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1
Chang, Kurng. "Structural Response Loads in Force-Limited Vibration Testing." Journal of the IEST 45, no. 1 (September 14, 2002): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.45.1.bv71nq036p238625.
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Flight equipment is exposed to random vibration excitations during launch and is functionally designed to survive a shaker random vibration test. In the test, the random vibration design levels will be applied at the equipment-mounting interface and will be force limited to reduce over-testing at shaker hardmount resonance frequencies. As is commonly practiced for heavier equipment, the equipment also is designed to the structural flight limit load. The philosophy of the Limit Load Factors (LLFs) or so-called the Mass Acceleration Curve (MAC) has been adopted over many years for use in the preliminary structural design of spacecraft and flight equipment. The purpose of the work presented herein is to discuss the results of force limit notching during vibration testing with respect to the traditional limit load design criteria. By using a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system approach, this work shows that with an appropriate force specification the notched response due to force limiting will result in loads comparable with the structural design limit criteria. A simplified formula is presented to predict the test load limits, based only upon estimates for the first significant resonance of the equipment and the semi-empirical force specification factor, C2.
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Wen, Xiao Fei, Xing Di Wang, and Qiang Yuan. "A Study on Test Technology of Ship Shafting Torsional Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1423.
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Ship shafting is a key component of ship power plant. Torsional vibration test for ship shafting is the essential step to ensure the safety of ship power systems. For the purpose of analyzing and comparing torsional vibration test methods, a study of the test methods, equipment and technology is carried out in this paper. Three different test methods are compared with each other by adopting two different test systems. The main propulsion and marine generator shafting torsional vibration characteristics are analyzed by using two different analysis methods respectively: the single order and resonance point method and the multi order and resonance point method. The results obtained in the process of testing on board ship may provide a good guidance for the further researches in this subject.
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KRAVTSOV, Alexey, Vasily ANISCHENKO, Victor ATRUSHKEVICH, and Ivan PYTALEV. "PERSPECTIVES OF APPLYING WEBRTC FOR REMOTE-CONTROLLED MINING EQUIPMENT." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2020-12-4-592-599.
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Currently a lot of mining companies, such as Caterpillar, Sandvik, Atlas Copco and Komatsu are developing solutions for machines remote control and mining process automation. The purpose of these technologies is to increase labor efficiency and safety. Solutions for remote control should establish secure connection and transfer data with low latency – this could be implemented with WebRTC technology. Several problems were revealed during open data analysis of Cisco, Sandvik, Moxa and Acksys remote control solutions – using of expensive IP-cameras, sophisticated network and security design. WebRTC could solve these and several other problems. WebRTC operation principles reviewed further: initial information exchange via signaling server, use of ICE for discovering shortest path between peers and establishing peer-topeer connection. This could simplify network design and allow to use more cheap USB cameras instead of IP-cameras. For security reasons WebRTC encrypts transmitted data with DTLS and SRTP algorithms. Encryption key fingerprints are exchanged over signaling server; after connection establishment, peers are exchanging keys itself over discovered route. But WebRTC specification does not define peer to signaling server communication, which may lead to breach in unsecure data channel, especially man-in-the-middle attack. To prevent this, software engineer should ensure that connection with signaling server is secure. Mining machine model was developed to test data transmission latency. In this model, Raspberry Pi single-board computer is responsible for wireless connection, video encoding and commands processing. Received commands are passed to Arduino controller, which operates electric engines controller. Three remote control scenarios were tested – model is near the operator and in direct line of sight; model is near operator, but not in direct line of sight; model and operator are far away from each other (over 1600 km), model controlled over Internet. Test results shows that transmission latency does not exceed 300 ms, which is suitable for real-time remote driving.
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Freeborn, Todd J., and Jada Damond. "Introducing electrical engineering through characterization of a handheld moisture meter: A research experience case study." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 56, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020720918776420.
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Concepts from electrical engineering can be introduced to nonmajor engineering students through lectures, laboratories, or even research experiences. Often the purpose of introducing nonmajors to these concepts is to highlight that engineering problems are not limited to skills from only a single discipline as well as improve their ability to communicate and collaborate with other disciplines. This case study discusses the experience of introducing a nonmajor undergraduate student to electrical engineering through an undergraduate research project at The University of Alabama investigating the electrical properties of bamboo, which required the characterization of a portable moisture meter. These exercises were successful at improving the student’s confidence and proficiency with electrical test equipment, highlighting the limitations of test equipment, and applying concepts of resistance to a real-world application that overlaps electrical, chemical, and biological disciplines. While this exercise was a component of an undergraduate research experience, similar exercises could be easily integrated into electrical engineering laboratories for nonelectrical engineering majors to introduce and reinforce concepts from electrical engineering using a multidisciplinary application.
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Limpitipanich, Paiboon, and Anucha Promwungkwa. "Determination of Tensile Properties of Hemp-Fiber Bundle by Using Tensile Testing Equipment with Raspberry Pi." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1308.
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Tensile strength of some natural fibers such as hemp is higher than that of steel. To determine tensile properties of hemp fiber, a fiber or bundle is tensile tested with universal testing machine that is controlled by personal computer. This paper presents a small tensile testing equipment that is controlled by Raspberry Pi (RPi), a credit-card-sized single-board computer. General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins on RPi were used for controlling the machine crosshead and receiving the tensile load that apply to a hemp bundle. A stepper motor was used to drive the crosshead. Tensile load was measured by using a load measurement system included load-cell, instrument amplifier, and analog-to-digital converter. The applied load and extension were real-time displayed and continuously recorded throughout the test. Testing hemp-fiber bundles with the proposed equipment found that their tensile strength and Youngs modulus were 446.75±184.36 MPa and 18.23±8.26 GPa, respectively. These results were in good agreement with the properties founded in other publications. Test results also found that hemp-fiber bundle with smaller diameter showed higher tensile strength than that of larger one.
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Liu, Wangyu, Dong Sun, Aimin Tang, and Mingke Li. "A method to improve the cured bonding strength at the weak juncture of the porous hydrogel scaffold." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2017-0175.
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Purpose Hydrogel is an excellent material for the fabrication of porous scaffold by mask-prototyping method. Different from the common commercial resin, hydrogel is hydrophilic and hyperelastic, so that it cannot bear the conventional post-curing process to improve its mechanical properties. The purpose of this paper is to put forward a method to improve the curing bonding strength at the weak juncture of the porous hydrogel scaffold. Design/methodology/approach The working curve of the resin was obtained through the single layer cure experiment, and the energy accumulation model has been set up by MATLAB. Aimed at the specificity of material, a new method of partial curing on different kind of structure has been proposed. Under the same condition, only the tn2 needs to be changed to fabricate different test specimens with different accumulated energy between two layers. The tensile test is carried out with the authors’ preferred equipment. Findings The analysis reveals that accumulated energy can be changed by adjusting the key parameters, and the tensile test shows that when the accumulated energy is bigger, the ultimate tensile strength is higher. Research limitations/implications Subject to the equipment accuracy and specificity of material, some errors coming from the experiment and test might exist, but the authors believe they will not change their findings and conclusions in this paper. Practical implications The research provides a method which is different from the common methods but friendlier to improve the bonding strength of the hydrogel scaffold. Social implications This work can help to adjust the mechanical property of the scaffold used in tissue engineering. Originality/value This method can improve the bonding strength at weak juncture and give a direction for the design of porous scaffold.
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Wunderlich, Robert, Alwina Stein, Alva Engell, Pia Lau, Lea Waasem, Alex Shaykevich, Claudia Rudack, and Christo Pantev. "Evaluation of iPod-Based Automated Tinnitus Pitch Matching." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 02 (February 2015): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.26.2.9.
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Background: Tinnitus is the perception of sound unrelated to any external source. Diagnostic approaches to assess tinnitus characteristics such as tinnitus pitch are crucial for new attempts of tinnitus therapy. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate reliable tinnitus pitch-matching procedures. Existing procedures usually require audiometric equipment and are time consuming. However, some patients with tinnitus find it hard to match their tinnitus in one single session. Therefore, we developed an iPod-based application for self-administered tinnitus pitch matching and compared it with a standardized audiometric procedure. Study Sample: A total of 17 patients with chronic tonal tinnitus participated in two sessions including both pitch-matching procedures. Method: In the conventional audiometric test, the investigator adjusted the frequency and loudness of pure tones led by the responses of the patient. For the iPod-based procedure, we used a recursive two-interval forced-choice test that required no interaction with an investigator. Both procedures included loudness matching and testing for octave confusion. Results: The iPod-based procedure resulted in lower pitch matches as compared with the conventional audiometry. Psychometric qualities such as test-retest reliability of both methods were comparable. Participants rated the iPod-based procedure as easier to perform and more comfortable to use. Conclusions: In conclusion, we find that the use of self-administered tinnitus pitch-matching procedures on a mobile device is feasible and easier in practice without any loss of reliability and validity. A major advantage is the possibility of repeated measurements without expensive equipment and experienced staff. Repeated measurements of tinnitus pitch can provide more information about the stability of the tinnitus perception and may improve the ability of participants to match their tinnitus.
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Архангельский, Игорь Валентинович, Юрий Кузьмич Нагановский, Игорь Андреевич Годунов, and Николай Владимирович Яшин. "Thermoanalytic interlaboratory experiment for identification of materials, substances and fire protection equipment." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 3(100) (September 28, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2020.63.99.001.
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Проведен межлабораторный термогравиметрический эксперимент по идентификации огнезащитных составов интумесцентного типа. Использование дисперсионного анализа позволило установить значимость/незначимость различий в поведении исследуемых материалов при нагревании, выявить лаборатории, обладающие необходимыми компетенциями для проведения идентификации. Найдено, что применение различных водно-полимерных дисперсий даже близкого строения в составе огнезащитных материалов приводит к неидентичности их свойств. Представленный подход позволил однозначно установить неидентичность исследованных огнезащитных составов. The article deals with the problem of identification of materials, substances and means of fire protection according to GOST R 53293-09 using one of the methods of thermal analysis, namely, thermogravimetric analysis. The long-term practice demonstrated that the methodology presented in the standard did not always give a clear result when identifying objects. Therefore, the evaluation experiment was conducted simultaneously in several testing laboratories with the appropriate equipment. The tests were conducted in the laboratories of the FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia, ANO «CISIS FMT», and two CCPS of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The most complex and controversial objects for identification were studied, namely, thermally expanding (intumescent) flame retardants based on water-polymer dispersions, which are used to protect building structures in closed premises. The purpose of the work consists in more correctly identifying the differences in the samples of the identifier and the analyzed object by using methods of dispersion analysis (GOST R ISO 5725-1, 2-202) when processing the joint interlaboratory experiment. Thermogravimetric analysis of objects was performed in platinum crucibles on samples in the form of disks with a thickness of 0,2-0,3 mm, weight 5-7 mg, at a heating rate of 20 °C/min in the air flow (50-70 ml/min). As a result of the experiment, the significance/insignificance of differences between samples should be displayed. The opinion about the competence of the laboratories participating in the experiment was made. In each laboratory there were conducted two series of thermogravimetric tests in 30-700 °C temperature range including five parallel measurements in each series. Each independent single measurement for further processing was represented by the data array formed within the temperature range of 140-650 °C with a 5° step, in total 103 points in each measurement. The results were processed using Excel spreadsheets. In the context of dispersion analysis there were evaluated both mean values of conversion rates for all laboratories, and the convergence (repeatability) variance for each laboratory using the Student's test, and the inter-laboratory variance (reproducibility variance) using the Cochran’s С test. This procedure revealed the nature of the quasi-samples and established the identity/non-identity of the samples. The results of calculations are represented by the graphical dependence of the generalized average degrees of transformation of destruction processes of objects under the temperature as well as the difference between these characteristics for laboratories I-IV. The presented identification procedure allows both to uniquely solve the problem of significance/insignificance of differences between the test object and the identifier, and to distinguish samples that have a similar composition. The statistical characteristics of a single measurement are calculated. The convergence of parallel measurements for determination of statistical outliers is identified. Determination of the overall average difference for a series of degrees of transformation allows to calculate the Student's test and accept or reject the null hypothesis. The performance of the joint evaluative (interlaboratory) experiment allows not only to establish the significance/insignificance of differences in the behavior of the materials during heating, but also to identify laboratories that have the necessary competencies for identification. The case considered in this paper revealed that the use of various water-polymer dispersions of even close structure in the composition of fire-resistant materials leads to non-identity of their properties.
