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3
National Council for One Parent Families., ed. Working to target: Can policies deliver paid work for seven in ten lone parents?. London: National Council for One Parent Families, 2003.
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Halpern, Adena. Target underwear in a Vera Wang gown: Tales from a single girl's closet. New York: Gotham Books, 2006.
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Burghardt, John A. The minority female single parent demonstration: Local context and target population : a technical research report. New York: Rockfeller Foundation, 1990.
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V, Kenyon R., Air Force Human Resources Laboratory., and Massachusettts Institute of Technology. Man-Vehicle Laboratory., eds. Eye movement in response to single and multiple targets. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex: Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, 1985.
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Atwood, Margaret Eleanor. Moving targets: Writing with intent, 1982-2004. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2004.
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Atwood, Margaret Eleanor. Moving targets: Writing with intent, 1982-2004. Toronto, ON: House of Anansi Press, 2006.
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Obradovic, Aleksandar. Discovering Master Regulators of Single-Cell Transcriptional States in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Reveal Immuno-Therapeutic Targets and Synergistic Treatments. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2022.
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Search and Target Acquisition: Single Line of Sight Versus Wide Baseline Stereo. Storming Media, 2001.
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Halpern, Adena. Target Underwear and a Vera Wang Gown: Notes from a Single Girl's Closet. Gotham, 2006.
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Target Underwear and a Vera Wang Gown: Notes from a Single Girl's Closet. Gotham, 2007.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Single-species detection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 “Single-species detection” deals with the practical aspects of detecting a single and predefined taxon with eDNA, with a particular focus on the use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for this purpose. After presenting how single-species detection has been implemented in a few seminal studies, it details the principles underlying qPCR. More specifically, it describes the typical qPCR amplification curve and the different systems (SYBR green and TaqMan probe assays) available to record amplicon accumulation in real time via fluorescence measurements. Chapter 9 also explains how the initial number of target sequences can be estimated with the Ct method, and addresses the design and test of reliable qPCR barcodes and probes targeting a single species. Finally, several important experimental considerations are highlighted, including the particular concerns of contamination and inhibition in qPCR.
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Fielding, Joy. Charley's Web: One Woman's Desperate Race Against Time to Stop Her Own Family Becoming a Killer's Next Target. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2012.
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Detailed Review Document on Hazard Classification Systems for Specific Target Organ Systemic Toxicity Following Single or Repeated Exposure in OECD Member Countries. OECD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264078420-en.
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Nedina, Hana. History of Sniping Through the World Wars : Secret Missions to Take Out a Single Important Target: Story of Lone Wolf Snipers and Their Tricks. Independently Published, 2021.
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Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Book Five: Last Olympian, The (Target Customer. Hyperion Book CH, 2009.
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Manne, Kate. Ameliorating Misogyny. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.003.0003.
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According to the positive “ameliorative” analysis of misogyny developed in this chapter, misogyny is primarily a property of social environments in which girls and women are prone to face hostility because of the enforcement and policing of patriarchal norms and expectations—e.g., insofar as they are deemed guilty of violating patriarchal law and order. Alternatively, women may be singled out and treated as representative targets, as Rush Limbaugh’s attacks on Sandra Fluke indicate. Because misogyny functions to uphold or reinstate male dominance, we would hence expect misogyny’s primary targets to be certain kinds of women: those who challenge or disrupt existing gender hierarchies. But virtually any woman is potentially the target of misogynist aggression. Since any woman can typically stand in imaginatively for a whole host of others, they may serve as an outlet for many different grudges. Expressions of frustration, protest, lashing out, and “punching down” behavior are further possibilities.
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Ellam, Rob. 5. Physics heal thyself. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0005.
