Relevant bibliographies by topics / Single Photon Detectors

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Single Photon Detectors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Single Photon Detectors"

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Pfenning, Andreas, Sebastian Krüger, Fauzia Jabeen, Lukas Worschech, Fabian Hartmann, and Sven Höfling. "Single-Photon Counting with Semiconductor Resonant Tunneling Devices." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142358.

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Optical quantum information science and technologies require the capability to generate, control, and detect single or multiple quanta of light. The need to detect individual photons has motivated the development of a variety of novel and refined single-photon detectors (SPDs) with enhanced detector performance. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are the top-performer in this field, but alternative promising and innovative devices are emerging. In this review article, we discuss the current state-of-the-art of one such alternative device capable of single-photon counting: the resonant tunneling diode (RTD) single-photon detector. Due to their peculiar photodetection mechanism and current-voltage characteristic with a region of negative differential conductance, RTD single-photon detectors provide, theoretically, several advantages over conventional SPDs, such as an inherently deadtime-free photon-number resolution at elevated temperatures, while offering low dark counts, a low timing jitter, and multiple photon detection modes. This review article brings together our previous studies and current experimental results. We focus on the current limitations of RTD-SPDs and provide detailed design and parameter variations to be potentially employed in next-generation RTD-SPD to improve the figure of merits of these alternative single-photon counting devices. The single-photon detection capability of RTDs without quantum dots is shown.
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Thorburn, Fiona, Xin Yi, Zoë M. Greener, Jaroslaw Kirdoda, Ross W. Millar, Laura L. Huddleston, Douglas J. Paul, and Gerald S. Buller. "Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche diode detectors for short-wave infrared wavelengths." Journal of Physics: Photonics 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac3839.

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Abstract Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) based single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have recently emerged as a promising detector candidate for ultra-sensitive and picosecond resolution timing measurement of short-wave infrared (SWIR) photons. Many applications benefit from operating in the SWIR spectral range, such as long distance light detection and ranging, however, there are few single-photon detectors exhibiting the high-performance levels obtained by all-silicon SPADs commonly used for single-photon detection at wavelengths <1 µm. This paper first details the advantages of operating at SWIR wavelengths, the current technologies, and associated issues, and describes the potential of Ge-on-Si SPADs as a single-photon detector technology for this wavelength region. The working principles, fabrication and characterisation processes of such devices are subsequently detailed. We review the research in these single-photon detectors and detail the state-of-the-art performance. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities offered by Ge-on-Si SPAD detectors are discussed.
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Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Single-photon detectors." Nature Photonics 7, no. 9 (August 29, 2013): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.222.

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Reutov, Aleksei, and Denis Sych. "Photon counting statistics with imperfect detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012096.

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Abstract Measurement of photon statistics is an important tool for the verification of quantum properties of light. Due to the various imperfections of real single photon detectors, the observed statistics of photon counts deviates from the underlying statistics of photons. Here we analyze statistical properties of coherent states, and investigate a connection between Poissonian distribution of photons and sub-Poissonian distribution of photon counts due to the detector dead-time corrections. We derive a functional dependence between the mean number of photons and the mean number of photon counts, as well as connection between higher-order statistical moments, for the pulsed or continuous wave coherent light sources, and confirm the results by numerical simulations.
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Buckley, Sonia Mary, M. Stephens, and J. H. Lehman. "(Invited) Single Photon Detectors and Metrology." ECS Transactions 109, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10903.0149ecst.

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For quantum applications, it is important to generate quantum states of light and detect them with extremely high efficiency. For future applications, it also important to do this at scale. This presents many engineering and metrology challenges. This paper discusses some of the open challenges and opportunities in single photon detector efficiency measurements, including the challenges ofmetrology for waveguide-integrated detectors on photonic circuits.
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SHI, LiLi, JingBo WU, XueCou TU, BiaoBing JIN, Jian CHEN, and PeiHeng WU. "Terahertz single photon detectors." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 51, no. 5 (March 23, 2021): 054203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma-2020-0274.

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Cova, Sergio D., and Massimo Ghioni. "Single-Photon Counting Detectors." IEEE Photonics Journal 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2011.2130518.

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Bergamaschi, A., M. Andrä, R. Barten, F. Baruffaldi, M. Brückner, M. Carulla, S. Chiriotti, et al. "First demonstration of on-chip interpolation using a single photon counting microstrip detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11012.