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Areia, Carlos, Sarah Vollam, Philippa Piper, Elizabeth King, Jody Ede, Louise Young, Mauro Santos, et al. "Protocol for a prospective, controlled, cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of ambulatory monitoring systems in the prompt detection of hypoxia and during movement." BMJ Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): e034404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034404.
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IntroductionAutomated continuous ambulatory monitoring may provide an alternative to intermittent manual vital signs monitoring. This has the potential to improve frequency of measurements, timely escalation of care and patient safety. However, a major barrier to the implementation of these wearable devices in the ward environment is their uncertain reliability, efficiency and data fidelity. The purpose of this study is to test performance of selected devices in a simulated clinical setting including during movement and low levels of peripheral oxygen saturation.Methods and analysisThis is a single centre, prospective, controlled, cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study to determine the specificity and sensitivity of currently available ambulatory vital signs monitoring equipment in the detection of hypoxia and the effect of movement on data acquisition. We will recruit up to 45 healthy volunteers who will attend a single study visit; starting with a movement phase and followed by the hypoxia exposure phase where we will gradually decrease saturation levels down to 80%. We will simultaneously test one chest patch, one wrist worn only and three wrist worn with finger probe devices against ‘clinical standard ‘and ‘gold standard’ references. We will measure peripheral oxygen saturations, pulse rate, heart rate and respiratory rate continuously and arterial blood gases intermittently throughout the study.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received ethical approval by the East of Scotland Research Ethics Service REC 2 (19/ES/0008). The results will be broadly distributed through conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberISRCTN61535692registered on 10/06/2019.
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Kim, Young Kyun, Kyoung Un Park, Pil Young Yun, and Su Gwan Kim. "The Effect of Dual-Suctioning System on the Bacterial Contamination of Bone Debris Collected in the Oral Cavity during Dental Implant Surgery: Microbial Analysis." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.82.
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There have been many clinical trials to collect bone debris utilizing special equipment and to apply in the bone graft procedure simultaneously. Collected bone debris (CBD) may be contaminated by bacteria. This may lead to iatrogenic contamination of recipient sites by grafted bone debris. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of strict suction protocol on the levels of bacterial contamination. Total 41 patients (21 male and 20 female patients) with a mean age of 48.97 were selected in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups in this study. One group consisted of a single-suctioning group, while the other was dual-suctioning group. A bone collecting device was used to collect bone specimens during drilling. Samples were obtained and cultures of CBD were performed. Among the 41 samples of cultured bone debris, only 16 samples yielded viable microorganisms. Microorganisms were detected in the 54.5% (12/22) of single-suctioning group, and in 21.1% (4/19) of dual-suctioning group (p=0.03). The majority of microorganisms were Gram positive cocci. It was shown that erythromycin and clindamycin were more effective than penicillin in the antibiotics sensitivity test. It was concluded that the use of strict suction protocol could reduce the bacterial contamination.
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Liu, Rui, Xiaoping Su, Xiaodong Miao, Guang Yang, Xuefei Dong, Yongsheng Liang, and Taiqi Huang. "Combustion characteristics of a two-stroke spark ignition UAV engine fuelled with gasoline and kerosene (RP-3)." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 1 (January 7, 2018): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2018-0112.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the combustion characteristics, including the combustion pressure, heat release rate (HRR), coefficient of variation (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), flame development period and combustion duration, of aviation kerosene fuel, namely, rocket propellant 3 (RP-3), and gasoline on a two-stoke spark ignition engine. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an experimental investigation using a bench test to reflect the combustion performance of two-stroke spark ignition unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine on gasoline and RP-3 fuel. Findings Under low load conditions, the combustion performance and HRR of burning RP-3 fuel were shown to be worse than those of gasoline. Under high load conditions, the average IMEP and the COV of IMEP of burning RP-3 fuel were close to those of gasoline. The difference in the flame development period between gasoline and RP-3 fuel was similar. Practical implications Gasoline fuel has a low flash point, high-saturated vapour pressure and relatively high volatility and is a potential hazard near a naked flame at room temperature, which can create significant security risks for its storage, transport and use. Adopting a low volatility single RP-3 fuel of covering all vehicles and equipment to minimize the number of different devices with the use of a various fuels and improve the application safeties. Originality/value Most two-stroke spark ignition UAV engines continue to combust gasoline. A kerosene-based fuel operation can be applied to achieve a single-fuel policy.
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Komarov, Vladimir, Albert Sarafanov, and Sergey Tumkovskiy. "Comparison of the effectiveness of methods to increase the throughput of experimental equipment with remote access." Information and Control Systems, no. 6 (December 27, 2019): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2019-6-68-76.
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Introduction: The rapid development of the information society is expressed in the emergence of new models of economic activity, forms of providing educational and social services, scientific activities, etc. оn the basis of constantly improving digital technologies. This, in turn, leads to the emergence of new requirements for knowledge and skills of modern engineers whose preparation is based on various laboratory studies. The modern form of realization of such researches is multi-user remote access from digital educational environment to specialized experimental equipment (laboratory installations/stands/layouts), providing efficient use of this equipment. Purpose: Comparative analysis of methods for increasing the throughput of experimental equipment with multi-user remote access. Methods: Management of user request service procedure based on scheduling algorithms which take into account the functional and parametric content of the processed requests (configuration settings of the object of study, type of measurements taken, parameters of test signals, etc.), as well as the features of the hardware construction. Results: On the basis of the proposed approach for multi-user distributed measuring-control systems the following methods are developed: 1. A method of minimizing control operations which determines the sequence of retrieving jobs from the queue in accordance with the minimum of total control time for all the requests currently in the queue. 2. A method of temporary division of multiple measurements, providing distribution of operations of statistical processing of measurement results between the software on a measuring-control computer and the user terminal. 3. A method of parallelizing functional operations which reduces the time to service the requests by programmatically splitting and concurrently performing the management and measuring operations for queued queries related to different control objects. A comparative analysis of the applied approaches has shown that the most effective, in terms of the cost of equipping a single user workplace, are methods based on managing the process of servicing the user requests. Practical relevance: The developed methods have made it possible to create a number of samples of multi-user distributed measuring-control systems for the automation of educational and scientific experimental researches with a 16–40% lower cost of equipping a workplace and with throughput of 30–50 concurrent users on the basis of one set of specialized experimental equipment.
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Allred, Laura K., Cynthia Kupper, and Channon Quinn. "The Use of Visual Examination for Determining the Presence of Gluten-Containing Grains in Gluten Free Oats and Other Grains, Seeds, Beans, Pulses, and Legumes." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0414.
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Abstract Obtaining representative test samples for antibody-based testing is challenging when analyzing whole grains for gluten. When whole grains are ground into flour for testing, confocal microscopy studies have shown that gluten tends to exist as aggregates within the starch background, making single-sample testing inaccurate and complicating the ability to arrive at an accurate average from multiple samples. In addition, whole-grain products present a unique risk to gluten free consumers, in that any contamination is localized to specific servings rather than being distributed across the product lot. This makes parts-per-million values less relevant for whole-grain products. Intact grains, seeds, beans, pulses, and legumes offer an alternative opportunity for gluten detection, in that contaminating gluten-containing grains (GCGs) are visible and identifiable to the trained eye or properly calibrated optical sorting equipment. The purpose of the current study was to determine a Gluten Free Certification Organization threshold level for the maximum number of GCGs within a kilogram of nongluten grains sold as specially processed gluten free product and to determine the feasibility of this threshold by evaluating visual examination data from two major oat processors.
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Chen, Guangming, Dingena L. Schott, and Gabriel Lodewijks. "Sensitivity analysis of DEM prediction for sliding wear by single iron ore particle." Engineering Computations 34, no. 6 (August 7, 2017): 2031–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-07-2016-0265.
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Purpose Sliding wear is a common phenomenon in the iron ore handling industry. Large-scale handling of iron ore bulk-solids causes a high amount of volume loss from the surfaces of bulk-solids-handling equipment. Predicting the sliding wear volume from equipment surfaces is beneficial for efficient maintenance of worn equipment. Recently, the discrete element method (DEM) simulations have been utilised to predict the wear by bulk-solids. However, the sensitivity of wear prediction subjected to DEM parameters has not been systemically investigated at single particle level. To ensure the wear predictions by DEM are accurate and stable, this study aims to conduct the sensitivity analysis at the single particle level. Design/methodology/approach In this research, pin-on-disc wear tests are modelled to predict the sliding wear by individual iron ore particles. The Hertz–Mindlin (no slip) contact model is implemented to simulate interactions between particle (pin) and geometry (disc). To quantify the wear from geometry surface, a sliding wear equation derived from Archard’s wear model is adopted in the DEM simulations. The accuracy of the pin-on-disc wear test simulation is assessed by comparing the predicted wear volume with that of the theoretical calculation. The stability is evaluated by repetitive tests of a reference case. At the steady-state wear, the sensitivity analysis is done by predicting sliding wear volumes using the parameter values determined by iron ore-handling conditions. This research is carried out using the software EDEM® 2.7.1. Findings Numerical errors occur when a particle passes a joint side of geometry meshes. However, this influence is negligible compared to total wear volume of a wear revolution. A reference case study demonstrates that accurate and stable results of sliding wear volume can be achieved. For the sliding wear at steady state, increasing particle density or radius causes more wear, whereas, by contrast, particle Poisson’s ratio, particle shear modulus, geometry mesh size, rotating speed, coefficient of restitution and time step have no impact on wear volume. As expected, increasing indentation force results in a proportional increase. For maintaining wear characteristic and reducing simulation time, the geometry mesh size is recommended. To further reduce simulation time, it is inappropriate using lower particle shear modulus. However, the maximum time step can be increased to 187% TR without compromising simulation accuracy. Research limitations/implications The applied coefficient of sliding wear is determined based on theoretical and experimental studies of a spherical head of iron ore particle. To predict realistic volume loss in the iron ore-handling industry, this coefficient should be experimentally determined by taking into account the non-spherical shapes of iron ore particles. Practical implications The effects of DEM parameters on sliding wear are revealed, enabling the selections of adequate values to predict sliding wear in the iron ore-handling industry. Originality/value The accuracy and stability to predict sliding wear by using EDEM® 2.7.1 are verified. Besides, this research accelerates the calibration of sliding wear prediction by DEM.