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Stable and radioactive isotopes are used extensively in diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications including studies of human body composition, energy balance, protein turnover, and metabolism. ‘Physics heal thyself: isotopes in medicine’ shows how ionizing radiation is key to a host of medical imaging techniques with radioactive isotopes widely used to target and kill cancer cells. Enriched isotopes are used as biological tracers; doubly labelled water in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes; and 13C-labelled urea in diagnosing stomach and duodenal ulcers. Medical uses of ionizing radiation are manifold including X-ray imaging, radiotherapy with external X-ray beams, brachytherapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography.
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Bloos, Frank, and Konrad Reinhart. Mixed and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0134.
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Haemodynamic resuscitation should target goals that reflect the tissue oxygen needs of an individual patient. Venous oximetry may be such a tool. Oxygen saturation of blood in the pulmonary artery contains venous blood from the whole body and is referred to as mixed oxygen saturation (SvO2). Measurement of oxygen saturation in blood obtained from a central venous catheter is referred to as central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2). Both values are not identical since a catheter placed into the superior vena cava only represents venous blood draining the upper body. While it is not possible, in the clinical setting, to predict SvO2 from ScvO2, changes in SvO2 are adequately mirrored by changes in ScvO2. Post-operative patients and patients admitted to intensive care with a low ScvO2 show a higher morbidity and mortality. Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) combines several haemodynamic goals into a treatment algorithm, including a ScvO2 target. However, recent studies do not support the systematic use of this protocolized approach. A normal value of SvO2 or ScvO2 saturation does not always exclude tissue hypoxia, since it is not possible to identify an inadequate oxygen supply in single organs. A further limitation of this technique is that organ dysfunction can progress, or serum lactate increases, despite normal or even increased venous oximetry values.
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Shils, Jay L., Sepehr Sani, Ryan Kochanski, Mena Kerolus, and Jeffrey E. Arle. Recording Techniques Related to Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders and Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0038.
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Neuromodulation therapies are now common treatments for a variety of medically refractory disorders, including movement disorders and epilepsy. While surgical techniques for each disorder vary, electricity is used by both for relieving symptoms. During stereotactic placement of the stimulating electrode, either deep brain stimulation electrodes or cortical strip electrodes, intraoperative neurophysiology is used to localize the target structure. This physiology includes single-unit recordings, neurostimulation evoked response evaluation, and intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) to ensure the electrode leads are in the optimal location. Because the functional target for the responsive neurostimulator is more easily visualized on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative physiology is used more as a confirmatory tool, in contrast to the more functional localization-based use during electrode placement for movement disorders. This chapter discusses surgical placement of the electrodes for each procedure and the physiological guidance methodology used to place the leads in the optimal location.
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Rowe, David M. Economic Sanctions and International Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.160.
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Economic sanctions are a versatile instrument of statecraft used by states to try to influence the behavior of foreign actors by threatening or restricting customary cross-border trade or financial flows to an intended target. Examples of economic sanctions are retaliatory tariffs imposed in trade disputes and the complete cessation of economic flows aimed at undermining a certain regime. The importance of economic sanctions to policy makers has spawned a substantial amount of scholarly work dominated by two questions: whether sanctions “work” and whether states should use them. The long-running scholarly debate about whether sanctions work is essentially a dispute over how to classify cases. However, comparing cases of success and failure is problematic, in part because the very notion of what constitutes the successful use of sanctions is not clear and policy makers rarely seek to influence a single target or pursue a single policy goal when using sanctions. One of the most promising developments in the literature has been the increasing use of game theory to analyze sanctions, but this approach does not adequately determine the appropriateness of sanctions as a policy instrument. Sanctions research should focus instead on the basic strategic dynamics of the sanctions episode in order to identify those factors that contribute most strongly to the effective use of sanctions and to enable policy makers to understand more about the consequences of using sanctions as an instrument of statecraft.
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Atwood, Margaret Eleanor. Moving Targets: Writing with Intent 1982-2004. House of Anansi Press, 2019.
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Bermeo, Sarah Blodgett. Targeted Development in Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851828.003.0002.
