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Dian, Angelo, John Hajek, and Janet Fletcher. "Cross-Regional Patterns of Obstruent Voicing and Gemination: The Case of Roman and Veneto Italian." Languages 9, no. 12 (2024): 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9120383.
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Italian has a length contrast in its series of voiced and voiceless obstruents while also presenting phonetic differences across regional varieties. Northern varieties of the language, including Veneto Italian (VI), are described as maintaining the voicing contrast but, in some cases, not the length contrast. In central and southern varieties, the opposite trend may occur. For instance, Roman Italian (RI) is reported to optionally pre-voice intervocalic voiceless singleton obstruents whilst also maintaining the length contrast for this consonant class. This study looks at the acoustic realization of selected obstruents in VI and RI and investigates (a) prevoicing patterns and (b) the effects and interactions of regional variety, gemination, and (phonological and phonetic) voicing on consonant (C) and preceding-vowel (V) durations, as well as the ratio between the two (C/V), with a focus on that particular measure. An acoustic phonetic analysis is conducted on 3703 tokens from six speakers from each variety, producing eight repetitions of 40 real CV́C(C)V and CVC(C)V́CV words embedded in carrier sentences, with /p, pp, t, tt, k, kk, b, bb, d, dd, ɡ, ɡɡ, f, ff, v, vv, t∫, tt∫, dʒ, ddʒ/ as the target intervocalic consonants. The results show that both VI and RI speakers produce geminates, yielding high C/V ratios in both varieties, although there are cross-regional differences in the realization of singletons. On the one hand, RI speakers tend to pre-voice voiceless singletons and produce overall shorter C durations and lower C/V ratios for these consonants. On the other hand, VI speakers produce longer C durations and higher C/V ratios for all voiceless singletons, triggering some overlap between the C length categories, which results in partial degemination through singleton lengthening, although only for voiceless obstruents. The implications of a trading relationship between phonetic voicing and duration of obstruents in Italian gemination are discussed.
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Gabos, Kelly A. "The Perils of Singleton v. Norris: Ethics and beyond." American Journal of Law & Medicine 32, no. 1 (2006): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880603200104.
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Nearly 20 years ago, in Ford v. Wainright, the Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to execute a legally incompetent inmate. Due to advancements in pharmacological therapy and the ability to make inmates legally competent through medication, various courts since Ford have determined the mechanisms by which competency through medication can be accomplished. Those decisions led to cases involving the legality of forcibly medicating inmates to make them competent to stand trial and to be executed. One recent case involving execution competency is the Eighth Circuit’s decision in Singleton v. Norris.In Singleton, the Eighth Circuit held that execution as an ultimate consequence of administering psychotropic medication to legally incompetent inmates cannot be considered in the determination of whether it was proper to forcibly medicate that inmate. The Eighth Circuit’s decision permitted the execution of Charles Singleton, a schizophrenic who fought against involuntary administration of the medications that rendered him competent to be executed.
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Isariyapalakul, Supachoke, Witsarut Pho-on, and Varanoot Khemmani. "The true twin classes-based investigation for connected local dimensions of connected graphs." AIMS Mathematics 9, no. 4 (2024): 9435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2024460.
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<abstract><p>Let $ G $ be a connected graph of order $ n $. The representation of a vertex $ v $ of $ G $ with respect to an ordered set $ W = \{w_1, w_2, ..., w_k\} $ is the $ k $-vector $ r(v|W) = (d(v, w_1), d(v, w_2), ..., d(v, w_k)) $, where $ d(v, w_i) $ represents the distance between vertices $ v $ and $ w_i $ for $ 1\leq i\leq k $. An ordered set $ W $ is called a connected local resolving set of $ G $ if distinct adjacent vertices have distinct representations with respect to $ W $, and the subgraph $ \langle W\rangle $ induced by $ W $ is connected. A connected local resolving set of $ G $ of minimum cardinality is a connected local basis of $ G $, and this cardinality is the connected local dimension $ \mathop{\text{cld}}(G) $ of $ G $. Two vertices $ u $ and $ v $ of $ G $ are true twins if $ N[u] = N[v] $. In this paper, we establish a fundamental property of a connected local basis of a connected graph $ G $. We analyze the connected local dimension of a connected graph without a singleton true twin class and explore cases involving singleton true twin classes. Our investigation reveals that a graph of order $ n $ contains at most two non-singleton true twin classes when $ \mathop{\text{cld}}(G) = n-2 $. Essentially, our work contributes to the characterization of graphs with a connected local dimension of $ n-2 $.</p></abstract>
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Haynes, Teresa W., Jason T. Hedetniemi, Stephen T. Hedetniemi, Alice A. McRae, and Raghuveer Mohan. "Self-coalition graphs." Opuscula Mathematica 43, no. 2 (2023): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/opmath.2023.43.2.173.
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A coalition in a graph \(G = (V, E)\) consists of two disjoint sets \(V_1\) and \(V_2\) of vertices, such that neither \(V_1\) nor \(V_2\) is a dominating set, but the union \(V_1 \cup V_2\) is a dominating set of \(G\). A coalition partition in a graph \(G\) of order \(n = |V|\) is a vertex partition \(\pi = \{V_1, V_2, \ldots, V_k\}\) such that every set \(V_i\) either is a dominating set consisting of a single vertex of degree \(n-1\), or is not a dominating set but forms a coalition with another set \(V_j\) which is not a dominating set. Associated with every coalition partition \(\pi\) of a graph \(G\) is a graph called the coalition graph of \(G\) with respect to \(\pi\), denoted \(CG(G,\pi)\), the vertices of which correspond one-to-one with the sets \(V_1, V_2, \ldots, V_k\) of \(\pi\) and two vertices are adjacent in \(CG(G,\pi)\) if and only if their corresponding sets in \(\pi\) form a coalition. The singleton partition \(\pi_1\) of the vertex set of \(G\) is a partition of order \(|V|\), that is, each vertex of \(G\) is in a singleton set of the partition. A graph \(G\) is called a self-coalition graph if \(G\) is isomorphic to its coalition graph \(CG(G,\pi_1)\), where \(\pi_1\) is the singleton partition of \(G\). In this paper, we characterize self-coalition graphs.
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Prijith, G. Siva, M. Subbulakshmi, and S. Chandrakala. "Topological Cordial Labeling of Some Graphs." Mapana Journal of Sciences 22, Special Issue (2023): 139–50. https://doi.org/10.12723/mjs.sp1.11.
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A topological cordial labeling of a graph G = (V(G), E(G)) with |V(G)| = n is an injective function f :V(G) →2X where X is any non – empty set such that |X| < n and {f(V(G))} forms a topology on X, that induces a function f*: E(G) →{0,1} defined by f*(uv) = 1 if f(u)∩f(v) is not an empty set and not a singleton set and 0 otherwise for all uv ϵ E(G) such that |ef (0) – ef (1)| ≤ 1, where ef (0) = number of edges labelled with 0 and ef (1) = number of edges labelled with 1. The graph which admits a topological cordial labeling is called a topological cordial graph. In this paper, topological cordial labeling of some special graphs are discussed.
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KENDZIORRA, ANDREAS, and STEFAN E. SCHMIDT. "NETWORK CODING WITH MODULAR LATTICES." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 10, no. 06 (2011): 1319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498811005208.
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Kötter and Kschischang presented in 2008 a new model for error correcting codes in network coding. The alphabet in this model is the subspace lattice of a given vector space, a code is a subset of this lattice and the used metric on this alphabet is the map d : (U, V) ↦ dim (U+V)- dim (U∩V). In this paper we generalize this model to arbitrary modular lattices, i.e. we consider codes, which are subsets of modular lattices. The used metric in this general case is the map d : (u, v) ↦ h(u ∨ v) - h(u ∧ v), where h is the height function of the lattice. We apply this model to submodule lattices. Moreover, we show a method to compute the size of spheres in certain modular lattices and present a sphere packing bound, a sphere covering bound, and a Singleton bound for codes, which are subsets of modular lattices.
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NEVILS, B. "Cervical cerclage for treatment of symptomatic placenta previa in singleton gestation." Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 2, no. 2 (1995): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1071-5576(95)94434-v.
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Sudev, N. K., K. P. Chithra, and K. A. Germina. "The sparing number of certain graph powers." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Mathematica 11, no. 1 (2019): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausm-2019-0015.
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Abstract Let ℕ0 be the set of all non-negative integers and 𝒫(ℕ0) be its power set. Then, an integer additive set-indexer (IASI) of a given graph G is an injective function f : V(G) → P(ℕ0) such that the induced function f+ : E(G) → 𝒫(ℕ0) defined by f+(uv) = f(u) + f(v) is also injective. An IASI f is said to be a weak IASI if |f+(uv)| = max(|f(u)|, |f(v)|) for all u, v ∈ V(G). A graph which admits a weak IASI may be called a weak IASI graph. The set-indexing number of an element of a graph G, a vertex or an edge, is the cardinality of its set-labels. The sparing number of a graph G is the minimum number of edges with singleton set-labels, required for a graph G to admit a weak IASI. In this paper, we study the admissibility of weak IASI by certain graph powers and their corresponding sparing numbers.
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Wallace, Jacqueline M., John S. Milne, and Raymond P. Aitken. "The effect of overnourishing singleton-bearing adult ewes on nutrient partitioning to the gravid uterus." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 4 (2005): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041398.