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Abstract Despite being used in many X-ray applications, hybrid single photon counting detectors are limited in spatial resolution due to the diffusion of the charge produced by single photons between neighboring electronic channels, also called charge sharing. In this work, we demonstrate that on-chip interpolation can be used to improve the effective spatial resolution in a single photon counting detector without increasing the number and density of interconnects between the sensor and the readout electronics. We describe a digital communication scheme between neighboring channels exploiting charge sharing to obtain a spatial resolution better than the channel pitch, which has been implemented for the first time in the MYTHEN III microstrip detector. The interpolation is achieved directly on-chip at the time the photons are absorbed, limiting the data throughput and the computational effort and allowing a higher photon flux compared to interpolation using analog detectors. Here we show the first results obtained with this interpolation mechanism, characterizing the spatial resolution in terms of modulation transfer function. The spatial resolution of the 50 μm pitch MYTHEN III microstrip detector can be improved from the 20 lp/mm given by the physical strip pitch to an average resolution of approximately 30 lp/mm using the interpolation method.
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Hall, David, Yu-Hsin Liu, and Yu-Hwa Lo. "Single photon avalanche detectors: prospects of new quenching and gain mechanisms." Nanophotonics 4, no. 4 (November 6, 2015): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0021.

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AbstractWhile silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) have reached very high detection efficiency and timing resolution, their use in fibre-optic communications, optical free space communications, and infrared sensing and imaging remains limited. III-V compounds including InGaAs and InP are the prevalent materials for 1550 nm light detection. However, even the most sensitive 1550 nm photoreceivers in optical communication have a sensitivity limit of a few hundred photons. Today, the only viable approach to achieve single-photon sensitivity at 1550 nm wavelength from semiconductor devices is to operate the avalanche detectors in Geiger mode, essentially trading dynamic range and speed for sensitivity. As material properties limit the performance of Ge and III-V detectors, new conceptual insight with regard to novel quenching and gain mechanisms could potentially address the performance limitations of III-V SPADs. Novel designs that utilise internal self-quenching and negative feedback can be used to harness the sensitivity of single-photon detectors,while drastically reducing the device complexity and increasing the level of integration. Incorporation of multiple gain mechanisms, together with self-quenching and built-in negative feedback, into a single device also hold promise for a new type of detector with single-photon sensitivity and large dynamic range.
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Tremsin, Anton S., John V. Vallerga, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Justin Woods, Lance E. De Long, Jeffrey T. Hastings, Roland J. Koch, Sophie A. Morley, Yi-De Chuang, and Sujoy Roy. "Photon-counting MCP/Timepix detectors for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 1069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521003908.

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Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) provide unique capabilities to detect single photons with high spatial (<10 µm) and timing (<25 ps) resolution. Although this detection technology was originally developed for applications with low event rates, recent progress in readout electronics has enabled their operation at substantially higher rates by simultaneous detection of multiple particles. In this study, the potential use of MCP detectors with Timepix readout for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications where the position and time of each photon needs to be recorded is investigated. The proof-of-principle experiments conducted at the Advanced Light Source demonstrate the capabilities of MCP/Timepix detectors to operate at relatively high input counting rates, paving the way for the application of these detectors in resonance inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Local count rate saturation was investigated for the MCP/Timepix detector, which requires optimization of acquisition parameters for a specific scattering pattern. A single photon cluster analysis algorithm was developed to eliminate the charge spreading effects in the detector and increase the spatial resolution to subpixel values. Results of these experiments will guide the ongoing development of future MCP devices optimized for soft X-ray photon-counting applications, which should enable XPCS dynamics measurements down to sub-microsecond timescales.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single Photon Detectors"

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Fitzpatrick, Catherine Rose. "Single-photon metrology with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2633.