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This chapter places the concept of targeted development in historical context, starting with an overview of the time immediately following the end of World War II. Interestingly, the logic for targeted development today has much in common with the decision to target development resources to Europe, rather than the developing world, in the second half of the 1940s. As the Cold War unfolded and the strategy of containment took hold, the chapter demonstrates how development promotion was sidelined in favor of a more direct approach to pursuing geopolitical goals in developing countries. The chapter then traces the rise of interconnections between industrialized and developing countries since the end of the Cold War and the impact of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks for focusing attention on spillovers associated with underdevelopment.
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Byrne, Majella, Suzanne Jolley, and Emmanuelle Peters. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0011.
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This chapter outlines current cognitive behaviour therapy approaches for positive psychotic symptoms and their theoretical underpinnings. The difficulties of translating research into frontline practice are examined, with recommendations for effective implementation. Evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is reviewed, identifying challenges in the design, conduct, and interpretation of evaluations. New developments are highlighted, including specific interventions designed to target single psychological processes hypothesized to cause or maintain distressing psychotic symptoms. The current evidence for CBTp specifically for those with persisting and distressing positive symptoms of psychosis, who either do not respond to medication or have chosen not to take medication, is outlined. Finally, predictors of good outcome in CBTp are presented.
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Henter, Ioline D., and Rodrigo Machado-Vieira. Novel therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0030.
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The long-term course of bipolar disorder (BD) comprises recurrent depressive episodes and persistent residual symptoms for which standard therapeutic options are scarce and often ineffective. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and glutamate and its cognate receptors have consistently been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and in the development of novel therapeutics for these disorders. Since the rapid and robust antidepressant effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine were first observed in 2000, other NMDA receptor antagonists have been studied in major depressive disorder (MDD) and BD. This chapter reviews the clinical evidence supporting the use of novel glutamate receptor modulators for treating BD—particularly bipolar depression. We also discuss other promising, non-glutamatergic targets for potential rapid antidepressant effects in mood disorders, including the cholinergic system, the melatonergic system, the glucocorticoid system, the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, and oxidative stress and bioenergetics.
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Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.
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The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.
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Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 5 Cross-Cutting Issues, 5.2 Limitations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0029.
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This chapter discusses issues concerning the limitation of freedom of religion or belief, including related issues of interpretation. First, religious manifestation is different from holding, adopting, or changing religion or belief in that the latter is not subject to any limitation whatsoever. Second, national security is mentioned as a limitations ground in articles 12 (liberty of movement), 13 (expulsion), 14 (fair trial), 19 (freedom of expression), 21 (peaceful assembly), and 22 (freedom of association), but not in article 18 of the ICCPR. Third, traditions and limitations intersect in two ways; a single tradition cannot determine limitation on the grounds of morals, and limitations should not target a single tradition. Lastly, the exercise of assessing ‘necessity’ and ‘proportionality’ should not sideline the importance of upholding the protection of the relevant human rights. International procedures should only limit freedom of religion or belief in accordance with a strict understanding of the rights and limitation regime concerned, and with detailed justification of the rationale for their decision making in the compromise that is proposed.
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Metzinger, Thomas. Why Is Mind-Wandering Interesting for Philosophers? Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.32.
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This chapter explores points of contact between philosophy of mind and scientific approaches to spontaneous thought. While offering a series of conceptual instruments that might prove helpful for researchers on the empirical research frontier, it begins by asking what the explanandum for theories of mind-wandering is, how one can conceptually individuate single occurrences of this specific target phenomenon, and how one might arrive at a more fine-grained taxonomy. The second half of this contribution sketches some positive proposals as to how one might understand mind-wandering on a conceptual level, namely, as a loss of mental autonomy resulting in involuntary mental behavior, as a highly specific epistemic deficit relating to self-knowledge, and as a discontinuous phenomenological process in which one’s conscious “unit of identification” is switched.
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Kaufmann, Philipp A., and Oliver Gaemperli. Hybrid Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0028.
