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1
Srakaew, K., J. Phrompao, and W. Anukool. "Experimental apparatus and methods for synthesizing 1D single-atom array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1380 (November 2019): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1380/1/012059.
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Wolery, Mark, Matthew Busick, Brian Reichow, and Erin E. Barton. "Comparison of Overlap Methods for Quantitatively Synthesizing Single-Subject Data." Journal of Special Education 44, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022466908328009.
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Casellas, Daniel. "Methods for Imaging Renin-Synthesizing, -Storing, and -Secreting Cells." International Journal of Hypertension 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/298747.
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Renin-producing cells have been the object of intense research efforts for the past fifty years within the field of hypertension. Two decades ago, research focused on the concept and characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Early morphological studies led to the concept of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, a minute organ that links tubulovascular structures and function at the single nephron level. The kidney, thus, appears as a highly “topological organ” in which anatomy and function are intimately linked. This point is reflected by a concurrent and constant development of functional and structural approaches. After summarizing our current knowledge about renin cells and their distribution along the renal vascular tree, particularly along glomerular afferent arterioles, we reviewed a variety of imaging techniques that permit a fine characterization of renin synthesis, storage, and release at the single-arteriolar, -cell, or -granule level. Powerful tools such as multiphoton microscopy and transgenesis bear the promises of future developments of the field.
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Feher, Frank J., Daravong Soulivong, and Frank Nguyen. "Practical methods for synthesizing four incompletely condensed silsesquioxanes from a single R8Si8O12 framework." Chemical Communications, no. 12 (1998): 1279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a802670j.
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Hao, Min, Jianjun Qiao, and Hao Qi. "Current and Emerging Methods for the Synthesis of Single-Stranded DNA." Genes 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11020116.
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Methods for synthesizing arbitrary single-strand DNA (ssDNA) fragments are rapidly becoming fundamental tools for gene editing, DNA origami, DNA storage, and other applications. To meet the rising application requirements, numerous methods have been developed to produce ssDNA. Some approaches allow the synthesis of freely chosen user-defined ssDNA sequences to overcome the restrictions and limitations of different length, purity, and yield. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the representative ssDNA production strategies and their most significant challenges to enable the readers to make informed choices of synthesis methods and enhance the availability of increasingly inexpensive synthetic ssDNA. We also aim to stimulate a broader interest in the continued development of efficient ssDNA synthesis techniques and improve their applications in future research.
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Dalay, B. S., V. S. Medvedev, and T. A. Romanova. "Synthesizing Control Systems for Multi-Degree of Freedom Manipulators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 210, no. 1 (February 1996): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_435_02.
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Methods of analysing single input and single output control systems are well established (1). The same is not true of techniques for solving problems involving multi-inputs and multi-outputs. Such problems arise when controlling manipulators having many degrees of freedom. In this paper techniques of control system synthesis for manipulator mechanisms are considered. The method is based on locating the roots of the characteristic equation to give the desired dynamic properties for every link's servo system in the mechanism. Each link is treated independently. Simple examples to illustrate the method are presented.
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Zhang, Jing, Chia-Wen Ko, Lei Nie, Yong Chen, and Ram Tiwari. "Bayesian hierarchical methods for meta-analysis combining randomized-controlled and single-arm studies." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 28, no. 5 (February 13, 2018): 1293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280218754928.
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Meta-analysis of interventions usually relies on randomized controlled trials. However, when the dominant source of information comes from single-arm studies, or when the results from randomized controlled trials lack generalization due to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, it is vital to synthesize both sources of evidence. One challenge of synthesizing both sources is that single-arm studies are usually less reliable than randomized controlled trials due to selection bias and confounding factors. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical framework for the purpose of bias reduction and efficiency gain. Under this framework, three methods are proposed: bivariate generalized linear mixed effects models, hierarchical power prior model and hierarchical commensurate prior model. Design difference and potential biases are considered in all models, within which the hierarchical power prior and hierarchical commensurate prior models further offer to downweight single-arm studies flexibly. The hierarchical commensurate prior model is recommended as the primary method for evidence synthesis because of its accuracy and robustness. We illustrate our methods by applying all models to two motivating datasets and evaluate their performance through simulation studies. We finish with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of our methods, as well as directions for future research in this area.
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Bloem, Roderick, Goerschwin Fey, Fabian Greif, Robert Könighofer, Ingo Pill, Heinz Riener, and Franz Röck. "Synthesizing adaptive test strategies from temporal logic specifications." Formal Methods in System Design 55, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 103–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10703-019-00338-9.
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Abstract Constructing good test cases is difficult and time-consuming, especially if the system under test is still under development and its exact behavior is not yet fixed. We propose a new approach to compute test strategies for reactive systems from a given temporal logic specification using formal methods. The computed strategies are guaranteed to reveal certain simple faults in every realization of the specification and for every behavior of the uncontrollable part of the system’s environment. The proposed approach supports different assumptions on occurrences of faults (ranging from a single transient fault to a persistent fault) and by default aims at unveiling the weakest one. We argue that such tests are also sensitive for more complex bugs. Since the specification may not define the system behavior completely, we use reactive synthesis algorithms with partial information. The computed strategies are adaptive test strategies that react to behavior at runtime. We work out the underlying theory of adaptive test strategy synthesis and present experiments for a safety-critical component of a real-world satellite system. We demonstrate that our approach can be applied to industrial specifications and that the synthesized test strategies are capable of detecting bugs that are hard to detect with random testing.
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Baker, J. E. "Using the Single Reciprocal Screw to Confirm Mobility of a Six-Revolute Linkage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 10 (April 22, 2010): 2247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2062.
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Overconstrained kinematic chains have been discovered mostly by analytical or geometrical means or through a synthesizing procedure. In a few instances they have succumbed to computer-aided methods, and those solutions can, in effect, be reduced to a single one. This loop, of six revolutes, is described by parametric conditions that provide little information about its physical make-up. The existence of a lone screw reciprocal to the system defined by the loop's joint screws is the basis here for demonstrating analytically the linkage's mobility and determining its mode of assembly. In addition, it is shown that seven new linkages can be developed from this solution as isomeric variants.
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Wang, Dingquan, and Jason Eisner. "The Galactic Dependencies Treebanks: Getting More Data by Synthesizing New Languages." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00113.
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We release Galactic Dependencies 1.0—a large set of synthetic languages not found on Earth, but annotated in Universal Dependencies format. This new resource aims to provide training and development data for NLP methods that aim to adapt to unfamiliar languages. Each synthetic treebank is produced from a real treebank by stochastically permuting the dependents of nouns and/or verbs to match the word order of other real languages. We discuss the usefulness, realism, parsability, perplexity, and diversity of the synthetic languages. As a simple demonstration of the use of Galactic Dependencies, we consider single-source transfer, which attempts to parse a real target language using a parser trained on a “nearby” source language. We find that including synthetic source languages somewhat increases the diversity of the source pool, which significantly improves results for most target languages.
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Wang, Shiliang, Yuehui He, Jian Xu, Yao Jiang, Baiyun Huang, Jin Zou, Yong Wang, C. T. Liu, and P. K. Liaw. "Growth of single-crystalline tungsten nanowires by an alloy-catalyzed method at 850 °C." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 1 (January 2008): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0033.
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In this study, we report the growth of metallic tungsten nanowires induced by alloy catalysts (Fe–Ni) at a temperature of 850 °C. The synthesized tungsten nanowires have bottom diameters of 100 to 400 nm and tip diameters of <80 nm, and show a well-defined single-crystalline structure. The formation of the (Fe,Ni)-catalyzed W nanowires should be controlled by the vapor–solid–solid mechanism, rather than the traditional vapor–liquid–solid mechanism, because the growth temperature is significantly below the lowest eutectic temperature (1455 °C) of the Fe–Ni–W ternary system. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of synthesizing metallic nanowires via metal-catalyzed methods, which may be extended to the synthesis of some other metallic nanowires.