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Single-photon sources and detectors underpin the development of quantum photonic technologies. This thesis presents research into single-photon devices with a focus on telecom wavelengths. A two-channel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) system was constructed and characterised. It provides free-running single-photon detection at telecom wavelengths with low dark counts and timing jitter below 90 ps FWHM. The system detection e ciency at 1310 nm is 1 % with a 1 kHz dark count rate, which was competitive when the SNSPD was built in 2009. In this work, the low timing jitter of the SNSPD was bene cial to the development of a two-photon interference experiment. Experiments were carried out with single-photon sources based on self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots in micropillar cavities. Preliminary measurements of the second-order correlation function gave g(²)(τ=0) = 0.12 ± 0.04 with above-band excitation and g(²)( τ = 0) = 0:07 ± 0:05 with near-resonant excitation. These values agree with recent papers reporting improved measurements with near-resonant excitation. Irreparable damage to the sample prevented further investigation. This thesis also presents the design, construction and characterisation of a highresolution single-photon spectrometer for telecom wavelengths. The instrument, a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer, was optimised for the characterisation of quantum photonic sources. It has a spectral resolution of 550 MHz and a free spectral range of (119.0 ± 0.4) GHz.
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Najafi, Faraz. "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors : new detector architectures and integration with photonic chips." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99836.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 153-161).
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are a promising technology for long-distance optical communication and quantum information processing. Recent advances in single-photon generation, storage and detection technologies have spurred interest in integration of these components onto a single microchip, which would act as a low-power non-classical optical processor. In this thesis, I will present a method for the scalable integration of SNSPDs with photonic chips. I will show that, using a micron-scale flip-chip process, waveguide-coupled SNSPDs can be integrated onto a variety of material systems with high yield. This technology enabled the assembly of the first photonic chip with multiple adjacent SNSPDs with average system detection efficiencies beyond 10%. Using this prototype, we will show the first on-chip detection of non-classical light. I will further demonstrate optimizations to the detector design and fabrication processes. These optimizations increased the direct fabrication yield and improved the timing jitter to 24 ps for detectors with high internal efficiency. Furthermore, I will show a novel single-photon detector design that may have the potential to reach photodetection dead times below 1ns.
by Faraz Najafi.
Ph. D.
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Natarajan, Chandra Mouli. "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for advanced photon-counting applications." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2432.

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The ability to detect infrared photons is increasingly important in many elds of scienti c endeavour, including astronomy, the life sciences and quantum information science. Improvements in detector performance are urgently required. The Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SNSPD/SSPD) is an emerging single-photon detector technology o ering broadband sensitivity, negligible dark counts and picosecond timing resolution. SNSPDs have the potential to outperform conventional semiconductor-based photon-counting technologies, provided the di culties of low temperature operation can be overcome. This thesis describes how these important challenges have been addressed, enabling the SNSPDs to be used in new applications. A multichannel SNSPD system based on a closed-cycle refrigerator has been constructed and tested. E cient optical coupling has been achieved via carefully aligned optical bre. Fibre-coupled SNSPDs based on (i) NbN on MgO substrates and (ii) NbTiN on oxidised Si substrates have been studied. The latter give enhanced performance at telecom wavelengths, exploiting the re ection from the Si=SiO2 interface. Currently, the detector system houses four NbTiN SNSPDs with average detection e ciency >20% at 1310 nm wavelength. We have employed SNSPDs in the characterisation of quantum waveguide circuits, opening the pathway to operating this promising platform for optical quantum computing for the first time at telecom wavelengths.
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Dauler, Eric A. (Eric Anthony) 1980. "Multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46377.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-148).
Single-photon-detector arrays can provide unparalleled performance and detailed information in applications that require precise timing and single photon sensitivity. Such arrays have been demonstrated using a number of single-photon-detector technologies, but the high performance of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) and the unavoidable overhead of cryogenic cooling make SNSPDs particularly likely to be used in applications that require detectors with the highest performance available. These applications are also the most likely to benefit from and fully utilize the large amount of information and performance advantages provided by a single-photon-detector array.Although the performance advantages of individual superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been investigated since their first demonstration in 2001, the advantages gained by building arrays of multiple SNSPDs may be even more unique among single photon detector technologies. First, the simplicity and nanoscale dimensions of these detectors make it possible to easily operate multiple elements and to closely space these elements such that the active area of an array is essentially identical to that of a single element. This ability to eliminate seam-loss between elements, as well as the performance advantages gained by using multiple smaller elements, makes the multi-element approach an attractive way to increase the general detector performance (detection efficiency and maximum counting rate) as well as to provide new capabilities (photon-number, spatial, and spectral resolution). Additionally, in contrast to semiconductor-based single-photon detectors, SNSPDs have a negligible probability of spontaneously emitting photons during the detection process, eliminating a potential source of crosstalk between array elements.
(cont.) However, the SNSPD can be susceptible to other forms of crosstalk, such as thermal or electromagnetic interactions between elements, so it was important to investigate the operation and limitations of multi-element SNSPDs. This thesis will introduce the concept of a multi-element SNSPD with a continuous active area and will investigate its performance advantages, its potential drawbacks and finally its application to intensity correlation measurements.This work is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract #FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
by Eric Dauler.
Ph.D.
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Zhu, Di S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on aluminum nitride photonic integrated circuits." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108974.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-91).
With recent advances in integrated single-photon sources and quantum memories, onchip integration of high-performance single-photon detectors becomes increasingly important. The superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is the leading single-photon counting technology for quantum information processing. Among various waveguide materials, aluminum nitride (AlN) is a promising candidate because of its exceptionally wide bandgap, and intrinsic piezoelectric and electro-optic properties. In this Master's thesis, we developed a complete fabrication process for making high-performance niobium nitride SNSPDs on AlN, and demonstrated their integration with AlN photonic waveguides. The detectors fabricated on this new substrate material have demonstrated saturated detection efficiency from visible to near-IR, sub-60-ps timing jitter, and ~6 ns reset time. This work will contribute towards building a fully integrated quantum photonic processor.
by Di Zhu.
S.M.
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Sunter, Kristen Ann. "Optical Modeling of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13106421.