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Assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion are equally important for the appropriate treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiac hybrid imaging allows integration of coronary anatomy and perfusion in one all-in-one image, thereby avoiding mental integration of findings. In selected subgroups of patients, cardiac hybrid imaging has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single modalities. The combination of coronary anatomy and function provides incremental prognostic information and improves risk stratification of patients with suspected or known CAD. Aside from CT coronary angiography, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) scans obtained from native ECG-triggered CT are used for hybrid imaging. They are used either for attenuation correction, or can be combined with radionuclide information to improve CAD detection and risk stratification. A large number of integrated hybrid scanners are commercially available and offer advantages for cardiac hybrid imaging. However, these devices are not mandatory, and hybrid imaging is perfectly feasible from two separate datasets using appropriate image fusion software. Cardiac magnetic resonance has entered the arena of hybrid imaging and several integrated PET/MRI devices are already commercially available. Its advantages include the lack of ionizing radiation and a high spatial resolution, particularly for soft tissue structures. In research, hybrid imaging moves beyond its conventional borders of perfusion imaging to target specific molecular or biological pathways that underlie cardiac disease, a concept known as molecular imaging. The combination of radionuclide imaging with CT or MRI offers attractive features to co-localize biological signals from radiolabeled targeted compounds with microanatomical structures.
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Ludlow, N. Piers. 9. From Deadlock to Dynamism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the origins of the European Community's (EC) transformation, arguing that the most important factor was the emergence of a new degree of consensus among economic and political leaders about what ‘Europe’ should do. In the course of the mid-1980s, the EC went from being a seemingly moribund entity to a rapidly developing success story. The launch of the single market programme revitalized the EC, helped it overcome long-standing institutional paralyses, created onward pressure for yet more integration, and forced the rest of the world to pay heed to the European integration process once more. The chapter explains how the apparently narrow target of establishing an internal market within the EC encouraged multiple other efforts to integrate Western Europe more closely. It also considers the important role played by national governments and the European Council in shaping the direction of European integration.
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Vincent, Angela. Neuroimmunology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0015.
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This chapter relates to antibody-mediated disorders throughout the nervous system. Early papers recall how use of bungarotoxin, passive transfer experiments in mice, and clinical response to plasma exchange confirmed the role of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Cutting edge techniques subsequently discovered other key neuromuscular junctional proteins, including muscle-specific kinase an additional target for antibodies. Later papers report the link between brain inflammation and severe amnesia, paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic, and the identification of the first pathogenic antibodies to a central nervous system (CNS) receptor in Rasmussen’s syndrome. The first report of “Morvan’s syndrome” is followed by a single patient with antibodies immunoprecipitating potassium channels who improved remarkably with plasma exchange. Lastly, the patients in the 1920’s encephalitis lethargica epidemic described in detail by von Economo, exhibited many of the features now recognised as caused by antibodies to various CNS receptors and associated membrane proteins.
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Taraldsen, Knut Tarald. Spanning versus Constituent Lexicalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0003.
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This chapter seeks to evaluate the relative merits of two competing views of how lexical insertion should work in a nanosyntactic framework. One view holds that a sequence of heads meeting certain conditions, a “span,” can be replaced by a single morpheme even when those heads do not form a constituent in the input tree. The other view allows lexical insertion only to target constituents. The article focuses on certain properties of portmanteau prefixes identified by investigating the nominal class prefixes in Bantu languages. Accounting for portmanteau prefixes looks like a serious challenge to the theory restricting lexical insertion to constituents. They can be accommodated by positing only a richer syntactic structure than is usual. However, various empirical arguments show that the richer syntactic structure is in fact needed in an analysis of the nominal class prefixes in Bantu and that this conclusion extends to class prefixes in other languages.
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Whymark, Caroline, Ross Junkin, and Judith Ramsey. SBAs for the Final FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803294.001.0001.
