacking, due to either rarity of exposure or rarity of disease.
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13

Eyre, Steve, and Jane Worthington. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0040.

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A range of epidemiological studies have clearly established that susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies over the last five decades have used a variety of approaches to identify the genetic variants associated with disease. HLA DRB1 was the first RA susceptibility locus to be discovered and has the largest effect size. We describe current understanding of the complexities of HLA association for RA. Linkage and small-scale association studies prior to 2007 provided convincing evidence for only one more RA susceptibility locus, PTPN22. Major breakthroughs in high-throughput genotyping and systematic discovery and mapping of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) led to large-scale genome-wide association studies used for the first time for RA in 2007. This approach has had a dramatic impact on our knowledge of the susceptibility loci for RA, such that over 60 risk variants have now been robustly identified. We present an overview of these studies and the loci that have been identified. We consider how this knowledge is contributing to a greater understanding of the aetiology and pathology of the disease and in turn how this can influence management of patients presenting with an inflammatory arthritis. We consider some of the unanswered questions and the approaches that will need to be taken to address them.
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14

Eyre, Steve, Jane Worthington, and Sebastien Viatte. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0040_update_003.

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A range of epidemiological studies have clearly established that susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies over the last five decades have used a variety of approaches to identify the genetic variants associated with disease. HLA DRB1 was the first RA susceptibility locus to be discovered and has the largest effect size. We describe current understanding of the complexities of HLA association for RA. Linkage and small-scale association studies prior to 2007 provided convincing evidence for only one more RA susceptibility locus, PTPN22. Major breakthroughs in high-throughput genotyping, and systematic discovery and mapping of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) led to large-scale genome-wide association studies used for the first time for RA in 2007. Widespread utilization of this approach has had a dramatic impact on our knowledge of the susceptibility loci for RA, such that over 100 risk variants have now been robustly identified. We present an overview of these studies and the loci that have been identified. We consider how this knowledge is contributing to a greater understanding of the aetiology and pathology of the disease, and in turn how this can influence management of patients presenting with an inflammatory arthritis. We consider some of the unanswered questions and the approaches that will need to be taken to address them.
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15

Forensic DNA Typing Protocols. Humana Press Inc.,U.S., 2005.

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16

Kiel, Universität, ed. Variant detection and single nucleotide polymorphism typing of lipopolysaccharide-induced transcritpion factor regulating tumor necrosis factor [alpha] gene and caspase recruitment domain 15 gene: Association with inflammatory bowel disease and response to infliximab treatment. 2004.

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17

Morell-Ducos, Fausto. COMT and morphine use in cancer pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0082.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Genetic variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain’, published by Rakvåg et al. in 2008. Genetic variation contributes to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. Catecholamines are involved in the modulation of pain and are metabolized by catchol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Genetic variability in the COMT gene may therefore contribute to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. It has been shown that a polymorphism in the COMT gene, Rs4680 (val158met), influences pain sensitivity and efficacy for morphine in cancer pain treatment. This study investigated whether the variability in other regions in the COMT gene also contributes to the inter-individual variability of morphine efficacy by mapping 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms, constructing haplotypes from them, and then comparing genotypes and haplotypes against pharmacological, demographic, and patient symptom measurements in patients receiving morphine for cancer pain.
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18

Marques, Marcia Alessandra Arantes, ed. Avanços Científicos em Matemática, Probabilidade e Estatística. Bookerfield Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf22080100.

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A matemática pura não possui uma aplicação objetiva a uma determinada área do conhecimento. Desta tarefa se encarrega a matemática aplicada, a qual emprega ideias maduras da matemática visando a solução de problemas que abrangem todas as áreas do conhecimento. Pela presente obra são reunidos avanços científicos em matemática, probabilidade e estatística, aplicados às áreas de meio ambiente, simulação computacional, seleção genômica e ensino de matemática. O primeiro capítulo trata da técnica de modelagem de altura de ondas de vento recentemente desenvolvida e denominada Paramétrica Bidimensional. A técnica permite a aplicação de uma equação paramétrica de abrangência bidimensional. Possui as vantagens de ser condicionada somente por informações dinâmicas de vento (intensidade e direção) e fetch e por gerar resultados em um tempo bastante reduzido quando comparado aos modelos numéricos de base física. Um fator a ser superado, no entanto, é a variabilidade dos resultados emitidos pelas equações paramétricas atuais. Pelo presente trabalho é feita uma análise crítica a respeito da topologia dessas equações, visando a obtenção de equações paramétricas mais confiáveis de modo a aproveitar as potencialidades da técnica de modelagem Paramétrica Bidimensional em aplicações como sistemas de previsão em tempo real. Pelo segundo capítulo é apresentado o método rápido, o qual visa determinar de modo objetivo e confiável, o comprimento da maior pista de vento, ou fetch, em um corpo de água continental de grande superfície, como lagos e reservatórios. Se constitui em um método gráfico inovador que deve ser aplicado diretamente sobre um mapa ou imagem de satélite dotado de escala gráfica. Além do caráter fundamental em permitir a determinação rápida de elementos de onda como a amplitude, o período e o comprimento, via equações paramétricas, o método permite classificar o corpo de água de acordo com a magnitude das maiores alturas de ondas geradas pelo vento. A demonstração foi realizada pela aplicação ao reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu. Pelo terceiro capítulo é realizada importante contribuição para a solução de um problema relevante e complexo na área de Geometria Computacional: determinar se há inclusão espacial entre dois sólidos com superfícies digitalizadas. Os experimentos computacionais foram realizados utilizando digitalizações de pedras brutas disponibilizadas pelo Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul (CT-Pedras). Os métodos testados foram validados e se mostraram adequados para tratar o problema investigado. Pelo quarto capítulo é aplicada a modelagem estocástica de campos APRESENTAÇÃO Markovianos de alcance variável para encontrar blocos independentes de SNPs, estruturando assim o genoma em regiões ilhadas de dependência. Marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP (Single Nucleotide Polimorphism), com alta densidade dentro do DNA humano, têm sido largamente utilizados como amostradores do genoma. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as janelas de influência da população brasileira têm, em média, tamanho maior, evidenciando a sua história recente de miscigenação, comparativamente às demais populações mundiais. É também proposta a construção de janelas de consenso maximais em determinadas regiões genômicas, tendo como base as janelas de influência de cada população do estudo, permitindo a construção de um classificador capaz de determinar o percentual relativo de ancestralidade de um indivíduo, o qual, submetido à validação, obteve alta eficiência no acerto da população originária. Pelo quinto capítulo são analisadas dificuldades típicas existentes no ensino-aprendizagem de Análise Combinatória para o sexto ano do ensino fundamental. Constatou-se que a aprendizagem de Análise Combinatória se mostra como um obstáculo devido à forma como o conteúdo é abordado, na quase totalidade das vezes, através de fórmulas matemáticas, resultando na perda do sentido na resolução do problema. Uma proposta de metodologia de ensino é apresentada, sendo verificada a melhora no aprendizado do conteúdo ministrado. melhorando desta maneira, o ensino e a compreensão de matemática. Boa leitura!
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