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Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) can detect single photons or low levels of infrared light in applications that require high speed and low timing jitter, such as integrated circuit analysis. Most applications also require a high device detection efficiency (DDE), but the DDE of SNSPDs is limited by many factors. A good optical design with an integrated optical cavity and dielectric layers can increase the absorptance of 1550-nm light in the active area to over 90%. Therefore, optical modeling using the transfer matrix method was used to guide the design and fabrication of high-efficiency detectors with a measured DDE of over 70%. In addition, finite element analysis was used to simulate the effect of adding different types of optical antennas to SNSPD designs to increase their active area without compromising their speed, and the fabrication of antennas integrated with nanowires achieved sub-10 nm gaps between features. Thin films of niobium nitride, the starting material of the SNSPDs, were investigated using several techniques for thin film characterization, including x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Optical setups based on reflectometry and transmittometry were built to determine the film thickness more accurately than deposition time for optical modeling and to provide feedback on the deposition conditions. The optical setups are able to provide reproducible and precise thickness measurements to within 0.1 nm.
Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Bellei, Francesco. "Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors for infrared communications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109008.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 113-120).
The ever-increasing data sharing demands of modern technologies forces scientists to adopt new methods that can surpass the approaching limits of classical physics. Quantum optical communications and information, based on single-photon detectors offer the most promising possibility to reach new levels of data rate and communication security. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have already been used in the past to demonstrate new protocols of quantum key distribution and are currently the best single-photon detection technology to enable quantum optical communication. With the goal of creating a global quantum communication network, both optical fiber and free-space optical communication technologies have been explored. In addition, the scientific community started pursuing smaller and cheaper cryogenic solutions to enable the use of SNSPDs on a large scale. In this thesis, I describe the design and development of a cryogenic SNSPD receivers in free-space and optical-fiber configurations for 1550-nm-wavelength. The first configuration was created with the goal of enabling optical communication in the mid-IR. I present future steps to achieve this goal. The second configuration was designed to enable a compact and scalable integration of multiple SNSPD channels in the same system. Our approach has the potential of enabling SNSPD systems with more than 64 channels.
by Francesco Bellei.
Ph. D.
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Najafi, Faraz. "Timing performance of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97816.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-89).
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are becoming increasingly popular for applications in quantum information and long-distance communication. While the detection efficiency of SNSPDs has significantly improved over time, their timing performance has largely remained unchanged. Furthermore, the photodetection process in superconducting nanowires is still not fully understood and subject to ongoing research. In this thesis, I will present a systematic study of the timing performance of different types of nanowire single-photon detectors. I will analyze the photodetection delay histogram (also called instrument response function IRF) of these detectors as a function of bias current, nanowire width and wavelength. The study of the IRF yielded several unexpected results, among them a wavelength-dependent exponential tail of the IRF and a discrepancy between experimental photodetection delay results and the predicted value based on the electrothermal model. These results reveal some shortcomings of the basic models used for SNSPDs, and may include a signature of the initial process by which photons are detected in superconducting nanowires. I will conclude this thesis by presenting a brief introduction into vortices, which have recently become a popular starting point for photodetection models for SNSPDs. Building on prior work, I will show that a simple image method can be used to calculate the current flow in presence of a vortex, and discuss possible implications of recent vortex-based models for timing jitter.
by Faraz Najafi.
S.M.
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Kirkwood, Robert A. "Superconducting single photon detectors for quantum information processing." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8136/.