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Overnourishing the singleton-bearing adolescent sheep throughout pregnancy promotes maternal tissue synthesis at the expense of the nutrient requirements of the gravid uterus. Consequently, the growth of the placenta is impaired and results in the premature delivery of low-birth-weight lambs relative to moderately fed adolescents of equivalent age. To establish if this phenomenon is unique to the growing animal, singleton pregnancies to a single sire were established by embryo transfer into primiparous adult ewes who had attained the normal mature body size for their genotype. Thereafter ewes were offered a maintenance or a high level of a complete diet throughout gestation. High maternal intakes resulted in elevated maternal insulin, no significant change in growth hormone or glucose, and attenuated progesterone and NEFA concentrations. Live weight gain during the first 93 d of gestation was 48 and 244 g/d, and adiposity score at term was 2·4 and 3·7 in the maintenance and high groups, respectively (P<0·001). In spite of achieving levels of adiposity similar to overnourished adolescents, placental (477 (sem 30) v. 518 (sem 41) g) and fetal (5190 (sem 320) v. 5420 (sem 250) g) weights were equivalent in maintenance and high groups. Gestation length was shorter (P<0·01) and colostrum yield at parturition lower (P<0·05) in high v. maintenance dams. Thus, adult sheep appear to be relatively insensitive to the oversupply of nutrients during pregnancy and have the ability to meet the nutrient requirements for normal conceptus growth in spite of their increased adiposity.
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Forster, T. E. "Term models for weak set theories with a universal set." Journal of Symbolic Logic 52, no. 2 (1987): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274387.
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We shall be concerned here with weak axiomatic systems of set theory with a universal set. The language in which they are expressed is that of set theory—two primitive predicates, = and ϵ, and no function symbols (though some function symbols will be introduced by definitional abbreviation). All the theories will have stratified axioms only, and they will all have Ext (extensionality: (∀x)(∀y)(x = y· ↔ ·(∀z)(z ϵ x ↔ z ϵ y))). In fact, in addition to extensionality, they have only axioms saying that the universe is closed under certain set-theoretic operations, viz. all of the formand these will always include singleton, i.e., ι′x exists if x does (the iota notation for singleton, due to Russell and Whitehead, is used here to avoid confusion with {x: Φ}, set abstraction), and also x ∪ y, x ∩ y and − x (the complement of x). The system with these axioms is called NF2 in the literature (see [F]). The other axioms we consider will be those giving ⋃x, ⋂x, {y: y ⊆x} and {y: x ⊆ y}. We will frequently have occasion to bear in mind that 〈 V, ⊆ 〉 is a Boolean algebra in any theory extending NF2. There is no use of the axiom of choice at any point in this paper. Since the systems with which we will be concerned exhibit this feature of having, in addition to extensionality, only axioms stating that V is closed under certain operations, we will be very interested in terms of the theories in question. A T-term, for T such a theory, is a thing (with no free variables) built up from V or ∧ by means of the T-operations, which are of course the operations that the axioms of T say the universe is closed under.
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Xu, Lihua, Dengfeng Li, Yigang Tong, et al. "A Novel Singleton Giant Phage Yong-XC31 Lytic to the Pyropia Pathogen Vibrio mediterranei." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041602.
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Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6 is extensively pathogenic to several Pyropia species, leading to the death of conchocelis. In this study, the first V. mediterranei phage (named Vibrio phage Yong-XC31, abbreviated as Yong-XC31) was isolated. Yong-XC31 is a giant phage containing an icosahedral head about 113 nm in diameter and a contractible tail about 219 nm in length. The latent period of Yong-XC31 is 30 min, and burst size is 64,227. Adsorption rate of Yong-XC31 to V. mediterranei 117-T6 can reach 93.8% in 2 min. The phage genome consisted of a linear, double-stranded 290,532 bp DNA molecule with a G + C content of 45.87%. Bioinformatic analyses predicted 318 open reading frames (ORFs), 80 of which had no similarity to protein sequences in current (26 January 2021) public databases. Yong-XC31 shared the highest pair-wise average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of 58.65% (below the ≥95% boundary to define a species) and the highest nucleotide sequence similarity of 11.71% (below the >50% boundary to define a genus) with the closest related phage. In the proteomic tree based on genome-wide sequence similarities, Yong-XC31 and three unclassified giant phages clustered in a monophyletic clade independently between the family Drexlerviridae and Herelleviridae. Results demonstrated Yong-XC31 as a new evolutionary lineage of phage. We propose a new phage family in Caudovirales order. This study provides new insights and fundamental data for the study and application of giant phages.
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Kholmatov, Shokhrukh Yu, Ahmad Khalkhuzhaev, and Mardon Pardabaev. "Expansion of eigenvalues of the perturbed discrete bilaplacian." Monatshefte für Mathematik 197, no. 4 (2022): 607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00605-022-01678-1.
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AbstractWe consider the family $$\begin{aligned} {\widehat{{ H}}}_\mu := {\widehat{\varDelta }} {\widehat{\varDelta }} - \mu {\widehat{{ V}}},\qquad \mu \in {\mathbb {R}}, \end{aligned}$$ H ^ μ : = Δ ^ Δ ^ - μ V ^ , μ ∈ R , of discrete Schrödinger-type operators in d-dimensional lattice $${\mathbb {Z}}^d$$ Z d , where $${\widehat{\varDelta }}$$ Δ ^ is the discrete Laplacian and $${\widehat{{ V}}}$$ V ^ is of rank-one. We prove that there exist coupling constant thresholds $$\mu _o,\mu ^o\ge 0$$ μ o , μ o ≥ 0 such that for any $$\mu \in [-\mu ^o,\mu _o]$$ μ ∈ [ - μ o , μ o ] the discrete spectrum of $${\widehat{{ H}_\mu }}$$ H μ ^ is empty and for any $$\mu \in {\mathbb {R}}\setminus [-\mu ^o,\mu _o]$$ μ ∈ R \ [ - μ o , μ o ] the discrete spectrum of $${\widehat{{ H}_\mu }}$$ H μ ^ is a singleton $$\{e(\mu )\},$$ { e ( μ ) } , and $$e(\mu )<0$$ e ( μ ) < 0 for $$\mu >\mu _o$$ μ > μ o and $$e(\mu )>4d^2$$ e ( μ ) > 4 d 2 for $$\mu <-\mu ^o.$$ μ < - μ o . Moreover, we study the asymptotics of $$e(\mu )$$ e ( μ ) as $$\mu \searrow \mu _o$$ μ ↘ μ o and $$\mu \nearrow -\mu ^o$$ μ ↗ - μ o as well as $$\mu \rightarrow \pm \infty .$$ μ → ± ∞ . The asymptotics highly depends on d and $${\widehat{{ V}}}.$$ V ^ .
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Batty, G. David, Erik L. Mortensen, and Merete Osler. "Childhood IQ in relation to later psychiatric disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 2 (2005): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.2.180.
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SummaryStudies examining the relationship between early-life IQ and the risk of subsequent psychiatric disorder in adulthood are scarce. In the present investigation, the childhood IQ scores of 7022 singleton-born Danish males were linked to psychiatric hospital discharge records in adulthood. IQ scores were inversely related to the risk of total psychiatric illness, with the highest levels apparent in the lowest scoring IQ group (HRlowest quintile v. highest = 1.70, 95% Cl 1.34–2.14). Adjusting for paternal occupational social class and birth weight had only a small attenuating effect. Low childhood IQ may have an aetiological role in the development of adult total psychiatric disorder.
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Hristova, Irena R., Joana I. Simeonova, Nadezdha H. Hinkova, and Slavcho T. Tomov. "Norms for Physical Growth of the Full-Term Babies Born from Singleton Pregnancy in Pleven." Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research 12, no. 2 (2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2019-0017.
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Summary The aim of the study was to develop the norms for physical growth (birth weight-, birth height- and head circumference- for age) of the full-term babies born from singleton pregnancy in UMHAT „Dr. G. Stranski” – Pleven (total, by gender and gestational age at birth). A cross-sectional study was carried-out in 2017; 1092 live infants born from singleton pregnancy between 38 and 42 weeks were included in the study. We obtained information about three anthropometric measurements (birth weight-, birth height- and head circumference-for age). Data were processed by SPSS v.24.0. Norm group ranges (3, 5 and 7 groups) were developed for three indicators using percentile methods. Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The mean birth weight- and height-for age were higher for baby boys (P50, 3280 g and 50 cm) compared with baby girls (P50, 3150 g and 49 cm). Baby boys and girls weighed <2570 g at birth fell into the group ,,very slow growth” (P3). A ,,very fast growth” (P97) was found in baby boys weighed >4120 g at birth (vs. >3870 g for baby girls). Norm group ranges allow to identify the newborns with a higher risk and to focus efforts and health resources to them; it should be updated periodically.
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Ewing, Korin K. "Establishing an Equal Playing Field for Criminal Defendants in the Aftermath of United States v. Singleton." Duke Law Journal 49, no. 5 (2000): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1373014.
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Bhattarai, Bharosha, Sagar Panthi, Gopal Kumar Yadav, et al. "Association of geographic distribution and birth weight with sociodemographic factors of the maternal and newborn child of hilly and mountain regions of eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, no. 1 (2022): e001579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001579.