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Kwon, Hyuk-Ju, and Sung-Hak Lee. "Visible and Near-Infrared Image Acquisition and Fusion for Night Surveillance." Chemosensors 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9040075.
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Image fusion combines images with different information to create a single, information-rich image. The process may either involve synthesizing images using multiple exposures of the same scene, such as exposure fusion, or synthesizing images of different wavelength bands, such as visible and near-infrared (NIR) image fusion. NIR images are frequently used in surveillance systems because they are beyond the narrow perceptual range of human vision. In this paper, we propose an infrared image fusion method that combines high and low intensities for use in surveillance systems under low-light conditions. The proposed method utilizes a depth-weighted radiance map based on intensities and details to enhance local contrast and reduce noise and color distortion. The proposed method involves luminance blending, local tone mapping, and color scaling and correction. Each of these stages is processed in the LAB color space to preserve the color attributes of a visible image. The results confirm that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods.
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Ali, Rana Faryad, and Byron D. Gates. "Elucidating the role of precursors in synthesizing single crystalline lithium niobate nanomaterials: a study of effects of lithium precursors on nanoparticle quality." Nanoscale 13, no. 5 (2021): 3214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08652e.
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Schmidt, P., M. H. Erhard, D. Schams, A. Hafner, S. Folger, and U. Lösch. "Chicken egg antibodies for immunohistochemical labeling of growth hormone and prolactin in bovine pituitary gland." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 9 (September 1993): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.9.8354884.
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We describe the production of polyclonal chicken antibodies specific for bovine growth hormone (bGH) and prolactin (PRL). Antibodies were generated by immunization of laying hens with recombinant bGH (rbGH), pituitary derived bGH (pbGH), and ovine PRL (oPRL). After the lipoprotein fraction was removed by dextran sulfate precipitation the antibodies were isolated from the egg yolks by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Immunization with rbGH and oPRL generated large amounts of specific antibodies, as revealed by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Antibodies against pbGH showed pronounced crossreactions with oPRL. The antibodies against rbGH and oPRL were well suited for sensitive and specific labeling of the GH- and PRL-synthesizing cells in bovine pituitary glands by immunohistochemistry. In addition, a quick and sensitive procedure for demonstration of both bGH- and PRL-synthesizing cells in a single paraffin section by double immunohistochemistry is presented. The chicken anti-bGH antibodies showed excellent results in combination with rabbit anti-PRL antibodies. The main advantage of avian antibodies in double immunostaining methods is the lack of crossreactions between avian antibodies and mammalian immunoglobulins and receptors which bind to the crystalline fragment of mammalian immunoglobulins (Fc receptors).
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Mondal, Samiran, Saswati Basu, Naznin Ara Begum, and Debabrata Mandal. "A Brief Introduction to the Development of Biogenic Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles." Journal of Nano Research 27 (March 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.27.41.
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Though there are a numerous methods for chemical synthesis, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles offers an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis methods. Therefore scientists are continuously engaged in searching hazard free, environment friendly methods of synthesis of nanoparticles with tailor-made structural properties using benign starting materials. Recently several groups have achieved success in the synthesis of Ag, Au, Pd nanoparticles with specific shape and size using extracts obtained from micro-organisms as well as various plant extracts. It will be a highly interesting problem to modify the procedure to develop green-chemical means of synthesizing “tailor-made” monodisperse nanoparticles of single polygonal particle morphology, exclusively. The main objective of this brief article is to give an idea about the most reliable, cost-effective and environment friendly synthetic protocols for metal nanoparticles of different size, shape, composition, and with a high degree of monodispersity.
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Abedini-Nassab, Roozbeh, Mahrad Pouryosef Miandoab, and Merivan Şaşmaz. "Microfluidic Synthesis, Control, and Sensing of Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review." Micromachines 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070768.
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Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted significant attention in various disciplines, including engineering and medicine. Microfluidic chips and lab-on-a-chip devices, with precise control over small volumes of fluids and tiny particles, are appropriate tools for the synthesis, manipulation, and evaluation of nanoparticles. Moreover, the controllability and automation offered by the microfluidic chips in combination with the unique capabilities of the magnetic nanoparticles and their ability to be remotely controlled and detected, have recently provided tremendous advances in biotechnology. In particular, microfluidic chips with magnetic nanoparticles serve as sensitive, high throughput, and portable devices for contactless detecting and manipulating DNAs, RNAs, living cells, and viruses. In this work, we review recent fundamental advances in the field with a focus on biomedical applications. First, we study novel microfluidic-based methods in synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles as well as microparticles encapsulating them. We review both continues-flow and droplet-based microreactors, including the ones based on the cross-flow, co-flow, and flow-focusing methods. Then, we investigate the microfluidic-based methods for manipulating tiny magnetic particles. These manipulation techniques include the ones based on external magnets, embedded micro-coils, and magnetic thin films. Finally, we review techniques invented for the detection and magnetic measurement of magnetic nanoparticles and magnetically labeled bioparticles. We include the advances in anisotropic magnetoresistive, giant magnetoresistive, tunneling magnetoresistive, and magnetorelaxometry sensors. Overall, this review covers a wide range of the field uniquely and provides essential information for designing “lab-on-a-chip” systems for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles, labeling bioparticles with them, and sorting and detecting them on a single chip.
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Mu, Zhao, Kangren Kong, Kai Jiang, Hongliang Dong, Xurong Xu, Zhaoming Liu, and Ruikang Tang. "Pressure-driven fusion of amorphous particles into integrated monoliths." Science 372, no. 6549 (June 24, 2021): 1466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg1915.
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Biological organisms can use amorphous precursors to produce inorganic skeletons with continuous structures through complete particle fusion. Synthesizing monoliths is much more difficult because sintering techniques can destroy continuity and limit mechanical strength. We manufactured inorganic monoliths of amorphous calcium carbonate by the fusion of particles while regulating structurally bound water and external pressure. Our monoliths are transparent, owing to their structural continuity, with a mechanical strength approaching that of single-crystal calcite. Dynamic water channels within the amorphous bulk are synergistically controlled by water content and applied pressure and promote mass transportation for particle fusion. Our strategy provides an alternative to traditional sintering methods that should be attractive for constructing monoliths of temperature-sensitive biominerals and biomaterials.
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Tummala, Pinakapani, Alessio Lamperti, Mario Alia, Erika Kozma, Luca Giampaolo Nobili, and Alessandro Molle. "Application-Oriented Growth of a Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Single Layer by Means of Parametrically Optimized Chemical Vapor Deposition." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122786.
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In the 2D material framework, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was originally studied as an archetypical transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material. The controlled synthesis of large-area and high-crystalline MoS2 remains a challenge for distinct practical applications from electronics to electrocatalysis. Among the proposed methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising way for synthesizing high-quality MoS2 from isolated domains to a continuous film because of its high flexibility. Herein, we report on a systematic study of the effects of growth pressure, temperature, time, and vertical height between the molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) source and the substrate during the CVD process that influence the morphology, domain size, and uniformity of thickness with controlled parameters over a large scale. The substrate was pretreated with perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid tetrapotassium salt (PTAS) seed molecule that promoted the layer growth of MoS2. Further, we characterized the as-grown MoS2 morphologies, layer quality, and physical properties by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). Our experimental findings demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the CVD approach to synthesize MoS2 for various target applications.
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López-Ferreño, I., J. San Juan, T. Breczewski, G. A. López, and M. L. Nó. "Micro pulling down growth of very thin shape memory alloys single crystals." Functional Materials Letters 10, no. 01 (February 2017): 1740003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604717400033.