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Single photon detectors are a vital part of many emerging technologies which harness the quantum properties of light to benefit the fields of communication, computation and sensing. Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) offer high detection efficiency, low dark count rates, low timing jitter, and infrared sensitivity that are required by the most demanding single photon counting applications. This thesis presents SNSPDs fabricated and tested at the University of Glasgow that are integrated with optical structures which enable enhanced detection efficiency and integration with waveguide circuit technology. The monolithic integration of waveguide circuit components presents a route towards realisation of an optical quantum information processor that has the stability and scalability to perform the demanding tasks of quantum computation. A novel process is introduced for incorporating superconducting detectors with single mode gallium arsenide waveguides and quantum dot single photon sources. Together these elements would enable the generation of quantum states of light which could be manipulated and detected on a single chip. Detectors are patterned in NbTiN thin superconducting films on to suspended nanobeam waveguides with better than 50 nm alignment accuracy. Low temperature electrical and optical testing confirms the detectors’ single photon sensitivity under direct illumination as well as to waveguide coupled light. Measured detectors were found to have internal registering efficiencies of 6.8 ± 2.4%. Enhancing absorption of photons into thin superconducting films is vital to the creation of high efficiency superconducting single photon detectors. Fabricating an SNSPD on a dielectric mirror creates a partial cavity that can be tailored to enhance detection of light at specific wavelengths. Devices have been fabricated and tested in this thesis with enhanced detection efficiency at infrared and visible wavelengths for quantum cryptography, remote sensing and life science applications. Detectors fabricated in NbTiN on GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirrors exhibited a system detection efficiency of 1.5% at 1500 nm wavelength for the best device measured. SNSPDs were also fabricated in NbN on aperiodic dielectric mirrors with a range of different bandwidths. A peak system detection efficiency of 82.7% at 808 nm wavelength was recorded.
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BALOSSINO, Ilaria. "Studies of innovative photon detectors working in the single-photon regime for the RICH detector of the CLAS12 experiment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488231.