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ObjectivesTo determine the association of geographic distribution, and birth weight with sociodemographic factors of the maternal and newborn child of hilly region (lower altitude) and mountain region (high altitude) of eastern Nepal as well as the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) and large for gestational age (LGA) among term singleton deliveries in eastern Nepal.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted in the district-level hospitals of Dhankuta, Tehrathum, Solukhumbu and Taplejung districts of eastern Nepal of Province 1. Mothers with preterm or post-term delivery, multiple pregnancies, stillbirth/intrauterine fetal death and incomplete records were excluded from the study with only 1386 term pregnancies (37–42 weeks) delivered at the respective facilities between 17 July 2019 and 16 July 2020 were included. The appropriate data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2019 V.16.0 and statistical analysis was performed by using the statistical package for social sciences, IBM SPSS V.29.ResultsThe low maternal age, Dalit ethnic group, low gravidity, low parity, higher antenatal care (ANC) visits (≥4), incomplete deworming and dT vaccination status, breech deliveries and LBW newborns were significantly attributed to hilly region (lower altitude) (p value <0.05). Similarly, the hilly region, lower and/or no ANC visits and early term gestation had significant negative association with birth weight at the lower quantiles only. Meanwhile, the female newborn had significant and negative association with birth weight distribution at all seven quantiles. The prevalence of the LBW, average for gestational age and LGA newborn child among term singleton deliveries in Eastern Nepal is 6.6%, 85.8% and 7.6%, respectively.ConclusionsThe local organisations should focus on adequate antenatal care visits in mountain region and coverage of dT vaccine and deworming medications in hilly region. Appropriate measures and programmes should be initiated to bring down LBW in hilly region.
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Norman, R. J., J. W. McLoughlin, G. M. Borthwick, et al. "Inhibin and relaxin concentrations in early singleton, multiple, and failing pregnancy: Relationship to gonadotropin and steroid profiles." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 42, no. 3 (1993): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(93)90249-v.
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Zsiga, Elizabeth C. "ARTICULATORY TIMING IN A SECOND LANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 3 (2003): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263103000160.
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This study compares patterns of consonant-to-consonant timing at word boundaries in English and Russian and investigates the roles of transfer and the emergence of linguistic universals in second language (L2) articulation. Native Russian speakers learning English and native English speakers learning Russian produced phrases in English and Russian contrasting VC#CV, VC#V, and V#CV sequences. The duration of all stop closures was measured as well as the percentage of consonant sequences in which the first consonant was audibly released. In their native language (L1), Russian speakers had a higher percentage of released final consonants than did English speakers in their L1 as well as a higher ratio of sequence-to-singleton duration. Examination of the timing patterns across different clusters revealed different articulatory strategies for the two languages. The native Russian pattern transferred to L2 English, but the native English pattern did not transfer to L2 Russian. Evidence was found for both articulatory transfer and the emergence of a default pattern of articulation, characteristic of neither L1 nor L2.
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Singhania, Shraddha, Akhita Singhania, and Saherish Khan. "Study of the Significance of Fetal Doppler Flow Velocimetry in the Perinatal Outcome of Growth-restricted Fetuses." International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine 8, no. 2 (2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1153.
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ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate clinically suspected cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) for Doppler study of uterine artery, umbilical artery, and fetal middle cerebral artery. To compare the various indices of the three vessels in predicting perinatal outcome. To evaluate the positive predictive value among these parameters. To compare the Doppler findings with fetal outcome. Materials and methods One hundred and two singleton pregnancies complicated by IUGR and severe preeclampsia or both were prospectively examined with Doppler ultrasound of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, and umbilical vein which were compared with 104 uncomplicated pregnancies that formed the control group. Observation and Results One hundred and two singleton pregnancies included in the study population had at least one major or minor adverse outcome. Major adverse outcome criteria included perinatal deaths — including intrauterine and early neonatal deaths, etc. Minor outcomes included cesarean delivery for fetal distress, APGAR score below 7 at 5 minutes, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit for treatment. Conclusion Low diastolic and high indices characterize the pregnancies with abnormal outcomes. The uterine artery had a better sensitivity and specificity as compared with the umbilical arteries and diastolic notch had the highest sensitivity and specificity. Doppler also provides a noninvasive method of assessing the fetal and maternal circulation during pregnancy. How to cite this article Kumar V, Sharma G, Khan S, Singhania A, Singhania S. Study of the Significance of Fetal Doppler Flow Velocimetry in the Perinatal Outcome of Growth-restricted Fetuses. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2017;8(2):83-88.
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Jarulis, Jarulis, Apin Saputra, and Risky Hadi Wibowo. "Genetic Characteristics of Chloropsis cochinchinensis Gmelin, 1789 Based on The Mitochondrial DNA COI Gene." Jurnal Biodjati 8, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v8i1.20260.
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The rate of illegal poaching of blue-winged leafbirds (Chloropsis cochinchinensis) throughout Indonesia, particularly Bengkulu, is quite high. However, only minimal molecular information is available for this species. We performed mtDNA COI gene sequencing to explore genetic characters (conservative site, variable site, parsimony site, and singleton site) of blue-winged leafbirds. Using Qiagen's DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit based on the Spin-Column Protocol, total DNA was isolated, and PCR amplification methods were performed. DNA derived from a PCR reaction was forwarded to PT. First Base Malaysia for sequencing. Using MEGA 10.0 and BIOEDIT, the COI gene nucleotide sequence data were assembled, edited, and analyzed to explore of single nucleotide polymorphism, genetic distance, and phylogeny. The 616 bp COI genes contained 566 conservative sites (C), 50 variation sites (V), 24 information parsimony sites (Pi), and 26 singleton sites (S), as indicated by the results. The greatest nucleotide base composition was cytosine (34.1–34.9%), while the lowest was guanine (15.7–16.2%). The proportion of adenine-thymine nucleotide base pairs was greater than that of guanine-cytosine (50.3%). There were 26 barcode-specific mutation sites, 17 transition substitution mutation sites, and 9 transverse substitution mutation sites. The average genetic distance between C. cochinchinensis individuals was 2.2%, but the average genetic difference between species was 9.0%. All C. cochinchinensis individuals in our sample clustered within the same clade and were distinguished from other species within the same genus. The COI gene sequences of C. cochinchinensis that we acquired are novel and can be utilized for molecular identification of the species.
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Kornacka, M. K., E. Burzyńska, and J. Gadzinowski. "Renal Blood Flow in Twins." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 47, no. 3-4 (1998): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000000052.
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AbstractThe aim of this preliminary study was the estimation of renal blood flow in 16 premature newborns from twin pregnancies with mean body weight 1270 g and mean gestational age 29 weeks.In control group we have 16 singleton newborns with mean gestational age 29 weeks and mean birth weight 1240 g. In both intervention and control group we have the similar clinical symptoms. The renal blood flow was carried out in the first day of life with the Acuson 128 XP Colour Doppler using the 6 and 7 MHz linear transducer. The renal blood flow parameters-PI, RI, Vmax, Vmin Vmean were measured in right and left renal arteries in theirs courses from the aorta to the renal hilus, by color sinal. In the investigation group the mean value of RI in right and left renal artery was 0,88. Mean PI in right vessel was 1,67 and in left 1,56. Mean V min in right and in left artery was 0,03 and mean V max in right artery was 0,34 and in left 0,33. Mean value of mean velocity in right vessels was 0,18 and in left 0,19.In control group we observed in right artery mean value of PI 1,74 and in left 1,6. Mean RI was 0,86 and 0,86 in right vessel in left vessel. Mean V min was 0,05 in right and 0,04 in left artery. Mean V max was 0,37 in right and 0,34 in left artery. Mean value of V mean was 0,19 in right artery and 0,18 in left artery.Using the student, Mann-Whitney and Shapiro-Wilk tests we have not observed statistically significant difference of Doppler parameters between control and investigation group and between the left and right artery. Although in newborns with broad PDA we noted significant higher value of RI (0,97, 0,98) than in newborns without PDA (0,78, 0,81).
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Ashfaq, Naila, Naureen Ghani Ruqia Zafar, Wafa Aalam, and Sameer Touqir. "HC/AC Ratio as a Predictor of Intrauterine Growth Retardation during Pregnancy: Diagnostic Tool." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 6 (2022): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22166138.
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Fetal wellbeing is predicted by his growth assessment during pregnancy. Aim: To evaluate HC/AC ratio as a predictor of intrauterine growth retardation during pregnancy. Study design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: Total of 80 singleton pregnant females with an age ranging from 18-40 years having 20 weeks gestation were enrolled at Combined Military Hospital Kharian. Ultrasound abdomen was done for all enrolled subjects while HC/AC ratio was calculated. All data was noted on Performa. Consent was taken before enrollment. SPSS v.26 analyzed the data. Frequency and percentages were used for quantitative parameters. Results: The mean HC/AC on ultrasound was 1.46±0.14. There were 35 (43.75%) positive for IUGR while 45 (56.25%) were negative for IUGR. Conclusion: It was concluded that HC/AC ratio can serve as a predictor of IUGR during pregnancy with high diagnostic accuracy. Keywords: Abdominal Circumference, Head Circumference and Birth Weight.
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Alorini, Ayesha, Aymen Ben Amira, Mohammad Alzohairi, and Moncef Bouaziz. "Prime Graph Generation through Single Edge Addition: Characterizing a Class of Graphs." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 16, no. 4 (2023): 2786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v16i4.4829.