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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have attracted much attention in the last decades due to their thermo-mechanical properties such as superelasticity and shape memory effect. Among the different families of SMAs, Cu–Al–Ni alloys exhibit these properties in a wide range of temperatures including the temperature range of 100–200[Formula: see text]C, where there is a technological demand of these functional materials, and exhibit excellent behavior at small scale making them more competitive for applications in Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). However, polycrystalline alloys of Cu-based SMAs are very brittle so that they show their best thermo-mechanical properties in single-crystal state. Nowadays, conventional Bridgman and Czochralski methods are being applied to elaborate single-crystal rods up to a minimum diameter of 1[Formula: see text]mm, but no works have been reported for smaller diameters. With the aim of synthesizing very thin single-crystals, the Micro-Pulling Down ([Formula: see text]-PD) technique has been applied, for which the capillarity and surface tension between crucible and the melt play a critical role. The [Formula: see text]-PD method has been successfully applied to elaborate several cylindrical shape thin single-crystals down to 200[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m in diameter. Finally, the martensitic transformation, which is responsible for the shape memory properties of these alloys, has been characterized for different single-crystals. The experimental results evidence the good quality of the grown single-crystals.
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Baki, Abdulkader, Norbert Löwa, Amani Remmo, Frank Wiekhorst, and Regina Bleul. "Micromixer Synthesis Platform for a Tuneable Production of Magnetic Single-Core Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091845.
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Micromixer technology is a novel approach to manufacture magnetic single-core iron oxide nanoparticles that offer huge potential for biomedical applications. This platform allows a continuous, scalable, and highly controllable synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with biocompatible educts via aqueous synthesis route. Since each biomedical application requires specific physical and chemical properties, a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis mechanisms is not only mandatory to control the size and shape of desired nanoparticle systems but, above all, to obtain the envisaged magnetic particle characteristics. The accurate process control of the micromixer technology can be maintained by adjusting two parameters: the synthesis temperature and the residence time. To this end, we performed a systematic variation of these two control parameters synthesizing magnetic nanoparticle systems, which were analyzed afterward by structural (transmission electron microscopy and differential sedimentation centrifugation) and, especially, magnetic characterization methods (magnetic particle spectroscopy and AC susceptibility). Furthermore, we investigated the reproducibility of the microtechnological nanoparticle manufacturing process compared to batch preparation. Our characterization demonstrated the high magnetic quality of single-core iron oxide nanoparticles with core diameters in the range of 20 nm to 40 nm synthesized by micromixer technology. Moreover, we demonstrated the high capability of a newly developed benchtop magnetic particle spectroscopy device that directly monitored the magnetic properties of the magnetic nanoparticles with the highest sensitivity and millisecond temporal resolution during continuous micromixer synthesis.
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Hu, Fang, and Yuhua Liu. "Multi-index algorithm of identifying important nodes in complex networks based on linear discriminant analysis." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 03 (January 30, 2015): 1450268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914502686.
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The evaluation of node importance has great significance to complex network, so it is important to seek and protect important nodes to ensure the security and stability of the entire network. At present, most evaluation algorithms of node importance adopt the single-index methods, which are incomplete and limited, and cannot fully reflect the complex situation of network. In this paper, after synthesizing multi-index factors of node importance, including eigenvector centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, degree centrality, mutual-information, etc., the authors are proposing a new multi-index evaluation algorithm of identifying important nodes in complex networks based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In order to verify the validity of this algorithm, a series of simulation experiments have been done. Through comprehensive analysis, the simulation results show that the new algorithm is more rational, effective, integral and accurate.
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Mizginov, V. A., and S. Y. Danilov. "SYNTHETIC THERMAL BACKGROUND AND OBJECT TEXTURE GENERATION USING GEOMETRIC INFORMATION AND GAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W12 (May 9, 2019): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w12-149-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Nowadays methods based on deep neural networks show the best performance among image recognition and object detection algorithms. Nevertheless, such methods require to have large databases of multispectral images of various objects to achieve state-of-the-art results. Therefore the dataset generation is one of the major challenges for the successful training of a deep neural network. However, infrared image datasets that are large enough for successful training of a deep neural network are not available in the public domain. Generation of synthetic datasets using 3D models of various scenes is a time-consuming method that requires long computation time and is not very realistic. This paper is focused on the development of the method for thermal image synthesis using a GAN (generative adversarial network). The aim of the presented work is to expand and complement the existing datasets of real thermal images. Today, deep convolutional networks are increasingly used for the goal of synthesizing various images. Recently a new generation of such algorithms commonly called GAN has become a promising tool for synthesizing images of various spectral ranges. These networks show effective results for image-to-image translations. While it is possible to generate a thermal texture for a single object, generation of environment textures is extremely difficult due to the presence of a large number of objects with different emission sources. The proposed method is based on a joint approach that uses 3D modeling and deep learning. Synthesis of background textures and objects textures is performed using a generative-adversarial neural network and semantic and geometric information about objects generated using 3D modeling. The developed approach significantly improves the realism of the synthetic images, especially in terms of the quality of background textures.</p>
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Wanke, Peter. "The impact of different demand allocation rules on total stock levels." Pesquisa Operacional 30, no. 1 (April 2010): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382010000100003.
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This manuscript compares two different rules for allocating demands to serving facilities and their impact on total stock levels: the one proposed by Tyagi & Das (1998) and the cross filling practice. The EOQ and the ROP methods are used for setting cycle and safety stocks. Its is demonstrated that the minimization of the consolidated inventory levels within these rules leads to different allocation policies, frequently adopted by companies: one single facility sharing, dedicated facilities and full decentralization. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to identify the most relevant variables accountable for the differences in total stock levels among these three policies. Results suggest different benefit opportunities that may favor one policy to the detriment of the others. A framework synthesizing the findings is presented, so as to help in decision making. Potential impacts in terms of service levels and distribution costs are also evaluated qualitatively.
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Nahar, Akhikun, Anthony L. Baker, David S. Nichols, John P. Bowman, and Margaret L. Britz. "Application of Thin-Layer Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (TLC-FID) to Total Lipid Quantitation in Mycolic-Acid Synthesizing Rhodococcus and Williamsia Species." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (February 29, 2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051670.
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In addition to cell membrane phospholipids, Actinobacteria in the order Corynebacteriales possess a waxy cell envelope containing mycolic acids (MA). In optimized culture condition, some species can also accumulate high concentrations of intracellular triacylglycerols (TAG), which are a potential source of biodiesel. Bacterial lipid classes and composition alter in response to environmental stresses, including nutrient availability, thus understanding carbon flow into different lipid classes is important when optimizing TAG synthesis. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of lipid classes normally requires combinations of different extraction, derivatization, chromatographic and detection methods. In this study, a single-step thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection (TLC-FID) technique was applied to quantify lipid classes in six sub-Antarctic Corynebacteriales strains identified as Rhodococcus and Williamsia species. A hexane:diethyl-ether:acetic acid solvent system separated the total cellular lipids extracted from cells lysed by bead beating, which released more bound and unbound MA than sonication. Typical profiles included a major broad non-polar lipid peak, TAG and phospholipids, although trehalose dimycolates, when present, co-eluted with phospholipids. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy detected MA signatures in the non-polar lipid peak and indicated that these lipids were likely bound, at least in part, to sugars from cell wall arabinogalactan. Waxy esters were not detected. The single-solvent TLC-FID procedure provides a useful platform for the quantitation and preliminary screening of cellular lipid classes when testing the impacts of growth conditions on TAG synthesis.