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Prepare with confidence for the Final FRCA with this dedicated guide featuring 300 original single best answer questions (SBAs) covering the whole breadth of the RCOA basic and intermediate curricula. SBAs correspond to the Royal College of Anaesthetist's units of training, so candidates can focus their revision in each sub-specialty area, such as paediatrics, neuroanaesthesia, and pain management. Individuals can track their progress, identify gaps in their knowledge, and target their ongoing revision as needed, assured that chapters cover all aspects of the curriculum as required for the exam. A final mock chapter allows candidates to rehearse for real exam conditions. Written by a team of consultant anaesthetists and active educators, these original and high-quality questions have been developed over years of clinical experience and critical incidents as well as the authors' own revision courses. Each question is accompanied by detailed answers, explanations, and further reading. This invaluable resource also includes advice on SBA technique making this the only guide you need for SBAs in the Final FRCA Written Paper.
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Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694043.001.0001.
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Presidential candidates and their campaigns in the United States are fully invested in the use of social media. Yet, since 1996 presidential campaigns have been experimenting with ways to use digital communication technologies on the Internet to their advantage. This book tells the stories of the practices of campaigning online between 1996 and 2016, looking at winners and also-rans. The stories provide rich details of the factors that contribute to the success or failure of candidates, including the influence of digital media. The stories also show how political campaigns over six election cycles transitioned from the paradigm of mass media campaigning, to networked campaigning, and finally to mass-targeted campaigning. Campaigns shifted from efforts at mass persuasion to networked persuasion by identifying and communicating with super-supporters to give them the right digital tools and messages to take to their social network. Campaigns learned over time how to use the Internet’s interactive affordances to communicate with the public in ways that structures what supporters do for the campaign that maximizes strategic benefit—what I call “controlled interactivity.” By the 2016 campaign, technology companies made it easier and more effective to engage in mass-targeted campaigning—using large-scale data analytics by campaigns and tech companies to identify target audiences for campaigns to advertise to online.
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Cloete, Nico, Johann Mouton, and Charles M. Sheppard. Doctoral Education in South Africa. African Minds, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331001.
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Worldwide, in Africa and in South Africa, the importance of the doctorate has increased disproportionately in relation to its share of the overall graduate output over the past decade. This heightened attention has not only been concerned with the traditional role of the PhD, namely the provision of future academics; rather, it has focused on the increasingly important role that higher education - and, particularly, high-level skills - is perceived to play in national development and the knowledge economy. This book is unique in the area of research into doctoral studies because it draws on a large number of studies conducted by the Centre of Higher Education Trust (CHET) and the Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology (CREST), as well as on studies from the rest of Africa and the world. In addition to the historical studies, new quantitative and qualitative research was undertaken to produce the evidence base for the analyses presented in the book.The findings presented in Doctoral Education in South Africa pose anew at least six tough policy questions that the country has struggled with since 1994, and continues to struggle with, if it wishes to gear up the system to meet the target of 5 000 new doctorates a year by 2030. Discourses framed around the single imperatives of growth, efficiency, transformation or quality will not, however, generate the kind of policy discourses required to resolve these tough policy questions effectively. What is needed is a change in approach that accommodates multiple imperatives and allows for these to be addressed simultaneously.
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Arntz, Hans-Richard. Sudden cardiac death: epidemiology and prevention. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0005.
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Even if sudden cardiac death is considered to be the most frequent cause of death in adults in industrialized countries, its incidence varies widely, depending on the definition and the source and quality of underlying data. It is estimated that about 70-80% of cases are due to coronary heart disease. The remaining 20% are attributable to a wide variety of inborn, genetically determined or acquired diseases, including a small group with hitherto undefined background. Prevention primarily encompasses the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors to avoid manifestations of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, preventive strategies are targeted to define groups of patients with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death or individuals at risk in specific populations, e.g. competitive athletes. A major target group are patients with impaired left ventricular function, preferentially due to myocardial infarction. These patients, and some less clearly defined patient groups with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure, may benefit from the insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. With regard to pharmacological prevention, treatment of the underlying condition is the mainstay, since no antiarrhythmic substance-with the exemption of beta-blockers in some situations-has shown to be of efficacy.