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A graph G consists of a finite set V (G) of vertices with a collection E(G) of unordered pairs of distinct vertices called edge set of G. Let G be a graph. A set M of vertices is a module of G if, for vertices x and y in M and each vertex z outside M, {z, x} ∈ E(G) ⇐⇒ {z, y} ∈ E(G). Thus, a module of G is a set M of vertices indistinguishable by the vertices outside M. The empty set, the singleton sets and the full set of vertices represent the trivial modules. A graph is indecomposable if all its modules are trivial, otherwise it is decomposable. Indecomposable graphs with at least four vertices are prime graphs. The introduction and the study of the construction of prime graphs obtained from a given decomposable graph by adding one edge constitue the central points of this paper.
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Torres-Velásquez, Diana. "Martínez v. State of New Mexico: The Right to a Sufficient Education." Association of Mexican American Educators Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24974/amae.11.334.
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Plaintiffs in the Martínez v. State of New Mexico lawsuit are 51 students, parents, and guardians from seven public school districts across New Mexico. This is a school finance case that goes beyond seeking more funds for public education to arguing that providing a sufficient education for New Mexico’s 338,307 students enrolled during the 2016-2017 school year (New Mexico Public Education Department, 2017) involves more than increasing the amount of money allocated for pupils across its 89 school districts. Although the plaintiffs in this case represent low-income and high-need families of many ethnic backgrounds in New Mexico, students who are English Language Learners, and students with disabilities, the outcome has the potential to affect every student, teacher, and administrator in the state. The trial will begin on June 12th of 2017. When the case was originally filed in 2014, New Mexico’s Public Education Department (NMPED)—the defendants in this case—immediately countered with a motion to dismiss. In October of 2014, as First District Court Chief Judge Sarah Singleton rejected the motion to dismiss, she also used the opportunity to declare public education a fundamental right in New Mexico. Martínez v State of New Mexico (2014a) has the potential to transform not only the definition of equal protection and educational equity under the law, but also to correct the discriminatory and punitive practices of current reform agendas. The author examines the possibilities of law as a form of social resistance using Martínez v. State of New Mexico (2014a)—a legal case on school finance—and the concept of sufficient education as guaranteed by the New Mexico State Constitution.
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Freedman, Alexa, Carol Hogue, Donald Dudley, et al. "Associations between Maternal and Fetal Inherited Thrombophilias, Placental Characteristics Associated with Vascular Malperfusion, and Fetal Growth." TH Open 01, no. 01 (2017): e43-e55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603925.
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AbstractPregnancy results in alterations in coagulation processes, which may increase the risk of thrombosis. Inherited thrombophilia mutations may further increase this risk, possibly through alterations in the placenta, which may result in pregnancy complications such as poor fetal growth. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the association of fetal growth, approximated by birth weight for gestational age percentile, with genetic markers of thrombophilia and placental characteristics related to vascular malperfusion. We analyzed data from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network's population-based case–control study conducted in 2006–2008. Study recruitment occurred in five states: Rhode Island and counties in Massachusetts, Georgia, Texas, and Utah. The analysis was restricted to singleton, nonanomalous live births ≤42 weeks' gestation with a complete placental examination and successful testing for ≥1 thrombophilia marker (858 mothers, 902 infants). Data were weighted to account for oversampling, differential consent, and availability of placental examination. We evaluated five thrombophilia markers: factor V Leiden, factor II prothrombin, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase A1298C and C677T, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in both maternal blood and placenta/cord blood. We modeled maternal and fetal thrombophilia markers separately using linear regression. Maternal factor V Leiden mutation was associated with a 13.16-point decrease in adjusted birth weight percentile (95% confidence interval: −25.50, −0.82). Adjustment for placental abnormalities related to vascular malperfusion did not affect the observed association. No other maternal or fetal thrombophilia markers were significantly associated with birth weight percentile. Maternal factor V Leiden may be associated with fetal growth independent of placental characteristics.
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Deene, Vishnukanth, Tulasigiriyappa Yashvant Mudaraddi, and Shivani S. Gaur. "A Case Study on Vacuolated Oocytes Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and its Outcome." International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine 7, no. 1 (2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1122.
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ABSTRACT This is a case study showing effects of oocyte morphological abnormalities in the form of homogenous vacuoles on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes and its implications. Characteristic vacuoles of different size were identified in all oocytes obtained after egg collection in this patient. Eighteen oocytes were retrieved, 15 were metaphase-II and three were metaphase-I. All the oocytes were injected with sperm; out of 18 oocytes, 12 oocytes had embryo quality of grade A and three were grade B. Fifteen embryos exhibited maturation on 24 to 36 hours of incubation and showed two to four-celled stages, and after 48 to 60 hours of incubation, the embryos showed six to eight-celled stage. Grade A quality of three embryos was transferred nearly in an ongoing singleton pregnancy was confirmed How to cite this article Deene V, Mudaraddi TY, Gaur SS. A Case Study on Vacuolated Oocytes Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and its Outcome. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2016;7(1): 23-26.
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Nidhi, Sharma, Srinivasan Sunayana, Jayashree Krishnamurthy, Nadhamuni Kulasekaran, Subbiah Meenakshi, and Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. "Prediction of Intrauterine Growth Restriction in High Pulsatility Index of Uterine Artery." British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 22, no. 2 (2017): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2017/34137.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Intrauterine growth restriction is a significant cause of neonatal mortality. The uterine artery Doppler waveform becomes transformed into a high flow with low resistance at 22-24 weeks. The apt way to reduce intrauterine growth restriction is to identify the antenatal factors, which ascertain the uterine milieu and nutrient bioavailability. This study was conducted to outline the relation between abnormal uterine artery flow and resultant intrauterine growth restriction in a tertiary care center. <strong>Aim and Objectives:</strong> To study the Maternal risk factors and uterine artery Doppler waveform in singleton mid trimester pregnancy and predict the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This prospective study involved Doppler ultrasound examination of the uterine arteries at 20-23 weeks gestation in 697 women with singleton pregnancies attending a routine target scan. Intra Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) was recorded in 32 pregnancies. <strong>Results:</strong> High Pulsatility Index (PI) (>95<sup>th</sup> percentile) as compared to low pulsatility Index confers a significant risk (31.58% v/s 2.19%) for Intrauterine Growth Restriction (p<0.05). Presence of high pulsatility is a significant risk factor for early onset IUGR as compared to late onset IUGR. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Abnormal Doppler waveforms within the uterine arteries are indicative of elevated resistance. The perfusion at the trophoblast-maternal interphase is high velocity, low volume and intermittent, resulting in intrauterine growth retardation. This subsequently leads to the damage of fetal tertiary stem villi floating in the intervillous space. The sensitivity is better for early onset IUGR. This study concludes that high pulsatility index in uterine arteries can lead to intrauterine growth restriction. The plausible explanation is reduced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) from maternal decidual natural killer cells.
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Fassio, Federica, Rossella Attini, Bianca Masturzo, et al. "Risk of Preeclampsia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes after Heterologous Egg Donation: Hypothesizing a Role for Kidney Function and Comorbidity." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (2019): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111806.
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Background and objectives: Preeclampsia (PE) is a risk factor for kidney diseases; egg-donation (ED) increasingly used for overcoming fertility reduction, is a risk factor for PE. CKD is also a risk factor for PE. However, kidney function is not routinely assessed in ED pregnancies. Objective of the study is seeking to assess the importance of kidney function and maternal comorbidity in ED pregnancies. Design, setting, participants and measurements. Design: retrospective observational study from clinical charts. Setting: Sant’Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy (over 7000 deliveries per year). Selection: cases: 296 singleton pregnancies from ED (gestation > 24 weeks), who delivered January 2008–February 2019. Controls were selected from the TOrino Cagliari Observational Study (1407 low-risk singleton pregnancies 2009–2016). Measurements: Standard descriptive analysis. Logistic multiple regression analysis tested: PE; pregnancy-induced hypertension; preterm delivery; small for gestational age; explicatory variables: age; BMI; parity; comorbidity (kidney diseases; immunologic diseases; thyroid diseases; other). Delivery over time was analyzed according to Kaplan Meier; ROC (Relative Operating Characteristic) curves were tested for PE and pre-term delivery, employing serum creatinine and e-GFR as continuous variables. The analysis was performed with SPSS v.14.0 and MedCalc v.18. Results: In keeping with ED indications, maternal age was high (44 years). Comorbidity was common: at least one potential comorbid factor was found in about 40% of the cases (kidney disease: 3.7%, immunologic 6.4%, thyroid disease 18.9%, other-including hypertension, previous neoplasia and all other relevant diseases—10.8%). No difference in age, parity and BMI is observed in ED women with and without comorbidity. Patients with baseline renal disease or “other” comorbidity had a higher risk of developing PE or preterm delivery after ED. PE was recorded in 23% vs. 9%, OR: 2.513 (CI 1.066–5.923; p = 0.039); preterm delivery: 30.2% vs. 14%, OR 2.565 (CI: 1.198–5.488; p = 0.044). Limiting the analysis to 124 cases (41.9%) with available serum creatinine measurement, higher serum creatinine (dichotomised at the median: 0.67 mg/dL) was correlated with risk of PE (multivariate OR 17.277 (CI: 5.125–58.238)) and preterm delivery (multivariate OR 2.545 (CI: 1.100–5.892). Conclusions: Within the limits of a retrospective analysis, this study suggests that the risk of PE after ED is modulated by comorbidity. While the cause effect relationship is difficult to ascertain, the relationship between serum creatinine and outcomes suggests that more attention is needed to baseline kidney function and comorbidity.