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Alonso, Angélica Castilho, Guilherme Carlos Brech, Andréia Moraes Bourquin, and Julia Maria D'Andréa Greve. "The influence of lower-limb dominance on postural balance." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 129, no. 6 (December 2011): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802011000600007.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Maintainance of postural balance requires detection of body movements, integration of sensory information in the central nervous system and an appropriate motor response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether lower-limb dominance has an influence on postural balance. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) and at Hospital do Coração (HCor). METHODS: Forty healthy sedentary males aged 20 to 40 years, without any injuries, were evaluated. A single-foot balance test was carried out using the Biodex Balance System equipment, comparing the dominant leg with the nondominant leg of the same individual. The instability protocols used were level 8 (more stable) and level 2 (less stable), and three instability indices were calculated: anteroposterior, mediolateral and general. RESULTS: The volunteers' mean age was 26 ± 5 years (range: 20-38), mean weight 72.3 ± 11 kg (range: 46-107) and mean height 176 ± 6 cm (range: 169-186). Thirty-four of them (85%) presented right-leg dominance (defined according to which leg they used for kicking) and six (15%) had left-leg dominance. There were no significant differences between the dominant and nondominant legs at the two levels of stability (eight and two), for any of the instability indices (general, anteroposterior and mediolateral). CONCLUSION: The lower-limb dominance did not influence single-foot balance among sedentary males.
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Hachisuka, K., M. Takahashi, H. Ogata, S. Ohmine, H. Shitama, and K. Shinkoda. "Properties of the flexible pressure sensor under laboratory conditions simulating the internal environment of the total surface bearing socket." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 22, no. 3 (December 1998): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649809164483.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of the flexible pressure sensor under laboratory conditions simulating the internal environment of the total surface bearing (TSB) socket to determine optimal conditions for measuring normal stresses on the stump. The equipment used in the study was the Pressure Distribution Sensor System for Sockets. In a climatic chamber maintained at 37d`C and 70% humidity the sensor sheet was mounted on a measuring apparatus loaded with three 10 kg weights, and output from the sensor was records after loading was adopted as the measured output. Output was greater when weight was decreased than when weight was increased because of hysteresis (paired t-test, p<0.05). The sensor had temperature sensitivity but differences in output were not statistically significant (paired t-test, 0.10>p>0.05). There were no significant differences in output among five sensor sheets or among five sections of four sensor sheets (two-way ANOVA, p>0.05), but repeated loading on the same section of the sensor sheet increased output (two-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Reproducibility and sensitivity distribution of the sensor are considered satisfatory under laboratory conditions, but measurements of rapid and repetitive movements may not be accurate and comparing subtle changes in output from a single sensor is not suitable. The reliability of the sensor in a clinical setting for measuring normal stresses on the stump with the TSB socket should be examined.
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Andersen, Peter Bach, Seyedmostafa Hashemi Toghroljerdi, Tiago Sousa, Thomas Meier Soerensen, Lance Noel, and Bjoern Christensen. "The Parker Project: Cross-Brand Service Testing Using V2G." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040066.
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The Parker project sought to experimentally validate that contemporary series-produced electric vehicles (EVs), capable of V2G, are ready to participate in a number of advanced grid services. In such services, the timing, size and direction of power and energy exchanged between the EV battery and grid is controlled as to support either a single building, the local neighborhood or the regional power system. Vehicles purposely designed for such services are referred to as grid integrated electric vehicles (GIVs). The field of research, describing how GIVs may be used to actively support the power system, is called Vehicle–Grid Integration (VGI).The purpose of this paper is to present how the Danish Parker project has systematically categorized a range of grid services, collected in a service catalog, and then illustrate state-of-the-art EVs ability to support such services through experimental validation. Results are presented for three different tests performed in Parker; marginal emission factor charging, frequency containment reserves and a performance test for controlling power setpoints. The ultimate aim of this paper, and the Parker project, is to promote the GIV concept so that it may inform the design and capabilities of present and future EVs, EV supply equipment (EVSE) and communication standards.
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Qu, Xishuai, Chenxi Qu, Tao Ma, Peng Yin, Ning Zhao, Yumeng Xia, and Shengguan Qu. "Effects of an industrial passive assistive exoskeleton on muscle activity, oxygen consumption and subjective responses during lifting tasks." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): e0245629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245629.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an industrial passive assisted exoskeleton (IPAE) with simulated lifting tasks on muscle activity, oxygen consumption, perceived level of exertion, local perceived pressure, and systemic usability. Eight workers were required to complete two lifting tasks with and without the IPAE, that were single lifting tasks (repeated 5 times) and 15 min repeated lifting tasks respectively. Both of the tasks required subjects to remove a toolbox from the ground to the waist height. The test results showed that IPAE significantly reduced the muscle activity of the lumbar erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, middle deltoid and labrum-biceps muscles; the reduction effect during the 15 min lifting task was reached 21%, 12%, 32% and 38% respectively. The exoskeleton did not cause significant differences in oxygen consumption and the perceived level of exertion, but local perceived pressure on the shoulders, thighs, wrists, and waist of the subjects could be produced. 50% of the subjects rated the usability of the equipment as acceptable. The results illustrate the good potential of the exoskeleton to reduce the muscle activity of the low back and upper arms. However, there is still a concern for the obvious contact pressure.
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Beilenhoff, Ulrike, Holger Biering, Reinhard Blum, Jadranka Brljak, Monica Cimbro, Jean-Marc Dumonceau, Cesare Hassan, et al. "Prevention of multidrug-resistant infections from contaminated duodenoscopes: Position Statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates (ESGENA)." Endoscopy 49, no. 11 (October 16, 2017): 1098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-120523.
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Patients should be informed about the benefits and risks of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)Only specially trained and competent personnel should carry out endoscope reprocessing.Manufacturers of duodenoscopes should provide detailed instructions on how to use and reprocess their equipment.In the case of modifications to their equipment, manufacturers should provide updated instructions for use.Detailed reprocessing protocols based on the manufacturer’s instructions for use should clearly lay out the different reprocessing steps necessary for each endoscope model.Appropriate cleaning equipment should be used for duodenoscopes in compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions for use. Only purpose-designed, endoscope type-specific, single-use cleaning brushes should be used, to ensure optimal cleaning. As soon as the endoscope is withdrawn from the patient, bedside cleaning should be performed, followed by leak testing, thorough manual cleaning steps, and automated reprocessing, in order to:In addition to the leak test, visual inspection of the distal end as well as regular maintenance of duodenoscopes should be performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions for use, in order to detect any damage at an early stage.The entire reprocessing procedure in endoscope washer-disinfectors (EWDs) should be validated according to the European and International Standard, EN ISO 15883. Routine technical tests of EWDs should be performed according to the validation reports.Microbiological surveillance of a proportion of the department’s endoscopes should be performed every 3 months, with the requirement that all endoscopes used in the unit are tested at least once a year.In the case of suspected endoscopy-related infection, the relevant device (e. g., endoscope, EWD) should be taken out of service until adequate corrective actions have been taken. Outbreaks should be managed by a multidisciplinary team, including endoscopy, hygiene, and microbiology experts, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies, according to national standards and/or laws. In the case of suspected multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) outbreaks, close cooperation between the endoscopy unit and the clinical health provider is essential (including infection control departments and hospital hygienists).
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Liu, Rui, Jing Sheng, Jie Ma, Guang Yang, Xuefei Dong, and Yongsheng Liang. "Knock combustion investigation on a two-stroke spark ignition UAV engine burning RP-3 kerosene fuel." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 10 (November 4, 2019): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-08-2018-0232.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the knock combustion characteristics, including the combustion pressure, heat release rate (HRR) and knock intensity of aviation kerosene fuel, that is, Rocket Propellant 3 (RP-3), on a port-injected two-stoke spark ignition (SI) engine. Design/methodology/approach Experimental investigation using a bench test and the statistical analysis of data to reflect the knock combustion characteristics of the two-stroke SI unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine on RP-3 kerosene fuel. Findings Under the full load condition of 4,000 rpm, at the ignition timing of 25 degree of crank angle (°CA) before top dead centre (BTDC), the knock combustion is sensitive to the thinner mixture; therefore, the knock begins to occur when the excess air ratio is larger than 1.0. When the excess air ratio is set as 1.2, the knock obviously appears with the highest knock intensity. At the excess air ratio of 1.2, better engine performance is obtained at the ignition timing range of 20-30 °CA BTDC. However, the ignition timing at 30° CA BTDC significantly increases the peak combustion pressure and knock intensity with the advancing heat release process. Practical implications Gasoline has a low flash point, a high-saturated vapour pressure and relatively high volatility, and it is a potential hazard near a naked flame at room temperature, which can create significant security risks for its storage, transport and use. The authors adopt a low-volatility single RP-3 kerosene fuel for all vehicles and equipment to minimise the number of different devices using various fuels and improve the military application safety. Originality/value Most two-stroke SI UAV engines for military applications burn gasoline. A kerosene-based fuel for stable engine operation can be achieved because the knock combustion can be effectively suppressed through the combined adjustment of the fuel amount and spark timing.
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Martin, Kevin D., Alicia Unangst, and Jaime Chisholm. "Fracture Immobilization in an Austere Environment: A Comparative Study of Military Special Operations Medical Personnel using a SAM Splint vs a One-Step Spray on Foam." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00297.
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Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Improved body-armor and mine resistant vehicles have improved battlefield survivability, but now nearly 50% of casualties have a musculoskeletal extremity injury. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate current SAM splint techniques utilized for a distal Tib/Fib fracture verse a new one-step spray on foam immobilization technique. Methods: A cadaveric model with a distal third combined tibia-fibula fracture was used for testing. The specimens were placed in an austere environment and participants immobilized the injury with standard equipment (SAM splint, 6in Ace wrap). The test group immobilized the injury with a one-step in-situ spray on foam splint. Results: Twenty-one military Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) medical personnel (11 Medics, 4 PAs, 6 Physicians) participated with an average of 7.7 years as a provider and 25.4 months deployed in a combat theater. Each participant was observed and scored by a single orthopedic foot and ankle surgeon using a Likert scale based on 10 splinting criteria. Standard SAM splinting resulted in an average score of 32.2 (range, 5-50), with significant deficiencies in fracture traction (1/5), fracture motion (2.9/5), protection of neurovascular structures (3/5), and soft tissue manipulation (3/5). The average time to completion was (203 sec), with one splint failure. The spray on foam splinting technique yielded a significantly higher score of 48.5 while completing the task significantly faster at 68 sec with no failures. Conclusion: JSOC medical personnel demonstrated overwhelming success in immobilizing a complex extremity fracture with a SAM splint. Testing demonstrated the inherent inability of the SAM splint to provide longitudinal traction while simultaneously allowing excessive fracture motion and potential injury to the soft tissues. In addition, our spray-on foam proof of concept technique eliminated motion and provided traction by allowing in-situ application with adequate rigidity.