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Kuo, Raymond C. Following the Leader. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503628434.001.0001.
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Nations have powerful reasons to get their military alliances right. When security pacts go well, they underpin regional and global order; when they fail, they spread wars across continents as states are dragged into conflict. We would, therefore, expect states to carefully tailor their military partnerships to specific conditions. This expectation, Raymond C. Kuo argues, is wrong. Following the Leader argues that most countries ignore their individual security interests in military pacts, instead converging on a single, dominant alliance strategy. The book introduces a new social theory of strategic diffusion and emulation, using case studies and advanced statistical analysis of alliances from 1815 to 2003. In the wake of each major war that shatters the international system, a new hegemon creates a core military partnership to target its greatest enemy. Secondary and peripheral countries rush to emulate this alliance, illustrating their credibility and prestige by mimicking the dominant form. Be it the NATO model that seems so commonsense today, or the realpolitik that reigned in Europe of the late nineteenth century, a lone alliance strategy has defined broad swaths of diplomatic history. It is not states' own security interests driving this phenomenon, Kuo shows, but their jockeying for status in a world periodically remade by great powers.
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Misra, V. Peter, and Santiago Catania. EMG-guided botulinum toxin therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0026.
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This chapter explains the mechanism by which botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes its neuromuscular paralytic effects, and reviews the developments that led these effects to be harnessed therapeutically. It specifically focuses upon the conditions of dystonia and spasticity. Within the spectrum of these diseases, it discusses those situations where BoNT injections are the treatment of choice. The very accurate targeting of BoNT into specific muscles in many situations is both desirable and crucial in some situations BoNT’s therapeutic neuroparalytic effect may need to be restricted to a single muscle fascicle.. In some cases, an inaccurately placed injection may be associated with unacceptable side effects. In order to achieve accuracy of BoNT injection delivery, intramuscular injections of BoNT aided by electromyography (EMG) guidance allows the very accurate targeting of specific muscles. The practical aspects related to the preparation of BoNT for injection and the methodology and techniques for injecting using EMG guidance are discussed. The importance of good anatomical knowledge and the relevant EMG techniques to target individual muscles are highlighted and applied to injection of muscles in different body areas. Finally, certain diagnostic neurophysiological tests, which may be useful for the management of some neurological conditions that are treated by BoNT are briefly discussed.
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Lidz, Jeffrey L., William Snyder, and Joe Pater, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.001.0001.
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This handbook provides a thorough and systematic investigation of the question of how we come to know a language. Researchers from all over the world explore the leading research questions within developmental linguistics, which include: What does the newborn child bring to the task of language acquisition? What information must the child extract from her linguistic input? And how does biological maturation interact with the child’s developing linguistic abilities? In the main body of the handbook, each chapter addresses a single area of grammatical knowledge, such as syllable structure, negation, or binding theory, and begins with an overview of the fundamental generalizations that guide current linguistic analyses and the features of grammatical representation that these generalizations entail. This is followed by a consideration of language learnability; a review of the relevant acquisition literature organized according to target language, age range of the child, and research methodology; and, finally, a discussion of a series of broader questions, such as: Do the experimental findings that were reviewed in the chapter favour a particular approach to the logical problem of language learnability? In what ways, if any, does the child’s knowledge surpass the information directly available from the input? In what ways can innate structure make the input more informative? Likewise, are there ways in which the child’s knowledge seems more limited than expected, given the richness of the available input?
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Kolko, David J., and Eric M. Vernberg. Assessment and Intervention with Children and Adolescents Who Misuse Fire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190261191.001.0001.