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Zhang, Dongshi, Wonsuk Choi, Yugo Oshima, Ulf Wiedwald, Sung-Hak Cho, Hsiu-Pen Lin, Yaw Li, Yoshihiro Ito, and Koji Sugioka. "Magnetic Fe@FeOx, Fe@C and α-Fe2O3 Single-Crystal Nanoblends Synthesized by Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Fe in Acetone." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080631.
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There are few reports on zero-field-cooled (ZFC) magnetization measurements for Fe@FeOx or FeOx particles synthesized by laser ablation in liquids (LAL) of Fe, and the minimum blocking temperature (TB) of 120 K reported so far is still much higher than those of their counterparts synthesized by chemical methods. In this work, the minimum blocking temperature was lowered to 52 K for 4–5 nm α-Fe2O3 particles synthesized by femtosecond laser ablation of Fe in acetone. The effective magnetic anisotropy energy density (Keff) is calculated to be 2.7–5.4 × 105 J/m3, further extending the Keff values for smaller hematite particles synthesized by different methods. Large amorphous-Fe@α-Fe2O3 and amorphous-Fe@C particles of 10–100 nm in diameter display a soft magnetic behavior with saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivities (Hc) values of 72.5 emu/g and 160 Oe at 5 K and 61.9 emu/g and 70 Oe at 300 K, respectively, which mainly stem from the magnetism of amorphous Fe cores. Generally, the nanoparticles obtained by LAL are either amorphous or polycrystalline, seldom in a single-crystalline state. This work also demonstrates the possibility of synthesizing single-crystalline α-Fe2O3 hematite crystals of several nanometers with (104), (113), (116) or (214) crystallographic orientations, which were produced simultaneously with other products including carbon encapsulated amorphous Fe (a-Fe@C) and Fe@FeOx core-shell particles by LAL in one step. Finally, the formation mechanisms for these nanomaterials are proposed and the key factors in series events of LAL are discussed.
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Zhang, Jian Sheng, Yue Wu, and Di Wu. "A Novel Concept for Describing the Wind Sensitivity of Structures." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4174.
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A number of methods for assessing wind-induced vibration of structures are available ranging from simplified procedure using quasi-static methods to the detailed procedure using statistical methods. The appropriate procedure should be selected in accordance with wind sensitivity of structures. However, it still remains unresolved concerning how to provide a universal criterion with physically meaningful and convenient for the concept of the wind sensitivity until now. In order to solve the previous problem of how to distinguish between those structures for which the wind effects can be treated by simplified procedure, and those for which the wind effects must be treated by detailed procedure, a concept of sensitivity for wind-resistance is presented in this paper. The essential idea of this theory is to provide a general expression of wind sensitivity of structures by synthesizing three factors between wind load and the structure, including the size-effect factor, frequency-effect factor and mode-effect factor, which are based on the analytical derivation and take duly into account the influence of all the significant parameters for the response. Based on that, two case studies of cantilevered roof and single-layer reticulated shell structures under wind actions are demonstrated as illustrative examples.
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Elison, Patrick, Nele Börsing, Dirk-Jan van Manen, and Johan O. A. Robertsson. "Modeling and data-driven isolation of two-way wavefield constituents." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): T141—T154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0394.1.
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Synthesizing individual wavefield constituents (such as primaries, first-order scattering, and free-surface or internal multiples) is important in the development of seismic data processing algorithms, for instance, for seismic multiple removal and imaging. A range of methods that allow for the computation of such wavefield constituents exist, but they are generally restricted to relatively simple, horizontally layered media. For wave simulations on more complex models, a straightforward and performant alternative are finite-difference methods. They are, however, generally not perceived as being capable of delivering isolated wavefield constituents. Based on recent advances, we found how this can be achieved for (nonhorizontally) piecewise constant layered media. For example, we were able to accurately retrieve the isolated direct arrival of the transmission response (including tunneled waves), primary reflection data (without internal multiples), and all events related to a single (or multiple) interface(s) in a medium. Our methods required detailed knowledge of discretized medium parameters. Alternatively, if a medium is known only implicitly via recordings of reflection data, interface-related events can still be isolated through a combination of subdomain-related wavefields. We found how Marchenko redatuming can be used to derive these, which enables data-driven identification (and removal) of interface-related events from surface data.
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Ali, Asma’, Barrie M. Margetts, and Ahmad Ali Zainuddin. "Exploration of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach in Synthesizing the Diet Quality of the Malaysian Population." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010070.
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(1) Background: One of the most main dietary assessments is through a posteriori application. Although extensive research has incorporated dietary assessment of a population through a posteriori application, this study is the first to examine the Malaysian population and use an a posteriori method and principal component analysis (PCA) to assess the dietary patterns of the Malaysian population. The correlation between all dietary patterns derived via PCA and selected nutrient intake were determined in this sample of study; (2) Methods: A total of 3063 respondents (18 to 59 years old) covering Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak, participated in this study. PCA was applied on the food frequency questionnaire collected from the respondents, and descriptive statistics and PCA were performed using SPSS version 21; (3) Results: Six patterns were identified: “traditional”, “ prudent”, “ modern”, “western”, “Chinese”, and “combination” diets. All together, these six patterns were able to explain 45.9% of the total variability. Few components derived from the factor loadings showed positive association with several nutrient markers. The traditional dietary pattern showed a moderate, positive correlation with total protein and total sugar intake, there was a significant moderate correlation between the prudent dietary pattern and dietary fibre, and there was a moderate positive association between the Chinese dietary pattern and total energy; and (4) Conclusions: The exploration of the PCA approach above may provide justification for assessment of dietary patterns rather than reliance on single nutrients or foods to identify potential connections to overall nutritional wellbeing as well as to explore the diet–disease relationship. However, study of pattern analysis must be conducted among the Malaysian population to produce validity and reproducibility for this dietary approach in light of the numerous methodological issues that arise when performing PCA.
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Wu, Shuliang, Xidong Du, and Shan Yang. "Rock Mass Quality Evaluation Based on Unascertained Measure and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets." Complexity 2020 (April 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5614581.
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Evaluation of rock mass quality is of great significance to the design and construction of geotechnical engineering. In order to evaluate the quality of engineering rock mass scientifically and deal with the fuzzy information in the rock mass quality evaluation reasonably, a model for evaluation of rock mass quality based on unascertained measure and intuitionistic fuzzy sets (UM-IFS) was proposed. First, the membership of rock mass quality evaluation index was determined by the single index measure function of unascertained measure (UM) theory. Based on the intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS) theory, the single index measure evaluation matrix based on IFS (IFS-single index measure evaluation matrix) was obtained. By synthesizing various subjective and objective weighting methods, the range of index weight was determined, and the index weight vector based on IFS (IFS-index weight vector) was constructed. Then, the IFS-single index measure evaluation matrix and the IFS-index weight vector were used to calculate the scores of rock mass samples and evaluate rock mass quality. Finally, fuzzy analysis was performed on the weight of rock mass quality evaluation index. The established model for evaluation of rock mass quality was applied to the underground engineering rock mass in Guangzhou pumped storage power plant, and the evaluation results were compared with the other 4 effective models for rock mass quality evaluation. The results show that rock mass quality evaluation based on UM-IFS is consistent with the actual situation, and the fuzziness of evaluation index weight has no obvious correlation with its value.
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Volosyuk, Valeriy, Simeon Zhyla, Vladimir Pavlikov, Dmitriy Vlasenko, Vladimir Kosharskiy, Denis Kolesnikov, Olga Inkarbaeva, and Kseniya Nezhalskaya. "Optimal radar cross section estimation in synthetic aperture radar with planar antenna array." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2021.1.04.