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Muir, Carlyn, John Gilbert, Rebecca O’Hara, Lesley Day, and Stuart Newstead. "Physical bushfire preparation over time in Victoria, Australia." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 26, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-06-2016-0126.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of physical preparation for bushfire among Victorian residents in established high risk bushfire locations, and to assess whether these levels of preparation changed over time. Design/methodology/approach Data were analysed from a telephone survey among Victorian residents (n=614-629) living in high risk bushfire locations over a three-year period (2012-2014). The survey measured residents’ bushfire awareness, knowledge, planning, preparation and engagement with bushfire services. This paper focusses on the extent to which respondents undertook physical preparatory bushfire activities over the three-year period using: first, principal components analysis to generate a single preparation variable by identifying a smaller number of uncorrelated variables (or principal components) from a larger set of data, second, analysis of variance to assess differences in preparation scores between years, and third, Tukey’s honest significant difference test to confirm where the differences occurred between groups. Findings Results indicated only moderate levels of physical preparation for bushfires amongst respondents. The activities that respondents rated the lowest were: “having protective covers for windows” and “having firefighting equipment to protect the house”. A significant difference in total preparation scores over time was observed, F(2, 1,715)=6.159, p<0.005, with lower scores in 2012 compared with 2013 and 2014 scores. Social implications This study found some marginal improvements in levels of physical bushfire preparation from 2012 to 2014. However, the results indicate only moderate levels of preparation overall, despite respondents living in established high risk locations. Originality/value This study provides evidence for the current levels of preparedness in high risk bushfire communities, and emphasises the need for future initiatives to focus on specific bushfire preparation activities but also to consider the broader range of interventions that are likely to contribute to desired safety outcomes.
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Li, Heng, Greg Chan, Martin Skitmore, and Ting Huang. "A 4D automatic simulation tool for construction resource planning: a case study." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 22, no. 5 (September 21, 2015): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2014-0093.
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Purpose – Traditional construction planning relies upon the critical path method and bar charts. Both of these methods suffer from visualization and timing issues that could be addressed by 4D technology specifically geared to meet the needs of the construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new construction planning approach based on simulation by using a game engine. Design/methodology/approach – A 4D automatic simulation tool was developed and a case study was carried out. The proposed tool was used to simulate and optimize the plans for the installation of a temporary platform for piling in a civil construction project in Hong Kong. The tool simulated the result of the construction process with three variables: equipment, site layout and schedule. Through this, the construction team was able to repeatedly simulate a range of options. Findings – The results indicate that the proposed approach can provide a user-friendly 4D simulation platform for the construction industry. The simulation can also identify the solution being sought by the construction team. The paper also identifies directions for further development of the 4D technology as an aid in construction planning and decision making. Research limitations/implications – The tests on the tool are limited to a single case study and further research is needed to test the use of game engines for construction planning in different construction projects to verify its effectiveness. Future research could also explore the use of alternative game engines and compare their performance and results. Originality/value – The authors proposed the use of game engine to simulate the construction process based on resources, working space and construction schedule. The developed tool can be used by end-users without simulation experience.
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Osincev, K., and N. Kuznecov. "A Hydraulic Testing Procedure for Polypropylene Pipes Wall Rupture." Safety in Technosphere 9, no. 1 (October 13, 2020): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-071x-2020-60-63.
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Polypropylene pipes have a significant drawback – high values of the heat-stretch factor. Material properties are changing as the temperature rises, and material is exposed to increased pressure in the pipeline. In such a case, operation of polypropylene pipes is becoming unsafe. One of the known methods for heat-stretch reducing is reinforcement. Reinforcement is performed with aluminum foil or fiberglass. The properties of reinforced polypropylene pipes have not been fully investigating. Such pipes must go through a long operation cycle in order to enterprises could evaluate their properties, primarily such reliability characteristics as infallibility, maintainability, lifetime, and storability. There are no separate Russian National Standards for the properties and characteristics of polypropylene pipes, and for their types in Russia, as well as standard methods for hydraulic tests on destructive inspection at manufacturers. In industry, as well as in housing and utilities sector, are used pipeline valves of different purpose. Reliable and safe enterprise operation depends on the smooth running of equipment, pipelines and valves. In this regard, authors propose to consider valves and pipeline together at determining of reliability indicators. A method of destructive inspection is proposed, whereby the valves and the pipeline are tested together, that are corresponding to the most probable scenarios for the emergency development. The concept basic part includes the definition of a mandatory algorithm for destructive inspection actions during hydraulic testing of polypropylene pipes on a test load. Strength test methods for ball valves, pipelines and their joints have been described in the relevant Interstate, Federal or Industry Standards and Regulations. However, it is advisable to introduce additional standards for static strength testing of polypropylene pipes. The new standard will allow single out reinforced polypropylene pipes in a separate category, provide a definition for such pipes, and also take into account the influence of external factors on the condition of pipelines, their connections and valves.
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Anisimova, Tatiana. "The effects of corporate brand symbolism on consumer satisfaction and loyalty." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 28, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2015-0086.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of corporate brand symbolism on consumer satisfaction and loyalty on a sample of Australian automobile consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Survey research was employed to test the study hypotheses. The regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between an independent variable (corporate brand symbolism) and dependent variables (consumer satisfaction and loyalty). Findings – Support was found for all hypotheses formulated in this study. Regression results reveal consistent favourable and significant effects of corporate brand symbolism on both consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Research limitations/implications – Although this paper makes contributions in international marketing, the cross-sectional nature of the data collection method limits the information gained to the single point in time. This research studied the impact of corporate brand symbolism on consumers of one original equipment manufacturers (OEM). Having a larger number of participating car manufacturers/OEMs would have provided a wider insight. However, time and resources limitation did not allow to study a larger sample. In the future, practitioners are recommended to further understand the relationship between self and social aspects of brand symbolism in order to formulate more targeted communication strategies. Practical implications – The findings of this study point to the strategic role of the brand in generating both satisfaction and loyalty. In the light of increasing advertising costs and decreasing consumer loyalty, strengthening corporate brand symbolism makes a lot of economic sense. The findings suggest that managers need to take into account consumer need for identity expression and consider this in their branding strategies. Social implications – Humans are social beings by nature. However, international brand research has paid relatively little attention to how products are used by consumers in everyday life, including their social life. Consumer behaviours increasingly depend on social meanings they imbue brands with beyond products’ functional utility. It is argued the focus of symbolic consumption needs to be broadened and integrated more with social science concepts. Originality/value – This study captures a construct of corporate brand symbolism by including self and social aspects of symbolism. The current study also comprehensively measures consumer loyalty, including cognitive, affective and behavioural types of loyalty.
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Benato, Alberto, Anna Stoppato, Francesco De Vanna, and Fabio Schiro. "Spraying Cooling System for PV Modules: Experimental Measurements for Temperature Trends Assessment and System Design Feasibility." Designs 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs5020025.
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The hallmark of the PhotoVoltaic (PV) electricity generation is its sustainability, while its main weakness is the low conversion efficiency. A drawback to which is added the PV cell sensitivity to temperature variations: the higher the cell operating temperature, the lower the efficiency. Considering that in-operation modules reach a conversion efficiency in the range of 10 to 15%, there is an urgent need to control their temperature to enhance the electricity generation. To this purpose, the authors developed a PV spraying cooling system able to drastically knockdown modules operating temperature. Using experimental measurements acquired through a dedicated test rig and after an in-depth literature review, the authors analyze the nozzles number, geometry, and position, as well as water and module’s temperature distribution, limestones formation, degradation of front glass properties, water consumption, and module power production with and without the cooling system. The experimental campaign shows that a cooling system equipped with three nozzles with a spraying angle of 90°, powered by water at 1.5 bar and managed in ON/OFF mode (30 s on to 180 s off), can improve the module’s efficiency from 11.18% to 13.27% thanks to a temperature reduction of up to 24 °C. Despite the improvement in electricity production (from 178.88 W to 212.31 W per single module), at the time of writing, the equipment and installation costs as well as the plant arrangement complexity make the investment not eligible for financing also in the case of a 1 MW floating PV facilities.
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Hsu, Chin-Chun, Keah Choon Tan, and Tritos Laosirihongthong. "Antecedents of SCM practices in ASEAN automotive industry." International Journal of Logistics Management 25, no. 2 (August 5, 2014): 334–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-06-2012-0050.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how corporate entrepreneurship, social capital and resources contribute to the implementation of supply chain management (SCM) practices in Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) automotive industry. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual framework of antecedents of SCM practices and several research hypotheses were proposed. Hypotheses were tested with data from original equipment manufacturers suppliers in the ASEAN automotive manufacturing industry. Confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regressions were used to test the hypotheses. Findings – The analysis of survey data suggests that corporate entrepreneurship theory and social capital theory play a key role in motivating and preceding SCM practices. However, traditional resource-based explanations of SCM decisions by western manufacturing firms do not always apply to ASEAN automotive suppliers. Research limitations/implications – This paper may have excluded some crucial constructs that affect SCM practices. This study also suffers from the common limitations of empirical research, including the reliance on a single respondent. Prior studies suggest that firms with better resources are likely to create more effective SCM operations. This study contributes to the literature by adding behavioral explanations to the research stream. That is, drawing on corporate entrepreneurship and social capital theories, the authors’ link firm behavioral factors to their resources and thus help explains SCM practices. Practical implications – This study provides some notable managerial implications. The study shows that to implement successful SCM practices, emerging ASEAN automotive suppliers should exploit both the internal and external antecedents of SCM. Internal antecedent in the form of corporate entrepreneurship that measures a firm's innovativeness and proactiveness, and external antecedent in the form of social capital that measures a firm's relationships with its supply chain members are important factors that affect SCM practices. Also, these factors are important in counteracting the adverse forces of the environmental uncertainty to improve performance. Originality/value – These findings extend prior research by establishing the importance of the relationships between SCM practices and its antecedents. Also, this is one of the few studies that specifically examined the ASEAN automotive industry.