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Children and adolescents in the general population and in clinical populations reveal surprisingly high rates of playing with fire or actual firesetting behavior. A single fire has the potential to cause a cascade of serious consequences to the child, family, and the community, some of which may continue forever. Yet, there is limited practical information and advice based on available empirical evidence to help programs or practitioners work effectively with children or adolescents who misuse fire, and their families. This book provides practical guidelines designed to facilitate the clinical assessment and treatment of youthful firesetting behavior based on nearly four decades of research and intervention experience with this population. The topics covered in this book address several important content areas. Initial chapters provide an overview of the significance of the problem, and some lessons learned based on case control, clinical trial, and real-world implementation projects. Recommendations for using screening and assessment measures that evaluate firesetting and general psychosocial issues are included. Several intervention methods are outlined for use with children, caregivers, and families. These methods encompass fire safety education materials and several cognitive-behavioral treatment skills-training procedures that focus on understanding of the fire, affect regulation and self-control, parenting practices, and home-based management programs. The book also includes suggestions to promote professional and program development which reflect on various educational, ethical, legal, collaborative, and community safety considerations. The book’s content is intended to help a diverse array of practitioners understand and target the context in which the misuse of fire occurs.
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Prasad, Supritha, and Edwin H. Cook. Novel Approaches for Treating Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0067.
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Multifactorial mechanisms, including varying degrees of polygenic risk, contribute to most child onset psychiatric disorders. Methods to better understand the biological impact of inherited low-risk variation are emerging, and these studies may be useful to develop novel treatments for childhood onset psychiatric disorders. In some neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), recurrent spontaneously mutated genes have been identified. This leads to the current focus on individual, high-risk targets (e.g., SHANK3, FMR1, MECP2, CHD8) for development of novel treatments. This chapter summarizes and begins to compare neurobiological data from several distinct single gene disorders as a means to guide further therapeutic development based on overlapping pathways of interest.
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Petrella, Carla, Giuseppe Nisticò, and Robert Nisticò. Gut–brain axis: Physiology and pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
A large body of research has shown the presence of a complex pathway of communication between gut and brain. It is now recognized that, through this pathway, microbiota can influence intestinal homeostasis and modulate brain plasticity in normal and pathological conditions. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the possible mechanisms whereby microbiota can influence gastrointestinal function and stress-related behaviour. Since normalization of gut flora can prevent changes in behaviour, the authors further postulate that the gut–brain axis might represent a possible target for pharmacological and dietary strategies aimed at improving intestinal and mental health.
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Coghlan, J. Gerry, and Benjamin E. Schreiber. Cardiovascular system. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Rheumatology, as a specialty that encounters many multisystem diseases, requires knowledge of many of the more exotic cardiovascular conditions including large- and small-vessel vasculitis, pulmonary hypertension, and myopericarditis. In addition, many rheumatology patients will suffer from cardiovascular pathology due to its common nature and association with an older population, since many previously lethal conditions are now associated with better survival. This requires a detailed knowledge of the drug—drug interactions that arise and the off-target consequences of rheumatological therapies that may aggravate atheroma and hypertension. The rheumatologist therefore needs a broad knowledge of cardiovascular diseases.
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Coghlan, J. Gerry, and Benjamin E. Schreiber. Cardiovascular system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0019_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Rheumatology, as a specialty that encounters many multisystem diseases, requires knowledge of many of the more exotic cardiovascular conditions including large- and small-vessel vasculitis, pulmonary hypertension, and myopericarditis. In addition, many rheumatology patients will suffer from cardiovascular pathology due to its common nature and association with an older population, since many previously lethal conditions are now associated with better survival. This requires a detailed knowledge of the drug—drug interactions that arise and the off-target consequences of rheumatological therapies that may aggravate atheroma and hypertension. The rheumatologist therefore needs a broad knowledge of cardiovascular diseases.