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The optimization problem of statistical synthesis of the method for radar cross section estimation in synthetic aperture radar with planar antenna array is solved. The desired radar cross section is given as a statistical characteristic of a spatially inhomogeneous complex scattering coefficient of the studying media. In fact it is developed new methods of inverse problems solution not with respect to the restoration of coherent images in the form of spatial distribution of complex scattering coefficient but with respect to the statistical characteristics of inhomogeneous (spatially nonstationary) random processes. The electrophysical parameters of surfaces and their statistical characteristics are considered as functions of spatial coordinates. The maximum likelihood method was chosen as the optimization method. The obtained results make it possible to determine the multichannel structure, the optimal method of surface observation and the potential spatial resolution in aerospace scatterometric radars with antenna array. Optimal operations for processing space-time signals are determined and a modified method for synthesizing antenna aperture is proposed, which in contrast to the classical algorithm for synthesizing antenna aperture that integrates the product of the received signal and the reference signal equal to a single signal additionally implements the decorrelation of signals reflected from the earth's surface, The new operation of the scattered signals decorrelation consists in their integration with the space-time inverse correlation function. To confirm the reliability of the results obtained, simulation modeling of the classical method for the synthesis of coherent images and the proposed optimal one was carried out. From the analysis of the results it flows that propose method has higher quality and smaller size of spackle noise. The results obtained in the article can be used to develop and substantiate the requirements for the tactical and technical characteristics of promising aerospace-based scatterometric radars with planar phased antenna arrays.
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Freeman, Suzanne, Alex Sutton, and Nicola Cooper. "OP380 A Review Of The Methodology Used To Synthesize Continuous And Time-To-Event Outcomes For Clinical And Cost-Effectiveness." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, S1 (December 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462320001051.
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IntroductionSynthesis of continuous and time-to-event outcomes is often complicated by the use of multiple outcome scales and heterogeneous reporting of outcomes across trials. Simple methods of evidence synthesis for clinical effectiveness can fail to account for these issues and result in a reduction of the evidence base, which can be further reduced at the cost-effectiveness stage as common outcome measures, such as standardized mean differences, cannot easily be incorporated into the economic decision model. Recent methodological advances for synthesizing continuous and time-to-event outcomes aim to include a greater proportion of the available evidence base within a single coherent analysis.MethodsTo assess the statistical methods commonly used in health technology assessment (HTA) and establish whether recent advances in synthesis methods have been adopted in practice, we conducted a review of HTA reports and guidelines published in the United Kingdom (UK) between 1 April 2018 and 31 March 2019 reporting a quantitative meta-analysis (MA), network meta-analysis (NMA) or indirect treatment comparison (ITC) of at least one continuous or time-to-event outcome.ResultsForty-seven articles were considered eligible for this review. Fifty-one percent of eligible articles reported at least one continuous outcome and 55 percent at least one time-to-event outcome. Twenty-nine articles reported NMA or ITC and twenty-seven reported MA of a continuous or time-to-event outcome. Forty articles included a decision model, of which twenty-seven incorporated evidence from a synthesis of a continuous or time-to-event outcome with eleven informed by a single trial (despite synthesis being conducted).ConclusionsUptake of methods to include a greater proportion of the available evidence base within a single coherent analysis in UK HTA reports has been slow. Evaluating health technologies using an evidence-based approach often results in better outcomes for patients. Therefore, HTA analysts and decision modelers must be aware of the expanding literature for synthesis of continuous and time-to-event outcomes and appreciate the limitations of simpler approaches.
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Li, Pei Yi, Mei Yun Zhang, Zhi Jie Wang, and Chun Tao Lin. "A Research on Modification of Paper-Based Functional Polyurethane Material." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1186.
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The methods of synthesizing polyurethane (Isophorone diisocyanate IPDI) with paper were investigated. The combination of SEM and IR analysis were used to analyze the chemical and physical characteristics and forming mechanism of the polyurethane derived from paper. The physical of base-paper material improved remarkably on the conditions of dosage of IPD 12%, reaction time 10min and temperature 60°C, facture length elevated by54.4%, folding strength raised by 12.4 times, and wet strength / dry strength was 50.54%.It was found that carbonate bond was formed between IPDI with cellulose in fibers when the paper was treated with IPDI .The treatment can change hydrogen bonds into chemical bonds and enhance the base-paper material’s physical strength. The Hydroxyl of Cellulose and －N=C=O produced the structure of amino formic acid ester, which formed as a bridge between the fibers. The hydrogen combining was transformed to chemical combining, which strengthened the intensity of single fiber and reinforce the combine of fibers. The treatment can change hydrogen bond into chemical bond and improved the paper’s physical strength, especially the wet strength.
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Smetanin, N. V., and A. V. Mazepa. "Functionalization of N-arylmaleimides by sp3 C–H bonds of hydroacridines(qinolines)." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 6 (December 2020): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2020-133-6-165-170.
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The catalyst-free sp3 C–H functionalization of tetrahydroacridine(quinolines) derivatives has been achieved using a Michael-type reaction with N-arylmaleimides. This method enables the facile synthesis of biologically important N-aryl bearing tetrahydroacridine(quinolines) moieties in a single step with high yields. The reaction occurs under non-catalytic conditions by heating of hydroacridines(quinolines) in DMSO within 4 h at 100–1200C. The reaction between starting compounds allows synthesizing (3S/4R)-3-[(3R/4S)-9-chloroacridine(quinoline)-4-yl]-1(-N-aryl)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones with a good yield. The structure of compounds was proved by spectral methods of analysis. The 1H NMR spectrum shows characteristic signals of protons of the CH-groups in acridine(quinoline) (3.4–3.5 ppm) and pyrrolidine (3.8–3.9 ppm) cycles. It is interesting to note that the main direction of the fragmentation is the Michael retro-reaction, which is accompanied by the elimination of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione and leads to the formation of m/z ions of starting chloroacridines(quinolines).
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Gillespie, Shawn, Marlene Arzt, Pamelyn Woo, and Michelle Monje. "PDTM-21. MULTI-MODAL PROFILING OF PEDIATRIC HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA SINGLE CELLS USING PATCH-SEQ." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.797.
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Abstract Pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas are characterized by extensive intra-tumoral transcriptional heterogeneity. When measured by single cell RNA sequencing, gliomas reveal themselves as continuums of stemness and differentiation programs with important implications for therapy, but to date this transcriptional information has not been directly linked to physiological behaviors of cells. Recent work from our group establishes the electrical integration of glioma cells into neural circuitry. One subpopulation of glioma cells participates in glutamatergic synaptic communication with neurons, and a distinct subpopulation of cells sense and respond to extracellular potassium flux of neuronal networks by an entirely distinct mechanism. Our data support a model in which both modes of electrical communication are critical to glioma growth, but current associations between the electrophysiological properties of a cell, its transcriptional profile and developmental state are correlational in nature. Patch-seq is needed to clarify the relationship between transcriptional profiles of quiescent/cycling stem-like cells and the observed electrophysiological behaviors. Put more simply, patch-seq will clarify where the synaptically-connected glioma cells exist along a developmental hierarchy. METHODS Here, we adapt a recently described technique called patch-seq to record the electrophysiological profiles of individual pediatric high-grade glioma cells by whole cell patch-clamp and subsequently isolate their mRNA for single cell sequencing by smart-seq2 and analysis using Seurat. In this way, we couple electrophysiological and transcriptomic profiles to unambiguously assign functional identities to cells with transcriptional profiles along a developmental hierarchy. RESULTS We report the successful adaptation of patch-seq for use with patient-derived diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) xenografts in acute brain slice preparations, enabling evaluation of single glioma cells integrated in intact neural circuitry. CONCLUSIONS Data synthesizing the electrophysiological and transcriptomic profiles of single glioma cells in the context of the developmental hierarchy will be presented.