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Hunagund, Irappa Basappa, V. Madhusudanan Pillai, and Ujjani Nagegowda Kempaiah. "Design of robust layout for unequal area dynamic facility layout problems with flexible bays structure." Journal of Facilities Management 18, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 361–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-04-2020-0028.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model for the design of robust layout for unequal area-dynamic facility layout problem with flexible bay structure (UA-DFLP with FBS) and test the suitability of generated robust layout in a dynamic environment. Design/methodology/approach This research adopts formulation of a mathematical model for generating a single layout for unequal area facility layout problems with flexible bay structure under dynamic environment. The formulated model for the robust layout formation is solved by developing a simulated annealing algorithm. The proposed robust approach model for UA-DFLP with FBS is validated by conducting numerical experiments on standard UA-DFLPs reported in the literature. The suitability of the generated robust layout in a dynamic environment is tested with total penalty cost criteria. Findings The proposed model has given a better solution for some UA-DFLPs with FBS in comparison with the adaptive approach’s solution reported in the literature. The total penalty cost is within the specified limit given in the literature, for most of the layouts generated for UA-DFLPs with FBS. In the proposed model, there is no rearrangement of facilities in various periods of planning horizon and thus no disruptions in operations. Research limitations/implications The present work has limitations that when the area and aspect ratio of the facilities are required to change from one period to another, then it is not possible to make application of the robust approach-based formulation to the dynamic environment facility layout problems. Practical implications Rearrangement of facilities in adaptive approach disrupts the operations whereas in the proposed approach no disruption of production. The FBS approach is more suitable for layout planning where proper aisle structure is required. The solution of the proposed approach helps to create a proper aisle structure in the detailed layout plan. Thus, easy interaction of the material handling equipment, men and materials is possible. Originality/value This paper proposes a mathematical formulation for the design of robust layout for UA-FLPs with FBS in a dynamic environment and an efficient simulated annealing algorithm as its solution procedure. The proposed robust approach generates a single layout for the entire planning horizon. This approach is more useful for facilities which are difficult/sensitive to relocate in various periods of the planning horizon.
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Dadashnejad, Ali-Asghar, and Changiz Valmohammadi. "Investigating the effect of value stream mapping on operational losses: a case study." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 478–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-11-2017-0123.
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Purpose One of most important tools for lean production is value stream mapping (VSM), which identifies and reduces errors, losses, waiting time and improves value adding time, leading to enhanced product quality through empowering production unit in terms of production risk and cost reduction in the long term. This paper aims to present a general concept for production flow, such that value stream can be fully understood. For this purpose, this research investigates the effect of value stream on operational losses and analyzes the process that has been conducted in preview step operationally, using the discovered pattern. Design/methodology/approach In this research, related processes were evaluated after the review of the relevant literature and after extracting operational basics of lean approach using a questionnaire, such that all factors affecting operational losses and VSM were assessed. Then comparison between the result of current state map and the result of future state map were done and analyzed. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to test the designed questionnaire’s reliability, which resulted in an acceptable level of 0.845. The structural equation modeling method through SPSS and Smart–Partial Least Square was applied to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Findings The results reveal that implementing required changes and corrections will lead directly to production process improvement, which, in turn, results in higher customer satisfaction because of cost reduction and quality enhancement. Also, tests of the hypotheses confirm that VSM affects six operational losses, namely, equipment failures, set-up and changeovers, idling and minor stoppages, reduced speed operation, scrap and rework and startup losses. Research limitations/implications Though this study was done in a single manufacturing company, the implementation of this study delivers important results that can be deployed in other such manufacturing companies. Practical implications This tool helps to identify loss points, make right decisions, and choose the best methods and lean tools for improvement. The surveyed company can integrate lean principles and tools and achieve better results using this tool. Also, this tool could be used to analyze the process and to define necessary changes before changing the process components. Originality/value This study contributes to the body of knowledge in manufacturing research as the study regarding the effects of improvement opportunities identified through VSM on operational losses is still something new.
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Liu, Bai Fen, and Ying Gao. "The Test Equipment Based on Single Chip Micro (SCM) of Volt-Ampere Characteristic of CT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1726.
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Nowadays, various test equipment tend to be more intelligent, the test equipment of the volt-ampere characteristic of CT is so too. As the development of the electronics, VLSI(SCM) is manufactured. The purpose of our project is to scheme out a intelligent test system by the computer technique and the test technique. This equipment is mostly made of the SCM system and the peripheral equipment. We control the output of the digital transformer by SCM. The output voltage can make the TL494 create PWM wave. The wave is the control signal of the main circuit. The output wave of the main circuit is the sine wave, and the value of the output can be amended automatically. Compared with the traditional equipment, this equipment is smaller and use less energy, but its function is more powerful. It can be programmable. We can take it more expediently. So, this kind of equipment can be used widely in the future.
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Degtereva, Ekaterina A., and Anna M. Chernysheva. "Militaryeconomic cooperation of the CSTO and EAEU member states with third countries: challenges and threats to Russia." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 663–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-4-663-678.
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The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) was founded in 1992 for military-economic cooperation of member countries and mainly reflects the intention of Russia to maintain its zone of influence on the territory of the former USSR. In continuation of this policy, an agreement was concluded on the foundation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which began its operation in 2015 and provides a certain freedom of movement of goods (services), capital and labor. These organizations provide effective interaction between the CSTO member states and the EAEU including common space between the countries and their development in a single trajectory, which allows to obtain a synergistic effect on the international arena. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the level of military-economic cooperation between the CSTO and EAEU member states. The purpose of this article was to study the challenges and threats to the Russia of military-economic cooperation of the CSTO and EAEU member states with third countries. To achieve this goal, military-economic cooperation of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia with third countries was examined and proposals were made for replacing purchases on the arms market with Russian counterparts. Some CSTO and EAEU countries seek to diversify their purchases in the arms market, providing a program of independent military development with the development of military-industrial cooperation with third countries. This situation forces Russia to ensure the development of plans for the import substitution of military products with Russian counterparts on the market of the CSTO and the EAEU. To test this hypothesis, we reviewed and analyzed publicly available statistics and documents, including data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. In the course of data analysis, it was proved that Belarus, Kazakhstan and partially Armenia diversify their purchases of military equipment and weapons by actively developing military-economic cooperation with third countries, including China.
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Khoriri, Syaifurrizal, Sri Subekti, and Titin Agustina. "PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI DALAM MENERAPKAN PROGRAM SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) BERBASIS KEGIATAN KELOMPOK." AGRITEXTS: Journal of Agricultural Extension 42, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agritexts.v42i1.43312.
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System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is one of the agricultural technology obtained from the extension program in improving the ability of farmers' cropping pattern on their farming. The purpose of this research is (1) to identify the empowerment of the SRI farmers and (2)to identify farmer group strategies in empowering farmers through the SRI program. The method used descriptive qualitative. The research area was done intentionally in barokah farmer group Rowotengah Village Sumberbaru District Jember Regency. The key informant were usingleader of farmer group with Agricultural Extension Farmer and the secondary informant were member of farmer group. The data was collected by using interviews, observation and documentation. The result of the research concluded that: (1) the ability of farmers in implementing SRI’s program conducted by (a) farmer of SRI program were based on farmers' choice due to production facilities support, see the success of the initial farmer, self-test results and the opportunities of barokah farmer group as the program recepient because of the potential land, irigation and the dynamics of farmers group, (b) farmers' ability to access farming needs in increasing production by transplanting of young seedling, transplanting of single seedling, wide plant spacing and compost application, (c) farmers' ability to complain in the case of snail attack and the rapid growth of grass, (d) farmers' ability to reach SRI's planting technology through farmer group functions, (e) improvement of farmer resource capability, and (f) farmers' ability to optimize the production facilities in increasing crop production and income. (2) The group's strategy of empowering farmers is done by a) motivating of rice planter by doubling wages, b) giving of materials and training on the land, c) group management on program planning, implementation and evaluation, d) mobilizing farmers to use hybrid seed, and e) improvement of farming using SRI planting equipment.
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Borysova, A., and V. Nizhnyk. "METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE CRITICAL SURFACE DENSITY OF THE HEAT FLOW FROM THE WIND INFLUENCE." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 156 (July 1, 2020): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-3-156-200-203.
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According to the results of the analysis of methods for determining the critical value of the surface heat flux density for substances and materials, it is established that there is no single approach to determining the critical surface heat flux density for substances and materials today. The development of the method of experimental research of the dependence of the critical surface density of the heat flow from the wind influence as a basis for substantiation of the regularity of change of density of a heat stream from wind influence is an actual scientific task. The article analyzes the current state of the study of the critical surface heat flux density. A method has been developed and experimental studies of the values of the surface heat flux density from wind exposure for substances and materials have been carried out. At the time of experimental research, the regularities of the change in the heat flux density depending on the influence of the amount of airflow introduced into the study space were determined. The purpose of the study is to identify the pattern of changes in the heat flux density of substances and materials depending on the influence of the amount of airflow introduced into the study space. To achieve this goal it is necessary to justify the type and quantity of required test and measuring equipment, as well as the number, shape, and design of sample fragments, justify the methodology of experimental studies of samples under the influence of airflow of different speeds, justify the range of wind speed. The article briefly presents the procedure for conducting experimental research. The obtained data will be used for further research of the flammability of substances and materials. Keywords: critical surface heat flux density, heat flux, heat transfer, radiation heat transfer
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Бросиус, David Brosius, Шуберт, Frank Schubert, Хильманн, Susanne Hillmann, Бор, and Zsolt Bor. "Validation of an Ultrasonic-Phased Array Method for Testing of Circumferential Welds at Thin-Walled Pipes." NDT World 19, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21154.
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Introduction. For testing of circumferential welds at thin-walled pipes with wall thickness lower than 6 mm using ultrasonic methods no standardization is available at the moment. Nevertheless, there are newest technologies available such as ultrasonic-phased-array technique and semi-automated handheld-scanner for pipes, with which it is possible to achieve promising and reliable results in that area. In order to bring the technique in operation in the field of coal-fired power plants or petrochemical industry a validation is needed, which will be approved by the inspecting authorities.
Method. In that article we will present a successful validation of an ultrasonic-phased- array method for testing circumferential welds at thin-walled pipes with a wall thickness lower than 6 mm. Therefore, the complete geometry area was divided into several clusters, and single elements of that matrix were validated. The procedure conforms to the guideline VGB R-516 and other established standards. Besides theoretical analysis including simulations of the sound paths and reflections, extensive practical tests were performed. For this purpose six typical types of defects were analyzed by using a large number of test samples and the probability of detection was determined using this practical method.
Result. The result of this work is a report for validation for each geometry cluster of the pipes including an inspection instruction and a qualification instruction for the testing equipment and the calibration samples.
Conclusion. Based on that validations the ultrasonic-phased-array method was accepted by the inspecting authorities and thereby allowed to use in the regulated area of coal-fired power plants by a NDT-service provider and was applied very successful at several thousand welds.
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Yingling, Vanessa R., Dimitri A. Castro, Justin T. Duong, Fiorella J. Malpartida, Justin R. Usher, and Jenny O. "The reliability of vertical jump tests between the Vertec and My Jump phone application." PeerJ 6 (April 20, 2018): e4669. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4669.