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Abstract:
Subatomic particles interaction have been the main goal of high energy physics. Worldwide experimental facilities use different techniques to improve the knowledge of the elementary components of the nature around us. Many experiments have been built during the years with a continuously improving technology to boost the precision with which detect new particles and structures. This work is focused on the photon detectors for a newer and innovative Ring Imaging CHerenkov detector (RICH). It is the most recent development of the so-called CLAS12 experiment. CLAS12 it is the acronym for CEBAF (Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility) Large Acceptance Spectrometer at 12 GeV and it is an experiment hosted by the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLAB). It is the follower of the old CLAS experiment built for the 6 GeV electron beam energy. The JLAB facility has recently been upgraded together with all the experiments involved in it, to double the beam energy and increase by orders of magnitude the luminosity. For this upgrade the CLAS12 collaboration decided to replace one of the already existing gas Cherenkov detector with the RICH in order to improve detection capabilities over the wider range of momentum achievable with the new beam. The RICH detector will be composed of two modules having similar geometry. They will both have an hybrid optic design to satisfy performance requirements and geometrical constraints: small dead space, low dead time, high spatial and time resolutions. For the active part, two different photon detector have been chosen: the first module, already installed, is based on Multi-Anode PhotoMultiplier Tubes (MAPMTs) while the second one, to be ready in few years, will be build with Silicon PhotoMultiplier (SiPM). The CLAS12 RICH is the first to use flat panel MAPMTs of large area. A dedicated front-end electronics has been developed for the readout of this kind of sensors, to enable single photon detection. In this thesis, the author's contribution to the study step that preceded the active component's installation on the first sector of the detector are presented: preparation of the laser setup for the characterization of all the final components (sensors and electronics), analysis of the collected data to extract a set of parameters that optimizes the performance of the MAPMTs during the physics runs and definition of a set of performance indicators to be used as a reference during calibration run. The author's work continues with the photon sensor studies for the second sector that will be installed in the next future. Although SiPMs have never been used in Cherenkov application, the rapid evolution in their production technology has lately opened interesting opportunities. The test to validate the SiPM use in the CLAS12 environment are described starting from the irradiation test, introducing a detailed study of the dark counts, dedicated to the characterization of the non trivial detector background. A preliminary test of the single photon detection capability of novel SiPM matrices in conjunction with the RICH readout electronics is also shown to validate their use togheter. As a completion of the author's work, the photon detector assembling and commissioning is described. A dedicated setup was developed to test the photon detector with cosmic muons, in a configuration mimicking the one in the experimental hall. This allowed to test the correct mapping of the detector and the timing precision. This work concentrates on the validation, characterization and commissioning of novel photon sensors for the challenging Cherenkov application, that requires single photon capability. It has lead to the installation of the first RICH sector that is now installed and running in the CLAS12 experiment and the validation of SiPM use in the single photon regime for the second RICH module at the moderate radiation levels foreseen in the experimental Hall B at JLAB.
Lo scopo principale della fisica delle alte energie è investigare la struttura subatomica della natura che ci circonda. Per farlo, molti laboratori ed esperimenti usano diverse tecniche di rivelazione, sfruttando il continuo sviluppo tecnologico, per raggiungere sempre nuovi livelli di precisione per rivelare nuove particelle. Il lavoro presentato si interessa dei rivelatori di fotoni per un innovativo rivelatore Ring Imaging CHerenkov che fa parte del potenziamento dell'esperimento CLAS12: CEBAF (Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator) Large Acceptance Spectrometer at 12 GeV. Questo esperimento si trova presso il laboratorio nazionale Thomas Jefferson ed è il proseguimento del precedente esperimento, CLAS, che usufruiva del fascio di elettroni a 6 GeV. Il laboratorio ha recentemente completato il potenziamento della strumentazione per raddoppiare l'energia del fascio e aumentare la luminosità. La collaborazione in questa fase ha deciso di sostituire una parte del rivelatore Cherenkov a gas con il RICH per poter migliorare le capacità di rivelazione in un intervallo più ampio di energie. Il rivelatore sarà composto da due moduli progettati con un disegno ottico ibrido per poter soddisfare le specifiche di prestazione e i vincoli geometrici dell'esperimento: massimizzazione dell'area attiva di rivelazione, minimizzazione di tempi morti dell'elettronica, alte risoluzioni spaziali e temporali. Sono però stati scelti due rivelatori di fotoni diversi, seguendone principalmente lo sviluppo tecnologico: il primo modulo, già installato, è basato sulla tecnologia matura dei tubi fotomoltiplicatori a multi anodo (MAPMT), mentre il secondo, pronto tra pochi anni, utilizzerà una soluzione innovativa e monterà fotomoltiplicatori al silicio (SiPM). Il RICH di CLAS12 è il primo rivelatore ad utilizzare fotomoltiplicatori a multi anodo di grande area per coprire un’ampia superficie. Per poter lavorare in condizioni di singolo fotone è stata sviluppata un specifica elettronica di front-end. In questo lavoro verranno presentate le diverse fasi che hanno anticipato l'istallazione nella sala sperimentale: preparazione di tutte le componenti (sensori e schede di elettronica) per la caratterizzazione, l'analisi dei dati collezionati in questa fase per definire i parametri di lavoro ottimali durante i run di fisica e preparazione di un set di indicatori di rifermento da confrontare con i futuri dati estratti dai run di calibrazione dell'esperimento. La seconda parte del lavoro riguarda il settore del RICH che verrà installato nel prossimo futuro e che, sfruttando la loro rapida evoluzione tecnologica, prevede l'utilizzo dei SiPM. Gli studi per validare il loro uso in condizioni di singolo fotone sono stati fatti, e presentati in questo documento, a partire da un test di irraggiamento con lo sviluppo di un'analisi ad-hoc per lo studio approfondito del rumore di fondo. Inoltre sono presentati anche i test preliminari fatti per studiare il comportamento delle matrici di SiPM connesse con l'attuale elettronica di lettura del segnale sviluppata appositamente per il RICH. Infine viene descritto il processo di assemblaggio e di messa in opera del rivelatore finale. Un test per lavorare con i raggi cosmici e simulare le condizioni finali di lavoro del foto-rivelatore è stato realizzato prima dell’installazione all’interno del modulo RICH. Questo ha permesso di fare una verifica della mappatura del rivelatore e della risoluzione temporale. Questo lavoro si è concentrato su validazione, caratterizzazione e messa in opera di rivelatori di fotoni innovativi per applicazioni Cherenkov in condizioni di singolo fotone. I risultati ottenuti hanno portato ad installare con successo il primo settore del RICH che ora sta già prendendo dati nell'esperimento e a validare l'utilizzo dei SiPM per il secondo settore ai livelli di radiazione attesi nella sala sperimentale del laboratorio.
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Books on the topic "Single Photon Detectors"