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Xu, Yuanyuan, Yi Chen, Shasha Xiang, Kun Ye, Xuan Bao, Xuan Zhu, Yin Ge, Lihua Shi, and Mengyi Lin. "Effect of xylitol on gut microbiota in an in vitro colonic simulation." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 44, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2018-0328.
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Abstract Objective Xylitol has been commonly used as a sweetener and dental caries protective agent. However, how xylitol influences the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota is not known yet. This study aimed to dissect the changes of microbiota and their metabolites under xylitol supplementation in an in vitro colonic simulation. Materials and methods A single-phase continuous fermentation model was used to culture human fecal flora and the 16s rDNA and short chain fatty acid were analyzed. Results and discussion It was found that gut microbiota composition differentiated after xylitol supplementation only for the beginning 3 days. Xylitol significantly enhanced the relative amount of butyrate synthesizing bacteria such as Clostridium and Phascolarctobacterium. Meanwhile, xylitol increased the production of propionic acid and butyrate. An increase of Escherichia population sizes after xylitol supplementation was beyond expectation. By Spearman analysis, a positive relationship between Escherichia and Bifidobacterium was found. Conclusion xylitol can rapidly enhance the total amount of short chain fatty acids, but its influence will disappear after 3 days of fermentation. Results of this investigation can be a guideline for the further investigations on xylitol in relation to gut microbiota and the daily intake determinations.
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Li, Xiaoshuang, Hao Zhang, Ying Zhao, Lili Lian, Xiyue Wang, Wenxiu Gao, Bo Zhu, and Dawei Lou. "Design and Synthesis of Ag Nanocluster Molecular Beacon for Adenosine Triphosphate Detection." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2786156.
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This study presents a fluorescence method for detecting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based on a label-free Ag nanocluster molecular beacon (MB) with high sensitivity. The sensor contains a hairpin-shaped MB, two short single-stranded DNA strands, and T4 DNA ligase. The MB consists of three parts, which are the template DNA sequence for synthesizing Ag nanoclusters at the 5′ end, the middle DNA with a hairpin-shaped structure, and the guanine base-rich DNA sequence at the 3′ end. The sensor exhibits high fluorescence intensity in the absence of ATP. However, when the probe is used for ATP detection, the two short DNA sequences in the sensor would form a long sequence by enzymatic ligation reaction; this long sequence opens the hairpin-shaped structure of the MB and decreases the fluorescence of the system. Under optimal analytical conditions, a clear linear relationship is observed between ATP concentration and fluorescence intensity in the range of 0.1–10 μM. The interference presented by other small molecules during ATP detection is evaluated, and results confirm the good selectivity of the proposed sensor. Compared with traditional methods, the sensor is label free, easy to operate, inexpensive, and highly sensitive.
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VM, Sivakumar, Abdul Rahman Mohamed, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, and Siang-Piao Chai. "Role of Reaction and Factors of Carbon Nanotubes Growth in Chemical Vapour Decomposition Process Using Methane—A Highlight." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/395191.
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One of the remarkable achievements in the field of nanotechnology is Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) synthesis. Since their discovery in 1991 by Iijima, CNTs have attracted much attention across the world. The CNTs are broadly classified into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The most distinguished features of SWNTs and MWNTs are their electrical, mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties which in turn find their potential applications in almost all fields of science, engineering, and technology. Based on the previous research studies to till date, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is considered to be the simplest method with high energy efficiency and precise control of reaction parameters compared to other different methods for synthesizing CNTs. Since production of CNTs is becoming the most important factor in the applications point of view, most industries today are opting for the CVD technique. This paper reviewed the synthesis of CNT by CVD especially focusing on methane CVD. Various parameters influencing the reaction and CNT growth were also discussed. A detailed review was made over the different types of CVD process, influence of metal, supports, metal-support interaction, effect of promoters, and reaction parameters role in CNTs growth.
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López Cota, Francisco Arturo, José Alonso Díaz-Guillén, Oscar Juan Dura, Marco Antonio López de la Torre, Joelis Rodríguez-Hernández, and Antonio Fernández Fuentes. "Mechanosynthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Fe, Zn, and Cd-Doped P-Type Tetrahedrite: Cu12-xMxSb4S13." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133448.
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This contribution deals with the mechanochemical synthesis, characterization, and thermoelectric properties of tetrahedrite-based materials, Cu12-xMxSb4S13 (M = Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+; x = 0, 1.5, 2). High-energy mechanical milling allows obtaining pristine and substituted tetrahedrites, after short milling under ambient conditions, of stoichiometric mixtures of the corresponding commercially available binary sulfides, i.e., Cu2S, CuS, Sb2S3, and MS (M = Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+). All the target materials but those containing Cd were obtained as single-phase products; some admixture of a hydrated cadmium sulfate was also identified by XRD as a by-product when synthesizing Cu10Cd2Sb4S13. The as-obtained products were thermally stable when firing in argon up to a temperature of 350–400 °C. Overall, the substitution of Cu(II) by Fe(II), Zn(II), or Cd(II) reduces tetrahedrites’ thermal and electrical conductivities but increases the Seebeck coefficient. Unfortunately, the values of the thermoelectric figure of merit obtained in this study are in general lower than those found in the literature for similar samples obtained by other powder processing methods; slight compositional changes, undetected secondary phases, and/or deficient sintering might account for some of these discrepancies.
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Larrea-Alvarez, Marco, and Saul Purton. "Multigenic engineering of the chloroplast genome in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Microbiology 166, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000910.
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The chloroplast of microalgae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents an attractive chassis for light-driven production of novel recombinant proteins and metabolites. Methods for the introduction and expression of transgenes in the chloroplast genome (=plastome) of C. reinhardtii are well-established and over 100 different proteins have been successfully produced. However, in almost all reported cases the complexity of the genetic engineering is low, and typically involves introduction into the plastome of just a single transgene together with a selectable marker. In order to exploit fully the potential of the algal chassis it is necessary to establish methods for multigenic engineering in which many transgenes can be stably incorporated into the plastome. This would allow the synthesis of multi-subunit proteins and the introduction into the chloroplast of whole new metabolic pathways. In this short communication we report a proof-of-concept study involving both a combinatorial and serial approach, with the goal of synthesizing five different test proteins in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast. Analysis of the various transgenic lines confirmed the successful integration of the transgenes and accumulation of the gene products. However, the work also highlights an issue of genetic instability when using the same untranslated region for each of the transgenes. Our findings therefore help to define appropriate strategies for robust multigenic engineering of the algal chloroplast.
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Hammer, Alexandra, and Sabine Steiner. "Gene therapy for therapeutic angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials." Vasa 42, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000298.
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Background: Beyond pharmacological, endovascular and surgical treatment strategies for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), therapeutic angiogenesis has been advocated to relieve symptoms and support limb salvage, in particular in patients with critical limb ischemia. We aimed to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of gene therapy in PAD. Patients and methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was performed to identify RCTs studying local administration of pro-angiogenic growth factors (VEGF, FGF, HGF, Del-1, HIF-1alpha) using plasmid or viral gene transfer by intra-arterial or intra-muscular injections. Outcomes of interest comprised all-cause mortality, amputations, ulcer healing, walking distance and ankle-brachial index. If feasible, standard meta-analysis should be performed with subgroup analysis for claudicants and patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Results: The systematic search yielded 12 RCTs for analysis from 1163 citations. In total, 1494 patients (29 % females) were included with the majority suffering from CLI (64 %). Various endpoints were improved by single studies, but none by a majority of studies. Meta-analysis showed neither a significant benefit nor harm for gene therapy when synthesizing data for all-cause mortality (OR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.62 - 1.26) amputations (OR 0.64, 95 % CI 0.31 - 1.31) or ulcer healing (OR 1.79, 95 % CI 0.8 - 4.01). No differences were seen between patients with intermittent claudication or CLI. Conclusions: Despite promising results in single studies, no clear benefit could be identified for gene therapy in PAD patients, irrespective of disease severity.