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J. Regan, Mary, Tracy Zvenyach, and Shijun Zhu. "Proportional Contribution of the Women, Infant and Children's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program on Pregnant Women's Diet Quality." Journal of Modern Nursing Practice and Research 4, no. 4 (2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2024019.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the proportional contribution of the special Women’s Infant and Children Food Package V for pregnant women (WIC) supplementation on pregnant women’s diet quality. Methods: Image-based diet data collection using FoodFoto™ from 63 primigravid women with singleton pregnancies in Baltimore, Maryland receiving the special WIC Food Package V for pregnant women was converted to Healthy Eating Index - 2015 (HEI-2015) total and component diet quality scores. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the total and component HEI diet quality scores. Independent t-tests and linear regression models were used to assess the contributions that the percent of WIC food in the diet and sociodemographic and health characteristics had on the components and the overall HEI score. Results: The data showed a 1% rise in WIC approved foods in the diet was associated with a significant increase in the on the HEI-2015 score (b=0.77, t=6.35, p<0.001). Higher diet quality scores were accounted for by increased consumption of four HEI components representing healthy foods and significantly lower sodium intake. Furthermore, the healthy food component scores and fatty acids ratio were at or above the 50th percentile. Conclusion: Small increases in consumption of WIC approved foods significantly improved diet quality among pregnant women in the program.
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Wilson, Swapnil, and Subrata Das. "I. V. Oxytocin versus oral Misoprostol for augmentation of labour, associated complications and effect on neonatal wellbeing." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 8 (2018): 3338. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183341.
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Background: The complications of prolonged labor are well recognized and the caesarean section has been used liberally. But even then, prolonged labor continues to be a problem. This could be due to weak uterine contractions or poor cervical dilatation. The problem can be overcome with the use of oxytocic drugs. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy, adverse effects, safety, and feto-maternal outcome of the ARM and oral misoprostol with Artificial Rupture of Membrane (ARM) and oxytocin infusion for labor augmentation.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the labor room of NRS Medical College and Hospital Kolkata and included 100 primigravidae women carrying singleton pregnancy at term with spontaneous onset of labor.Results: The result findings of the present study show that the prolonged labor was the major indication for LSCS in both the groups. There was a significantly higher subjects (P <0.05*) had fetal distress or fetal bradycardia, meconium staining of liquor, Tachysystole in the misoprostol group, compared to oxytocin group. No significant difference was observed among the groups with respect to neonatal wellbeing.Conclusions: Both the agents i.e. oral misoprostol and I.V. oxytocin shortens the duration of labor effectively and are effective for augmentation of labor. Apart from Tachysystole and meconium staining of liquor and fetal distress the incidence of any other complication was not significantly more in the oral misoprostol group when compared with oxytocin group. Status of the neonate was almost similar in both the groups.
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SHAN, WEIWEI, YAN LIANG, and DONGMING JIN. "CMOS CIRCUIT DESIGN OF A TAKAGI-SUGENO FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 18, no. 04 (2009): 841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126609005009.
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This paper presents a low power CMOS analog integrated circuit of a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy logic controller with voltage/voltage interface, small chip area, relatively high accuracy and medium speed, which is composed of several improved functional blocks. Z-shaped, Gaussian and S-shaped membership function circuits with compact structures are designed, performing well with low power, high speed and small areas. A current minimization circuit is provided with high accuracy and high speed. A follower-aggregation defuzzification block composed of several multipliers for center of gravity (COG) defuzzification is presented without using a division circuit. Based on these blocks, a two-input one-output singleton fuzzy controller with nine rules is designed under a CMOS 0.6 μm standard technology provided by CSMC. HSPICE simulation results show that this controller reaches an accuracy of ±3% with power consumption of only 3.5 mW (at ±2.5 V). The speed of this controller goes up to 0.625M Fuzzy Logic Inference per Second (FLIPS), which is fast enough for real-time control.
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Wallace, JM, RP Aitken, and MA Cheyne. "Effect of post-ovulation nutritional status in ewes on early conceptus survival and growth in vivo and luteotrophic protein secretion in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 2 (1994): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940253.
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Overfeeding during early pregnancy in ewes compromises pregnancy establishment and/or embryo survival. To determine whether high feed intakes after ovulation alter the secretory dialogue between the conceptus and the endometrium, 24 embryos (8-16-cell) from ewes fed maintenance rations were synchronously transferred in singleton on Day 3 of the cycle (oestrus, Day 0) into the uterus of ewes receiving a high or low plane of nutrition from Day 0 (n = 12 ewes per group). Embryo survival and conceptus growth were assessed on Day 16. At this time, pregnancy was maintained in 11 of 12 recipient ewes per group and conceptus mass was not influenced by nutritional plane (637 +/- 48 v. 583 +/- 72 mg for high and low groups respectively). Conceptus and endometrial tissues were cultured separately for a further 24 h in vitro in the presence of [3H]leucine. There was no quantitative difference between nutritional treatments in the incorporation of radiolabel into proteins synthesized and secreted by the conceptus or endometrium. Secretion of ovine trophoblast protein-1 was also similar in both groups. Peripheral progesterone concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) lower throughout the luteal phase in recipient ewes on high v. low intakes after ovulation. This effect was independent of ovulation rate which was 3.1 +/- 0.40 and 2.6 +/- 0.25 corpora lutea for high and low groups respectively. A high plane of nutrition after ovulation did not influence embryo survival and development in vivo or luteotrophic protein secretion in vitro despite a reduction in peripheral progesterone concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Eshak, Ehab S., Chika Okada, Sachiko Baba, et al. "Maternal total energy, macronutrient and vitamin intakes during pregnancy associated with the offspring’s birth size in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study." British Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 6 (2020): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520001397.
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AbstractMaternal diet during pregnancy can influence fetal growth; however, the available evidence is controversial. We aimed to assess whether maternal diet of Japanese women in mid-pregnancy can affect their offspring’s birth size via collection of questionnaire and medical record data. The studied sample was a large cohort of paired mothers and their singleton offspring (n 78 793) from fifteen areas all over Japan who participated in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. The mid-pregnancy intakes of total energy, macronutrients and vitamins were lower than the recommended intakes for pregnant Japanese women. Maternal total energy intake was positively associated with the offspring’s birth weight; there was a 10-g mean difference in the offspring’s birth weight of mothers in the lowest (3026 g) v. highest (3036 g) quartiles of energy intake. Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with the offspring’s birth length (mean difference of 0·7 cm) and inversely associated with the ponderal index (mean difference of 0·8 g/cm3). Offspring of mothers in the highest v. lowest quartiles of total dietary fibre intake were on average 9 g heavier and had 0·3 cm longer birth length and 0·2 cm longer head circumference. The highest in reference to lowest intake quartile of vitamin C was associated with 13 g and 0·7 cm mean differences in the offspring’s birth weight and length, respectively. Several other associations were evident for maternal intakes of vitamins and the offspring’s birth size. In conclusion, maternal dietary intakes of energy, dietary fibre, carbohydrate and vitamins during pregnancy were associated with the offspring’s birth size.
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Kritsotakis, George, Leda Chatzi, Maria Vassilaki, et al. "Social capital, tolerance of diversity and adherence to Mediterranean diet: the Rhea Mother–Child Cohort in Crete, Greece." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 7 (2014): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001400144x.
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AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the associations of individual maternal social capital and social capital dimensions (Participation in the Community, Feelings of Safety, Value of Life and Social Agency, Tolerance of Diversity) with adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy.DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of data from a prospective mother–child cohort (Rhea Study). Participants completed a social capital questionnaire and an FFQ in mid-pregnancy. Mediterranean diet adherence was evaluated through an a priori score ranging from 0 to 8 (minimal–maximal adherence). Maternal social capital scores were categorized into three groups: the upper 10 % was the high social capital group, the middle 80 % was the medium and the lowest 10 % was the low social capital group. Multivariable log-binomial and linear regression models adjusted for confounders were performed.SettingHeraklion, Crete, Greece.SubjectsA total of 377 women with singleton pregnancies.ResultsHigh maternal Total Social Capital was associated with an increase of almost 1 point in Mediterranean diet score (highest v. lowest group: β coefficient=0·95, 95 % CI 0·23, 1·68), after adjustment for confounders. Similar dose–response effects were noted for the scale Tolerance of Diversity (highest v. lowest group: adjusted β coefficient=1·08, 95 % CI 0·39, 1·77).ConclusionsIndividual social capital and tolerance of diversity are associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet in pregnancy. Women with higher social capital may exhibit a higher sense of obligation to themselves and to others that may lead to proactive nutrition-related activities. Less tolerant women may not provide the opportunity to new healthier, but unfamiliar, nutritional recommendations to become part of their regular diet.
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Mitchell, Linda M., John J. Robinson, Robert G. Watt, et al. "Effects of cobalt/vitamin B12 status in ewes on ovum development and lamb viability at birth." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 4 (2007): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07012.