1

Theuwissen, Albert J. P., and Peter Seitz. Single-photon imaging. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

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Dereniak, Eustace L. Detectors and imaging devices: Infrared, focal plane, single photon : 4-5 August 2010, San Diego, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). Bellingham, Wash: Spie, 2010.

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Szczygieł, Robert. Szybkie, wielokanałowe układy scalone pracujące w trybie zliczania pojedynczych fotonów w systemach detekcji niskoenergetycznego promieniowania X: Fast, multichannel ASICs working in the single-photon-counting mode in soft X-ray detection systems. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 2012.

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Theuwissen, Albert J. P., and Peter Seitz. Single-Photon Imaging. Springer, 2011.

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Theuwissen, Albert J. P., and Peter Seitz. Single-Photon Imaging. Springer, 2013.

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Migdall, Alan, Sergey V. Polyakov, Jingyun Fan, and Joshua C. Bienfang. Single-Photon Generation and Detection: Physics and Applications. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Migdall, Alan, Sergey V. Polyakov, Jingyun Fan, and Joshua C. Bienfang. Single-Photon Generation and Detection: Physics and Applications. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Charaev, Ilya. Improving the Spectral Bandwidth of Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors. Saint Philip Street Press, 2020.

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Charaev, Ilya. Improving the Spectral Bandwidth of Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors. Saint Philip Street Press, 2020.

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Henrich, Dagmar. Influence of Material and Geometry on the Performance of Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors. Saint Philip Street Press, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Single Photon Detectors"

1

Leskovar, Branko. "Recent Advances in Detectors for Single-Photon Counting." In Laser/Optoelektronik in der Technik / Laser/Optoelectronics in Engineering, 813–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48372-1_172.

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Pernice, Wolfram H. P. "Chapter 13 Waveguide Integrated Superconducting Single Photon Detectors." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 255–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1544-5_13.

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Stoppa, David, and Andrea Simoni. "Single-Photon Detectors for Time-of-Flight Range Imaging." In Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 275–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18443-7_12.

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Pernice, Wolfram H. P., Carsten Schuck, and Hong X. Tang. "Waveguide Integrated Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors on Silicon." In Quantum Science and Technology, 85–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24091-6_4.

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Miki, Shigehito, Mikio Fujiwara, Rui-Bo Jin, Takashi Yamamoto, and Masahide Sasaki. "Quantum Information Networks with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors." In Quantum Science and Technology, 107–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24091-6_5.

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Ejrnaes, M., A. Casaburi, R. Cristiano, O. Quaranta, S. Marchetti, N. Martucciello, S. Pagano, A. Gaggero, F. Mattioli, and R. Leoni. "Properties of Cascade Switch Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 150–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11731-2_19.

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O’Connor, John A., Paul A. Dalgarno, Michael G. Tanner, Richard J. Warburton, Robert H. Hadfield, Burm Baek, Sae Woo Nam, Shigehito Miki, Zhen Wang, and Masahide Sasaki. "Nano-Optical Studies of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 158–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11731-2_20.

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Natarajan, Chandra M., Martin M. Härtig, Ryan E. Warburton, Gerald S. Buller, Robert H. Hadfield, Burm Baek, Sae Woo Nam, et al. "Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors for Quantum Communication Applications." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 225–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11731-2_27.

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Yang, Shiji, Lixing You, Ming Zhang, and Jianyu Wang. "Research of Single Photon Detectors Applied in Quantum Communication." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 19–27. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4793-0_3.