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Boyce, Mark, and Polly Roy. "Recovery of Infectious Bluetongue Virus from RNA." Journal of Virology 81, no. 5 (December 6, 2006): 2179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01819-06.
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ABSTRACT Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of ruminants with the potential for devastating economic impact on European agriculture. BTV and many other members of the Reoviridae have remained stubbornly refractory to the development of methods for the rescue of infectious virus from cloned nucleic acid (reverse genetics). Partially disassembled virus particles are transcriptionally active, synthesizing viral transcripts in the cytoplasm of infected cells, in essence delivering viral nucleic acids in situ. With the goal of generating a reverse-genetics system for BTV, we examined the possibility of recovering infectious BTV by the transfection of BSR cells with BTV transcripts (single-stranded RNA [ssRNA]) synthesized in vitro using BTV core particles. Following transfection, viral-protein synthesis was detected by immunoblotting, and confocal examination of the cells showed a punctate cytoplasmic distribution of inclusion bodies similar to that seen in infected cells. Viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was isolated from ssRNA-transfected cells, demonstrating that replication of the ssRNA had occurred. Additionally, infectious virus was present in the medium of transfected cells, as demonstrated by the passage of infectivity in BSR cells. Infectivity was sensitive to single-strand-specific RNase A, and cotransfection of genomic BTV dsRNA with transcribed ssRNA demonstrated that the ssRNA species, rather than dsRNA, were the active components. We conclude that it is possible to recover infectious BTV wholly from ssRNA, which suggests a means for establishing helper virus-independent reverse-genetics systems for members of the Reoviridae.
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Pickel, V. M., J. Chan, and T. A. Milner. "Autoradiographic detection of [125I]-secondary antiserum: a sensitive light and electron microscopic labeling method compatible with peroxidase immunocytochemistry for dual localization of neuronal antigens." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 6 (June 1986): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.6.2422251.
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We examined whether autoradiographic localization of [125I]-antirabbit immunoglobulin (IgG) was suitable for light and electron microscopic detection of a rabbit antiserum to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and whether autoradiographic and peroxidase labeling could be combined for simultaneous immunocytochemical identification of TH and neuropeptides in brain. Adult rat brains were fixed by aortic arch perfusion with acrolein and paraformaldehyde. Vibratome sections of the fixed tissues were incubated with various dilutions of TH antiserum followed by [125I]-secondary IgG. These sections were then directly processed for autoradiography or were incubated with rabbit antiserum to substance P (SP) or methionine [Met5]-enkephalin (ME). These latter sections were then processed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) or conjugated peroxidase methods followed by autoradiography. Exposure periods of 12-20 days for light microscopy or 90 days for electron microscopy yielded substantial accumulations of silver grains even at the highest (1:30,000) dilution of TH antiserum. At this dilution, immunoreactivity for TH was virtually nondetectable by PAP and conjugated peroxidase methods. The differential sensitivities of the autoradiographic versus peroxidase methods provided a means for separable identification of rabbit antiserum to TH and to SP or ME. Ultrastructural analysis of the catecholaminergic neurons in the medial nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS) showed selective cytoplasmic localization of silver grains for [125I]-labeling of TH in perikarya, dendrites, and terminals. Within single thin sections prepared for dual labeling, the peroxidase marker for SP and for ME was differentially localized with respect to autoradiographic labeling of TH.
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Ni, Songbo, Jessica Leemann, Ivo Buttinoni, Lucio Isa, and Heiko Wolf. "Programmable colloidal molecules from sequential capillarity-assisted particle assembly." Science Advances 2, no. 4 (April 2016): e1501779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501779.
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The assembly of artificial nanostructured and microstructured materials which display structures and functionalities that mimic nature’s complexity requires building blocks with specific and directional interactions, analogous to those displayed at the molecular level. Despite remarkable progress in synthesizing “patchy” particles encoding anisotropic interactions, most current methods are restricted to integrating up to two compositional patches on a single “molecule” and to objects with simple shapes. Currently, decoupling functionality and shape to achieve full compositional and geometrical programmability remains an elusive task. We use sequential capillarity-assisted particle assembly which uniquely fulfills the demands described above. This is a new method based on simple, yet essential, adaptations to the well-known capillary assembly of particles over topographical templates. Tuning the depth of the assembly sites (traps) and the surface tension of moving droplets of colloidal suspensions enables controlled stepwise filling of traps to “synthesize” colloidal molecules. After deposition and mechanical linkage, the colloidal molecules can be dispersed in a solvent. The template’s shape solely controls the molecule’s geometry, whereas the filling sequence independently determines its composition. No specific surface chemistry is required, and multifunctional molecules with organic and inorganic moieties can be fabricated. We demonstrate the “synthesis” of a library of structures, ranging from dumbbells and triangles to units resembling bar codes, block copolymers, surfactants, and three-dimensional chiral objects. The full programmability of our approach opens up new directions not only for assembling and studying complex materials with single-particle-level control but also for fabricating new microscale devices for sensing, patterning, and delivery applications.
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Padmanabhan, Vijeesh, Maneesha P. Madhu, and Supriya M. Hariharan. "Studies on the Temperature Stability of Pure and Doped Triglycine Sulphate Crystals Using TGA/DTA." Current Physical Chemistry 10, no. 3 (November 4, 2020): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946810666200212094533.
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Aim: To study the temperature stability of TGS doped with ZnSO4, CdCl2, BaCl2, and compare it with that of pure TGS. Objectives: Synthesizing pure and doped TGS and studying their temperature dependence using TGA, DTA, and DSC analysis. Methods: Slow cooling solution growth was used to grow single crystals of pure and doped TGS. The TGA, DTA and DSC analysis was conducted for determining the temperature stability. Results: The thermal analysis of pure and doped TGS shows that the doped samples show a similar dependence on temperature as pure TGS. The temperature of decomposition of pure and doped samples (BTGS, ZTGS, CdTGS) was 226.60°C, 228.38°C, 229.13°C, and 239.13°C respectively. The melting onset of these samples was 214.51°C, 216.04°C, 217.69°C and 216.04°C respectively. Conclusion: The study shows that doping TGS with the above three described materials did not alter their temperature stability considerably. It is a good result as doping TGS, for varying its characteristics like absorbance, reflectance, bandgap energy, etc., which did not alter its temperature stability. Therefore, TGS doped with the above three dopants can be used at the same temperature ranges as of pure TGS but with much-improved efficiency.
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Khanal, Vijay, Eric Soto-Harrison, Dhanesh Chandra, Narmina O. Balayeva, Detlef W. Bahnemann, and Vaidyanathan (Ravi) Subramanian. "A Selective Synthesis of TaON Nanoparticles and Their Comparative Study of Photoelectrochemical Properties." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101128.