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Scottish Blackface ewes from cobalt-deficient farmland were fed a diet containing 0.06 mg cobalt per kg dry matter from approximately 30 days before embryo recovery/transfer until lambing. Ewes remained untreated (–Co; n = 82) or were given an intraruminal cobalt-containing bolus to compensate for the dietary deficit (+Co; n = 82). Ewes used as embryo donors (–Co, n = 17; +Co, n = 16) were artificially inseminated with semen from a single Suffolk sire. Day 6 embryos obtained from –Co and +Co donors were transferred in singleton to –Co and +Co recipients in a 2 × 2 factorial-designed experiment to determine the effects of cobalt/vitamin B12 status during the periconception period (factor 1) and pregnancy (factor 2) on lamb viability at birth. Mean (± s.e.m.) circulating concentrations of vitamin B12 in –Co and +Co donors at ovum recovery were 182 ± 10 and 1288 ± 64 pmol L–1, respectively (P < 0.001), and the number of corpora lutea per ewe ovulating was 9.9 ± 1.6 and 14.4 ± 1.3, respectively (P < 0.05). Treatment did not affect the proportion of recovered ova that contained >32 cells (viable) or the median stage of development (late morula), but viable ova recovered from –Co v. +Co ewes had a better morphological grade (2.0 ± 0.1 v. 2.20 ± 0.04, respectively; P < 0.01). There was no effect of treatment on the proportion of recipient ewes that became pregnant. Circulating concentrations of vitamin B12 were lower in –Co than +Co ewes during pregnancy (P < 0.001) and at birth in lambs born to –Co ewes compared with those born to +Co ewes (P < 0.001). There was no effect of donor or recipient cobalt/vitamin B12 status on lamb birthweight, neonatal vigour or neonatal rectal temperatures, but lambs derived from +Co v. –Co embryo donors were more active in the first 3 days after birth (P < 0.05). Results show that sub-clinical cobalt/vitamin B12 deficiency reduces ovulatory response in superovulated ewes and that periconception nutrition can affect neonatal lamb behaviour.
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Pinheiro, Rosa Lomelino, Ana Luísa Areia, Anabela Mota Pinto, and Helena Donato. "Advanced Maternal Age: Adverse Outcomes of Pregnancy, A Meta-Analysis." Acta Médica Portuguesa 32, no. 3 (2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.11057.
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Introduction: The risks of pregnancy in women of advanced maternal age are not consensual amongst studies. The aim of this metaanalysis was to determine whether women of advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years old) had worse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes than non- advanced maternal age women (20 - 34 years old) in singleton, naturally-conceived pregnancies.Material and Methods: We searched PubMed/ MEDLINE, IndexRMP and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Ten studies were included according to the following criteria: population of > 1000 nulliparous and/or multiparous women with singleton gestations who did not undergo any type of infertility treatment. Using Review Manager v. 5.3, two meta-analysis were performed: one comparing the outcomes of 20 - 34-year-old vs 35 - 40-year-old women, and another comparing the outcomes of 35 - 40-year-old women vs > 40-year-old women.Results: Women aged 35 - 40 years old were more likely to have > 12 years of education than 20 - 34 years old and > 40 years old women. Advanced maternal age women (35 - 40 and > 40 years old) were more likely to be overweight and having gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. They were also more likely to undergo induced labour and elective caesarean deliveries. Furthermore, they had worse perinatal outcomes such as preterm delivery, low birthweight babies, higher rates of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission and worse Apgar scores. Advanced maternal age women had higher rates of perinatal mortality and stillbirth.Discussion: Most authors present similar results to our study. Although the majority of adverse outcomes can be explained through the physio-pathological changes regarding the female reproductive apparatus that come with aging and its inherent comorbidities, according to the existing literature advanced maternal age can be an independent risk factor per se. In older pregnant women without comorbidities such as gestational hypertension or diabetes there are still worse obstetric and perinatal outcomes, which indicate that advanced maternal age is an independent strong risk factor alone.Conclusion: Advanced maternal age women are at a higher risk of adverse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes. In both comparisons, worse outcomes were more prevalent in the older group, suggesting that poorer outcomes are more prevalent with increasing age.
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van Eijsden, Manon, Claire M. C. Meijers, Jessica E. Jansen, Marlou L. A. de Kroon, and Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte. "Cultural variation in early feeding pattern and maternal perceptions of infant growth." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 3 (2015): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000951.
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The perception of healthy growth and weight may differ between cultures, which could influence feeding practises and consequently affect the development of overweight. The present study examined ethnic variation in maternal perceptions of growth and their influence on feeding practises among Turkish and Dutch infants aged 0–6 months. Data were obtained from the mothers of 143 Turkish and 143 Dutch healthy, singleton, term infants with birth weights appropriate for gestational age, using structured interviews at 1, 4 and 6 months after birth. Compared with Dutch mothers, mothers of Turkish descent perceived a chubby infant more often as pretty (43 v. 22 %), and were more often worried about their infant's growth (13 v. 4 %). Turkish mothers were more likely to give full breast-feeding (BF) until at least 6 months (adjusted OR (aOR) 2·1, 95 % CI 1·0, 4·3) and to start introducing complementary feeding, including rice flour porridge, at the age of 6 months (aOR 2·4, 95 % CI 1·1, 4·9). Infants of Turkish descent were fed on average one milk feeding more during the day and, if introduced to complementary foods before 6 months, were more often given uncommon types of foods (e.g. yogurt and cookies) (aOR 2·1, 95 % CI 1·1, 4·3). The differences in perceptions affected differences in feeding practises only to a small extent. Preventive advice offered to Turkish mothers in Child Health Care should include discussing choices of complementary foods and frequency of feeding from an early age onwards. In Dutch mothers, support for the continuation of BF remains an important issue.
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Hafeez, S., Z. Hafeez, Sana Hafeez, S. Riaz, R. R. Khan, and A. Yousaf. "Maternofetal Outcomes of Acute Hepatitis E in Pregnancy; A Cross Sectional Study." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (2021): 1341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211551341.
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Objective: To identify the maternofetal outcomes of Acute Hepatitis E in Pregnancy Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore. It included 41 women with gestational age >32 weeks, singleton pregnancy, presenting with Hepatitis E infection. Their demographic and pregnancy-related characteristics were included. Maternal and fetal outcomes were assessed. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v.25. Results: Mean age of the participatns was 27.12 ± 3.85 years; the mean gestational age was 31.00 ± 6.15 weeks. Thirty one patients (75.6%) were admitted through the emergency. Twenty four (58.5%) needed packed cell transfusion and 32 (78%) needed fresh frozen plasma transfusion. Eleven patients (26.8%) developed hepatic encephalopathy and all of them required intensive care admission. The maternal mortality rate was 4 (9.8%). Thirty eight (92.1%) pregnancies were viable at the time of arrival. The fetal mortality rate was 7 (17.1%). Conclusion: HEV infections significantly contribute to materno-fetal morbidity and mortality. Screening for and monitoring HEV infection earlier during the pregnancy should be of primary public health importance. Improving awareness in women of childbearing age regarding HEV transmission and its adverse fetal effects should be prioritized. Key words: Hepatitis E virus, Maternofetal Outcomes, pregnancy, Childbearing age
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Wells, E. M., A. Navas-Acien, B. J. Apelberg, et al. "Association of selenium and copper with lipids in umbilical cord blood." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 5, no. 4 (2014): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174414000233.
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Altered levels of selenium and copper have been linked with altered cardiovascular disease risk factors including changes in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, it is unclear whether this can be observed prenatally. This cross-sectional study includes 274 singleton births from 2004 to 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland. We measured umbilical cord serum selenium and copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We evaluated exposure levels vis-à-vis umbilical cord serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations in multivariable regression models adjusted for gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, race, parity, smoking, prepregnancy body mass index, n-3 fatty acids and methyl mercury. The percent difference in triglycerides comparing those in the highest v. lowest quartile of selenium was 22.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1, 39.7). For copper this was 43.8% (95% CI: 25.9, 64.3). In multivariable models including both copper and selenium as covariates, copper, but not selenium, maintained a statistically significant association with increased triglycerides (percent difference: 40.7%, 95% CI: 22.1, 62.1). There was limited evidence of a relationship of increasing selenium with increasing total cholesterol. Our findings provide evidence that higher serum copper levels are associated with higher serum triglycerides in newborns, but should be confirmed in larger studies.
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Prathama, V., and G. Thippeswamy. "Age Invariant Face Recognition." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 4 (2019): 971–76. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23572.
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Face recognition across age progression is remains one of the areas most challenging tasks now a days, as the aging process affects both the shape and texture of a face. One possible solution is to apply a probabilistic model to represent a face simultaneously with its identity variable, which is stable through time, and its aging variable, which changes with time. This paper proposes a deep learning and set based approach to the face recognition subject to aging. The images for each subject taken at various times are treated as a single set, which is then compared to the sets of images belonging to other subjects. Facial features are extracted using a convolutional neural network characteristic of the deep learning. Our experimental results show that set based recognition performs better than the singleton based approach for the both face identification and face verification. We also find that by using set based recognition, it is easier to recognize older subjects from younger ones rather than younger subjects from older ones. Prathama V | Thippeswamy G "Age Invariant Face Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23572.pdf
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Bacha, Lensa Tamiru, Wase Benti Hailu, and Edosa Tesfaye Geta. "Clinical outcome and associated factors of respiratory distress syndrome among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Adama Hospital and Medical College." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212211460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221146068.