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Kreps, Sarah. Drones. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190235345.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Drones quite possibly represent the most transformative military innovation since jet engines and atomic weaponry. No longer do humans have to engage in close military action or be in the same geographical vicinity as the target. Now, through satellite imaging and remote technology, countries such as the United States can destroy small targets halfway around the world with pinpoint accuracy. In the last several years, many of the military advancements have been rivaled by those in the commercial realm. Civilian industries have clamored to acquire drones for everything from monitoring crops to filming Hollywood movies to delivering packages. Not surprisingly, the use of drones has generated a lively debate, but no book thus far has engaged the range of themes surrounding drones. How do drones work? To what extent has the technology proliferated to other nations outside the US? How can they be used on the ground and in maritime environments? How are they being integrated into both military and civilian life? In Drones: What Everyone Needs to Know, the international relations scholar (and former air force officer) Sarah Kreps provides a concise synthesis of the topic. The book explains how they and the systems associated with them work, how they are being used today, and what will become of the technology in the future. What readers need now is a more practical guide to how this technology is reshaping both military and civilian life; this book is that guide. The drone revolution has already changed warfare, and will soon become a commonplace tool in a civilian context too. It is clear that drone technology is here to stay. Drones: What Everyone Needs to Know explains how the revolution happened, what its current contours are, and where we might be headed next.
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Hopke, Jill E., and Luis E. Hestres. Communicating about Fossil Fuel Divestment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.566.
Full textAbstract:
Divestment is a socially responsible investing tactic to remove assets from a sector or industry based on moral objections to its business practices. It has historical roots in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. The early-21st-century fossil fuel divestment movement began with climate activist and 350.org co-founder Bill McKibben’s Rolling Stone article, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math.” McKibben’s argument centers on three numbers. The first is 2°C, the international target for limiting global warming that was agreed upon at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2009 Copenhagen conference of parties (COP). The second is 565 Gigatons, the estimated upper limit of carbon dioxide that the world population can put into the atmosphere and reasonably expect to stay below 2°C. The third number is 2,795 Gigatons, which is the amount of proven fossil fuel reserves. That the amount of proven reserves is five times that which is allowable within the 2°C limit forms the basis for calls to divest.The aggregation of individual divestment campaigns constitutes a movement with shared goals. Divestment can also function as “tactic” to indirectly apply pressure to targets of a movement, such as in the case of the movement to stop the Dakota Access Pipeline in the United States. Since 2012, the fossil fuel divestment movement has been gaining traction, first in the United States and United Kingdom, with student-led organizing focused on pressuring universities to divest endowment assets on moral grounds.In partnership with 350.org, The Guardian launched its Keep it in the Ground campaign in March 2015 at the behest of outgoing editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger. Within its first year, the digital campaign garnered support from more than a quarter-million online petitioners and won a “campaign of the year” award in the Press Gazette’s British Journalism Awards. Since the launch of The Guardian’s campaign, “keep it in the ground” has become a dominant frame used by fossil fuel divestment activists.Divestment campaigns seek to stigmatize the fossil fuel industry. The rationale for divestment rests on the idea that fossil fuel companies are financially valued based on their resource reserves and will not be able to extract these reserves with a 2°C or lower climate target. Thus, their valuation will be reduced and the financial holdings become “stranded assets.” Critics of divestment have cited the costs and risks to institutional endowments that divestment would entail, arguing that to divest would go against their fiduciary responsibility. Critics have also argued that divesting from fossil fuel assets would have little or no impact on the industry. Some higher education institutions, including Princeton and Harvard, have objected to divestment as a politicization of their endowments. Divestment advocates have responded to this concern by pointing out that not divesting is not a politically neutral act—it is, in fact, choosing the side of fossil fuel corporations.
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Van Wyk, Gertrude, and Cheng-Wen Huang. Flexible Learning: Opening Post-School Education in South Africa through Responsive Delivery Options. African Minds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502425_p03.
Full textAbstract:
The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) seeks to expand the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college sector to enrol 2.5 million students by 2030 (DHET 2013). This ambition was revealed at a time just after this sector had almost doubled from a modest 358,000 students in 2010 to 658,000 in 2012 (DHET 2021). Things were looking positive back then. But since reaching a peak enrolment of 738,000 in 2015, the numbers have stagnated and dropped back to 673,000 in 2019 (ibid.). Based on this trajectory, the TVET sector will need to quadruple enrolments over the next eight years to hit the DHET’s 2030 target.