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A simplified ammonolysis method for synthesizing single phase TaON nanoparticles is presented and the resulting photoelectrochemical properties are compared and contrasted with as-synthesized Ta2O5 and Ta3N5. The protocol for partial nitridation of Ta2O5 (synthesis of TaON) offers a straightforward simplification over existing methods. Moreover, the present protocol offers extreme reproducibility and enhanced chemical safety. The morphological characterization of the as-synthesized photocatalysts indicate spherical nanoparticles with sizes 30, 40, and 30 nm Ta2O5, TaON, and Ta3N5 with the absorbance onset at ~320 nm, 580 nm, and 630 nm respectively. The photoactivity of the catalysts has been examined for the degradation of a representative cationic dye methylene blue (MB) using xenon light. Subsequent nitridation of Ta2O5 yields significant increment in the conversion (ζ: Ta2O5 < TaON < Ta3N5) mainly attributable to the defect-facilitated adsorption of MB on the catalyst surface and bandgap lowering of catalysts with Ta3N5 showing > 95% ζ for a lower (0.1 g) loading and with a lamp with lower Ultraviolet (UV) content. Improved Photoelectrochemical performance is noted after a series of chronoamperometry (J/t), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Finally, stability experiments performed using recovered and treated photocatalyst show no loss of photoactivity, suggesting the photocatalysts can be successfully recycled.
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Fang, Mingjing, Yingying Xu, Qionghua Yin, Jianhong Yu, Can Wang, and Yingying Zhang. "Abnormal Event Health-Status Monitoring Based on Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Level Association Rules Constraints in Nursing Information System." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.2964.
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Since the traditional methods such as statistical analysis are used to analyze the long-term nursing service strategy more, and no association rule method is used to solve the problems encountered in the development of long-term nursing service. This paper aims to provide some data support for the establishment of a scientific and reasonable long-term nursing information system by synthesizing the basic national conditions and drawing lessons from foreign experience. Therefore, in order to improve the analytical accuracy of multidimensional multi-model data, minimal rule which includes rules with single item as the consequent and the minimal number of items as the antecedent, can be introduced to derive the same decisions as other association rules without information loss, while the number of minimal rules is much less than of all rules. From these association rules, it can be known that diabetes has a strong association with coronary heart disease, hypertension, fatty liver, chronic arterial occlusive disease, abnormal lipid metabolism and other diseases; according to the analysis of the antecedent and consequence in the results table of the above association rules, it can be found that diabetes is highly likely to cause hypertension, coronary heart disease, abnormal lipid metabolism, fatty liver, and there is a close relationship between various complications.
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Hassanzadeh-Afruzi, Fereshte, Shahrzad Bahrami, and Ali Maleki. "ZnS/CuFe2O4: Magnetic Hybrid Nanocomposite to Catalyze the Synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazole Derivatives." Proceedings 41, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-23-06654.
Full textAbstract:
Integration of nanomaterials is an entirely new method to synthesis efficient catalysts. These compounds provided new characteristics and distinctive application which is not accessible in the single-particle nanostuctures. Although there is little catalytic activity in each component of the hybrid material, their hybrid displays much higher activity. Indeed, the presence of intermediate metal and their oxides in the framework of hybrid catalyst caused a synergistic effect, thus facilitate the organic reaction more effectively. The extensive biochemical and pharmacological activities of imidazole-containing compounds have required the development of efficient methods for synthesizing these compounds, which is a significant topic in organic chemistry. The imidazole nucleus function as a main scaffold for constructing of biologically important molecules. The ZnS/CuFe2O4 magnetic hybrid nanocatalyst was synthesized by a simple co precipitation and characterized by conventional analyses successfully. Synthesized nanocomposite was utilized as a magnetic and heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazole derivatives with condensation of various aromatic aldehydes, benzil and ammonium acetate. The presented method shows some advantages such as mild conditions, good yields, and simple separation of products from the reaction mixture and cost-effective catalyst. The experimental data showed ZnS/CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst were easily separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnetic field and use again five times in subsequent reactions without appreciable reduction in catalytic activity.
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Bazhanov, A. B., and D. E. Tsyplakov. "State of regional lymph nodes and prognosis in stomach cancer." Kazan medical journal 98, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2017-328.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. Multiparameter analysis of the state of regional lymph nodes of stomach cancer to reveal prognostic criteria of patients’ 5-year survival.
Methods. The regional lymph nodes removed during surgery for stomach cancer in 170 oncologic patients were studied by means of histologic, immunohistochemical, electron microscopy and morphometric methods. The 5-year survival was calculated by the direct method.
Results. It was revealed that 5-year survival directly depends on the amount of involved lymph nodes. Detection of even single tumor cells in one regional lymph node worsens the prognosis for a patient’s life. The more metastases there are in lymph tissue, the worse the prognosis is. Immunomorphologic reactions and ultrastructural changes are of substantial significance. High 5-year survival was characteristic for hyperplasia of paracortical area with increased number of CD3(+) T-cells, the ultrastructure of which corresponds to activated (immune) lymphocytes, and for sinus histiocytosis as well with increased number of CD68(+) free macrophages in regional lymph nodes with pronounced phagocytic activity. Prognosis is worse in lymphoid follicular hyperplasia with high content of CD20(+) B-cells and plasmocytes. The lowest 5-year survival was accompanied by degenerative sinus histiocytosis, atrophy or sclerolipomatosis transformation of lymphoid tissue with hypoplasia of paracortical area and lymphoid follicles. Under an electron microscope active fibroblasts are seen synthesizing collagen and large number of degenerating cell forms, particularly, lymphocytes.
Conclusion. The 5-year survival of oncologic patients with stomach cancer is determined by the amount of metastatic regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases, their volume in lymphoid tissue, histologic pattern and ultrastructural cell changes; comparative analysis of these criteria allows developing prognostic algorithm.
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Sapkota, Anish, Amir Haghverdi, Claudia C. E. Avila, and Samantha C. Ying. "Irrigation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review of Field-Based Studies." Soil Systems 4, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020020.
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Irrigation practices can greatly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. However, the effects of different irrigation management practices, such as flood irrigations versus reduced volume methods, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, on GHG emissions are still poorly understood. Therefore, this review was performed to investigate the effects of different irrigation management strategies on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by synthesizing existing research that either directly or indirectly examined the effects of at least two irrigation rates on GHG emissions within a single field-based study. Out of thirty-two articles selected for review, reduced irrigation was found to be effective in lowering the rate of CH4 emissions, while flood irrigation had the highest CH4 emission. The rate of CO2 emission increased mostly under low irrigation, and the effect of irrigation strategies on N2O emissions were inconsistent, though a majority of studies reported low N2O emissions in continuously flooded field treatments. The global warming potential (GWP) demonstrated that reduced or water-saving irrigation strategies have the potential to decrease the effect of GHG emissions. In general, GWP was higher for the field that was continuously flooded. The major finding from this review is that optimizing irrigation may help to reduce CH4 emissions and net GWP. However, more field research assessing the effect of varying rates of irrigation on the emission of GHGs from the agricultural field is warranted.
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Nayarisseri, Anuraj. "Experimental and Computational Approaches to Improve Binding Affinity in Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 19 (September 14, 2020): 1651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802662019200701164759.
Full textAbstract:
Drug discovery is one of the most complicated processes and establishment of a single drug may require multidisciplinary attempts to design efficient and commercially viable drugs. The main purpose of drug design is to identify a chemical compound or inhibitor that can bind to an active site of a specific cavity on a target protein. The traditional drug design methods involved various experimental based approaches including random screening of chemicals found in nature or can be synthesized directly in chemical laboratories. Except for the long cycle design and time, high cost is also the major issue of concern. Modernized computer-based algorithm including structure-based drug design has accelerated the drug design and discovery process adequately. Surprisingly from the past decade remarkable progress has been made concerned with all area of drug design and discovery. CADD (Computer Aided Drug Designing) based tools shorten the conventional cycle size and also generate chemically more stable and worthy compounds and hence reduce the drug discovery cost. This special edition of editorial comprises the combination of seven research and review articles set emphasis especially on the computational approaches along with the experimental approaches using a chemical synthesizing for the binding affinity in chemical biology and discovery as a salient used in de-novo drug designing. This set of articles exfoliates the role that systems biology and the evaluation of ligand affinity in drug design and discovery for the future.