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Objective: Aim of the study was to assess the clinical outcome and associated factors of respiratory distress syndrome among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Adama Hospital and Medical College. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using 242 randomly selected medical records of preterm neonates admitted to Adama comprehensive specialized hospital. Clinical outcome was categorized as poor if the neonate died or left against advice and good if discharged after improvement. Data were coded, entered into Epidata v.7.4.2 and exported to SPSS v.27 for analysis. After initial bi-variable logistic regression analysis, predictor variables with p-value of <0.2 were included in multivariable analysis. Significant association of factors with clinical outcome was claimed at p-value <0.05 and calculated 95% adjusted odds ratio. Results: Majority of admissions were male (63.2%), mean birth weight of 1440.3 g (+321.2 SD) and sepsis (82%), hypothermia (73%), and apnea (21.5%) were leading comorbidities. One hundred fifty-two (62.8%) of preterm neonates had poor outcomes. Neonates born singleton were 47% less likely to develop poor clinical outcomes (adjusted odds ratio 0.53 (0.48–0.94). The odds of poor clinical outcomes were higher during the first 3 days of admission (adjusted odds ratio 3.83 (3.28–14.77). Extremely preterm neonates (adjusted odds ratio 4.16 (4.01–12.97), extremely low birth weight preterm neonates had higher odds of poor clinical outcome. Conclusion: The study found higher poor clinical outcome among preterm neonates admitted with respiratory distress syndrome. Poor outcome was higher in lower gestational age, lower birth weight, twins and majority of it happened during 3 days of their life. Effective preventive care and initiation of low-cost, life-saving interventions including heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula and surfactant administration could significantly improve the clinical outcome of the neonates.
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Mishra, Vineet, Rohina Aggarwal, Sumesh Choudhary, and Himani Agarwal. "Selective Fetal Reduction of Conjoined Twins in Twin Pregnancy." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 9, no. 3 (2017): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1512.
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ABSTRACT Background The incidence of conjoined twins is rare. In early pregnancy, transvaginal ultrasound may facilitate diagnosis and prompt intervention can be done. Case Report A 35 years old patient with history of infertility for 17 years conceived after In vitro fertilization–embryo transfer with donor oocytes due to ovarian factor; three embryos were transferred. Transvaginal sonography was done on 21st day after transfer and it revealed three gestational sacs with fetal pole in all the sacs. Repeat TVS done on 65th day post embryo transfer revealed one gestational sac with single live embryo, second sac with two embryos joined at thorax and abdomen with a common heart, and two heads. Couple was then counseled for fetal reduction in view of expected poor outcome of conjoined twins. Selective fetal reduction was done at 12 weeks gestation with intra-cardiac potassium chloride administration. Pregnancy is now ongoing with an apparently normal live singleton fetus. Conclusion When conjoined twins are detected early, fetal reduction is a good modality of management. These pregnancies are associated with severe complications, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Hence, the sooner the fetal reduction is, the better the management of conjoined twins. How to cite this article Choudhary S, Mishra V, Aggarwal R, Agarwal H. Selective Fetal Reduction of Conjoined Twins in Twin Pregnancy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):277-279.
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Niu, Xue-Ke, Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao, Zhou-Yan Dong, et al. "Vulcaniibacterium gelatinicum sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 3 (2020): 1571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003934.
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The present study aimed to determine the taxonomic positions of strains designated R-5-52-3T, R-5-33-5-1-2, R-5-48-2 and R-5-51-4 isolated from hot spring water samples. Cells of these strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped. The strains shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Vulcaniibacterium thermophilum KCTC 32020T (95.1%). Growth occurred at 28–55 °C, at pH 6–8 and with up to 3 % (w/v) NaCl. DNA fingerprinting, biochemical, phylogenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses suggested that R-5-52-3T, R-5-33-5-1-2, R-5-48-2 and R-5-51-4 were different strains but belonged to the same species. Hence, R-5-52-3T was chosen for further analysis and R-5-33-5-1-2, R-5-48-2 and R-5-51-4 were considered as additional strains of this species. R-5-52-3T possessed Q-8 as the only quinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C11:0, C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 as major fatty acids. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified polar lipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The genomic G+C content was 71.6 mol%. Heat shock proteins (e.g. Hsp20, GroEL, DnaK and Clp ATPases) were noted in the R-5-52-3T genome, which could suggest its protection in the hot spring environment. Pan-genome analysis showed the number of singleton gene clusters among Vulcaniibacterium members varied. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between R-5-52-3T, Vulcaniibacterium tengchongense YIM 77520T and V. thermophilum KCTC 32020T were 80.1–85.8 %, which were below the cut-off level (95–96 %) recommended as the ANI criterion for interspecies identity. Thus, based on the above results, strain R-5-52-3T represents a novel species of the genus Vulcaniibacterium , for which the name Vulcaniibacterium gelatinicum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R-5-52-3T (=KCTC 72061T=CGMCC 1.16678T).
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Härtel, Christoph, Sören von Otte, Julia Koch, et al. "Polymorphisms of haemostasis genes as risk factors for preterm delivery." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 94, no. 07 (2005): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th04-10-0653.
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SummaryClinical trials evaluating the potential benefit of anticoagulant treatment in pregnant women with inherited thrombophilia are based on the observation that a genetic predisposition to thrombosis is associated with frequent abortions and preterm birth. It was the aim of our study to delineate the impact of genetic polymorphisms with prothrombotic and antithrombotic effects on the occurrence of preterm birth in a large cohort of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW)-infants and their mothers. We examined the factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutation, the factor VII 121del/ins and the factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism in preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, n=593) and term-born-infants (n=278) and their mothers (n=785).The primary outcome was preterm vs. term birth. From all polymorphisms tested, the maternal factor VII-121del/ins polymorphism (26.2 vs. 17.6 %; p=0.009) and the infant’s factor VII-121del/ins polymorphism (29.0 vs. 20.0 %; p=0.009) were more frequent in singletonVLBW and their mothers compared to term infants and their mothers. Furthermore, the frequency of the factor XIII-Val34Leu polymorphism was significantly lower in singleton VLBW than in term infant controls (5.1 vs. 9.6%, p=0.025). In a multivariate regression analysis, previous preterm delivery (OR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.7–8.4), the maternal carrier status of the factor-VII-121del/ins polymorphism (OR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.12–2.5, p=0.007) and the lower frequency of infant’s factor-XIII-Val34Leu polymorphism (OR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.29–0.96; p=0.038) were found to be independently associated with preterm delivery. InVLBW mothers with pathological CTG as cause of preterm delivery, the frequency of factor V Leiden mutation was significantly increased compared to VLBW mothers without pathological CTG (14.1 vs. 6.1%, p=0.01).The investigated haemostasis gene polymorphisms have a much lower impact on subsequent preterm delivery than known risk factors such as previous preterm birth. The reported association of the factor-VII-121del/ins polymorphism on preterm delivery and its clinical relevance needs to be further elucidated.
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Gidi, Netsanet Workneh, Robert L. Goldenberg, Assaye K. Nigussie, et al. "Comparison of neonatal outcomes of small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age preterm infants born at 28–36 weeks of gestation: a multicentre study in Ethiopia." BMJ Paediatrics Open 4, no. 1 (2020): e000740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000740.
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PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess morbidity and mortality pattern of small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants in comparison to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm infants of similar gestational age.MethodWe compared neonatal outcomes of 1336, 1:1 matched, singleton SGA and AGA preterm infants based on their gestational age using data from the study ‘Causes of Illness and Death of Preterm Infants in Ethiopia (SIP)’. Data were analysed using SPSS V.23. ORs and 95% CIs and χ2 tests were done, p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultThe majority of the infants (1194, 89%) were moderate to late preterm (32–36 weeks of gestation), 763 (57%) were females. Male preterm infants had higher risk of being SGA than female infants (p<0.001). SGA infants had increased risk of hypoglycaemic (OR and 95% CI 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) 2.3 (1.2 to 4.1), polycythaemia 3.0 (1.6 to 5.4), late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) 3.6 (1.1 to 10.9)) and prolonged hospitalisation 2.9 (2.0 to 4.2). The rates of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), apnoea and mortality were similar in the SGA and AGA groups.ConclusionNeonatal complications such as hypoglycaemic, NEC, LOS, polycythaemia and prolonged hospitalisation are more common in SGA infants, while rates of RDS and mortality are similar in SGA and AGA groups. Early recognition of SGA status, high index of suspicion and screening for complications associated and timely intervention to prevent complications need due consideration.
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Czédli, Gábor. "SPERNER THEOREMS FOR UNRELATED COPIES OF POSETS AND GENERATING DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES." Ural Mathematical Journal 10, no. 1 (2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/umj.2024.1.004.