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Background The vertical jump is used to estimate sports performance capabilities and physical fitness in children, elderly, non-athletic and injured individuals. Different jump techniques and measurement tools are available to assess vertical jump height and peak power; however, their use is limited by access to laboratory settings, excessive cost and/or time constraints thus making these tools oftentimes unsuitable for field assessment. A popular field test uses the Vertec and the Sargent vertical jump with countermovement; however, new low cost, easy to use tools are becoming available, including the My Jump iOS mobile application (app). The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the My Jump relative to values obtained by the Vertec for the Sargent stand and reach vertical jump (VJ) test. Methods One hundred and thirty-five healthy participants aged 18–39 years (94 males, 41 females) completed three maximal Sargent VJ with countermovement that were simultaneously measured using the Vertec and the My Jump. Jump heights were quantified for each jump and peak power was calculated using the Sayers equation. Four separate ICC estimates and their 95% confidence intervals were used to assess reliability. Two analyses (with jump height and calculated peak power as the dependent variables, respectively) were based on a single rater, consistency, two-way mixed-effects model, while two others (with jump height and calculated peak power as the dependent variables, respectively) were based on a single rater, absolute agreement, two-way mixed-effects model. Results Moderate to excellent reliability relative to the degree of consistency between the Vertec and My Jump values was found for jump height (ICC = 0.813; 95% CI [0.747–0.863]) and calculated peak power (ICC = 0.926; 95% CI [0.897–0.947]). However, poor to good reliability relative to absolute agreement for VJ height (ICC = 0.665; 95% CI [0.050–0.859]) and poor to excellent reliability relative to absolute agreement for peak power (ICC = 0.851; 95% CI [0.272–0.946]) between the Vertec and My Jump values were found; Vertec VJ height, and thus, Vertec calculated peak power values, were significantly higher than those calculated from My Jump values (p < 0.0001). Discussion The My Jump app may provide a reliable measure of vertical jump height and calculated peak power in multiple field and laboratory settings without the need of costly equipment such as force plates or Vertec. The reliability relative to degree of consistency between the Vertec and My Jump app was moderate to excellent. However, the reliability relative to absolute agreement between Vertec and My Jump values contained significant variation (based on CI values), thus, it is recommended that either the My Jump or the Vertec be used to assess VJ height in repeated measures within subjects’ designs; these measurement tools should not be considered interchangeable within subjects or in group measurement designs.
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Wong, Winnie S., and Catherine M. Klapperich. "A Multiplexed Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18 Diagnostic Chip for Cervical Cancer in Limited-Resource Settings." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 1 (March 2018): 11s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.30000.
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Abstract 16 Purpose Despite being treatable, cervical cancer is responsible for 300,000 deaths annually and is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The burden of cervical cancer disproportionately falls on developing countries, where 87% of deaths occur from limited or no resources for screening. Of cervical cancer cases, 99% are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), with more than 70% of cases from HPV genotypes 16 and 18. We developed a low-cost cervical cancer diagnostic chip to detect HPV 16 and 18 DNA quickly and reliably in limited-resource settings (LRSs). Methods Unlike conventional HPV diagnostics that use polymerase chain reaction and resource-intensive equipment, our chip used isothermal—one temperature—amplification, specifically loop-mediated amplification, and required only a heat source, which made it suitable for LRSs. Amplified DNA was visually detected on a lateral flow strip, which is similar to a pregnancy test, providing a simple yes or no readout. Specific line patterns indicated the presence of HPV 16, 18, both, or neither. Each chip was single use and self-contained to be easily disposed of as biohazard waste, which reduced the risk of contamination and false positives. Results The loop-mediated amplification assay was optimized to detect HPV 16 and 18 simultaneously. Sensitive and specific amplification of cloned HPV 16 and 18 DNA was achieved and confirmed via specific restriction enzyme digests. The lower limit of detection was 104 and 103 copies for HPV 16 and 18, respectively. Clinical samples, namely discarded cervical swab samples, were also tested with the chip. Results were comparable with the gold standard of polymerase chain reaction, which proves that the chip is feasible for clinical samples. Time to result was less than 1 hour, making the chip appropriate for LRSs. Conclusion Our multiplexed HPV 16 and 18 diagnostic chip is clinically relevant and provides a much-needed screening method for LRSs. The chip will increase access to screening for a treatable cancer and provide a faster route to treatment as well as a decrease in deaths from cervical cancer. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.
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Palomino, J. M., R. B. McCorkell, M. Anzar, M. R. Woodbury, N. Hawkins, J. Prentice, B. Toosi, and G. P. Adams. "227 SUPEROVULATION AND EMBRYO COLLECTION IN WOOD BISON DURING THE ANOVULATORY SEASON." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab227.
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Brucellosis and tuberculosis are endemic in Wood Buffalo National Park, the largest reserve of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) in Canada. Our goal is to produce and preserve disease-free embryos for the purpose of wood bison repopulation. This study was designed to determine if embryo collection is feasible in wood bison during the anovulatory season (May–July) and to test if progesterone priming is required for superovulation. A 2-by-2 design was used to determine the effectiveness of LH (Lutropin) or hCG (Chorulon) for induction of ovulation with or without intravaginal progesterone releasing device (PRID) in 32 wood bison cows. Follicular wave emergence was synchronized among bison by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle ablation. Synchronized bison were assigned to 4 groups: PRID+LH (n = 12), PRID+hCG (n = 4), no-PRID+LH (n = 12) and no-PRID+hCG (n = 4). A PRID was inserted on the day of follicular ablation in the respective groups. A single SC dose of 400 mg FSH (Folltropin) in a slow-release formulation was given the day after follicular ablation (i.e. on the expected day of a new follicular wave emergence, Day 0). The PRID was removed on Day 4 and either 25 mg LH or 2000 IU hCG was given IM on Day 5. Artificial insemination was done at 24, 36 and 48 h after LH or hCG treatment. Embryos were collected nonsurgically on Day 13 using commercial bovine equipment. Transrectal ultrasonography was done on Days 0, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 13 to record follicular and ovulatory responses. Count data (mean ± SEM) were analysed by two-way ANOVA and proportions by chi square. The number of ovulatory-sized follicles (≥10 mm) on Day 5 did not differ among groups (P = 0.33; Table 1). Ovulation rate (number of ovulations/number of follicles ≥10 mm) was greater in bison treated with hCG (P < 0.05; Table 1). The number of corpora lutea (CL) on Day 13 was greater in bison treated with hCG without a PRID (P < 0.05; Table 1). No differences in number of ova/embryos and transferable embryos were found among groups (P = 0.36 and P = 0.52, respectively; Table 1). In conclusion, progesterone priming (PRID) had no effect on ovarian superstimulation in wood bison in the anovulatory season. The ovulatory response was satisfactory only in bison treated with hCG. Embryo collection is feasible in wood bison, but the reasons for a low embryo collection rate in all groups remain unclear. Table 1.Response to superovulation and embryo collection in wood bison Funded by Advancing Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food and Agri-Food Innovation.
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Harrison, Jerrod J., Marissa K. Yorgey, Alexander J. Csiernik, Joseph H. Vogler, and Kenneth E. Games. "Clinician-Friendly Physical Performance Tests for the Knee." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1068–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.19.
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Reference: Hegedus EJ, McDonough S, Bleakley C, Cook CE, Baxter GD. Clinician-friendly lower extremity physical performance measures in athletes: a systematic review of measurement properties and correlation with injury. Part 1: the tests for knee function including the hop tests. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(10):642−648. Clinical Question: Do individual physical performance tests (PPTs) used as measures for lower extremity function have any relationship to injuries in athletes aged 12 years or older? Data Sources: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to locate articles. The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus, in addition to searching by hand. The search strategy combined the terms athlete, lower extremity, and synonyms of performance test with the names of performance tests. Study Selection: Studies were included if they involved a test that met the operational definition for a PPT. The included studies assessed components of sport function (eg, speed, agility, and power), determined readiness for return to sport, or predicted injury to the lower extremity. All PPT measures could be performed on the field, courtside, or in a gym with affordable, portable, and readily available equipment. Studies were excluded if they made use of 3-dimensional motion capture, force platforms, timing gates, treadmills, stationary bikes, metabolic charts, or another nonportable, costly testing device. Athletes were categorized on the Tegner Scale at a minimum of level 5, which is the lowest level that still encompasses competitive athletes. Studies were included if 50% or more of the participants were rated above 5 on the Tegner Scale. Studies were excluded if the sole purpose was to judge movement quality or range of motion. Studies were selected if they identified the knee or a knee injury as a focal point of the paper. Data Extraction: The Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) was used to critique the methodologic quality of each paper with a 4-point Likert scale. The title and methods of each paper were extracted. Extracted data were summarized using ratings of unknown, conflicting, limited, moderate, and strong. Main Results: An initial search revealed 3379 original articles for consideration. After initial review, 169 full-text articles were evaluated and 29 articles were included in the systematic review. Six tests were examined for the best evidence of methodologic quality: (1) 1-legged single hop for distance, (2) 1-legged triple hop for distance, (3) 6-m timed hop, (4) crossover hop for distance, (5) triple jump, and (6) 1-legged vertical jump. A summary of the methodologic properties of the 6 tests showed fair/poor reliability, fair/poor hypothesis testing, good criterion validity, and good/poor responsiveness. No tests predicted knee injury in athletes. Conclusions: Although numerous authors have evaluated PPTs at the knee, evidence for the measurement quality of these functional tests is limited and conflicting. Ample opportunity exists for researchers to further examine PPTs for the knee. Until more knowledge is gained about these PPTs, clinicians should exercise caution when making clinical decisions based on the results of these tests.
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Haskell, Andrew, and Todd Kim. "Implementation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Data Collection in a Private Orthopedic Surgery Practice." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 2473011416S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000013.
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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: The use of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) allows measurement of patient reported outcomes (PROs) through the fewest number of questions while achieving a higher precision, diminished floor and ceiling effects, and minimal administration burden compared with traditional methods. The National Institute of Health (NIH) created the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), a series of validated item banks that measure key clinical domains. Each item bank has as few as 4 questions or up to 12 questions depending on the subject’s answers. This study describes a method of administering the PROMIS CAT in a high volume Orthopedic Surgery practice, reports the administration burden and rate of patient capture, compares this population to previously reported national standards, and compares preoperative to postoperative pain item banks. Methods: The PROMIS CAT was intended to be collected prospectively for all patients as part of a standard intake. Patients used a tablet-based program that accesses the NIH PROMIS server generating a CAT in English or Spanish. Clinical domains include physical function, pain intensity, pain interference, global physical health, and global mental health. Scores for each domain and the time required were recorded in the patient’s electronic medical record (EMR) as part of their clinic visit, preserving confidentiality of the data and preventing the need for a separate database. De-identified data was retrospectively extracted from the EMR of every patient from March to December 2015. Results for each domain were compared to validated national norms using single variable t-test. Linear regression was used to assess the effect of age on outcome variables. Paired t-test was used to compare preoperative and postoperative pain intensity and pain interference when these scores were available. Results: 1688 PROMIS CATs were administered during 5345 visits (32%), reaching 70% as logistical issues were resolved. Patient age was 53±16. Completing the CAT required 157±164 seconds, with older patients taking 10.5 more seconds per decade (p < 0.05). The PROMIS item banks are normalized to mean 50±10 for the US population. Our results were: pain intensity 47.8±8.6*, pain interference 57.9±8.8*, physical function 40.1±9.0*, global physical health 43.3±9.6*, and global mental health 48.4±8.9 (*p < 0.05). Age has a small effect on all domains (p < 0.05). Approximately 20 patients are required to demonstrate a 15% change for a two-tailed, paired study with α=0.05 and 80% power. 109 patients had pre and postoperative PROMIS data. Pain intensity improved from 51.8±7.8 to 44.6±8.6 (p < 0.001) and pain interference improved from 60.1±8.8 to 55.5±9.0 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Using tablets to access PROMIS CATs and entering the data in the patient’s chart for later retrieval is an effective technique to collect PROs in a busy Orthopedic Surgery practice with limited resources and no research coordinator. The process adds 2.5 minutes to a patient’s intake and does not require a complicated database or expensive equipment or licensing. Adequate number of tablets and “buy in” from staff are needed for acceptable completion rates. Demonstrating improvement in PROs after surgery holds promise for comparative studies of surgical indications and techniques and highlights the value these interventions add to patient care.