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Buller, Gerald S., and Robert J. Collins. "Single-Photon Detectors for Infrared Wavelengths in the Range 1–1.7 μm." In Springer Series on Fluorescence, 43–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/4243_2014_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Single Photon Detectors"

1

Nam, S., B. Calkins, T. Gerritts, S. Harrington, A. E. Lita, F. Marsili, V. B. Verma, et al. "Superconducting single photon detectors." In 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/IQEC. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801983.

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Zou, Kai, Yun Meng, Nan Hu, Yifang Feng, Zifan Hao, Samuel Gyger, Stephan Steinhauer, Val Zwiller, and Xiaolong Hu. "Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors and Multi-Photon Detectors." In Quantum 2.0. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/quantum.2022.qw3b.1.

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Abstract:
We present our research progress in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and multi-photon detectors (SNMPDs), including fractal SNSPDs with reduced polarization sensitivity, two mechanisms of device timing jitter, and SNMPDs integrated with current reservoirs.
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Gulian, A. M., K. S. Wood, G. G. Fritz, D. Van Vechten, H. D. Wu, J. S. Horwitz, G. R. Badalyantz, et al. "Sensor development for single-photon thermoelectric detectors." In LOW TEMPERATURE DETECTORS: Ninth International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors. American Institute of Physics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1457588.

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Renema, J. J., R. Gaudio, Q. Wang, Z. Zhou, A. Gaggero, D. Sahin, M. J. A. de Dood, A. Fiore, and M. P. van Exter. "Quantum Detector Tomography on Superconducting Single Photon Detectors." In Quantum Information and Measurement. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qim.2014.qw3b.5.

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Campbell, Joe C. "Advances in single photon detectors." In Related Materials (IPRM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciprm.2009.5012461.

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Rangarajan, Radhika, Joseph B. Altepeter, Evan R. Jeffrey, Micah J. A. Stoutimore, Nicholas A. Peters, Onur Hosten, and Paul G. Kwiat. "High-efficiency single-photon detectors." In Optics East 2006, edited by Wolfgang Becker. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.686117.

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Dauler, E. A., A. J. Kerman, D. Rosenberg, S. Pan, M. E. Grein, R. J. Molnar, R. E. Correa, et al. "Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors." In 2011 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pho.2011.6110571.

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Figer, D. F., B. F. Aull, D. R. Schuette, B. J. Hanold, K. Kolb, and J. Lee. "Silicon single photon imaging detectors." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Paul D. LeVan, Ashok K. Sood, Priyalal S. Wijewarnasuriya, Manijeh Razeghi, Jose Luis Pau Vizcaíno, Rengarajan Sudharsanan, Melville P. Ulmer, and Tariq Manzur. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.898570.

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Berggren, K. K., V. Anant, B. Baek, E. Dauler, X. Hu, A. J. Kerman, F. Marsili, et al. "Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2011.jtua2.

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Sobolewski, Roman, Aleksandr Verevkin, and Gregory N. Gol'tsman. "Superconducting optical single-photon detectors." In International Quantum Electronics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iqec.2004.ithd1.

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Reports on the topic "Single Photon Detectors"

1

Risk, William P. Improved Single Photon Detectors for Telecom Wavelengths. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada437297.

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Armstrong, Andrew M., Gregory W. Pickrell, Brianna Alexandra Klein, Albert G. Baca, Andrew A. Allerman, Mary H. Crawford, Carlos Perez, et al. Highly Efficient Solar-Blind Single Photon Detectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1529589.

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Balossino, Ilaria Balossino. Studies of innovative photon detectors working in the single-photon regime for the RICH detector of the CLAS12 experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1574098.

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Salim, Amir-Jafari. Development of Secure, High-Performance Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors for Quantum Networks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1659737.

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Ware, M., and A. Migdall. Single-Photon Detector Characterization Using Correlated Photons: The March From Feasibility to Metrology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426385.

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Childs, Kenton David, Darwin Keith Serkland, Kent Martin Geib, Samuel D. Hawkins, Malcolm S. Carroll, John Frederick Klem, Josephine Juin-Jye Sheng, et al. Final report on LDRD project : single-photon-sensitive imaging detector arrays at 1600 nm. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/949014.

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Castiglioni, Whitmaur, Alex Himmel, and Bryan Ramson. Simulation Studies Of Photon Signal Reconstruction In The DUNE Single Phase Far Detector With Xe Doping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1614720.

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