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For a finite poset (partially ordered set) \(U\) and a natural number \(n\), let \(S(U,n)\) denote the largest number of pairwise unrelated copies of \(U\) in the powerset lattice (AKA subset lattice) of an \(n\)-element set. If \(U\) is the singleton poset, then \(S(U,n)\) was determined by E. Sperner in 1928; this result is well known in extremal combinatorics. Later, exactly or asymptotically, Sperner's theorem was extended to other posets by A.P. Dove, J.R. Griggs, G.O.H. Katona, D.J. Stahl, and W.T.Jr. Trotter. We determine \(S(U,n)\) for all finite posets with 0 and 1, and we give reasonable estimates for the "\(V\)-shaped" 3-element poset and, mainly, for the 4-element poset with 0 and three maximal elements. For a lattice \(L\), let \(G_{\min}L\) denote the minimum size of generating sets of \(L\). We prove that if \(U\) is the poset of the join-irreducible elements of a finite distributive lattice \(D\), then the function \(k\mapsto G_{\min}{D^k}\) is the left adjoint of the function \(n\mapsto S(U,n)\). This allows us to determine \(G_{\min}{D^k}\) in many cases. E.g., for a 5-element distributive lattice \(D\), \(G_{\min}{D^{2023}}=18\) if \(D\) is a chain and \(G_{\min}{D^{2023}}=15\) otherwise. The present paper, another recent paper, and a 2021 one indicate that large direct powers of small distributive lattices could be of interest in cryptography.
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Varunashree, N. D., Sherin Daniel, Swati Rathore, Mahesh Moorthy, Bijesh Yadav, and Manisha M. Beck. "Does remote COVID infection in pregnancy affect the placenta and pregnancy outcomes? – Results from a prospective cohort study (PLACENTA IN COVID/ PIC study)." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 13, no. 12 (2024): 5512–17. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1894_23.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: To study the rates of abnormal placentae and associated adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women who had COVID 19 infection during pregnancy, remote from delivery. To study the histopathological findings associated with these abnormal placentae. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out, recruiting pregnant women with singleton gestation, who had COVID 19 infection during their pregnancy, remote from delivery between August 2021 to July 2022. Ethics approval was obtained by the Institutional Review Board. Abnormal placentae were identified as those with weight <10th centile and associated histopathological findings were noted . Rates of SGA (small for gestational age) babies and stillbirths were recorded. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v 25. Results: Most of the 67 women in our cohort, had mild forms of COVID 19. Half had had infection in their second trimester. Among those infected in the third trimester, 93% were symptomatic. Gestational Diabetes was the most common associated medical condition. . Abnormal placentae were seen in 40%(n=27) of women. Half of these (15) were associated with SGA babies . Distribution of medical co morbidities was comparable among those with abnormal and healthy placentae. Most, 84%, SGA babies were born to mothers who had COVID <28 weeks GA. Conclusion: There is a small but significant risk of SGA babies being born to women who had COVID at<28 weeks, irrespective of medical comorbidities. Close monitoring of these pregnancies is, hence warranted.
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Daamouch, Moussa. "A note on the second neighborhood problem." Utilitas Mathematica 123 (June 26, 2025): 155–64. https://doi.org/10.61091/um123-12.
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<p>Seymour’s Second Neighborhood Conjecture (SSNC) asserts that every finite oriented graph has a vertex <span class="math inline">\(v\)</span> whose second out-neighborhood is at least as large as its first out-neighborhood. Such a vertex is called a <em>Seymour vertex</em>. In this note, we introduce <em>pseudo-Seymour set</em> such that Seymour’s conjecture becomes: Every oriented graph has a <em>singleton pseudo-Seymour set</em>. We prove that any oriented graph has a pseudo-Seymour set <span class="math inline">\(S\)</span> with <span class="math inline">\(|S|=2\)</span>. Furthermore, we show that there are pseudo-Seymour sets of any size at least 2. We define <em><span class="math inline">\(\rho\)</span>-Seymour vertex</em> where <span class="math inline">\(0 < \rho \leq 1\)</span>, and give an approach such that finding <span class="math inline">\(\rho=1\)</span> is equivalent to the existence of Seymour vertex. Attempting to maximize its value, we prove that for any oriented graph with minimum out-degree <span class="math inline">\(\delta\)</span>, there is <span class="math inline">\(\rho=\frac{2}{3}(1+\frac{1}{2\delta})\)</span>.</p>
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Wallace, Jacqueline M., John S. Milne, Raymond P. Aitken, and William W. Hay. "Sensitivity to metabolic signals in late-gestation growth-restricted fetuses from rapidly growing adolescent sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 5 (2007): E1233—E1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2007.
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Fetal sensitivity to insulin and glucose was investigated during fetal hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HI-euG, n = 18) and hyperglycemic-euinsulinemic (HG-euI, n = 12) clamps. Singleton bearing adolescent ewes were fed high (H) or control (C) nutrient intakes to induce compromised or normal placental/fetal size, respectively. Catheters were inserted in the umbilical vein (v), fetal artery, (a) and veins, and studies were conducted between day 126 and 133 of gestation. Umbilical blood flow (UmBF) was determined by the steady-state transplacental diffusion technique using 3H2O, and glucose fluxes were quantified by the Fick principle. For the HI-euG study, fetal glucose utilization was measured at spontaneously occurring fetal insulin concentrations and two additional higher levels, whereas fetal glucose was clamped at the initial baseline level. For the HG-euI study, fetal insulin was suppressed by somatostatin infusion, and fetal glucose utilization was determined at baseline (before somatostatin) glucose concentrations, and at 150 and 200% of this value. Placentome weight (219 vs. 395 g), fetal weight (2,965 vs. 4,373 g), and UmBF (519 vs. 794 ml/min) were lower ( P < 0.001) in H than in C groups. Relative to control fetuses, glucose extraction (G[v − a]/G[v] × 100) in the nonperturbed state was higher (21.7 vs. 15.9%) in growth-restricted fetuses despite lower glucose (0.78 vs. 1.05 μmol/ml) and insulin (8.5 vs. 16.9 μU/ml) concentrations (all P < 0.001). During the HI-euG study, total fetal glucose utilization rate increased in response to higher insulin concentrations (65 and 64% in H and C groups). Similarly during the HG-euI study, a twofold increase in glucose supply increased fetal glucose utilization by 41 and 44% in H and C groups, respectively. Throughout both studies, absolute total fetal glucose utilization rates were reduced in H vs. C groups ( P < 0.01) but were similar when expressed per kilogram fetus (HI-euG: 34.7, 49.5, and 57.5 in H vs. 34.7, 51.2, and 56.1 μmol·min−1·kg−1 in C, HG-euI: 28.7, 35.7, and 40.8 in H vs. 32.9, 34.5, and 43.8 μmol·min−1·kg−1 in C). These normal body weight-specific metabolic responses to short-term experimental increases in plasma insulin and glucose in response to chronic IUGR indicate maintained mechanisms of insulin action and glucose uptake/utilization capacity, which, if persistent, might predispose such IUGR offspring to excessive energy deposition in later life.
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Chavatte-Palmer, P., P. Laigre, C. Juillien, et al. "32ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENTS OF BOVINE SOMATIC CLONES AT DAY 50 AND DAY 64 OF PREGNANCY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab32.
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The overall efficiency of cloning has stayed low since this technique appeared. Most of the losses in the bovine species take place in early gestation between Day 35 and Day 70, when deficient placental development has been described. Late fetal losses are associated with excessive fetal growth and placental hydrops (Large Offspring Syndrome or LOS). One study measuring crown-rump length (CRL) by ultrasound (US) did not show any difference between clones and controls (Pace et al., 2002). The objective of this work was to compare fetal and placental measurements at Days 34, 50, and 64 for bovine clones and control pregnancies to determine whether these could be predictive of a further development of LOS. Twenty-five clone and 32 control (28 AI and 4 IVF) singleton Holstein pregnancies were used for US with a 5-MHz rectal probe. Clones originated from adult skin fibroblasts (three genotypes), used after serum starvation, as previously published (Vignon et al., 1998). CRL and head length (HL), orbital diameter (OD), vesicle width (VW), and length and width of the placentome closest to the fetus were measured at each stage. CRL were also recorded from six clone, six IVF and five AI, Day 34 and Day 60 fetuses recovered at slaughter. Maternal clinical parameters, US images with increased fetal fluids, excessive weight, and clinical features at surgical removal or birth were used to diagnose LOS. Data were analysed using multiple regression analysis with SAS software. There were no differences between IVF and AI fetal and placental measurements by ultrasound and the two groups were pooled as a single control group. LOS was diagnosed in 29% of the clones. CRL and HL were significantly smaller in clones at all stages (CRL: 10.2±3.8mm, n=5 v. 13.6±2.4mm, n=7, at retrieval at Day 34; 31.8±5.6mm v. 36.0±4.6 in controls at Day 50, by US, and 48.6±11.4 v. 63.3±4.9 at Day 64, by US, P&lt;0.05, in clones and controls, respectively) but there was no difference between the clones developing LOS and those that did not. There was no difference for OD or VW at any stage. Placentome width but not length was statistically smaller in clones compared to controls (4.8±1.5 v. 7.2±1.7mm at Day 50 and 5.7±2.0 v. 9.4±4.2 at Day 64, in clones and controls, respectively, P&lt;0.05). There were only two clones retrieved at Day 64, one degenerated and the other similar to controls. Placentome development was delayed. These data clearly show that although a large proportion of clones develop LOS in late gestation, they are actually smaller than controls in early pregnancy, whether or not they will develop LOS. This is probably due to delayed or abnormal early placental development, which can be detected by US. US cannot be used, however, to predict further development of LOS, and other means such as maternal plasma PSP60 concentrations (Heyman et al., 2002) must be used.