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SIBBALD, I. R. "ESTIMATION OF BIOAVAILABLE AMINO ACIDS IN FEEDINGSTUFFS FOR POULTRY AND PIGS: A REVIEW WITH EMPHASIS ON BALANCE EXPERIMENTS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 221–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-028.
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A bioavailable nutrient has the potential to be utilized when ingested. Ideally, the nutrient requirements of animals and the nutrient concentrations of feedingstuffs should be expressed in terms of bioavailable units. Bioavailability is an abstract concept which cannot be measured but it can be estimated. The purpose of this review is to describe, evaluate and compare procedures used to estimate the concentrations of bioavailable amino acids (BAA) in feedingstuffs for pigs and poultry. Accurate and precise measurement of total amino acid (AA) concentrations is of fundamental importance to many assays. Problems are encountered both in making the AA available for measurement (hydrolysis) and in the measurement procedures. There is need for standardization of methodology but until this is achieved caution must be exercised when comparing data obtained by different techniques or even from different laboratories. In vitro assays for BAA are relatively fast and can be made without access to animals. Enzymic digestion has the potential to be a good estimator of BAA but is constrained by a lack of information about the bioavailabilities of the peptides which are liberated. Chemical assays and dye binding produce data which sometimes, but not always, correlate with biological estimates of BAA. The future of such assays seems to be in quality control where comparisons are made among samples within ingredients. Among the indirect biological assays, those based on microbial growth have received the most attention. The major weakness of such assays resides in the difference between animal and microbe in the ability to utilize peptides. Plasma free amino acids are not satisfactory estimators of BAA although they can help to identify limiting AA in feedingstuffs. Nitrogen digestion lacks the sensitivity to be a predictor of BAA. Growth assays are thought by many to be the ultimate measure of bioavailability but in fact they measure utility which is not the same. Nevertheless, growth assays can provide valuable estimates of BAA providing that their limitations are understood. The assays are expensive and slow and the results can be affected by many variables including changes in nutrient concentrations when a test material is added to an assay diet. Much of the review is devoted to balance experiments which require great care and attention to detail if reliable, reproducible data are to be obtained. Procedures have been refined during many years of use and with the advent of new equipment and techniques. Concern is currently focussed on corrections for metabolic and endogenous losses and on the effects of the microflora of the alimentary tract. Recent developments have increased assay efficiency, particularly with poultry. The balance experiment provides BAA estimates, that can be used effectively in diet formulation, at a much faster rate than growth assays. The final section of the review makes comparisons among various methods of estimating BAA. Interspecies comparisons are useful because they provide guidance when attempting to apply data derived with one species to formulate diets for another. The search for a single assay which provides data applicable to several species is a worthwhile objective. In the meantime, there are many assays used to estimate BAA which have specific applications and limitations. Key words: Pigs, poultry, amino acids, assay methodology, feedingstuffs, review
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Freibott, Christina, Seth C. Shoap, Sebastian F. Baumbach, Kathrin Rellensmann, Rami Alrabaa, Hans Polzer, Justin K. Greisberg, and J. Turner Vosseller. "Syndesmosis Injuries in Ankle Fractures: Correlation of Fracture Type and Syndesmotic Instability." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 2473011420S0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00219.
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Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopedic surgeons. Syndesmotic disruption in ankle fractures can be identified preoperatively, however the decision to fix the syndesmosis is made after this intraoperative assessment. The AO classification groups ankle or malleolar fractures into A (infrasyndesmotic fibula fracture), B (transsyndesmotic fibula fracture), and C (suprasyndesmotic fibula fracture) with succeeding digits that further classify each fracture group in more detail. This study aimed to retrospectively review databases of ankle fractures across two major academic centers to determine the rate of syndesmotic injury and to assess the association between ankle fracture type (utilizing the AO classification) and presence of syndesmotic injury. Methods: Patients 18 years or older who were treated surgically for an ankle fracture at two major academic institutions between 2010 and 2016 were selected for review. Exclusion criteria were open fractures, pilon fractures, tibial shaft fractures, or patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of an ankle fracture involving the posterior malleolus. The preoperative injury films of each ankle fracture was reviewed and classified according to the AO classification. The postoperative films were then reviewed for each case to classify the fractures into stable or unstable syndesmosis based on whether syndesmotic fixation was performed. Stability of the syndesmosis was tested intraoperatively after internal fixation of the fracture fragments using the Cotton test and external rotation stress views. Fixation of the syndesmosis was performed with either a syndesmotic screw or suture button fixation per surgeon preference. Chi-square analysis was used to assess the association between fracture types and syndesmotic injury. Results: 733 patients met inclusion criteria. Average patient age was 54.22 with 52.8% being female. 273 patients had sustained a syndesmotic injury (Figure 1). Association between fracture type (AO classification) and syndesmotic injury was assessed with chi- square analysis showing significant association (X28=193.842, p<0.001). Type B fractures in this study were further classified with AO classification (9 subcategories) to assess for an association with syndesmotic injury within a subcategory of these fractures (Figure 1). Chi-square analysis of type B fracture subgroups revealed significant association between fracture subgroup and syndesmotic disruption (X28=76.379, p<0.001). There was a statistically significant association between single digit AO classification and syndesmotic injury (X28=193.842, p<0.001) as well as the two-digit AO classification for type B fractures and syndesmotic injury (X28=76.379, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study aimed to identify ankle fracture patterns that are prone to syndesmotic injury. Identifying fractures preoperatively that are likely to have syndesmotic injury is beneficial to surgeon and patient as it aids in operative planning, intraoperative equipment needs, managing patient expectations, and counselling patients preoperatively about changes in rehabilitation protocols with injuries that involve the syndesmosis. Most of the type C fractures (88.50%) had syndesmotic injury, 7.14% of type A fractures involved the syndesmosis, and type B fractures had variable syndesmotic involvement (31.15%). Chi- square analysis revealed that significant association exists between type B2 and syndesmotic injury (X28=76.379, p<0.001).
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Ribarits, Alexandra, Frank Narendja, Walter Stepanek, and Rupert Hochegger. "Detection Methods Fit-for-Purpose in Enforcement Control of Genetically Modified Plants Produced with Novel Genomic Techniques (NGTs)." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010061.
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The comprehensive EU regulatory framework regarding GMOs aims at preventing damage to human and animal health and the environment, and foresees labelling and traceability. Genome-edited plants and products fall under these EU GMO regulations, which have to be implemented in enforcement control activities. GMO detection methods currently used by enforcement laboratories are based on real-time PCR, where specificity and sensitivity are important performance parameters. Genome editing allows the targeted modification of nucleotide sequences in organisms, including plants, and often produces single nucleotide variants (SNVs), which are the most challenging class of genome edits to detect. The test method must therefore meet advanced requirements regarding specificity, which can be increased by modifying a PCR method. Digital PCR systems achieve a very high sensitivity and have advantages in quantitative measurement. Sequencing methods may also be used to detect DNA modifications caused by genome editing. Whereas most PCR methods can be carried out in an enforcement laboratory with existing technical equipment and staff, the processing of the sequencing data requires additional resources and the appropriate bioinformatic expertise.
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Turnbull, Alison R., Jessica Y. C. Tan, Sarah C. Ugalde, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Katrina Campbell, D. Tim Harwood, and Juan José Dorantes-Aranda. "Single-Laboratory Validation of the Neogen Qualitative Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels and Oysters." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0135.
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Abstract Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalve shellfish by analytical methods is complicated and costly, requiring specific expertise and equipment. Following extensive blooms of Alexandrium tamarense Group 1 in Tasmania, Australia, an investigation was made into commercially available screening test kits suitable for use with the toxin profiles found in affected bivalves. The qualitative Neogen rapid test kit, with a modified protocol to convert gonyautoxins GTX1&4 and GTX2&3 into neosaxitoxin and saxitoxin (STX), respectively, with higher cross-reactivities, was the best fit-for-purpose. This validation study of the test kit and the modified protocol was undertaken following AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for the validation of qualitative binary chemistry methods. The validation used four different PST profiles representing natural profiles found in Australia and in Europe: two in a mussel matrix and two in an oyster matrix. The test kit was shown to have appropriate selectivity of the toxin analogs commonly found in bivalve shellfish. The matrix and probability of detection (POD) study showed that the rapid test kit used with the modified protocol was able to consistently detect PST at the bivalve regulatory level of 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg, with a POD estimated via the binomial logistic regression of 1.0 at 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg in all tested profiles in both matrixes. The POD at 0.4 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg was 0.75 and 0.46 for the two toxin profiles in an oyster matrix and 0.96 and 1.0 for the two toxin profiles in a mussel matrix. No significant differences in the PODs of the PSTs at the regulatory level were found between production lots of the test kits. The results suggest the method is suitable to undergo a collaborative validation study.
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Willis, Brad W., Seth Sherman, Trevor Gulbrandsen, Scott M. Miller, Nathan Siesener, Trent M. Guess, Kyle Blecha, Zhiyu Huo, Marjorie Skubic, and Aaron D. Gray. "JUMP LANDING MECHANICS OF ADOLESCENT ATHLETES DURING AGES OF PEAK ACL INJURY RISK: IDENTIFYING SEX DIFFERENCES WITH A PORTABLE MOTION SENSOR." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00025.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates in adolescent female athletes are 3x greater than males, with peak incidence at 16 and 17 years of age for girls and boys, respectively. As increased knee valgus during a jump landing task has been linked to ACL injury risk, portable motion capture devices offer capabilities of widespread screening to enable targeted prevention programs. Studies examining sex differences in dynamic landing strategies using portable motion capture devices are limited, as many investigations utilize marker-based equipment prohibitive to space, cost and time. Our multidisciplinary team has previously validated a portable markerless motion sensor to determine the knee-ankle-separation-ratio (KASR) at initial contact (IC) and peak flexion (PF) of the drop vertical jump (DVJ). The KASR compares the horizontal distance between knee and ankle joint centers. The purpose of this study is to determine if a portable motion sensor will detect sex differences in KASR at IC and PF during the DVJ when comparing adolescent athletes at ages of peak ACL injury risk. We hypothesize that a portable motion sensor will detect sex differences in the KASR at IC and PF during the DVJ in adolescent athletes during ages of peak ACL injury risk. Methods: A total of 42 healthy adolescent athletes participated. Groups included 16 year-old females (n=26, mean height=65.5±2.9 inches, mean weight=135.9±22.1 pounds) and 17 year-old males (n=16, mean height=70.9±2.9 inches, mean weight=159.2±18.6 pounds). Instructions and demonstration of the DVJ were provided prior to recording, utilizing a 31 cm high jump platform. Participants completed the DVJ by dropping to the ground, followed by an immediate maximal vertical jump as if going for a basketball rebound (Figure 1). Three DVJ were completed, measured by a single portable markerless motion sensor with customized software calculating KASR at IC and PF. The camera was positioned one meter high and three meters in the front of the participant. A three-trial average was utilized for analyses. A KASR of 1.0 signifies the knees being directly over the ankles during landing, with < 1 and > 1 representing dynamic knee valgus and varus, respectively. Sex differences between KASR at IC and PF were analyzed using an independent samples t-test with significance at p<0.05. Results: Adolescent female athletes demonstrated lower KASR values at IC (female=0.98±0.12, male=1.07±0.11, p=0.02) and PF (female=1.01±0.15, male=1.15±0.21, p=0.03) during the DVJ as compared to males. Conclusions/Significance: A portable motion sensor found sex differences in landing mechanics among adolescent athletes during peak ages of ACL injury risk, offering potential for widespread screening and targeted ACL injury prevention programs. The identification of potential ACL injury risk factors, using portable motion sensor technology to inform individually directed prevention programs, may offer declines in health care cost and long-term disability of youth athletes. References: Beck NA, Lawrence JTR, Nordin JD, DeFor TA, Tompkins M. ACL tears in school-aged children and adolescents over 20 years. Pediatrics. 2017; 139(3): e20161877. Mentiplay BF, Hasanki K, Perraton LG< Pua YH, Charlton PC, Clark RA. Three-dimensional assessment of squats and drop jumps using the Microsoft Xbox One Kinect: reliability and validity. J Sports Sci. 2018; 1:1-8. Ford, KR, Myer, GD, Hewett, TE. Reliability of landing 3D motion analysis: implications for longitudinal analyses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:2021-2028. Sugimoto D, Myer GD, McKeon JM, Hewett TE. Evaluation of the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a critical review of relative risk reduction and numbers-needed-to-treat analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46: 979-988. Ortiz, A, Rosario-Canales, M, Rodriguez, A, Seda, A, Figueroa, C, Venegas-Rios, H. Reliability and concurrent validity between two-dimensional and three-dimensional evaluations of knee valgus during drop jumps. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:65-73. Mizner RL, Chmielewski TL, Toepke JJ, Tofte KB. Comparison of two-dimensional measurement techniques for predicting knee angle and moment during a drop vertical jump.” Clin J Sports Med. 2012; 22(3): 221-227. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study,” Am J Sports Med. 2005; 33:492-501. Gray AD, Willis BW, Skubic M, et al. Development and validation of a portable and inexpensive tool to measure the drop vertical jump using the microsoft kinect V2. Sports Health. 2017; 9(6):537-544.
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Zhang, Xiantao, and Wei Liu. "The effect of pipeline layout parameters on mode and dynamic stress of “airframe-clamps-pipeline” structure." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 16, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-05-2019-0106.
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Purpose In the coupling of aircraft pipeline structures, current research works mainly focus on fluid-solid coupling effects or a single part of structure vibration like a pipeline. Because of the clamp, the pipe vibration caused by fluid pulsation was transmitted to the body, and the body vibration was also transmitted to the pipe structure. Thus, the relationship between the airframe and the pipeline system cannot be separated, and the influence of airframe needs to be considered when coupling structure under vibration. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper aims to investigate the influence of pipeline layouts on airframe-clamps-pipeline (ACP) structure’s dynamic response by experiment and simulation method. First, ACP structures are established including three parts. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained by hammering experiment. The mode results are in agreement with numerical simulation. By using electromagnetic vibration shaker, extinction is applied on ACP structure, and then the dynamic responses of structure can be obtained by test equipments. The influence principle of pipeline layouts is obtained by dynamic response analysis. The present study provides a method for pipeline layout design in aerospace engineering. Findings Under the ACP’s first-order resonance frequency excitation, the maximum stress increases when the Z-shaped pipeline bending position changes from 1/2 to 1/5. The opposite way occurs under the only pipeline resonance frequency excitation. The stress amplitudes near both sides (inner and outer) of the clamp on the plate surface change with the excitation frequency. Under the ACP’s first-order resonance frequency excitation, the outer side stress is larger than the inner side stress, but under the only pipeline resonance frequency excitation, the inner side stress is larger than the outer side stress. Originality/value The study of the effect of pipeline layout parameters on ACP structure provides a method for pipeline layout design in aerospace engineering.
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Escóssio, Anna Luiza, Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo, Nicole Oliver, Emília Chagas Costa, José Ângelo Rizzo, Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti Sarinho, Yossef Aelony, and Marco Aurélio de Valois Correia Junior. "Accuracy of single-breath counting test to determine slow vital capacity in hospitalized patients." Revista CEFAC 21, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20192122119.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify the accuracy of the single-breath counting test to determine slow vital capacity in hospitalized patients and to evaluate the repeatability of the same examiner. Methods: a diagnostic study and the choice of techniques were randomly assigned. The area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic) was calculated from the slow vital capacity (20ml/kg) to evaluate the best psychometric characteristics of single-breath counting Test for this cutoff point. Repeatability observed by the same examiner was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: 516 patients hospitalized for various diseases were analyzed. In the curve analysis (receiver operating characteristic/slow vital capacity=20ml/Kg), the value of 21 in single-breath counting test with a sensitivity of 94.44% and specificity of 76.62% (area under the curve =0.93, p<0.005) was found. The intraclass correlation coefficient value for the single-breath counting test was 0.976 with p>0.005. Conclusion: the single-breath counting test was a valid and repetitive technique, and may be an important screening option for assessment of lung function in the absence of specific equipment. This technique opens perspectives to replace slow vital capacity measurement in hospitals, which lack spirometric equipment, or in patients who may have a contagious disease, which has a risk of contamination and spread of disease from one patient to another.
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Sirait, Arman Hidayat, Kerista Tarigan, and Marhaposan Situmorang. "Manufacture of High Current Low Voltage Power Supply with Using the Mot (Microwave Oven Transformer)." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, August 20, 2020, 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset207477.
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The manufacture of low voltage high current power supply using the MOT (Microwave Oven transformer) has been done. The purpose of this work is to convert low voltages into high currents by utilizing simple electrical equipment. This work use of varying voltages and different windings which are changed on the secondary winding section with a cable size of 240 mm 2, NYA cable type. The test is carried out with a series circuit, parallel circuit, and single circuit by utilizing a voltage of 30 V, 60 V, 90 V, 120 V and 5 different variations of winding. The results of this test provide knowledge of new methods that can be applied to iron smelting.
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Kayama, Yoko, Raymond N. Burton-Smith, Chihong Song, Naoya Terahara, Takayuki Kato, and Kazuyoshi Murata. "Below 3 Å structure of apoferritin using a multipurpose TEM with a side entry cryoholder." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (April 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87183-1.
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AbstractRecently, the structural analysis of protein complexes by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single particle analysis (SPA) has had great impact as a biophysical method. Many results of cryo-EM SPA are based on data acquired on state-of-the-art cryo-electron microscopes customized for SPA. These are currently only available in limited locations around the world, where securing machine time is highly competitive. One potential solution for this time-competitive situation is to reuse existing multi-purpose equipment, although this comes with performance limitations. Here, a multi-purpose TEM with a side entry cryo-holder was used to evaluate the potential of high-resolution SPA, resulting in a 3 Å resolution map of apoferritin with local resolution extending to 2.6 Å. This map clearly showed two positions of an aromatic side chain. Further, examination of optimal imaging conditions depending on two different multi-purpose electron microscope and camera combinations was carried out, demonstrating that higher magnifications are not always necessary or desirable. Since automation is effectively a requirement for large-scale data collection, and augmenting the multi-purpose equipment is possible, we expanded testing by acquiring data with SerialEM using a β-galactosidase test sample. This study demonstrates the possibilities of more widely available and established electron microscopes, and their applications for cryo-EM SPA.
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Mohd Bakri, Mohd Azwan, Salmah J, Abd Rahim S, Syazwan R, and M. Ikmal H. "A Study on Hybrid Power Vehicle for Electric Spraying Application." Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000103.
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Agriculture currently relies more on fossil fuel power for its mechanised operation. However, electric power system embedded in agriculture machinery enables farm electrification that provides numerous advantages such as improve work efficiency, ease of equipment control, reduce energy requirement and more ergonomic. This study aims to analyse a hybrid power farm vehicle configuration to enable the electrification of farm operation such as herbicide spraying. Two methodologies were presented for this study, which is simulation analysis and in-field test validation. HOMER software indicated that fraction of energy for herbicide spraying operation and charging the battery pack is 70% from solar energy and 30% from the rectifier engine output. The 20-Watt solar photovoltaic was selected due to installation area constraint on the farm utility vehicle and simulation results indicates the capacity is adequate for the intended purpose. Besides that, the simulation results also show the setup incurred lower energy cost up to 30% as compared to direct utilisation of the fossil fuel generator for the herbicide spraying. The in-field test study has validated the simulation results. The analysis indicated that the battery performance was consistent throughout the trial for almost two months of operation at the area covered for nearly 150 ha. The productivity of the machine obtained through the test was in average of 8 ha per day for a single man operation. In conclusion, the study shows that incorporation of solar power as opportunity charging could stabilise battery condition and will prolong battery health. The results also indicate that electrification of the farm equipment and its application could bring the desired positive result in farm activity. Thus, a more sustainable development approach of agriculture practice could be met.
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Fersing, Cyril, Emmanuel Deshayes, Sarah Langlet, Laurence Calas, Vincent Lisowski, and Pierre Olivier Kotzki. "Implementation and validation of an in-house combined fluorescein/media-fill test to qualify radiopharmacy operators." EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41181-020-00117-6.
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Abstract Background The purpose of this work was to design, validate and implement a media-fill test combined with fluorescein (MFT-F) for the specific qualification and training of radiopharmacy operators, in accordance with United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter 797 and European Good Manufacturing Practices. MFT-F was embedded in the quality management system of our radiopharmacy unit. Its validation involved fluorescein concentration choice, media growth promotion test and evaluation protocol controls (with or without intentional aseptic mistakes). Each operator was evaluated following a three-part evaluation form. Evaluation criteria related to garbing and hygiene, fluorescent contamination and bacteriological contamination (pre- and post-evaluation environment controls and MFT-F samples). Combined MFT-F allowed the assessment of aseptic compounding skills and non-contamination of the working area through a single evaluation. It was also designed to fit the constraints of radiopharmacy common practice related to radiation protection equipment and to the small volumes handled. Results A 0.01% fluorescein concentration was chosen to prepare MFT-F. Addition of fluorescein in the culture medium did not jeopardize its growth properties according to growth promotion test. Eleven operators were evaluated and carried out 3 MFT-F over 3 successive days. Pre- and post-evaluation bacteriological controls of every session showed no CFU of microbiological contaminant above 5. All operators validated the garbing and hygiene evaluation, with an average score of 92.7%. All operators validated the fluorescent contamination evaluation, with an average score of 29.4 out of 30. None of the MFT-F samples showed any visible bacterial growth after incubation. Conclusions Combined MFT-F, as a part of a comprehensive sterile compounding training program, appeared as a convenient and promising tool to increase both the sterile compounding safety and awareness of radioactive contamination in radiopharmacy.